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In this paper, we propose a new generation method of orthogonal periodic complex number sequence sets based on chirp sequences that can derive the orthogonal periodic complex number sequence set having the minimum cross-correlation peak for any period. First, we use the Ohue–Okahisa Conjecture that is proven in a practical range related to the orthogonal periodic polyphase sequence obtained by taking the inverse discrete Fourier transform of a chirp sequence to derive the relationship between the period N having the minimum peak of the cross-correlation and the chirp sequence parameter R, and clearly explain a generation method of an orthogonal periodic complex number sequence pair having the minimum cross-correlation peak for any period. Next, we present a generation method of the orthogonal periodic complex number sequence set having the minimum cross-correlation peak for any two sequences in the set. The dimension of this set is clearly equal to the minimum prime factor of the period N. Furthermore, we present a generation method of the orthogonal periodic polyphase sequence set having the minimum cross-correlation peak for any period and show that the dimension of this set becomes a value 1 less than the minimum prime factor of period N. We show that this generation method can derive the orthogonal periodic complex number sequence set having the minimum cross-correlation peak for periods that could not be generated by conventional techniques and can derive the orthogonal periodic polyphase sequence set demonstrated previously. Finally, we present a generation example of the orthogonal periodic sequence set having the minimum cross-correlation peak and clearly show that the orthogonal periodic complex number sequence set and orthogonal periodic polyphase sequence set having the minimum cross-correlation peak can be generated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(5): 1–11, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10129 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) and academic difficulties are frequently associated, but to date this link is poorly understood. In order to explore which components of number processing and calculation skills may be disturbed in children with ADHD we presented a series of respective tasks to 9- to 12-year-old children with ADHD-combined type and matched children without ADHD (of any type) without concomitant dyscalculia and/or dyslexia. Overall, group differences were not significant regarding overlearned and explicitly trained simple and complex calculation skills. More basic number processing skills are - for instance - the ability to compare one-digit numbers according to their magnitude (so-called magnitude comparison), to count or to transcode numbers, i.e. to write down an Arabic number '21' in verbal dictation. Significant differences favouring control children in basic number processing skills were obtained in a number comparison task and in a dot enumeration task. Importantly, our results cannot be explained by group differences regarding specific working memory and executive function components. Thus, number processing skills and in particular the processing of numerical magnitude should be investigated in children diagnosed with ADHD even when no comorbid learning disabilities are reported.

Estimation of aerosol radiative forcing continues to suffer from large uncertainties, partially from a lack of observations of aerosol optical properties. Limited measurements of the atmospheric aerosol imaginary refractive index (iRI) have been made, especially in some of the world's most polluted regions. In this study, we measured aerosol optical and micro‐physical properties at a regional site, Rohtak, India, representative of polluted cities in the Indo‐Gangetic plains in northern India. The average PM2.5 measured during the campaign was 163 μg/m3 with a single‐scatter albedo of 0.7, indicating the presence of strongly absorbing aerosol components. Measurements of aerosol absorption, scattering, and particle number size distributions were used to estimate the effective refractive index using an established Mie inversion technique. The calculated iRI was spectrally invariant in the visible region with values ranging between 0.076 and 0.145. Brown carbon absorption, estimated using an existing Mie optimization method, ranged 34–88 Mm−1, with strongly absorbing mass absorption cross‐sections (∼1.9 m2/g). Higher iRI were observed during periods with higher brown carbon absorption, which are likely directly emitted from combustion sources. Low volatility organic carbon fractions dominated during these periods, with likely persistence of atmospheric absorption. The iRI values are at the upper end of previously reported ranges of urban aerosol iRI. In a sensitivity analysis to measured parameters, the absorption had the dominant effect on estimated iRI. Measured single scatter albedos, were lower than those from climate model simulations over the region, demonstrating the need for intrinsic property measurements to evaluate and constrain climate models. Plain Language Summary: Particles in the atmosphere, called aerosol, can absorb or reflect/scatter sunlight to heat or cool the atmosphere, depending upon their physical and chemical properties. Climate models try to simulate these properties to understand their effect on the climate. The strength of the absorption is determined by the size of the particle (generally the diameter) and its refractive index (a complex number) which is a material property. In this study, we measure the refractive index of atmospheric aerosol at Rohtak, which lies in the highly polluted Indo‐Gangetic plains in India. We find that the aerosol are very absorbing in nature, that is, they are warming the atmosphere, and that the absorbing/imaginary part of the refractive index is in the higher range of previously reported values. The aerosol at the site are dominated by emissions from fossil fuel and biomass burning sources. On comparing these absorbing properties with those simulated by climate models, we find that the climate models are not able to simulate the absorbing nature of these aerosol well. Hence, there is a need for more such measurements of the aerosol refractive index to improve climate models and ultimately improve our understanding of the effect of aerosol on our climate. Key Points: Estimate the aerosol effective refractive index (RI); imaginary RI ranges 0.076–0.145, higher than previously reported valuesA single scatter albedo of 0.7 reveals strongly absorbing components, with brown carbon absorption of 34–88 Mm−1Imaginary RI correlates well with near‐UV absorption by brown carbon, which has low volatility and is likely emitted from combustion sources [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the perspective of rock mechanics, transmission of fluid pressure that drives groundwater flow is not instantaneous; instead it is a slow compressional (P) wave in porous rocks saturated with a fluid. In this paper, the approach of monochromatic wave is used to analyze the slow P‐wave. Permeability is derived as a function