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The supply of branded 6‐mercaptopurine (6‐MP) is limited in China, necessitating the local production and clinical evaluation of generic alternatives. We evaluated the in vivo bioequivalence (BE) of a new generic mercaptopurine tablet (50 mg) formulation by comparing peak plasma concentration and area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) with a branded 6‐MP formulation as the reference in 36 healthy fasting Chinese adults. The in vivo BE was evaluated by the average BE test. The safety parameters of the test and reference formulations were also evaluated. The geometric mean ratios for AUC over the dosing interval and AUC from time zero to infinity were 104% and 104%, respectively, of the reference values, while the point estimate of the geometric mean ratio for peak plasma concentration was 104% of the reference value. The test and reference formulations in this study were both deemed safe as only 23 Grade 1 adverse events were observed in 13 of 36 subjects. The test and reference formulations of 6‐MP tablets meet the regulatory criteria for BE in healthy fasting Chinese adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ni‐rich cathode materials are considered promising candidates for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries because of their high energy density and low cost. However, interphase failure at the surface of Ni‐rich cathodes negatively impacts cycling performance, making it challenging to meet the requirements of long‐term applications. In this study, a strategy is developed to improve interphase properties through introduction of a nucleophilic reaction‐based additive, using an appropriate amount of the inducer lithium isopropoxide (LIP) in the commercial electrolyte to achieve long‐term cycling stability of Li||LiNi0.83Co0.11Mn0.06O2 (NCM83) cells. This strategy enables Li||NCM83 cells to maintain a capacity of 148.7 mAh g−1 with a retention of 83.3 % even after 500 cycles. This outstanding cycling stability is attributed to a robust cathode‐electrolyte interphase (CEI) constructed on NCM83 surface LIP‐induce ring‐opening polymerization of ethylene carbonate (EC). As a result, the organic‐inorganic components of the CEI effectively constrain gas evolution and the corresponding phase transformation behavior. Furthermore, the CEI also suppresses microcrack formation and eventually sustains the Ni valence and coordination environment at high voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While silicon is considered one of the most promising anode materials for the next generation of high‐energy lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), the industrialization of Si anodes is hampered by the anode's large volume change during the charging and discharging process. In comparison to the traditional graphite anode used in LIBs, the Si anode places more stringent demands on the binder, which must maintain intimate contact between the electrode components and the integrity of the ion and electron transport channels when subjected to frequent large volume changes. The purpose of this review is to cover the recent advances in binder design strategies by examining the molecular structure, chemical functionalities, physical and mechanical properties of the binder materials, as well as the working strategies involved. The challenges in the design of the innovative polymer binder for commercializing Si anodes are discussed, as well as the future development direction and application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers around the world have carried out numerous studies on the electrical response of oil‐contaminated silica sands. However, few studies consider the oil contamination in carbonate sands that exhibit quite different characteristics to silica sands. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of grain size (0.5–1.0, 1–3 and 3–5 mm), solution salinity (100, 10 and 1 Ω·m) and pH (4.58, 6.5 and 9.25) on the resistivity and saturation exponent of oil‐bearing carbonate sands. Experimental columns were packed with crushed limestone grains, solution and oil. Electrical resistivity measurements were subsequently performed on the packed columns. Grain size exhibits a complex effect on the electrical response of partially saturated limestone grains. Resistivity decreases slightly with increasing grain size when water saturation is greater than 0.4, while it shows an inconsistent trend when water saturation is lower than 0.4. The resulting saturation exponent n decreases slightly when grain size increases from 0.5–1 mm to 1–3 mm, while it shows a positive change in n values for grain size of 3–5 mm. Changes in solution salinity significantly influence the resistivity and saturation exponent of limestone grains, with higher solution salinity resulting in lower resistivity and higher saturation exponent. However, with solution pH increasing from 4.58 to 9.25, it shows very limited effect on the resistivity and saturation exponent of limestone grains. This can be attributed to the strong buffering ability of limestone. Effects of grain size, solution salinity and pH on the resistivity and saturation exponent of oil‐bearing carbonate sands were investigated. Resistivity is found to show a decreasing trend with increasing grain size from 0.5–1 mm to 3–5 mm above a certain saturation (e.g. Sw > 0.4), while it shows a rapid increase below a certain saturation (e.g., Sw≤$ \le $0.4) for a larger grain size of 3–5 mm. Resistivity decreases