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Copyright of EuroChoices is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: Brexit will have important implications for UK agricultural commodity markets due to potentially significant changes to trade flows. We quantify the sectoral impacts on UK agriculture of three illustrative scenarios, which capture a broad range of potential trade arrangements: Bespoke Free Trade Deal, WTO Default and Unilateral Trade Liberalisation. It is estimated that the projected market impacts are relatively small if the UK negotiates a Bespoke Free Trade Agreement with the EU. The projected impacts are much greater under the two other scenarios, which capture potential trade arrangements if ‘no deal’ is reached. The high tariffs imposed under the WTO default scenario lead to significant adjustments in trade between the UK and EU‐27, with the impact on the domestic UK market depending on whether the UK is a net importer or a net exporter of the relevant commodity. All sectors experience price and production declines under the trade liberalisation scenario in which the UK unilaterally sets tariffs on imports from both the EU‐27 and the rest of the world to zero; the impacts are particularly severe in the beef and sheep sectors where international competition is very strong. Le Brexit aura des répercussions importantes sur les marchés des produits agricoles du Royaume‐Uni car les flux commerciaux pourraient varier notablement. Nous quantifions les impacts sectoriels sur l'agriculture du Royaume‐Uni de trois scénarios illustratifs, qui couvrent un large éventail d'accords commerciaux potentiels: Accord de libre‐échange sur mesure, OMC par défaut et Libéralisation commerciale unilatérale. Selon les projections, les impacts sur les marchés sont relativement faibles si le Royaume‐Uni négocie un accord de libre‐échange sur mesure avec l'Union européenne. Les impacts projetés sont beaucoup plus importants dans les deux autres scénarios, qui permettent de prendre en compte les accords commerciaux potentiels si l'on ne parvient pas à s'accorder. Les tarifs élevés imposés dans le cadre du scénario OMC par défaut entraînent des ajustements importants dans les échanges entre le Royaume‐Uni et l'UE à 27, l'impact sur le marché intérieur du Royaume‐Uni variant selon que le pays est importateur net ou exportateur net du produit concerné. Tous les secteurs enregistrent des baisses de prix et de production dans le cadre du scénario de libéralisation du commerce dans lequel le Royaume‐Uni établit unilatéralement des tarifs nuls sur les importations de l'UE à 27 et du reste du monde; les impacts sont particulièrement sérieux dans les secteurs bovins et ovins où la concurrence internationale est très forte. Durch möglicherweise signifikante Änderungen der Handelsströme wird der Brexit starke Auswirkungen auf die Agrarmärkte im Vereinigten Königreich haben. Wir messen die sektorspezifischen Auswirkungen auf die Landwirtschaft im Vereinigten Königreich mithilfe dreier anschaulicher Szenarien, die ein breites Spektrum potenzieller Handelsregelungen abbilden: Maßgeschneiderte Freihandelsabkommen, WTO Standard und Unilaterale Handelsliberalisierung. Es wird geschätzt, dass die vorhergesagten Auswirkungen auf den Markt relativ gering sind, wenn das Vereinigte Königreich ein Maßgeschneidertes Freihandelsabkommen mit der EU aushandelt. Die vorhergesagten Auswirkungen der beiden anderen Szenarien, die mögliche Handelsabkommen darstellen für den Fall, dass es zu “Kein Abkommen” kommt, sind um einiges gravierender. Die hohen Zölle, die im WTO Standard‐Szenario erhoben werden, führen zu signifikanten Anpassungen des Handels zwischen dem Vereinigten Königreich und den EU‐27‐Mitgliedsstaaten und haben damit Einfluss auf diejenigen inländischen Märkte des Vereinigten Königreichs, die davon abhängig sind, ob das Vereinigte Königreich ein Nettoimporteur oder Nettoexporteur des jeweiligen Rohstoffes ist. Im Szenario Handelsliberalisierung, in dem die UK die Zölle auf Importe aus den EU‐27 und dem Rest der Welt unilateral auf null setzt, werden alle Bereiche Preis und Produktionsrückgänge erleben. Für die Rinder‐ und Schafwirtschaft, in der der internationale Wettbewerb sehr stark ist, werden die Auswirkungen besonders massiv sein. Brexit will have important implications for UK agricultural commodity markets due to potentially significant changes to trade flows. We quantify the sectoral impacts on UK agriculture of three illustrative scenarios, which capture a broad range of potential trade arrangements: Bespoke Free Trade Deal, WTO Default and Unilateral Trade Liberalisation. It is estimated that the projected market impacts are relatively small if the UK negotiates a Bespoke Free Trade Agreement with the EU. The