of the frequency of the wave. The permeability appears to be a complex number which asymptotes to Darcy permeability at the low frequency end but tends to vanish at the high frequency end. With Biot theory, the permeability predicts phase velocity and the quality factor of the monochromatic wave. Using Berea sandstone as an illustrative example, the complex‐number permeability can yield a lower phase velocity (within frequency of 105–108 Hz) and a larger attenuation (for frequency above 106 Hz) than Darcy permeability does. This study extends the recent research of the low‐frequency waves of fluid pressure to the regime of very high frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let r≥2 $r\ge 2$ be a real number. A complex nowhere‐zero r $r$‐flow on a graph G $G$ is an orientation of G $G$ together with an assignment φ:E(G)→C $\varphi :E(G)\to {\mathbb{C}}$ such that, for all e∈E(G) $e\in E(G)$, the Euclidean norm of the complex number φ(e) $\varphi (e)$ lies in the interval [1,r−1] $[1,r-1]$ and, for every vertex, the incoming flow is equal to the outgoing flow. The complex flow number of a bridgeless graph G $G$, denoted by ϕC(G) ${\phi }_{{\mathbb{C}}}(G)$, is the minimum of the real numbers r $r$ such that G $G$ admits a complex nowhere‐zero r $r$‐flow. The exact computation of ϕC ${\phi }_{{\mathbb{C}}}$ seems to be a hard task even for very small and symmetric graphs. In particular, the exact value of ϕC ${\phi }_{{\mathbb{C}}}$ is known only for families of graphs where a lower bound can be trivially proved. Here, we use geometric and combinatorial arguments to give a nontrivial lower bound for ϕC(G) ${\phi }_{{\mathbb{C}}}(G)$ in terms of the odd‐girth of a cubic graph G $G$ (i.e., the length of a shortest odd cycle) and we show that this lower bound is tight. This result relies on the exact computation of the complex flow number of the wheel graph Wn ${W}_{n}$. In particular, we show that for every odd n $n$, the value of ϕC(Wn) ${\phi }_{{\mathbb{C}}}({W}_{n})$ arises from one of three suitable configurations of points in the complex plane according to the congruence of n $n$ modulo 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new approach for implementing the fast Fourier transform (FFT) using complex binary number system (CBNS) is presented in this paper. The advantage of using CBNS is that instead of processing the real and imaginary parts of a complex number separately, we can process both as a single entity. A total of four FFT architectures have been developed, which are 16‐, 64‐, 256‐, and 1024‐point FFT architectures. The proposed FFT is designed using Verilog‐HDL and implemented using a Virtex‐7 field‐programmable gate array (FPGA). The maximum clock rate achieved by the proposed FPGA‐based design is 376.1 MHz. The FPGA resource utilization of the FFT is less than the state‐of‐the‐art FFT designs. An application‐specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for the FFT is also designed. The normalized energy per FFT of the proposed ASIC is 0.14 nJ, and the normalized area per FFT of the ASIC is 1.08 mm2 which is less than other existing designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of algorithmic differentiation (AD) tools focuses mostly on handling floating point types in the target language. Taping optimizations in these tools mostly focus on specific operations like matrix vector products. Aggregated types like std::complex are usually handled by specifying the AD type as a template argument. This approach provides exact results, but prevents the use of expression templates. If AD tools are extended and specialized such that aggregated types can be added to the expression framework, then this will result in reduced memory utilization and improve the timing for applications where aggregated types such as complex number or matrix vector operations are used. Such an integration requires a reformulation of the stored data per expression and a rework of the tape evaluation process. We will demonstrate the overheads on a synthetic benchmark and show the improvement when aggregated types are handled properly by the expression framework of the AD tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been reported that training deep neural networks is more difficult than training shallow neural networks. Hinton et al. proposed deep belief networks with a learning algorithm that trains one layer at a time. A much better generalization can be achieved when pre‐training each layer with an unsupervised learning algorithm. Since then, deep neural networks have been extensively studied. On the other hand, it has been revealed that singular points affect the training dynamics of the learning models such as neural networks and cause a standstill of training. Naturally, training deep neural networks suffer singular points. As described in this paper, we present a deep neural network model that has fewer singular points than the usual one. First, we demonstrate that some singular points in the deep real‐valued neural network, which is equivalent to a deep complex‐valued neural network, have been resolved as its inherent property. Such deep neural networks are less likely to become trapped in local minima or plateaus caused by critical points. Results of experiments on the two spirals problem, which has an extreme nonlinearity, support our theory. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Hopfield neural networks using Clifford algebra have been studied. Clifford algebra is also referred to as geometric algebra, and is useful to deal with geometric objects. There are three kinds of Clifford algebra with degree 2; complex, hyperbolic, and dual-numbered. Complex-valued Hopfield neural networks have been studied by many researchers. Several models of hyperbolic Hopfield neural networks have also been proposed. It has been difficult to construct dual-numbered Hopfield neural networks. In this work, we propose dual-numbered Hopfield neural networks by modification of hyperbolic Hopfield neural networks with the split activation function. The stability condition and Hebbian learning rule are also provided. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Representing one of the last populations of an IUCN Critically Endangered subspecies, estimates suggest the Kordofan giraffe of Cameroon's Bénoué Complex number fewer than 300 individuals, threatened by poaching and habitat degradation. This study investigated the viability of Bénoué National Park's Kordofan giraffe and efficacy of available interventions through a population viability analysis using VORTEX. The relative impacts of anti‐poaching activity, population supplementation, habitat protection and vaccination were explored, alongside a sensitivity analysis investigating parameter uncertainty. The baseline model projects a 78.6% probability of extinction (PE) within 100 years. Poaching of just two individuals every 5 years results in a 98.1% PE, highlighting anti‐poaching activity as a vital intervention. Movement of a female‐biased group into the park proved effective, with supplementation of 24 females reducing the PE by over 35%, sustaining a raised population size above the baseline for over 60 years on average. Annual carrying capacity reduction of 2% year−1 for 20 years resulted in a 97.8% PE. Conversely, habitat restoration had little consequence unless combined with further interventions. These findings underscore the magnitude of the threat facing Bénoué National Park's Kordofan giraffe. Conservation management should prioritise strengthening existing anti‐poaching activity in conjunction with protecting wildlife corridors to aid dispersal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we further Meirong Zhang et al.'s work by computing the number of weighted eigenvalues for Sturm–Liouville equations, equipped with general integrable potentials and Dirac weights, under Dirichlet boundary condition. We show that, for a Sturm–Liouville equation with a general integrable potential, if its weight is a positive linear combination of n Dirac delta functions, then it has at most n (may be less than n, or even be 0) distinct real Dirichlet eigenvalues, or every complex number is a Dirichlet eigenvalue; in particular, under some sharp condition, the number of Dirichlet eigenvalues is exactly n. Our main method is to introduce the concepts of characteristics matrix and characteristics polynomial for Sturm–Liouville problem with Dirac weights and put forward a general and direct algorithm used for computing eigenvalues. As an application, a class of inverse Dirichlet problems for Sturm–Liouville equations involving single Dirac distribution weights is studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike real or complex numbers, quaternion multiplication does not satisfy the commutative law. This makes it impossible to generalize some conclusions on semi‐tensor product to quaternion directly, which is valid on real or complex number fields. In this paper, we define semi‐tensor product of quaternion matrices and study the properties of semi‐tensor product of quaternion matrices, and the conclusion is applied to the color digital image restoration model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key problem in locating a source of partial discharge (PD) using the acoustic emission technique is the error in estimating the signal arrival time from the source to the multiple sensors. When the time difference of arrival approach is used for the PD‐source‐localisation, some of the measured time‐delay‐groups will have solution for the time‐difference equation in the complex‐number‐field. This is due to the significant error in the arrival time estimation. Such time‐delay‐groups should be considered to be invalid. In this study, a function is proposed for identifying the invalid time‐delay‐groups for the fixed set of coordinates of four sensors and the specific velocity of the acoustic signal used. The negative sign of this function value indicates that the solution is in the complex‐number‐field. An alternative method for identifying the invalid time‐delay‐groups is by using Newton's method. The multiple sign changes of the Jacobian‐determinant in the iterations of Newton's method shows that the solution is in the complex‐number‐field. The proposed methods have been tested with data from the existing literature, and results have confirmed the efficacy of these methods in the identification of the invalid time‐delay‐groups. Discarding such groups of time delays improves the accuracy of statistical PD‐source‐localisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In theory, the whirling motion of a shaft‐disk system is three‐dimensional (3D), however, if the transverse displacement in the vertical principal xy‐plane and that in the horizontal principal xz‐plane for the cross‐section of the shaft located at the axial coordinate x are represented by a complex number, then the mass moment of inertia for unit shaft length (at x) and that for each rigid disk i can be combined with their associated gyroscopic moments (GMs) to form the frequency‐dependent equivalent mass moments of inertia, respectively, in the equations of motion for the rotating Timoshenko shaft carrying arbitrary rigid disks. It is found that the above‐mentioned equations for the rotating 3D shaft‐disk system take the same forms as the corresponding ones for the associated stationary two‐dimensional (2D) Timoshenko beam carrying the same number of disks, so that the approaches for the free vibration analyses of the stationary 2D beam‐disk system can be used to solve the title problem for obtaining the whirling speeds and mode shapes of a rotating 3D shaft‐disk system. Since the order of the eigenproblem equation derived from the presented approach is much smaller than that derived from the conventional finite element method (FEM), the computer time consumed by the former is much less than that by the latter. In addition, the solutions obtained from the presented approach are exact and may be the benchmark for evaluating the accuracy of solutions of the other approximate methods. Numerical examples reveal that the presented approach is available for the uniform or nonuniform shaft‐disk system, and the obtained results are very close to those obtained from existing literature or the FEM. The formulation of this article is available for a shaft‐disk system with various boundary conditions (BCs), to save space, only the cases with pinned‐pinned BCs are illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total body irradiation (TBI) is a complex treatment technique, which has been slow to transition to a three-dimensional (3D) planning approach. There is limited literature available providing a detailed description on methods to plan TBI on a 3D planning system. 3D planning using the modulated arc TBI (MATBI) technique is a complex process involving a significant number of quality assurance processes and scripts, due to more than 40 treatment beams and two patient positions. This article will focus on the workflow and technical planning aspects of our institution's MATBI technique and identify reasons for modifications made to the developing institution's original MATBI approach. Included is a description of specific simulation equipment, detailed explanation of the four-stage computing process including the role of scripting to standardise and streamline what is otherwise a complex number of steps. The information provided is specific to one centre's approach but shows the fundamental planning process and demonstrates a streamlined method, which can be adapted to other planning systems. Overall, the ability to accurately represent the TBI technique in 3D on a planning system will be shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The split and hyperbolic (countercomplex) octonions are eight‐dimensional nonassociative algebras over the real numbers, which are in the form X=x0e0+∑j=17xjej, where em's 0≤m≤7 have different properties for them. The main purpose of this paper is to define the split‐type octonion and its matrix whose inputs are split‐type octonions and give some properties for them by using the real quaternions, split, and hyperbolic (countercomplex) octonions. On the other hand, to make some definitions, we present some operations on the split‐type