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Background: Different pulp capping materials have different origins and compositions, require different preparations, and may vary in their bioactive properties. Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, and mineralization‐inducing potential of calcium silicate‐based pulp capping materials. Design: Six contemporary calcium silicate‐based cements, ProRoot MTA, MTA Angelus, Biodentine, EndoSequence, NeoMTA 2, and NeoPutty, were evaluated. The antibacterial effects of these materials against Streptococcus mutans UA159 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 were determined by the agar diffusion assay and the direct culture test. The biocompatibility and mineralization‐inducing potential of these materials in preodontoblastic 17IIA11 cells were evaluated by the MTT assay and by Alizarin Red S staining, respectively. Results and Conclusion: In agar diffusion test, only Biodentine showed distinct antibacterial effects against S. mutans. All the tested materials, however, showed antibacterial effects against S. mutans and E. faecalis in the direct culture test, with Biodentine showing the strongest growth inhibition against both S. mutans and E. faecalis. All the tested materials showed acceptable biocompatibility and mineralization‐supporting potential in our experimental conditions. In summary, ProRoot MTA, MTA Angelus, Biodentine, EndoSequence, NeoMTA 2, and NeoPutty demonstrated acceptable in vitro antimicrobial, biocompatible, and mineralization‐supporting properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Enterococcus species have been acknowledged for their diverse metabolic capabilities, resulting in a wide array of bioactive compounds that show promise for therapeutic use. This article presents a thorough examination of the exploration and synthesis of bioactive compounds by Enterococcus species. It encompasses the taxonomy, natural habitat, and significance in the biotechnology of Enterococcus, emphasising the various bioactive compounds it produces, including antibacterial, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant agents. Strategies for exploring potential bioactivities, encompassing isolation methodologies and screening techniques, are discussed. The biotechnological synthesis of bioactive compounds derived from Enterococcus via fermentation processes, optimisation approaches, and scaling methodologies is expounded. Moreover, the utilisation of these bioactive compounds in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture, alongside considerations of safety and regulatory aspects, is examined. The review concludes with future perspectives and challenges in the field of Enterococcus‐derived bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is under threat from microorganisms that have evolved resistance to currently available medicinal drugs and multidrug resistance among bacterial pathogens is becoming to be a serious public health issue worldwide. It is imperative to find or develop new antibiotics against Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species (ESKAPE) pathogens because they exhibit multidrug resistance and virulence through a variety of mechanisms. ESKAPE infections are often associated with increased global healthcare costs, morbidity, and illnesses. As a result, the utilization of naturally occurring bioactive agents offers a solution since these molecules are widely available and safe to employ during their use. Ricinoleic acid, an extract of seed oil that contains an unsaturated omega‐9 fatty acid and hydroxy acid, has garnered increasing interest due to its wide‐range antibacterial properties. Herein, we report the synthesis of polyethyleneimine‐ricinoleic acid‐based polymer (PEIRA) to battle against Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Acinetobacter baumannii (one among ESKAPE) and Staphylococcus aureus. The synthesized polymer showed efficient activity against MRSA, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Staphylococcus aureus. A noticeable percentage inhibition against MRSA (74%), A. baumannii (73%), and S. aureus (81%) was achieved at 2.5 mg/mL. The time‐kill assay revealed that the PEIRA polymer exhibited a bacteriostatic effect against all the tested pathogens. Cytotoxicity assay on human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cell lines revealed the PEIRA has an IC 50 of 31.7 μg/mL and exhibited above 75% cell viability at the concentration 5 and 10 μg/mL were deemed nontoxic on HDF. Based on the investigation, the synthesized PEIRA polymer may have promising applications in the biomedical sector and hospital‐acquired infections (HAIs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial infections, particularly those associated with methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus (VRE), threaten public health and economies, with rising antibiotic resistance resulting in more deaths yearly. In this study, we investigated the bacterial inhibitory activity of some new 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles prepared, in good yields, using a two‐step tandem protocol. Therefore, the appropriate N‐benzoylhydrazones were prepared first, then, without isolation, underwent oxidative‐cyclization in the presence of chloramine trihydrate. More 4‐acyloxyphenyl‐linked 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles were prepared by the pyridine‐mediated acylation of 2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles with the appropriate acyl chlorides. Some new products demonstrated good activity, particularly against S. aureus and Enterococcus faecalis strains. The 4‐(5‐(furan‐2‐yl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl)phenyl acetate showed comparable antibacterial activity to ciprofloxacin, with MIC/MBC values up to 3.6/7.2 µM against the previous strains. Moreover, it demonstrated good inhibitory activity against different MRSA and VRE strains when compared to linezolid. It had MIC/MBC values of 7.2/14.4 and 14.4/57.8 µM against MRSA and VRE strains, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: This report presents a rare case of invasive infection caused by Enterococcus cecorum. There are no specific guidelines regarding antibiotic therapy for this infection. Based on this case, it can be concluded that linezolid demonstrates in vivo activity against Enterococcus cecorum and can be successfully used in therapy. Enterococcus cecorum is an extremely rare pathogen in humans. Since 1984, when the microorganism was first described, only a dozen cases of invasive infections in humans have been reported in the literature. The diagnostic pathway may involve difficulties in correctly identifying this microorganism. Based on the case described, it can be thought that Enterococcus cecorum is a more challenging bacterium than the much more common Enterococcus faecium or Enterococcus faecalis. The described case underscores the importance of medical vigilance in clinical practice. It seems that due to increasingly advanced techniques in molecular biology, we will more frequently detect pathogens that were previously encountered only sporadically. Since not every center has access to modern and advanced microbiological diagnostic methods, publications that practically combine classical microbiological diagnostic methods with those less accessible but more modern are exceptionally valuable. In the case described, it is also worth noting that classical methods still play a significant and crucial role in conducting microbiological diagnostics. In the era of rapid diagnostic tool development, it is important to emphasize the necessity of combining different methods rather than replacing one with another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culicoides oxystoma Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) has been vectoring several arboviruses, protozoa and nematodes, leading to mortality and morbidity of livestock and wild ruminants in the tropics and subtropics. Insight into the bacterial communities associated with the vector species must be worked out. This work tries to inventorize the bacterial communities associated with this important vector species. Acquisition of gut microbiota may be the parental origin, while some are obtained through feeding during larval stages. Culicoides oxystoma possesses semi‐aquatic life cycle strategies for egg‐laying and larval survival. The bacteria associated with C. oxystoma were compared throughout (i) life stages: egg, larval instars, pupa, adult: male and female obtained from laboratory colony; (ii) field‐collected adult: male and age‐graded females; and (iii) natural breeding substrate and artificial rearing substrate. The culture‐dependent bacteria were identified by Sanger sequencing of 16S rRNA, and haemolytic bacteria were screened on blood agar. Results show that Firmicutes and Proteobacteria are the predominant Phyla, of which Bacillus spp. was the most abundant across the life stages. Across the life history, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus tropicus, Lysinibacillus sp. and Paenibacillus sp. were retrieved routinely. Bacillus cereus and Alcaligenes faecalis were detected in the lab‐reared specimens and shared between the natural breeding site and rearing medium. From the adults trapped across two locations, B. cereus, Bacillus flexus, A. faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Pseudomonas sp. were isolated. The bacterial species associated with this vector may influence various physiological traits, such as vectorial capacity, digestion and larval development, which need further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The enzymatic activity exhibited by native enterococci could, in turn, result in a reduction in the cheese ripening time. However, they may also carry virulence factors or resistance to antibiotics that prevent their use in food. A total of 69 enterococci isolates