Pharmacological characterization of the antidiabetic drug metformin in atherosclerosis inhibition: A comprehensive insight.

Background: Atherosclerosis (AS) is a progressive disease that interferes with blood flow, leading to cardiovascular complications such as hypertension, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, and vascular ischemia. The progression of AS is correlated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. Various signaling pathways, like nuclear erythroid‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Kruppel‐like factor 2 (KLF2), are involved in the pathogenesis of AS. Nrf2 and KLF2 have anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Thus, activation of these pathways may reduce the development of AS. Metformin, an insulin‐sensitizing drug used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), increases the expression of Nrf2 and KLF2. AS is a common long‐term macrovascular complication of T2DM. Thus, metformin, through its pleiotropic anti‐inflammatory effect, may attenuate the development and progression of AS. Aims: Therefore, this review aims to investigate the possible role of metformin in AS concerning its effect on Nrf2 and KLF2 and inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. In addition to its antidiabetic effect, metformin can reduce cardiovascular morbidities and mortalities compared to other antidiabetic agents, even with similar blood glucose control by the Nrf2/KLF2 pathway activation. Conclusion: In conclusion, metformin is an effective therapeutic strategy against the development and progression of AS, mainly through activation of the KLF2/Nrf2 axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]