octonions. Also, we show that every split‐type octonions can be represented by 2 × 2 real quaternion matrix and 4 × 4 complex number matrix. The information about the determinants of these matrix representations is also given. Besides, the main features of split‐type octonion matrix concept are given by using properties of  real quaternion matrices. Then, 8n × 8nreal matrix representations of split‐type octonion matrices are shown, and some algebraic structures are examined. Additionally, we introduce real quaternion adjoint matrices of split‐type octonion matrices. Moreover, necessary and sufficient conditions and definitions are given for split‐type octonion matrices to be special split‐type octonion matrices. We describe some special split‐type octonion matrices. Finally, oct‐determinant of split‐type octonion matrices is defined. Definitive and understandable examples of all definitions, theorems, and conclusions were given for a better understanding of all these concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When an electron beam is injected into a low-pressure gas (about 10-4 Torr), various waves are produced by the beam–plasma interactions. These waves are expressed by Trivelpiece–Gould modes that consider the boundary conditions. The growth rate has almost never been sought until now. In this paper, we explain which modes are strongly excited when the gas pressure is changed in a beam–plasma system based on the results of improving the linear dispersion relation used by Trivelpiece and Gould and performing the calculations in complex numbers. The properties of the waves found by this calculation are compared with our experimental results. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(4): 9–15, 2001 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetation optical depth (VOD) satellite microwave retrievals provide significant insights into vegetation water content and responses to hydroclimatic changes. While VOD variations are commonly linked to dry biomass and live fuel moisture content (LFMC), the impact of canopy temperature (Tc) remains overlooked in large‐scale studies. Here, we investigated the impact of Tc on L‐band (1.4 GHz) and X‐band (10.7 GHz) VOD at diurnal and seasonal timescales. Synthetic benchmark VOD was created using realistic fields of Tc, LFMC, and biomass in an electromagnetic model. Perturbation experiments revealed that Tc strongly affects diurnal VOD variations at both L‐band and X‐band. Seasonally, while biomass emerges as the largest contributor to VOD variations in 70% (at X‐band) and 90% (at L‐band) of our study region, Tc and LFMC still play substantial roles. The findings stress the importance of refining retrieval algorithms to distinguish Tc, LFMC, and biomass effects for future VOD applications in ecohydrology. Plain Language Summary: Satellite measurements known as vegetation optical depth (VOD) are sensitive to how much water plants contain (i.e., their hydration level). Because of this, VOD allows researchers to study how ecosystems respond to changes in weather, climate, and other factors. However, besides water, other variables like the temperature of the plants and their biomass can also change satellite VOD readings. In this study, we used computer simulations to examine how canopy temperature, relative water content, and plant biomass may affect these satellite readings. We found that canopy temperature has a surprisingly strong impact on VOD variations, especially at the diurnal timescale. Our results highlight the need to account for plant temperature influence in future VOD applications. Key Points: A simulation approach was used to investigate how canopy temperature, live fuel moisture content, and dry biomass affect VOD variationsThe impact of canopy temperature on VOD variations is more substantial than previously assumed, both at diurnal and seasonal timescalesTo interpret VOD dynamics, algorithms should differentiate between temperature, live fuel moisture content, and biomass contributions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We simulate the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) over an aquaplanet with uniform surface temperature using the multiscale modeling framework (MMF) configuration of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM‐MMF). The model produces MJO‐like features that have a similar spatial structure and propagation behavior to the observed MJO. To explore the processes involved in the propagation and maintenance of these MJO‐like features, we perform a vertically resolved moist static energy (MSE) analysis for the MJO (Yao et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas‐d‐20‐0254.1). Unlike the column‐integrated MSE analysis, our method emphasizes the local production of MSE variance and quantifies how individual physical processes amplify and propagate the MJO's characteristic vertical structure. We find that radiation, convection, and boundary layer (BL) processes all contribute to maintaining the MJO, balanced by the large‐scale MSE transport. Furthermore, large‐scale dynamics, convection, and BL processes all contribute to the propagation of the MJO, while radiation slows the propagation. Additionally, we perform mechanism‐denial experiments to examine the role of radiation and associated feedbacks in simulating the MJO. We find that the MJO can still self‐emerge and maintain its characteristic structures without radiative feedbacks. This study highlights the role of convective MSE transport in the MJO dynamics, which was overlooked in the column‐integrated MSE analysis. Plain Language Summary: We conduct simulations of the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) using a computer model that can explicitly simulate deep convective clouds. The simulated MJO behaves similarly to what has been observed in the real world in terms of its spatial structure and propagation. We then delve into the detailed mechanisms behind the MJO, using a method that analyzes how energy and moisture move vertically through the atmosphere, rather than just averaging these properties across the whole atmosphere. This novel analysis shows that radiation, convection, turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer, and large‐scale atmospheric flows all play roles in sustaining the MJO and affect its eastward propagation. Interestingly, the MJO can still develop and maintain its unique features without the influence of radiation, indicating other processes are also key. This research underscores the importance of understanding the vertical transport of energy and moisture by convective storms in studying the MJO, an aspect previously underappreciated in some simpler models and diagnoses. Key Points: We have successfully simulated the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) using the Energy Exascale Earth System Model‐multiscale modeling framework over an aquaplanet with uniform surface temperatureVertically resolved analyses of moist static energy highlight the role of convection in the maintenance and propagation of the MJOMechanism‐denial experiments show that radiative feedbacks are not essential to simulate the MJO [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen high penetration of renewable energies, which have significantly reduced the inertia of bulk power systems. As a result, the frequency behaviour of power systems is becoming more complex. To resolve this technical challenge, there is a particularly strong interest in developing analytical solutions for frequency dynamics studies. This study first describes a second‐order frequency dynamics model for power systems with renewable energies. A non‐linear perturbation approach is suggested to drive the analytical solution of the model. It is shown that, under many circumstances, frequency dynamics can be effectively approximated using a linear model. Subsequently, the article describes a fourth‐order linear frequency dynamics model that takes into account governor‐turbines. A polynomial eigenvalue method is proposed to identify the dominant and non‐dominant modes of the solution of the four‐order model. It is demonstrated that the dominant mode has a decisive impact on frequency behaviour, while the non‐dominant modes influence the relative frequency oscillations only. Finally, the study derives the analytical expressions of the standard frequency performance metrics and examines the impact of damping and inertia parameters. The introduced results are verified using two test systems, demonstrating the accuracy and effectiveness of the suggested method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order for full utilization of the switching devices and safe continued operation of the power converter at the same time, the junction temperature of the switching devices needs to be accurately monitored without shutting down the motor drive. This paper derives an analytical junction temperature calculation method by using Laplace transformation and thermal network theory. Based on an actual motor drive, a simulation model is established using platform for power electronic systems (PLECS). Through comparison, the derived method is proven to be able to calculate junction temperature accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The material transport system, facilitated by motor proteins, plays a vital role in maintaining a non‐equilibrium cellular state. However, understanding the temporal coordination of motor protein activity requires an advanced imaging technique capable of measuring 3D angular displacement in real‐time. In this study, a Fourier transform‐based plasmonic dark‐field microscope has been developed using anisotropic nanoparticles, enabling the prolonged and simultaneous observation of endosomal lateral and rotational motion. A sequence of discontinuous 3D angular displacements has been observed during the pause and run phases of transport. Notably, a serially correlated temporal pattern in the intermittent rotational events has been demonstrated during the tug‐of‐war mechanism, indicating Markovian switching between the exploitational and explorational modes of motor protein exchange prior to resuming movement. Alterations in transition frequency and the exploitation‐to‐exploration ratio upon dynein inhibitor treatment highlight the relationship between disrupted motor coordination and reduced endosomal transport efficiency. Collectively, these results suggest the importance of orchestrated temporal motor protein patterns for efficient cellular transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isolated multiple port DC/DC converters, such as the Multiple Active Bridge (MAB) converter, have many recent applications, such as interconnection between grids, isolated uninterruptible power sources (UPSs) and electric vehicle chargers. MAB converter is an attractive solution from the point of view of the hardware because of its symmetry and its capability to be extended to any number of bridges with a moderate number of components. However, the main challenge of this converter is the control method in order to achieve independent control between the different ports and to minimize recirculating currents. For that reason, three‐port power converters have been already investigated, but many improvements can be done for a larger number of ports. This paper proposes to use a Fourier decomposition for the main power signals to separate their real and imaginary parts. As the signals work at the switching frequency, this decomposition is developed with analog electronics. Based on that, a general control method for regulating the power at the different ports is presented using the first harmonic component, which delivers most of the power. In this proposal, two nested control loops ensure accuracy for the DC power flow. Simulation and experimental results validate the proposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless communication systems are inherently challenged by factors such as fading, path loss, and shadowing, leading to potential errors in data transmission. Traditional methods to mitigate these issues include power control, diversification, variable beamforming, and modulation techniques. However, the unpredictable nature of the wireless medium often limits their effectiveness. A new approach to address these challenges is the implementation of cascaded intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS). IRS systems consist of multiple passive elements that intelligently reflect electromagnetic waves, thereby enhancing signal quality. The Advanced Discrete Fourier Transform (ADFT) matrix scheme is explored in channel estimation, a novel method particularly suitable for wireless networks utilising cascaded IRS. The ADFT matrix scheme is significant for its efficiency in managing the common‐link configuration of cascading channel coefficients, which effectively reduces pilot overhead. When compared to traditional channel estimation methods like the Least Square|least squares, Maximal a posteriori probability, and Linear Minimum Mean Square Error, the ADFT matrix scheme exhibits superior performance. It achieves a remarkable reduction in normalised mean squared error (NMSE) – 66% and 80% at 20 dB and 15 dB Signal to‐Noise Ratios (SNR), respectively. Furthermore, increasing the pilot length correlates with enhanced NMSE performance, with a noted 33% improvement as the base station distance increases. Simulations demonstrate that with an escalation in the number of IRS elements and SNR, the ADFT matrix scheme consistently surpasses conventional methods. This advancement represents a significant leap in the field of wireless communication technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is dedicated to proposing improved input‐to‐state stability (ISS) criteria for a class of continuous‐time time‐varying switched singular systems (CTSSS) under slow/fast/slow‐fast switching signals. Specifically, for a CTSSS with time‐varying singular matrices, the authors start with an improved sufficient condition for verifying its ISS under slow switching signals based on the average dwell time method and a relaxed multiple Lyapunov function. Then, considering several or all subsystems may destroy the overall ISS, relaxed sufficient conditions are presented to ensure the ISS of the CTSSS under fast switching