projected impacts are much greater under the two other scenarios, which capture potential trade arrangements if ‘no deal’ is reached. The high tariffs imposed under the WTO default scenario lead to significant adjustments in trade between the UK and EU‐27, with the impact on the domestic UK market depending on whether the UK is a net importer or a net exporter of the relevant commodity. All sectors experience price and production declines under the trade liberalisation scenario in which the UK unilaterally sets tariffs on imports from both the EU‐27 and the rest of the world to zero; the impacts are particularly severe in the beef and sheep sectors where international competition is very strong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The employment and population growth equilibrium model is extended to allow for differentiated linkages between rural and urban regions and among rural regions. The model is applied to examine the regional disparities within the rural economy of Northern Ireland between 2001 and 2007. To represent the theoretical idea of commuter shed, commuting data are used to construct the spatial weighting matrix. The results reveal positive rural-urban but negative rural-rural linkages, suggesting that rural regions benefit from economic growth in urban regions but compete with each other. The direct and indirect spillover effects are shown using simulation examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EuroChoices is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: Risk management tools have risen up the EU agricultural policy agenda in recent years due to greater market volatility. Market mechanisms can provide a natural hedge effect that moderates variability in revenue and income but not all regions benefit from this effect to the same extent. Core producing regions tend to benefit more while peripheral producing regions with dissimilar weather conditions benefit relatively little. We quantify the strength of natural hedge effects in the EU soft wheat sector. The two largest producing countries – France and Germany – have highly positively correlated yields and production thus driving EU wheat price changes. Our simulation shows that this hedge effect moderates revenue variability in these two countries by more than a third compared to price variability when crop yield is the only uncertainty source. By contrast, revenue variability in peripheral producing regions is consistently larger than price variability. This implies that there is a greater need for risk management tools in peripheral producing regions than in the core ones. The need for risk management tools is strongly linked to market conditions and so it is imperative that local characteristics are adequately considered if the over‐arching risk management policy framework is to be designed and set up at the EU level. Les outils de gestion du risque ont grimpé dans l'ordre du jour de la politique agricole européenne dans les dernières années, du fait de l'augmentation de la volatilité des marchés. Les mécanismes de marché peuvent apporter une couverture naturelle qui modère la variabilité des recettes et des revenus, mais toutes les régions ne profitent pas de cet effet dans la même mesure. Les principales régions productrices tendent à en profiter davantage alors que les régions de production périphérique avec des conditions météorologiques différentes en retirent peu d'avantages. Nous mesurons la force des effets de couverture naturelle dans le secteur du blé tendre européen. Les rendements et la production des deux principaux pays producteurs – la France et l'Allemagne – sont fortement liés et ont donc une force influence sur les variations du prix du blé dans l'Union européenne. Nos simulations montrent que cet effet de couverture réduit la variabilité des recettes dans ces deux pays de plus d'un tiers par rapport à celle enregistrée lorsque le rendement des cultures est la seule source de variabilité. Par contre, dans les régions de production périphérique la variabilité des recettes est toujours plus forte que la variabilité des prix. Cela signifie qu'il y a un plus grand besoin d'outils de gestion du risque dans les régions de production périphérique que dans les celles de production principale. Ce besoin est fortement lié aux conditions du marché et il est indispensable de bien considérer les caractéristiques locales si le cadre général de la politique de gestion du risque est conçu et établi au niveau de l'Union européenne. Aufgrund zunehmender Marktvolatilität haben Instrumente zum Risikomanagement auf der Agenda der europäischen Agrarpolitik im Laufe der letzten Jahre einen höheren Stellenwert erhalten. Marktmechanismen können sich wie ein natürlicher Hedgingeffekt auswirken, der die Ertrags‐ und