were obtained from a Spanish traditional raw goat's milk cheese and identified by Maldi‐Tof/MS. Different enzymatic activities of technological interest were evaluated and the safety of those with greater technological suitability was studied. The strains were identified as E. malodoratus, E. italicus, E. gilvus, E. faecium, E. durans, E. casseliflavus and E. faecalis. Some strains had very high acidifying and proteolytic activities. Most strains had medium or low amino and carboxypeptidase activities and high dipeptidase activities, while esterase activities were medium. A total of 10 strains were selected based on their enzymatic activities. Of these, five showed β‐haemolysin activity, eight showed gelatinase activity and eight produced tyramine. These activities represent virulence factors that could potentially affect food safety. Finally, all selected strains were susceptible to the antibiotics tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was condcuted to examine the association of area under the curve (AUC)/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and trough concentration (Ctrough) of vancomycin with treatment outcome and nephrotoxicity in infections caused by Enterococcus spp. and coagulase‐negative Staphylococci (CoNS). Peak and trough concentrations were used to calculate AUC in 89 patients receiving vancomycin for infections with Enterococcus spp. (n = 65) or CoNS (n = 24). Correlations between Ctrough, AUC/MIC, early clinical response (ECR), and nephrotoxicity were assessed and cutoff values were determined. Sixty‐three (70.8%) patients showed improvement in ECR and 10 (11.2%) experienced nephrotoxicity. Enterococcus spp. infections displayed correlations between AUC/MIC and ECR for AUC0‐24 h/MIC (r2 = 0.27, P ≤.05) and AUC24‐48 h/MIC (r2 = 0.28, P ≤.05), but not for Ctrough (r2 = 0.21, P >.05). There were no correlations between Ctrough (r2 = 0.26, P >.05), AUC0‐24 h/MIC (r2 = −0.12, P >.05), AUC24‐48 h/MIC (r2 = 0.01, P >.05) and ECR for CoNS. In the CoNS group, a moderate correlation was found between ECR and Ctrough at a cutoff value of 6.9 μg/mL. In addition, nephrotoxicity is also moderately associated with AUC0‐24 h and AUC24‐48 h at 505.7 and 667.1 μg•h/mL, respectively. A strong correlation between nephrotoxicity and Ctrough was observed when the cutoff value was 18.9 μg/mL. AUC/MIC during the first 48 h was a determinant of vancomycin efficacy in Enterococcus infections but not for CoNS. Ctrough was not correlated with clinical outcome. Nephrotoxicity could be predicted using Ctrough and AUC for infections with both pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foodborne pathogens pose a persistent threat in broiler chicken production, particularly during the slaughter process, where contamination with zoonotic pathogens remains a concern. This study focuses on the potential of organic acids, such as formic and lactic acid, and the oxidizing agent peracetic acid, to decontaminate scalding water and enhance the hygiene of chicken carcasses. We conducted suspension tests introducing various organic loads to mirror the conditions of practical scalding water. Additionally, the surface tests were performed on chicken skin. Both methods were further tested in an experimental slaughtering facility. In suspension tests, the organic acids achieved impressive decontamination, with a 5‐log10 reduction of the test organisms Enterococcus hirae, Salmonella Typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni at minimal concentrations (between 0.04% and 2% for formic acid; between 0.1% and 4.5% for lactic acid). Peracetic acid also effectively sanitized model water and chicken skin, even when used in low concentrations (between 0.001% and 0.1%), both in the laboratory‐based testing and in the experimental slaughtering facility. These results suggest that the tested disinfectants can effectively sanitize process water, even under conditions mimicking practical scalding water with organic matter. Peracetic acid, in particular, proved highly effective in improving chicken skin hygiene even at low concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To prevent nosocomial infection, it is important to screen for potential vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus (VRE) among patients. In this study, we analyzed enterococcal isolates from inpatients in one hospital without any apparent outbreak of VRE. Enterococcal isolates were collected from inpatients at Hiroshima University Hospital from April 1 to June 30, 2021 using selective medium for Enterococci. Multilocus sequence typing, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and whole‐genome sequencing were performed. A total of 164 isolates, including Enterococcus faecium (41 isolates), Enterococcus faecalis (80 isolates), Enterococcus raffinosus (11 isolates), Enterococcus casseliflavus (nine isolates), Enterococcus avium (12 isolates), Enterococcus lactis (eight isolates), Enterococcus gallinarum (two isolates), and Enterococcus malodoratus (one isolate), were analyzed. We found one vanA‐positive E. faecium, which was already informed when the patient was transferred to the hospital, nine vanC‐positive E. casseliflavus, and two vanC‐positive E. gallinarum. E. faecium isolates showed resistance to ampicillin (95.1%), imipenem (95.1%), and levofloxacin (87.8%), and E. faecalis isolates showed resistance to minocycline (49.4%). Ampicillin‐ and levofloxacin‐resistant E. faecium had multiple mutations in penicillin‐binding protein 5 (PBP5) (39/39 isolates) and ParC/GyrA (21/36 isolates), respectively. E. raffinosus showed resistance to ampicillin (81.8%), imipenem (45.5%), and levofloxacin (45.5%), and E. lactis showed resistance to ampicillin (37.5%) and imipenem (50.0%). The linezolid resistance genes optrA and cfr(B) were found only in one isolate of E. faecalis and E. raffinosus, respectively. This study, showing the status of enterococci infection in hospitalized patients, is one of the important information when considering nosocomial infection control of VRE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary tract infections are a common diagnosis in dogs presenting to veterinary practice. Veterinarians often treat suspected infections empirically, either in the absence of culture and susceptibility testing results or whilst waiting for them. This study aimed to identify the bacteria most frequently isolated from canine urinary samples and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in South East Queensland (SEQ) to help guide responsible empirical antimicrobial prescription by the veterinary community in this geographical location. Cumulative antibiograms were generated from the results of 1284 culture‐positive urinary samples in SEQ, obtained from a commercial veterinary laboratory over a 5‐year period. Escherichia coli was the most commonly isolated bacterial species (43%), followed by Staphylococcus spp. (23%), Proteus spp. (21%) and Enterococcus spp. (10%). Of the six most common isolates, 97% had susceptibility to at least one low‐importance antimicrobial. Susceptibility to the low‐importance and first‐line antimicrobial recommendation, amoxicillin, was 81% for E. coli and 24% for Staphylococcus spp. Susceptibility of both E. coli and Staphylococcus spp. to medium‐importance and commonly recommended empirical antimicrobials, trimethoprim sulphonamides and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid was ≥85% and >92% for high‐importance antimicrobials enrofloxacin and ceftiofur. Of the E. coli and Staphylococcus spp. isolates, 8.8% and 4%, respectively, were considered multidrug resistant. There was no increase in resistance to antimicrobials detected over the study period. Susceptibilities suggest low‐ and medium‐importance antimicrobials remain acceptable first‐line empirical treatments. However, this should be continually assessed and updated using local surveillance data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Previous endodontic research has provided limited understanding of the prevalence and roles of haemolytic and non‐haemolytic Enterococcus faecalis strains in root filled teeth. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of these strains in root filled teeth with periradicular lesions and investigate their associated virulence factors. Methodology: A total of 36 root canal samples were collected from 36 subjects. The prevalence of E. faecalis was determined using culture and PCR methods. Antibiotic susceptibility of haemolytic and non‐haemolytic E. faecalis strains was assessed using the broth dilution assay. The cytokine stimulation in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and neutrophil migration were evaluated using real‐time PCR and migration assay, respectively. Cell invasion ability of the strains was assessed using a cell culture model. Additionally, the virulence gene expression of the haemolytic and non‐haemolytic strains was investigated using real‐time PCR. The Mann–Whitney U and Spearman's ρ tests were used to examine the significant difference between the two strains and to analyse the correlation between phenotype and gene expression, respectively. Results: Enterococcus faecalis was detected in 33.3% and 88.9% of samples by culture and real‐time PCR, respectively. Haemolytic strains were found in 36.4% of subjects. Non‐haemolytic strains exhibited susceptibility to erythromycin and varying susceptibility to tetracycline, while all haemolytic strains were resistant to both antibiotics. Haemolytic strains significantly upregulated the expression of IL‐8, OPG and RANKL in PDL cells (p <.05). Notably, the fold increases in these genes were higher: IL‐8 (556.1 ± 82.9 vs. 249.6 ± 81.8), OPG (2.2 ± 0.5 vs. 1.3 ± 0.2) and RANKL (1.8 ± 0.3 vs. 1.2 ± 0.1). Furthermore, haemolytic strains had a greater effect on neutrophil migration (68.7 ± 15.2% vs. 46.9 ± 11.4%) and demonstrated a higher level of internalization into oral keratinocyte cells (68.6 ± 0.4% vs. 33.8 ± 0.5%) (p <.05). They also showed enhanced expression of virulence genes associated with haemolysin, surface proteins, collagen‐binding and aggregation substances. Gelatinase activity was only detectable in non‐haemolytic strains. Conclusions: This study revealed that haemolytic strains E. faecalis possessed enhanced abilities in host invasion and a higher abundance of virulence factors, suggesting their potential contribution to more severe disease manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the influence of different preparation tapers on the reduction in planktonic bacteria and biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in the apical third (4 mm) of the mesial roots of mandibular molars, correlating decontamination with canal shape. Methodology: After microtomography analysis for morphological standardization of the canals, 48 mandibular molar roots, each containing two canals (96 canals), were contaminated with E. faecalis and C. albicans and divided into four groups (n = 11) for canal instrumentation using ProDesign Logic 2 files with different tapers G (.03): # 25.03; G (.04): # 25.04; G (.05): # 25.05; and G (.06): # 25.06 and irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Four roots were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to qualitatively assess biofilm formation. Eight roots were used as the negative control group (samples were not contaminated). Bacteriological samples were taken exclusively from the apical third of the roots before and after chemical–mechanical preparation and bacterial counts were determined (CFU/mL). The final micro‐CT scan was used to quantify the volume variation and unprepared canal area in the apical third. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis, Student–Newman–Keuls and Wilcoxon tests for analysis of microbiological data. anova and the Tukey or Games–Howell test were used for analysis of micro‐CT data and Spearman's test for correlations (α = 5%). Results: All groups showed a significant reduction in bacteria (p <.05), with no statistically significant difference between groups. There was no significant difference in per cent volume increase between groups. The unprepared area (Δ%) was affected by the file used (p =.026) and was significantly lower for G (.06) compared to G (.03). There was no statistically significant correlation among bacterial reduction, volume and unprepared area (p >.05). Conclusion: The different preparation tapers influenced root canal shaping in the apical third but did not improve decontamination in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterococcal infections frequently show high levels of antibiotic resistance, including to cell envelope‐acting antibiotics like daptomycin (DAP). While we have a good understanding of the resistance mechanisms, less is known about the control of such resistance genes in enterococci. Previous work unveiled a bacitracin resistance network, comprised of the sensory ABC transporter SapAB, the two‐component system (TCS) SapRS and the resistance ABC transporter RapAB. Interestingly, components of this system have recently been implicated in DAP resistance, a role usually regulated by the TCS LiaFSR. To better understand the regulation of DAP resistance and how this relates to mutations observed in DAP‐resistant clinical isolates of enterococci, we here explored the interplay between these two regulatory pathways. Our results show that SapR regulates an additional resistance operon, dltXABCD, a known DAP resistance determinant, and show that LiaFSR regulates the expression of sapRS. This regulatory structure places SapRS‐target genes under dual control, where expression is directly controlled by SapRS, which itself is up‐regulated through LiaFSR. The network structure described here shows how Enterococcus faecalis coordinates its response to cell envelope attack and can explain why clinical DAP resistance often emerges via mutations in regulatory components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum extract (CZE) at different rations (0%, 1%, 3% and 5%) on gelatin (GL)–polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend films were evaluated in relation to the structural, tensile strength, physical, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the films in this study. The results showed that water barriers of the film samples decreased, but the UV‐blocking property increased and became opaque at the highest GLPVA5 film. The tensile strengths of GLPVA, GLPVA1, GLPVA3 and GLPVA5 films were 1.21, 1.78, 1.62 and 1.95 MPa, respectively. The antimicrobial effect of these films was determined against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus cereus according to the parallel stick method. Antioxidant properties of cinnamon extract were investigated using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picryl‐hydrazil (DPPH) methods. The % inhibition of DPPH was found to be 82.00. No antibacterial effect was detected for B.cereus and E. faecalis at 0%, 1%, 3% and 5%. While no activity was observed in 0%, 1% and 3% cinnamon, 7.5 and 3.0 mm zones were detected in S. typhimirium and E. coli, respectively, in 5% cinnamon. The results suggest that the film samples could be used in a potential packaging with antioxidant and antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In developing countries, fresh fruit juices are prepared and sold without ongoing assessment of the quality and safety of mulberry and carrot juices. Therefore, most fruit juices offered for consumption had high microbial content. This investigation was performed to indicate the efficacy of low concentrations of Cinnamomum verum essential oils (CEO) in the inactivation of E. faecalis and S. aureus in carrot juice and white mulberry juice and the impact on the sensorial characteristics of the juices. CEO antimicrobial activity can prevent the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis at 12 and 4 °C in juices. For the MIC and MBC concentrations, CEO exhibited higher antibacterial effects against S. aureus and E. faecalis. A higher number of pathogens were inactivated at 12 °C than at 4 °C. Cytoplasmic membrane permeability plays a vital role in the CEO bactericidal action. CEO can be recommended to extend the shelf‐life of juices by retaining the sensorial quality and inactivating pathogenic microorganisms, which provides a reference for practical production and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inundation of coastal stormwater networks by tides is widespread due to sea‐level rise (SLR). The water quality risks posed by tidal water rising up through stormwater infrastructure (pipes and catch basins), out onto roadways, and back out to receiving water bodies is poorly understood but may be substantial given that stormwater networks are a known source of fecal contamination. In this study, we (a) documented temporal variation in concentrations of Enterococcus spp. (ENT), the fecal indicator bacteria standard for marine waters, in a coastal waterway over a 2‐month period and more intensively during two perigean spring tide periods, (b) measured ENT concentrations in roadway floodwaters during tidal floods, and (c) explained variation in ENT concentrations as a function of tidal inundation, antecedent rainfall, and stormwater infrastructure using a pipe network inundation model and robust linear mixed effect models. We find that ENT concentrations in the receiving waterway vary as a function of tidal stage and antecedent rainfall, but also site‐specific characteristics of the stormwater network that drains to the waterway. Tidal variables significantly explain measured ENT variance in the waterway, however, runoff drove higher ENT concentrations in the receiving waterway. Samples of floodwaters on roadways during both perigean spring tide events were limited, but all samples exceeded the threshold for safe public use of recreational waters. These results indicate that inundation of stormwater networks by tides could pose public health hazards in receiving water bodies and on roadways, which will likely be exacerbated in the future due to continued SLR. Plain Language Summary: Communities along the US Atlantic Coast have begun to experience the effects of sea‐level rise as stormwater drainage pipes, originally designed when sea levels were lower, are now routinely inundated at high tide. We do not know whether frequent inundation of stormwater drainage pipes affects coastal water quality, specifically the fecal bacteria levels of coastal waters. In this study, we collected daily measurements of Enterococcus spp. (ENT), the bacteria used by regulators to assess the safety of marine waters for swimmers and recreators, from a tidal creek over a 2‐month period. We also collected water samples from roadway floodwaters and the adjacent tidal creek during the highest high tides when the stormwater pipes drained during the outgoing tide. After data collection, we developed statistical models to relate the amount of ENT in the tidal creek to tide, rainfall, and stormwater infrastructure. When comparing rainfall and tide, we observed that rainfall caused greater bacterial contamination in the tidal creek than high tide flooding. However, we observed high ENT concentrations in roadway floodwaters and in the creek during the outgoing tide, leading us to conclude that everyday flooding of underground stormwater pipes at high tide could create hazardous water quality. Key Points: Daily observations of Enterococcus spp. concentrations in a coastal waterway were similar during and outside of perigean spring tidesTidal inundation of stormwater networks occurred daily, but rainfall runoff produced the greatest bacterial contamination in the waterwayHigh Enterococcus spp. concentrations were observed in roadway floodwaters and the receiving waterway during perigean spring tides [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bloodstream