and the saturation exponent increases with the increase of solution salinity for oil‐bearing carbonate sands. Resistivity and saturation exponent do not vary significantly with solution pH ranging from 4.58 to 9.25 for oil‐bearing carbonate sands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is a limiting factor for sustainable rice (Oryza sativa L.) production. However, little is known about how rice varieties that differ in tolerance to low P perform under water‐saving irrigation. In this study, we characterized the responses of two rice varieties, ZD88 that has a weak tolerance to low soil P and YJ2 that has a strong tolerance to low soil P to two irrigation regimes under both optimal P (NP, 46.9 mg/kg Olsen‐P) and low P (LP, 6.8 mg/kg Olsen‐P). The first irrigation regime involved continuous flooding (CF), while the second involved alternate wetting and moderate soil drying (AWD). The study was conducted in plants grown in pot over two years. YJ2 exhibited stronger tolerance to LP than ZD88 under both irrigation regimes. Compared to CF, plants grown with AWD produced higher grain yields and had increased phosphorus translocation efficiencies, as well as higher metabolic phosphorus efficiencies and increased phosphorus harvest index values. The water use efficiencies of the two rice varieties were increased under both NP and LP under AWD conditions. The AWD regime also resulted in higher shoot dry weights and increased photosynthesis rates under LP compared with CF. Moreover, the remobilization of non‐structural carbohydrates from stems to the grain was also increased under the AWD regime, together with higher activities of sucrose‐phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase and peroxidases and increased abscisic acid contents in grains. Root dry weights and root to shoot ratios were also increased under AWD conditions, together with increased root acid phosphatase activities. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the AWD regime benefits rice production under LP environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mn and N codoped carbon materials are proposed as one of the most promising catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) but still confront a lot of challenges to replace Pt. Herein, a novel gas‐phase migration strategy is developed for the scale synthesis of atomically dispersed Mn and N codoped carbon materials (g‐SA‐Mn) as highly effective ORR catalysts. Porous zeolitic imidazolate frameworks serve as the appropriate support for the trapping and anchoring of Mn‐containing gaseous species and the synchronous high‐temperature pyrolysis process results in the generation of atomically dispersed Mn‐Nx active sites. Compared to the traditional liquid phase synthesis method, this unique strategy significantly increases the Mn loading and enables homogeneous dispersion of Mn atoms to promote the exposure of Mn‐Nx active sites. The developed g‐SA‐Mn‐900 catalyst exhibits excellent ORR performance in the alkaline media, including a high half‐wave potential (0.90 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode), satisfactory durability, and good catalytic selectivity. In the practical application, the Zn–air battery assembled with g‐SA‐Mn‐900 catalysts shows high power density and prominent durability during the discharge process, outperforming the commercial Pt/C benchmark. Such a gas‐phase synthetic methodology offers an appealing and instructive guide for the logical synthesis of atomically dispersed catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deploying the application of Au‐based catalysts directly on CO2 reduction reactions (CO2RR) relies on the simultaneous improvement of mass activity (usually lower than 10 mA mg−1Au at −0.6 V) and selectivity. To achieve this target, we herein manipulate the interface of small‐size Au (3.5 nm) and CeO2 nanoparticles through adjusting the surface charge of Au and CeO2. The well‐regulated interfacial structure not only guarantees the utmost utilization of Au, but also enhances the CO2 adsorption. Consequently, the mass activity (CO) of the optimal AuCeO2/C catalyst reaches 139 mA mg−1Au with 97 % CO faradaic efficiency (FECO) at −0.6 V. Moreover, the strong interaction between Au and CeO2 endows the catalyst with excellent long‐term stability. This work affords a charge‐guided approach to construct the interfacial structure for CO2RR and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries represent a highly promising next‐generation electrochemical energy storage system because of their safety, environmental friendliness, resource abundance, and simple assembly conditions. However, the formation and growth of zinc dendrites on zinc anode seriously hinder the practical application of zinc‐ion batteries. Zincophilic design, which enables the uniform zinc nucleation/deposition, offers an effective solution to achieve dendrite‐free zinc anodes. Despite significant progress in the field of zincophilic design, the research in this field currently lacks clear analysis and guidance. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current research status of zincophilic design and the mechanism for dendrite‐free zinc anode from three aspects: construction of zinc anode zincophilic layers, addition of zincophilic additives in electrolyte, and construction of 3D zincophilic host. Moreover, the challenges facing the industrialization and commercialization of zinc‐ion batteries in the further are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]