Einkommensschwankungen abmildert; jedoch profitieren nicht alle Regionen in gleichem Maße davon. Hauptanbaugebiete werden einen eher höheren Nutzen haben, während entlegenere Anbaugebiete mit wechselnden Witterungsbedingungen relativ wenig profitieren. Wir quantifizieren die Auswirkungen von natürlichen Hedgingeffekten im europäischen Weichweizensektor. In den beiden größten Erzeugerländern Frankreich und Deutschland herrscht eine starke Korrelation zwischen Erträgen und Produktion, was die Weizenpreisänderungen in der EU antreibt. Unsere Simulation verdeutlicht, dass der Hedgingeffekt die mit den Preisschwankungen verbundenen Ertragsschwankungen in diesen beiden Ländern um mehr als ein Drittel auffängt, wenn es sich beim Bodenertrag um den einzigen Unsicherheitsfaktor handelt. Im Gegensatz dazu sind die Ertragsschwankungen in entlegeneren Anbaugebieten durchweg höher als die Preisschwankungen. Daraus folgt, dass entlegenere Anbaugebiete einen höheren Bedarf an Instrumenten zum Riskomanagement haben als Hauptanbaugebiete. Der Bedarf an Instrumenten zum Riskomanagement ist eng mit den Marktbedingungen verknüpft; daher ist es unerlässlich, die Gegebenheiten vor Ort hinreichend zu berücksichtigen, wenn der allumfassende politische Rahmen zum Risikomanagement entworfen und auf EU‐Ebene implementiert werden soll. Risk management tools have risen up the EU agricultural policy agenda in recent years due to greater market volatility. Market mechanisms can provide a natural hedge effect that moderates variability in revenue and income but not all regions benefit from this effect to the same extent. Core producing regions tend to benefit more while peripheral producing regions with dissimilar weather conditions benefit relatively little. We quantify the strength of natural hedge effects in the EU soft wheat sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores implication of alternative crop productivity growth trajectories in the U.S. and focuses on implications for land use change and emissions within the agricultural and forestry systems on a national scale. It presents charts to show cumulative land use change projections across productivity scenarios.

Cardiac Na+–Ca2+ exchange (NCX1) inactivates in excised membrane patches when cytoplasmic Ca2+ is removed or cytoplasmic Na+ is increased. Exogenous phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bis-phosphate (PIP2) can ablate both inactivation mechanisms, while it has no effect on inward exchange current in the absence of cytoplasmic Na+. To probe PIP2 effects in intact cells, we manipulated PIP2 metabolism by several means. First, we used cell lines with M1 (muscarinic) receptors that couple to phospholipase C's (PLCs). As expected, outward NCX1 current (i.e. Ca2+ influx) can be strongly inhibited when M1 agonists induce PIP2 depletion. However, inward currents (i.e. Ca2+ extrusion) without cytoplasmic Na+ can be increased markedly in parallel with an increase of cell capacitance (i.e. membrane area). Similar effects are incurred by cytoplasmic perfusion of GTPγS or the actin cytoskeleton disruptor latrunculin, even in the presence of non-hydrolysable ATP (AMP-PNP). Thus, G-protein signalling may increase NCX1 currents by destabilizing membrane cytoskeleton–PIP2 interactions. Second, to increase PIP2 we directly perfused PIP2 into cells. Outward NCX1 currents increase as expected. But over minutes currents decline substantially, and cell capacitance usually decreases in parallel. Third, using BHK cells with stable NCX1 expression, we increased PIP2 by transient expression of a phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate-5-kinase (hPIP5KIβ) and a PI4-kinase (PI4KIIα). NCX1 current densities were decreased by > 80 and 40%, respectively. Fourth, we generated transgenic mice with 10-fold cardiac-specific overexpression of PI4KIIα. This wortmannin-insensitive PI4KIIα was chosen because basal cardiac phosphoinositides are nearly insensitive to wortmannin, and surface membrane PI4-kinase activity, defined functionally in excised patches, is not blocked by wortmannin. Both phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PIP) and PIP2 were increased significantly, while NCX1 current densities were decreased by 78% with no loss of NCX1 expression. Most mice developed cardiac hypertrophy, and immunohistochemical analysis suggests that NCX1 is redistributed away from the outer sarcolemma. Cholera toxin uptake was increased 3-fold, suggesting that clathrin-independent endocytosis is enhanced. We conclude that direct effects of PIP2 to activate NCX1 can be strongly modulated by opposing mechanisms in intact cells that probably involve membrane cytoskeleton remodelling and membrane trafficking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]