infections (BSIs) account for 18% of bacterial infections in the first year after solid organ transplantation (SOT). Enterococcus accounts for up to 20% of BSIs in this population, with vancomycin‐resistant enterococcus (VRE) posing a particular risk. This is a retrospective, case‐control study of adult liver and kidney transplant recipients between 01/01/2016 and 06/30/2021 that characterizes the epidemiology and outcomes of enterococcal BSIs in liver and kidney transplantations at a single institution. Subjects with an enterococcal BSI within the first 6 months post‐transplant were compared to those with non‐enterococcal BSIs in the same period. We identified 26 subjects with enterococcal BSIs and 28 controls with non‐enterococcal BSIs (n = 54; 10.3%). Cases were mostly liver transplant recipients (n = 20; 77%) with a median MELD at transplant of 33 (range 14–43); controls included 14 KT recipients (50%). Groups differed significantly (all p <.05) by factors including perioperative transfusion requirements, need for reoperation, and number of interventions post‐transplant. Cases had a median time of 25.5 days to infection and controls 100.5 days (p <.0001). There were no differences in 1‐year mortality between the groups. Enterococcus faecium was the predominant species of Enterococcus (n = 23; 88.5%), with a majority (91.3%) of the isolates being VRE. In our liver and kidney transplants, enterococcal BSIs occurred early among liver transplant recipients. The high incidence of VRE among E. faecium isolates in this population warrants further investigation into the optimal approach to empiric antimicrobials for bacteremia in the early post‐transplant period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, various functional and probiotic attributes of the Enterococcus faecium 9 N‐2 strain isolated from village‐style white cheese were characterized, while also assessing its safety. To achieve this, we conducted an in vitro analysis of several key probiotic properties exhibited by the 9 N‐2 strain. Notably, this strain demonstrated robust resilience to low pH, high bile salt concentrations, lysozyme, pepsin, pancreatin, and phenol. Furthermore, this strain displayed exceptional auto‐aggregation capabilities and moderate co‐aggregation tendencies when interacting with Escherichia coli. The cell‐free supernatant derived from strain 9 N‐2 exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens. The strain exhibited resistance to gentamicin, meropenem, and bacitracin, while remaining susceptible to vancomycin and various other antibiotics. Furthermore, it was found that E. faecium 9 N‐2 possessed the capacity to produce the phytase enzyme. When all the results of this study are evaluated, it is thought that 9 N‐2 strain has superior probiotic properties, and therefore it can be used as probiotic in food, medicine, and animal feed in the future. In addition, further in vivo tests should be performed to fully understand its effects and mechanisms of action and to confirm its safety and probiotic effects. Further research and clinical trials are also needed to identify new strains with potential probiotic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The laboratory inoculation techniques should ideally mimic the real‐life environment to reliably estimate the decimal reduction time (D‐value) of bacteria for process validation. This study aims at investigating the influence of the inoculation method on the D‐value of Salmonella in black pepper powder. Whole black peppercorns were either inoculated prior to grinding (pre‐grinding procedure) or ground and then inoculated (post‐grinding procedure). The ground black pepper was thermaly treated at 80°C for 0‐30 min. The D80°C values of Salmonella inoculated by pre‐grinding and post‐grinding procedures were 5.5 ± 0.8 and 3.9± 0.3, respectively. Salmonella and E. faecium were significantly (p⟨0.05) more thermally resistant in ground black pepper when inoculated pre‐ rather than post‐grinding. Therefore, inoculation protocol must be considered by spice industries while validating the pasteurization process. E. faecium is a suitable surrogate for Salmonella because of its higher decimal reduction time for both inoculation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Owing to the toxic effects of enterococci, their biogenic amine production is a negative aspect of safe strain selection and unfavourable activity in food. Additionally, the ability to tolerate acid and bile are two important traits for the selection of probiotic strains since they show the probiotic bacteria's capacity to survive throughout gastrointestinal transit. In the present work, six enterococci strains belonging to Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus hirae were subjected to in vitro evaluation of their ability to produce biogenic amines and to tolerate gastrointestinal stress in order to investigate their possibility for future intended use as probiotics. RESULTS: All enterococci isolates possessed good viability at low pH (pH 4) and in the presence of bile salts (0.3%), indicating their ability to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, selected strains had a high ability to produce tyramine in tyrosine decarboxylase broth, while medium levels of histamine were detected (below 74 mg L−1) in experimental media in vitro. Other biogenic amines were also formed at various levels by most of the enterococci strains. CONCLUSION: All enterococci strains, with the exception of E. gallinarum DM 29, are powerful tyramine producers, and their capacity to create histamine is inferior to that of tyramine. However, more investigations are needed before considering their use as bio‐preservatives or starter cultures in foods. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The intestine is responsible for approximately one‐third of uric acid (UA) excretion. The effect of commensal Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), one of the most colonized bacteria in the gut, on UA excretion in the intestine remains to be investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of commensal E. faecalis on UA metabolism and gut microbiota. Methods: The 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to examine the species of Enterococcus in mouse fecal content. E. faecalis strain was isolated from mouse feces and identified to be E. faecalis W5. The hyperuricemia (HUA) animal model was established with yeast‐rich forage and 250 mg·kg−1·day−1 potassium oxonate. Oral administration of E. faecalis W5 was given for 20 days, serving as the Efa group. Results: Disrupted intestinal barrier, activated proinflammatory response and low UA excretion in the intestine were found in HUA mice. After E. faecalis W5 treatment, the gut barrier was restored and serum UA level was decreased. Additionally, fecal and intestinal UA levels were elevated, intestinal urate transporter ABCG2 and purine metabolism were upregulated. Moreover, short‐chain fatty acid levels were increased, and intestinal inflammation was ameliorated. Conclusions: Commensal E. faecalis W5 ameliorated HUA through reversing the impaired gut barrier, promoting intestinal UA secretion by regulating ABCG2 expression, and decreasing intestinal UA synthesis by regulating purine metabolism. The results may provide the potential for developing treatments for HUA through the intestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Even in a country where vancomycin–resistant enterococcus is rare, multidrug‐resistant organism precautions are necessary when admitting patients with a history of medical exposure in other countries. On admission, screening is necessary and if infection is confirmed, a multidisciplinary approach involving different specialists is required. The patient was a 49‐year‐old Japanese female living in the United States. Total pelvic exenteration for cervical carcinoma, Miami pouch formation, and ileostomy had been performed in the United States. She returned to Japan to undergo postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. Fever and abdominal pain occurred 42 days after surgery. She consulted the fever outpatient clinic, and a diagnosis of urinary retention‐associated acute renal failure and pyelonephritis was made. We detected vancomycin‐resistant enterococcus on urine/blood culture 5 days after admission. Infection control measures were implemented, and the ward was closed for 3 days. We administered linezolid, which was effective for pyelonephritis and bacteremia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulation of the first committed step of peptidoglycan precursor synthesis by MurA‐enzyme homologs has recently taken center stage in many different bacteria. In different low‐GC Gram‐positive bacteria, regulation of this step has been shown to be regulated by phosphorylation of homologs of the IreB/ReoM regulatory protein by PASTA‐domain Ser/Thr‐protein kinases. In this issue, Mascari, Little, and Kristich determine this regulatory pathway and its links to resistance to cephalosporin β‐lactam antibiotics in the major human pathogen, Enterococcus faecalis (Efa). Unbiased genetic selections identified MurAA (MurA‐family homolog) as the downstream target of IreB regulation in the absence of the IreK Ser/Thr‐protein kinase. Physiological and biochemical approaches, including determination of MICs to ceftriaxone, Western blotting of MurAA cellular amounts, isotope incorporation into peptidoglycan sacculi, and thermal‐shift binding assays of purified proteins, demonstrated that unphosphorylated IreB, together with proteins MurAB (MurZ‐family homolog), and ReoY(Efa) negatively regulate MurAA stability and cellular amount by the ClpCP protease. Importantly, this paper supports the idea that ceftriaxone stimulates phosphorylation of IreB, which leads to increased cellular MurAA amount and precursor pathway flux required for E. faecalis cephalosporin resistance. Overall, findings in this paper