signals and slow‐fast switching signals, respectively. Note that the improvement of the proposed ISS criteria is embodied in the derivative of the required multiple Lyapunov functions along with the state trajectories of CTSSS can be positive or negative. Finally, three numerical examples are provided to illustrate the feasibility of the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this letter, a novel algorithm is proposed to design symbol‐level waveform for dual‐functional radar‐communication (DFRC) systems with low range sidelobe. Different from current schemes design waveform at the block level, a phase response constraint is introduced at the symbol level to provide an additional degree of freedom to decrease the range sidelobe in the pulse compression procedure, which is highly desired in radar systems. In particular, the phase response at the target direction is constrained to be similar to the given reference phase, and the matching error between the designed beampattern and the desired one is minimized subject to the constant modulus constraint. Furthermore, to guarantee the quality of service for communication, constructive interference is exploited at the symbol level for each communication user. An alternating direction method of multipliers algorithm is also proposed to solve the resulting nonconvex optimization problem with tractable subproblems solved sufficiently by the manifold optimization and standard quadratic problem. Numerical simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 6G network, the next‐generation communication system, is envisaged to provide unprecedented experience through hyperconnectivity involving everything. The communication should hold artificial intelligence‐centric network infrastructures as interconnecting a swarm of machines. However, existing network systems use orthogonal modulation and costly error correction code; they are very sensitive to noise and rely on many processing layers. These schemes impose significant overhead on low‐power internet of things devices connected to noisy networks. Herein, a hyperdimensional network‐based system, called NetHD$N e t H D$, is proposed, which enables robust and efficient data communication/learning. NetHD$N e t H D$ exploits a redundant and holographic representation of hyperdimensional computing (HDC) to design highly robust data modulation, enabling two functionalities on transmitted data: 1) an iterative decoding method that translates the vector back to the original data without error correction mechanisms, or 2) a native hyperdimensional learning technique on transmitted data with no need for costly data decoding. A hardware accelerator that supports both data decoding and hyperdimensional learning using a unified accelerator is also developed. The evaluation shows that NetHD$N e t H D$ provides a bit error rate comparable to that of state‐of‐the‐art modulation schemes while achieving 9.4 ×$\times$ faster and 27.8 ×$\times$ higher energy efficiency compared to state‐of‐the‐art deep learning systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to examine the relationship between blood coagulability and sense of burden among caregivers of patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was carried out involving healthy older caregivers who lived with their patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. We evaluated the Zarit Burden Interview score, levels of von Willebrand factor antigen, D‐dimer, thrombin–antithrombin III complex, tissue plasminogen activator/plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 complex, number of chronic diseases, body mass index and number of medications. A linear regression model was used to estimate adjusted associations. Results: Thrombin–antithrombin III complex levels were higher in female caregivers than in male caregivers (P = 0.07). Headaches were significantly more frequent in female caregivers than in male caregivers, as assessed by a visual analog scale (P < 0.01). The number of chronic diseases and body mass index were positively associated with levels of tissue plasminogen activator/plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 complex (P < 0.05). Similarly, the number of medications was positively associated with levels of D‐dimer (P < 0.05). However, the Zarit Burden Interview score was not associated with blood coagulability (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The present study found that the number of chronic diseases and body mass index were associated with blood coagulability, and that female caregivers were more prone to headaches and higher blood coagulability than male caregivers. These findings highlight the essential nature of health management during caregiving. The impact of caregiver burden on blood coagulability is likely to differ depending on the long‐term or short‐term psychological stress associated with caregiving conditions. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 804–808. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergency department (ED) is at the front line of hospital pressure injury (PI) prevention, yet ED clinicians must balance many competing clinical priorities in the care of seriously ill patients. This paper presents the current biomechanical and clinical evidence and management considerations to assist EDs to continue to develop and implement evidence‐based PI prevention protocols for the high‐risk emergency/trauma patient. The prevention of hospital‐acquired pressure injuries has received significant focus internationally over many years because of the additional burden that these injuries place on the patient, the additional costs and impact to the efficiency of the hospital, and the potential for litigation. The development of a PI is the result of a complex number of biomechanical, physiological, and environmental interactions. Our understanding of the interaction of these factors has improved significantly over the past 10 years. We have demonstrated that large reductions in PI incidence rates can be achieved in critical care and general hospital wards through the application of advanced evidence‐based prevention protocols and believe that further improvement can be achieved through the application of these approaches in the ED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a square-root-extended complex Kalman filter (SRECKF) by decomposing covariance matrix with its square-root forms to improve stability of the filter for estimating complex number. αβ transformation is used to map three-phase instantaneous voltages in the abc phases into instantaneous voltages on the αβ axes, and a non-linear state equation and observation equation of the three-phase voltages are built by introducing a complex vector and defining state variables. Positive symmetrical component, negative symmetrical components, and frequency of the three-phase voltages are estimated using traditional extended complex Kalman filter (ECKF), the estimation results show that the method proposed here are superior to traditional extended complex Kalman filter on estimation accuracy and convergence rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient computation of Green's functions for uniaxial anisotropic layered media is investigated. Both field and mixed‐potential layered medium Green's functions (LMGFs) are discussed for different applications. An asymptotic subtraction (singularity extraction) and the weighted average method are combined for the acceleration of LMGF computation. A full collection of Sommerfeld and related identities used in the acceleration is summarized and generalized to uniaxial anisotropic medium for both field and mixed‐potential LMGFs. When lossy media are considered, the effective distance from the source to the observation point becomes a complex number depending on the anisotropic ratio of the horizontal to vertical media parameters. In addition, the evaluation of half‐line source potentials, which are introduced to accelerate the scalar potential correction term for vertical currents, is generalized to the complex domain by analytic continuation. Several numerical examples are used to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the resulting algorithms. Key Points: This paper computes Green's functions efficiently in lossy uniaxial anisotropic layered mediaA full collection of Sommerfeld and related identities is summarized and generalized to lossy uniaxial anisotropic medium [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychologists have convincingly demonstrated that preferences are not always stable and, instead, are often "constructed" based on information available in the judgment or decision context. In 4 studies with experts (accountants and actuaries in Studies 1 and 2, respectively) and a diverse lay population (Studies 3 and 4), the evidence was consistent with the highly numerate being more likely than the less numerate to construct their preferences by rating a numerically inferior bet as superior (i.e., the bets effect). Thus, the effect generalizes beyond a college student sample, and preference construction differs by numeracy. Contrary to prior thinking about preference construction, however, high expertise and high ability (rather than low) consistently related to the paradoxical phenomenon. Results across studies including Study 3's experimental modifications of the task supported the hypothesized number comparison process (and not a lack of expertise with monetary outcomes and probabilities or numeracy‐related differences in attention to numbers) as the effect's underlying cause. The bets effect was not attenuated by Study 4's instructions to think about what would be purchased with bet winnings. Task results combined with free‐response coding supported the notion that highly numerate participants have a systematic and persistent inclination for doing simple and complex number operations that drive their judgments (even after controlling for nonnumeric intelligence). Implications for 3 types of dual‐process theories are discussed. The results were inconsistent with default‐interventionist theories, consistent or unclear with respect to fuzzy trace theory, and consistent with interactive theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In recent years, our understanding of the complex number of signals that need to be integrated between a diverse number of receptors present on natural killer (NK) cells and ligands present on target cells has improved. Here, we review the progress made in identifying interactions between dengue viral peptides presented on HLA Class 1 molecules with inhibitory and activating killer‐like immunoglobulin receptors on NK cells, direct interactions of viral proteins with NK cell receptors, the involvement of dengue virus‐specific antibodies in mediating antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity and the role of soluble factors in modulating NK cell responses. We discuss findings of NK cell activation early after natural dengue infection, and point to the role that NK cells may play in regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses, in the context of our new appreciation of interactions of dengue virus with specific NK cell receptors. With a number of flavivirus vaccine candidates in clinical trials, how NK cells respond to attenuated dengue virus and subunit protein vaccine candidates and shape adaptive immunity will need to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous conformal maps are typically approximated numerically using a triangle mesh which discretizes the plane. Computing a conformal map subject to user-provided constraints then reduces to a sparse linear system, minimizing a quadratic 'conformal energy'. We address the more general case of non-triangular elements, and provide a complete analysis of the case where the plane is discretized using a mesh of regular polygons, e.g. equilateral triangles, squares and hexagons, whose interiors are mapped using barycentric coordinate functions. We demonstrate experimentally that faster convergence to continuous conformal maps may be obtained this way. We provide a formulation of the problem and its solution using complex number algebra, significantly simplifying the notation. We examine a number of common barycentric coordinate functions and demonstrate that superior approximation to harmonic coordinates of a polygon are achieved by the Moving Least Squares coordinates. We also provide a simple iterative algorithm to invert barycentric maps of regular polygon meshes, allowing to apply them in practical applications, e.g. for texture mapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inertia and damping influence the values of the stress intensity factors (SIFs) at high‐frequency loading and they must be included in computations. In the present study, different dynamic simulation procedures were carried out for two types of specimen geometries and the achieved SIF values were compared. Fast computation procedures such as harmonic modal analysis and direct steady‐state analysis were compared to the computationally expensive transient dynamic analysis. Two different methods for calculating the SIF, the J‐integral and the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) methods, were applied and compared and the results showed a near perfect agreement in calculation of the mode I SIF. The Rayleigh damping model was introduced into the dynamic computation to investigate its effect and the results revealed a clear effect on the SIF at 20 kHz frequency. The fast direct steady‐state analysis showed good agreement to both harmonic modal and transient analysis with the different damping values used and is, after this study, the recommended procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at large system operation fluctuations caused by the technical control of virtual synchronous generators, this article studies the introduction of interface converter control power, builds a virtual synchronous generator (VSG)‐based hybrid microgrid model and adaptive control strategy. Finally it optimizes it with fuzzy logic to obtain an fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based adaptive VSG control strategy. The experimental results show that under the FLC‐based adaptive VSG control strategy, in the reverse current mode, the