significantly contribute to understanding variations of this central regulatory pathway in other low‐GC Gram‐positive bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bacterial PASTA kinase, IreK, is required for intrinsic cephalosporin resistance in the Gram‐positive opportunistic pathogen, Enterococcus faecalis. IreK activity is enhanced in response to cell wall stress, such as cephalosporin exposure. The downstream consequences of IreK activation are not well understood in E. faecalis, but recent work in other low‐GC Gram‐positive bacteria demonstrated PASTA kinase‐dependent regulation of MurAA, an enzyme that performs the first committed step in the peptidoglycan synthesis pathway. Here, we used genetic suppressor selections to identify MurAA as a downstream target of IreK signaling in E. faecalis. Using complementary genetic and biochemical approaches, we demonstrated that MurAA abundance is regulated by IreK signaling in response to physiologically relevant cell wall stress to modulate substrate flux through the peptidoglycan synthesis pathway. Specifically, the IreK substrate, IreB, promotes proteolysis of MurAA through a direct physical interaction in a manner responsive to phosphorylation by IreK. MurAB, a homolog of MurAA, also promotes MurAA proteolysis and interacts directly with IreB. Our results therefore establish a connection between the cell wall stress sensor IreK and one critical physiological output to modulate peptidoglycan synthesis and drive cephalosporin resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To characterize the microbiome composition within dental implants of peri‐implantitis subjects and healthy controls using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Materials and methods: Twenty‐three subjects with healthy (n = 11 implants) and diseased (peri‐implantitis, n = 21) implants were included in this controlled clinical cross‐sectional study. Samples were obtained from internal surfaces of dental implants using sterile paper points for microbiological analysis. DNA was extracted, and the16S rRNA gene was amplified using universal primers targeting the V3–V4 regions. The resulting 16S polymerize chain reaction amplicons were sequenced on Illumina MiSeq, and the sequences were processed using DADA2 and the Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD) as references. Alpha and Beta diversity, as well as core microbiome and differential abundance analyses were then performed using the MicrobiomeAnalyst workflow. Results: A significant increase in microbial diversity was observed in the internal implant surface of healthy implants compared with the internal surfaces of peri‐implantitis (Shannon p = 0.02). Bacterial community structure was significantly different among groups (p = 0.012). High levels of Gram‐positive bacteria were detected inside implants with peri‐implantitis compared to healthy implants, especially Enterococci. Conclusions: There is a shift in bacterial diversity inside implants with peri‐implantitis from the healthy control. The microbial colonization within that space might contribute to the etiology of peri‐implant disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To monitor prospectively the occurrence of colorectal anastomotic leakage (CAL) in patients with colon cancer undergoing resectional surgery, characterizing the microbiota in both faeces and mucosal biopsies of anastomosis. In a second stage, we investigated the ability to predict CAL using machine learning models based on clinical data and microbiota composition. Method: A total of 111 patients were included, from whom a faecal sample was obtained, as well as biopsy samples from proximal and distal sites in the healthy margins of the tumour piece. The microorganisms present in the samples were investigated using microbial culture and 16S rDNA massive sequencing. Collagenase and protease production was determined, as well as the presence of genes responsible for expressing enzymes with these activities. Machine learning analyses were developed using clinical and microbiological data. Results: The incidence of CAL was 9.0%, and CAL was associated with collagenase/protease‐producing Enterococcus. Significant differences were found in the microbiota composition of proximal and distal biopsy samples, but not in faecal samples, among patients who developed CAL. Clinical predictors of CAL were 5‐day C‐reactive protein and heart disease, whereas 3‐day C‐reactive protein and diabetes were negative predictors. Conclusion: Biopsy samples from surgical margins, rather than faecal samples, are the most appropriate samples for exploring the contribution of the intestinal microbiota to CAL. Enterococci are only enriched in the anastomosis after surgery, and their collagenases and proteases are involved in the degradation of the anastomotic scar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The enhancing impact of fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and drying/coating on bioactivity properties of Spirulina platensis was investigated. The fermentation with Lp. plantarum took place anaerobically for 72 h at 37 C. Encapsulation of fresh and fermented samples was made by spray‐drying with a 170 °C air inlet temperature, a 20 mL/min feed flow rate and different ratios of coating material (1:0, 1:1 and 1:2 maltodextrin). Fresh Spirulina capsules exhibited different shapes, mostly rod form whilst fermented Spirulina exhibited a generally spherical shape. 1,1‐diethoxy‐ethane (34.02%) and tert‐butyldimethylsilyl 2,2,3,3,3‐pentafluoropropanoate (26.70%) were identified as the major compounds in fermented Spirulina. The total phenol content of Spirulina was in range from 14.22 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g for fermented wet spirulina to 77.27 mg GAE/g for fermented spray‐dried Spirulina coated with maltodextrin at a ratio of 1:1. The drying and fermentation processes significantly increased the total phenol content, total antioxidant activity and diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity of Spirulina (P < 0.05). Bacteriostatic concentration of fermented spray‐dried Spirulina was 25 mg/mL against Salmonella Paratyphi A, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, whereas bactericidal effect was at a concentration of 25 mg/mL vs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. faecalis. The combination of fermentation with Lp. plantarum and drying after coating with maltodextrin of Spirulina enhanced its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties by 0.7–20‐fold compared to fresh, wet Spirulina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the microbiome within chronic diabetic foot ulcers is essential if effective antimicrobial therapies are to be administered. Using culture and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the aim of this study was to compare the microbiome of paired tissue scraping samples with swab samples, collected from participants during attendance at a high‐risk foot clinic. The mean richness of cultured swab and tissue scraping samples was consistent, with anaerobes infrequently isolated from both sample types. Comparing percentage frequencies of detection of selected genera of known and potential pathogens namely Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Corynebacterium, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas from cultured and sequenced swab and tissue scrapings indicated that both collection methods captured varying percentages of all the selected genera. The mean abundance of sequenced samples was not significantly different between swabs and tissue scrapings. The mean richness or number of distinct operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and Shannon's H diversity index were not significantly different between the two collection methods. The mean relative abundance of the selected genera of known and potential pathogens, including anaerobes Anaerococcus and Finegoldia, was higher in swabs compared with tissue scrapings and significantly so in Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas genera. Multivariate analyses confirmed no significant differences between the bacterial community compositions of the paired samples. These results suggest that tissue scrapings and swabs can effectively capture the microbiome of chronic DFUs using culture and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Commensal microorganisms are widely distributed in insect gut tissues and play important roles in host nutrition, metabolism, reproductive regulation, and especially immune functioning and tolerance to pathogens. Consequently, gut microbiota represent a promising resource for the development of microbial‐based products for pest control and management. However, the interactions among host immunity, entomopathogen infections, and gut microbiota remain poorly understood for many arthropod pests. Results: We previously isolated an Enterococcus strain (HcM7) from Hyphantria cunea larvae guts that increased the survival rates of larvae challenged with nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV). Here, we further investigated whether this Enterococcus strain stimulates a protective immune response against NPV proliferation. Infection bioassays demonstrated that re‐introduction of the HcM7 strain to germfree larvae preactivated the expression of several antimicrobial peptides (particularly H. cunea gloverin 1, HcGlv1), resulting in the significant repression of virus replication in host guts and hemolymph, and consequently improved host survivorship after NPV infection. Furthermore, silencing of the HcGlv1 gene by RNA interference markedly enhanced the deleterious effects of NPV infection, revealing a role of this gut symbiont‐induced gene in host defenses against pathogenic infections. Conclusion: These results show that some gut microorganisms can stimulate host immune systems, thereby contributing to resistance to entomopathogens. Furthermore, HcM7, as a functional symbiotic bacteria of H. cunea larvae, may be a potential target for increasing the effectiveness of biocontrol agents against this devastating pest. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Estimate the presence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended beta‐lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae, and vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in bulk tank milk in dairy herds in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Methods: Bulk tank milk samples (n = 80) were collected from dairy farms (n = 40, i.e. 2 per farm) in NSW during 2021. Bacteria were cultured using selective chromogenic indicator media with isolate identity confirmed using biochemical testing, Gram stain, and MALDI‐TOF mass spectroscopy. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was confirmed using antibiotic disk diffusion. Results: No samples tested positive to the targeted AMR organisms. Conclusion: The prevalence of MRSA, ESBL‐producing Enterobacteriaceae, and VRE is low in NSW dairy herds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Mycotoxins contamination in food and feed has emerged as an issue of serious concern because they pose serious health risks to both humans and livestock. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of two rumen‐derived Enterococcus spp. on fermentation and hygienic quality of artificially contaminated corn silages. The toxigenic fungal‐infested (FI) and non‐fungal infested (NFI) corn was harvested at 1/2 milk line stage and ensiled without additives (CON) or with Enterococcus faecalis (E) or Enterococcus faecium (M). RESULTS: The pH of FI silages was higher than that of NFI silages, the pH in NFI‐M was lower than in NFI‐CON. Inoculating E. faecium markedly increased lactic acid concentration compared to CON and E silages. Both E. faecium and E. faecalis decreased the deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) concentrations compared with the CON for FI silages, while E. faecium was more effective in eliminating aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The FI silage had higher bacterial and fungal Shannon indexes than NFI silages. The relative abundance (RA) of Aspergillus and Fusarium marked a decline from day 5 to day 90. Inoculating E. faecium and E. faecalis reduced the RA of Penicillium compared to CON. In vitro mycotoxins removal assay indicated that E. faecium was more effective in AFB1 detoxification while having lower detoxifying ZEN capacity than E. faecalis. CONCLUSION: Inoculating rumen‐derived Enterococcus spp. isolates alleviated the negative effects of fungal infestation on the fermentation and hygienic quality of corn silages by changing the microbial communities and detoxifying mycotoxins. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the synthesis of Mg0.33Ni0.33Co0.33GdxFe2‐xO4 nanoparticles (NPs) with 0.00≤x≤0.08 by the co‐precipitation method. The structural and optical properties of NPs are investigated. As Gd content increases, the lattice parameter and the bandgap energy increase whereas the particle size decreases. The photocatalytic performance of NPs is evaluated in the degradation of methyl violet (MV) dye under sunlight irradiation. The best activity is exhibited by Mg0.33Ni0.33Co0.33GdxFe2‐xO4 where x=0.04. The rate of the photodegradation reaction is boosted by increasing the pH and temperature. 95.4 % of MV is degraded after 240 min upon the addition of 5 wt. % carbon dot. The NPs are tested against Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium) and Gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Leclercia adecarboxylata) isolated from wastewater. The antibacterial activity was tested by the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration broth microdilution assay, agar well diffusion assay and time‐kill test. The results show that the NPs exhibit inhibitory activity against Gram‐positive bacteria. Furthermore, NPs show bacteriostatic activity after 3 hours of incubation. The antibiofilm activity of the NPs is tested by the inhibition of biofilm formation and the destruction of pre‐formed biofilm assays. The results show an inhibitory activity of the NPs against Gram‐positive biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial and fungal diversities of 24 mould‐ripened cheeses originating from Konya‐Türkiye were examined by metagenomic analysis. Firmicutes phylum, Enterococcus, Clostridium sensu stricto and Lactobacillus (Levilactobacillus) genera were the dominant bacteria. Ascomycota phylum and Penicillium and Pichia genera and Penicillium roqueforti and Pichia membranifaciens species were dominant fungi. Enterococcus faecium (n = 30) and Enterococcus faecalis (n = 6) were identified, and all strains were susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, chloramphenicol and linezolid. The highest resistance (n = 14) was against rifampin. Tetracycline resistance was determined in two strains. Biofilm‐forming ability was found in nine E. faecium and 1 E. faecalis. E. faecium strains revealed 40–88.9%, and E. faecalis showed 59.2–100% homology by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: There is a great concern on the presence of antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria in meat, since they can cause adverse effects in the consumers' health. The purpose of this work was to identify and characterise the antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. isolated from meat. A total of 209 meat samples (forty pork, fifty chicken, fifty‐one turkey, thirty‐one duck, and thirty‐seven quail) were collected at retail level. E. faecalis was the dominant enterococci isolated from all the types of meat evaluated, followed by E. faecium, E. gallinarum, and E. hirae, among others which were also isolated. Of the 317 strains evaluated for antimicrobial resistance 48 (15.14%) were multi‐resistant. Most of the multi‐resistant strains were E. faecium and E. faecalis, and in lesser extent E. gallinarum and E. hirae. Multi‐resistant strains were isolated from all the types of meat studied, mainly from turkey (sixteen strains), chicken (fifteen strains), and quail (fourteen strains). Two multi‐resistant strains showed resistance to vancomycin (E. faecium isolated from turkey meat, and E. faecalis isolated from quail meat). Resistance to tigecycline, teicoplanin, linezolid and quinolones was found among enterococci isolates. Special measures should be taken to avoid faecal contamination of carcasses in order to reduce enterococci prevalence in meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of antibiotic‐resistant pathogenic strains of Lactococcus garvieae serotype II isolated from fish in Japan has become a growing concern in recent years. The data on drug susceptibility and its associated resistance mechanism are limited. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of chemotherapeutic agents against 98 pathogenic strains of emerging Lactococcus garvieae serotype II isolated from fish from six different prefectures in Japan from 2018 to 2021. The tested strains were resistant to erythromycin, lincomycin and tiamulin. PCR amplification revealed the presence of erm(B) in all erythromycin‐resistant strains, while a conjugation experiment confirmed that these strains carried erm(B) that could be transferred to recipient Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF with frequencies from 10−4 to 10−6 per donor cells. Nucleotide sequencing of the representative isolated plasmid pkh2101 from an erythromycin‐resistant strain showed that it was a 26,850 bp molecule with an average GC content of 33.49%, comprising 31 CDSs, 13 of which remained without any functional annotation. Comparative genomic analysis suggested that pkh2101 shared the highest similarity (97.57% identity) with the plasmid pAMbeta1, which was previously isolated clinically from Enterococcus faecalis DS‐5. This study provides potential evidence that the plasmid harbouring erm(B) could be a source of antibiotic resistance transmission in emerging L. garvieae infection in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of four herbal plants glycolic extracts over mixed‐species biofilm composed of Candida albicans (C. albicans) and another pathogenic bacterium as alternative therapy to be investigated. Four plants extract of Pfaffia paniculata roots; Hamamelis virginiana leaf, Stryphnodendron barbatiman tree bark and Gymnema sylvestre stem and leaves were tested over multi‐species biofilm of C. albicans (ATCC 18804) and Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 35688), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 4083) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) for 5 min and 24 h and colony forming units per millilitre was calculated. The data were analysed using Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn's test (p ≤ 0.05). All tested extracts showed antimicrobial action over the mixed‐species biofilms after 24 h. Some extracts eliminated totally the biofilms. The glycolic extract of P. paniculata, H. virginiana, S. barbatiman and G. sylvestre are effective over mixed‐species biofilms and may be indicated as endodontic irrigant or intracanal medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Disturbance of gut microbiota is associated with pathological change in multiple diseases. Probiotics can improve symptoms and exert clinical effects via regulation of gastrointestinal microecological environments, and a probiotic product commonly dispensed by Chinese physicians is a combination of live Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus in powder/capsule form. It contains three strains—of Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis—which can act synergistically to balance the microbiome, regulate immunity, and repair the gut barrier. Although this product has been proven safe and effective in clinical practice, uncertainty remains regarding its use to treat digestive system diseases. To date, there have been no reference standards to guide clinical practice and no relevant expert consensus on this product, in China. Methods: Following a literature search, evidence was graded and classified according to the grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) system and consensus was secured from a panel of 52 experts. Results: An expert consensus has been formed, on the clinical application of live combined Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus in various digestive system diseases, to provide reference for its clinical use. Conclusions: Bifidobacterium triple viable powder/capsule may offer benefits, by regulating the balance of intestinal microecology. It can be used for the treatment and prevention of various digestive system diseases with good overall safety; further research is needed to confirm its application in other contexts. The recommendations in this consensus will be confirmed or refined in light of future research and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Probiotics comprise effective feed additives that can replace antibiotics in animal livestock production. However, mono‐strain probiotics appear less effective because of their instability. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate dietary supplementation with compound probiotics (CPP) on growth performance, diarrhea rate and intestinal mucosal barrier, as well as the possible molecular mechanism, in chicks. In total, 360 1‐day‐old chicks of the Hy‐Line Brown Chicks were randomly divided into the control group (CON, basal diet), chlortetracycline group (500 mg kg−1 CTC) and compound probiotics group (1000 mg kg−1 CPP, consisting of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Enterococcus faecium and yeast). The experiment period was 56 days. Results: The results showed that, in comparison with the CON group, CPP significantly increased the average daily feed intake and average daily gain of chicks and reduced diarrhea (P < 0.05). The probiotic group exhibited increased immune organ (i.e. spleen and thymus) mass and increased levels of serum immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgM and IgG (P < 0.05) compared to the CTC group. In addition, the jejunal mass and morphology were improved in the probiotic group (P < 0.05). Moreover, CPP reinforced jejunal barrier function, as indicated by increased transepithelial electrical resistance, protein expression of occludin and claudin‐1, and diamine oxidase levels in the jejunum (P < 0.05). Likewise, enhanced fluorescence signals of proliferating cell nuclear antigen‐labeled mitotic cells and villin‐labeled absorptive cells in the jejunum (P < 0.05) suggested that CPP promoted intestinal stem cells activity. Mechanistically, the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway, including β‐catenin, TCF4, c‐Myc, cyclin D1 and Lgr5, was amplified in the jejunum by CPP addition (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that dietary supplementation with CPP reinforced the jejunal epithelial integrity by activating Wnt/β‐catenin signaling and enhanced immune function in chicks. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We first reported the vanM vancomycin resistance gene in enterococci in Shanghai, China in 2006 and later found it to be the predominant van gene in vancomycin‐resistant enterococci (VRE). In this study, we successively collected 1292 Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis strains from in‐ and outpatients at Huashan Hospital, Fudan University and found that nearly all of the isolates (1290/1292) were vancomycin‐sensitive determined by the VITEK 2 system. However, using a modified macromethod‐based disk diffusion test, 10 E. faecium isolates that were previously determined to be vancomycin‐sensitive by the VITEK 2 system were found to have colonies in the vancomycin disk inhibition zone. Pulse‐field gel electrophoresis results showed that each randomly selected colony in the inhibition zone belonged to the same clone as the original strain. All 10 isolates were later found to be vanM‐positive. The disk diffusion‐based method may aid in the detection of vanM‐positive E. faecium with low vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations and prevent missing the detection of vancomycin sensitivity‐variable enterococci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involves the isolation of succinic acid (SA)‐producing microorganisms from different samples, including the rumen, sludge, soil, and wastewater. For primary screening, 29 isolates exhibited a zone of clearance around the colony, indicating acid production. For secondary screening using thin‐layer chromatography, only two isolates symbolized SA production according to their Rf values. These two isolates were further identified as Bacillus velezensis and Enterococcus gallinarum by phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor‐joining method. The high SA concentrations of 50.2 and 66.9 g/L were produced by B. velezensis and E. gallinarum with an SA yield of 0.836 and 1.12 g/g glucose, respectively. The high SA concentration from these newly isolated strains was achieved with a low formation of unwanted acids compared with those from Actinobacillus succinogenes ATCC 55618. Moreover, E. gallinarum was cultured in palm oil mill wastewater (POMW) and molasses, which were cheap substrates. The high SA production of 73.9 g/L with low other acids (the ratio of SA to total acids = 0.917) was achieved using POMW and molasses (80:20) as substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This research investigated the dynamic changes and correlations of protease activity, material texture and flavour compounds during the fermentation (13 days) of crucian (Carassius auratus). Mixed starter fermentation (Enterococcus rivorum and Enterococcus lactis) and natural fermentation were used for the study. Results showed that the protease activity, TCA‐soluble protein and flavour substances were increased with fermentation time and were higher in the mixed fermentation group. The results of relative odour activity value showed that some aldehydes played a major role in the flavour of the product, such as octanal, nonanal and (E)‐2‐nonenal. The correlation analysis showed that protease activity and material texture (hardness and chewiness) had a significantly positive correlation with many flavour compounds (octanal, nonanal, glutamic acid, etc.). This work will provide a theoretical reference for the application of mixed starter cultures and for improving the quality of suanyu by increasing protease activity and changing the texture of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: By analyzing the distribution and drug resistance of common pathogen in different sites in plastic surgery to provide reference for clinicians to choose the best antibacterial treatment plan. Methods: Pathogens of postoperative infection in plastic surgery from January 2011 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed to determine the species and quantity, and to access the trend of each pathogen's detection rate. The antibiotic sensitivity and distribution characteristics of common pathogens were studied in conjunction with the site of infection. Results: A total of 1709 bacterial strains were detected, including 1244 gram‐positive bacterial strains and 465 gram‐negative bacterial strains. The main pathogen of perineum was Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), while Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was the most common pathogen in the other infected sites. The detection rate of methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin‐resistant coagulase‐negative staphylococcus (MRCNS) was on the rise from 2011 to 2021. No S. aureus and coagulase‐negative staphylococcus (CoNS) strains were resistant to vancomycin. The sensitive rate of S. aureus from all parts and CoNS from all sites except lower limbs and mandible was higher than 80% to linezolid. The resistance rate of S. aureus and CoNS in all parts to penicillin, clindamycin, and erythromycin was high. The susceptibility rate of CoNS in lower mandible was high to gentamicin. Conclusions: Staphylococcus aureus was the primary pathogen of gram‐positive bacteria in all site of plastic surgery except perineum, followed by CoNS. The distribution and drug resistance of pathogen in different infection sites were different. We should formulate more accurate and reasonable antibacterial programs according to drug resistance results of various parts to reduce the emergence of resistant strains and effectively prevent and control infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article describes the eco‐design of a new preservative in cosmetics based on bio‐inspiration of natural extracts from traditional medicines. In order to reach the multiple specification targets, various structures have been synthesized and evaluated to select the one demonstrating broad antimicrobial spectrum with favorable environmental profile and application potential to a wide variety of formulas. Methods: In order to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized structures, the method of the challenge test consisting in an artificial contamination of the sample with collection microbial strains and evaluation of the number of revivable microorganisms was used to select the most promising candidate. Validation of its antimicrobial potential was later confirmed on Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, yeast and mold with measurement of its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) in comparison with known preservatives. Environmental impact assessment of the selected candidate was achieved with the help of ready biodegradability and aquatic ecotoxicity tests performed according to appropriate Organization tes a strfor Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) and European