system regression time is 0.37 s, and the DC bus voltage is 6.5 V; In the rectification mode, the system regression time is 0.49 s, and the DC bus voltage is 2.1 V. The results obtained are faster than the traditional VSG control strategy, and the DC bus voltage is 42.48%–68.66% lower. In summary, the suggested control approach is effective and reliable under the two operation modes, which can make the system operate safely and stably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The torque ripple of an induction motor has strong harmonic interference, which causes stator current distortion. Stability control is always a difficult problem in this field. An optimal control method for the torque ripple of induction motors based on harmonic components is proposed. To address the instability and significant energy loss caused by torque ripple in induction motors, an optimization control method for torque ripple in induction motors based on harmonic components is studied and designed. On the basis of the induction motor model, according to the characteristics and generation principle of torque ripple, combined with controllable and uncontrollable parts of harmonic torque, the stator current harmonics are used to suppress torque harmonics and minimize torque ripple. For the purpose of to cancel the harmonic component of the output voltage, achieve digital output voltage filtering, reduce the harmonic component of the stator current, and achieve optimal control of the torque ripple of the induction motor, the resonant digital filter is simultaneously deployed at the controller's output. The test results showed that the maximum torque ripple value was 2 Nm and the minimum torque ripple value was 0.1 Nm, which can restrain the distortion of stator current to the greatest extent and reduce the harmonic content of torque. In summary, the optimization control method proposed in the study can effectively suppress harmonic interference, which has important practical implications for future harmonic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mediation analysis assesses whether an exposure directly produces changes in cognitive behavior or is influenced by intermediate "mediators". Electroencephalographic (EEG) spectral measurements have been previously used as effective mediators representing diverse aspects of brain function. However, it has been necessary to collapse EEG measures onto a single scalar using standard mediation methods. In this article, we overcome this limitation and examine EEG frequency‐resolved functional connectivity measures as a mediator using the full EEG cross‐spectral tensor (CST). Since CST samples do not exist in Euclidean space but in the Riemannian manifold of positive‐definite tensors, we transform the problem, allowing for the use of classic multivariate statistics. Toward this end, we map the data from the original manifold space to the Euclidean tangent space, eliminating redundant information to conform to a "compressed CST." The resulting object is a matrix with rows corresponding to frequencies and columns to cross spectra between channels. We have developed a novel matrix mediation approach that leverages a nuclear norm regularization to determine the matrix‐valued regression parameters. Furthermore, we introduced a global test for the overall CST mediation and a test to determine specific channels and frequencies driving the mediation. We validated the method through simulations and applied it to our well‐studied 50+‐year Barbados Nutrition Study dataset by comparing EEGs collected in school‐age children (5–11 years) who were malnourished in the first year of life with those of healthy classmate controls. We hypothesized that the CST mediates the effect of malnutrition on cognitive performance. We can now explicitly pinpoint the frequencies (delta, theta, alpha, and beta bands) and regions (frontal, central, and occipital) in which functional connectivity was altered in previously malnourished children, an improvement to prior studies. Understanding the specific networks impacted by a history of postnatal malnutrition could pave the way for developing more targeted and personalized therapeutic interventions. Our methods offer a versatile framework applicable to mediation studies encompassing matrix and Hermitian 3D tensor mediators alongside scalar exposures and outcomes, facilitating comprehensive analyses across diverse research domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel, high content technique using a cylindrical acoustic transducer, stroboscopic fast imaging, and homodyne detection to recover the mechanical properties (dynamic shear modulus) of living adherent cells at low ultrasonic frequencies is presented. By analyzing the micro‐oscillations of cells, whole populations are simultaneously mechanotyped with sub‐cellular resolution. The technique can be combined with standard fluorescence imaging allowing to further cross‐correlate biological and mechanical information. The potential of the technique is demonstrated by mechanotyping co‐cultures of different cell types with significantly different mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a double-intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS)-assisted multiuser secure system where the inter-IRS channel is considered. In particular, we maximize the weighted sum secrecy rate of the system by jointly optimizing the beamforming vector for transmitted signal and artificial noise at the base station (BS) and the cooperative phase shifts of two IRSs, under the constraints of transmission power at the BS and the unit-modulus phase shift of IRSs. To tackle the nonconvexity of the optimization problem, we first convert the objective function to its concave lower bound by utilizing a novel successive convex approximation technique, then solve the transformed problem iteratively by applying an alternating optimization method. The Lagrange dual method, Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions, and alternating direction method of multipliers are applied to develop a low-complexity solution for each subproblem. Finally, simulation results are provided to verify the advantages of the cooperative double-IRS scheme in comparison with the benchmark schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpolation of probability distributions can be formulated as an optimal transport problem. Positive matrix, which can be viewed as the generalization of probability distribution to higher dimension, is used in quantum theory to describe the state of a quantum system. Here, a quantum‐inspired method for the interpolation of positive matrices is proposed. Particularly, this method employs the quantum state purification of the positive matrices in an extended space. Since pure state controllability can be easily achieved using open‐loop coherent control, the continuous interpolation of positive matrices is given as a completely positive map induced by simulating the optimal control for pure state transfer. The quantum‐inspired interpolation is shape‐preserving with applications to tensor field processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]