Union (EU) guidelinesy. Results: Bio‐inspired from turmeric and ginger extracts, an ethylated analog of Zingerone (EZ) with the chemical name 4‐(3‐ethoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)butan‐2‐one demonstrates the strongest activity on Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Moreover, EZ shows a solubility in water two times higher than that of Zingerone thus increasing its interest as a potential preservative. Finally, its assessment of ready biodegradability and aquatic ecotoxicity in OECD‐EU tests with a favorable environmental profile confirms its unique interest and fully justifies its use in cosmetic formulas as an eco‐respectful preservative. Conclusion: Bio‐inspiration based on technologies without noteworthy side effects but also on eco‐design, particularly through the use of measures of potential environmental impact very upstream of a development, are two fundamental elements for the launching of new eco‐friendly cosmetic ingredients. This approach has thus validated the strong potential of EZ as a preservative of eco‐respectful formulas. The selection of EZ is also a very good example of the achievement of two key objectives targeted by cosmetic companies for the development of a novel active ingredient: environmental performance and technical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In this study, pea (Pisum sativum L.) pod powder (PPP) was incorporated (1% and 3% w/w) into a probiotic ice cream formulation containing Enterococcus faecium M74 to investigate the potential effect of PPP on the probiotic survivability in the ice cream throughout 60 days of frozen storage. Moreover, the produced symbiotic ice creams were evaluated for their physiochemical properties, stability, and sensory acceptability. RESULTS: Incorporation of PPP into ice cream caused significantly (P < 0.05) increased protein and ash content and lower pH values. Besides that, the addition of PPP resulted in ice creams with higher hardness and lower overrun. A significant diminishing was observed in the melting rates of the ice creams as the percentage of PPP increased and storage time progressed. Ice cream with PPP presented lower lightness and higher greenness and yellowness compared with control. All ice creams had viable counts of E. faecium M74 of ≥6 log cfu g−1 during storage and provided the number of viable cells that the probiotic product should contain. On day 60, the viability of E. faecium M74 in ice cream containing 1% PPP (7.64 ± 0.02) was higher than the control (7.28 ± 0.00). Sensory analyses revealed that there was no statistical difference in ice cream with 1% PPP and the control without PPP in terms of general acceptability. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that pea pods, which is a waste product of the pea industry and obtained at zero cost, could be used as a potential prebiotic and an agent to improve technological properties of dairy products. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cutaneous infections are important diseases in captive and free‐ranging pinnipeds and are associated with various causative agents. Some special agents, such as fungi, morbillivirus and mycobacteria, can cause cutaneous specific granulomatous inflammation. Objectives: To identity the cause of chronic dermatitis in a spotted seal in an aquarium. Methods: Herein, we analyze the clinical history and cutaneous samples of the spotted seal through differential diagnosis (histopathology, microorganism culture, special histochemical staining methods, PCR), and antibiotic susceptibility test. Results: This is a rare pyogranulomatous dermatitis case caused by E. faecalis in a captive adult male spotted seal (Phoca largha) in an aquarium. Conclusions: We provide a meaningful approach to the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial dermatitis in pinnipeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the cytological analysis of conjunctiva from normal camels and camels with bacterial conjunctivitis. Animals studied: This study was conducted on 7 normal camels and 15 camels affected with conjunctivitis. The affected camels had a history of conjunctivitis with signs including chemosis, blepharospasm, frequent blinking, and mild‐to‐moderate serous, mucoid, or purulent ocular discharge. Procedures: Bacterial swabs were collected from the inferior conjunctival sac of the affected eye without topical anesthetics. Conjunctival smears were obtained from the conjunctival surface for cytological analysis. Results: The cellular analysis of ocular smears revealed a higher percentage of basal cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages in camels with conjunctivitis compared with normal camels. In contrast to this, smears from normal camels showed an increased percentage of superficial epithelial cells compared with affected camels. The microbiological assessment of conjunctival swabs collected from affected animals identified a bacterial growth of Staphylococcus aureus., Bacillus sp., Streptococcus sp., Enterococcus faecium., Staphylococcus sp., Corynebacterium sp., Coryne pseudotuberculosis., Saprophytica, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulagaris, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusions: It was observed that bacterial conjunctivitis in camels was associated with increased percentages of basal epithelial cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages compared with normal camels, while normal camels showed an increased percentage of superficial epithelial cells compared with affected camels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The fecal bacterial microbiota of normal foals and foals with enterocolitis has been characterized using next‐generation sequencing technology; however, there are no reports investigating the gut microbiota in foals hospitalized for other perinatal diseases. Objective: To describe and compare the fecal bacterial microbiota in healthy and sick foals using next‐generation sequencing techniques. Animals: Hospitalized (17) and healthy foals (21). Methods: Case‐control study. Fecal samples were collected from healthy and sick foals on admission. Sick foals were further divided into sick nonseptic (SNS, n = 9) and septic (n = 8) foals. After extraction of DNA, the V4 region of the 16 S rRNA gene was amplified using a PCR assay, and the final product was sequenced with an Illumina MiSeq. Results: Diversity was significantly lower in healthy than sick foals (P <.05). The bacterial membership (Jaccard index) and structure (Yue & Clayton index) of the fecal microbiota of healthy, septic, and SNS foals were similar (AMOVA, P >.05). Bacterial membership (AMOVA, P =.06) and structure (AMOVA, P =.33) were not different between healthy and sick foals. Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus were among the 5 more abundant taxa identified in both groups. Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Higher fecal microbiota diversity in sick than healthy foals might suggest a high exposure to environmental microorganisms or an unstable colonic microbiota. The presence of microorganisms causing bacteremia in foals in a high relative abundance in the feces of foals suggests the intestine might play an essential role in the causation of bacteremia in foals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterococcus faecalis virulence requires cell wall‐associated proteins, including the sortase‐assembled endocarditis and biofilm associated pilus (Ebp), important for biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo. The current paradigm for sortase‐assembled pilus biogenesis in Gram‐positive bacteria is that sortases attach substrates to lipid II peptidoglycan (PG) precursors, prior to their incorporation into the growing cell wall. Contrary to prevailing dogma, by following the distribution of Ebp and PG throughout the E. faecalis cell cycle, we found that cell surface Ebp do not co‐localize with newly synthesized PG. Instead, surface‐exposed Ebp are localized to the older cell hemisphere and excluded from sites of new PG synthesis at the septum. Moreover, Ebp deposition on the younger hemisphere of the E. faecalis diplococcus appear as foci adjacent to the nascent septum. We propose a new model whereby sortase substrate deposition can occur on older PG rather than at sites of new cell wall synthesis. Consistent with this model, we demonstrate that sequestering lipid II to block PG synthesis via ramoplanin, does not impact new Ebp deposition at the cell surface. These data support an alternative paradigm for sortase substrate deposition in E. faecalis, in which Ebp are anchored directly onto uncrosslinked cell wall, independent of new PG synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the structure–activity relationships (SAR) of a new set of phenylpyrazoles unveiled a potential anti‐enterococcus lead compound 12. The benzofuran moiety linked to the phenylpyrazole 12 was 32 times better than vancomycin against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51299. Besides, compound 12 is expected to have an excellent oral bioavailability according to the in silico studies. Of SAR analysis, we found that the benzofuran side chain was essential for the activity. Changing the benzofuran with either benzothiophene, phenyl, pyridinyl, tolyl, or naphthyl reduces/nullifies the pharmacological action. Besides the anti‐enterococcal activity, derivatives 4 and 6 can be used to develop new broad‐spectrum antibiotics as they exhibited activity against the wild‐type highly virulent Escherichia coli isolate. Moreover, compound 13 was proved to show antifungal activity (MIC = 4 μg/ml) against the Candida albicans SS5314 (wild type). Finally, the in silico analysis showed that those compounds have good profiles regarding the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies, drug‐likeness and pharmacokinetics properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]