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After controlling for lightness and chroma statistically or colorimetrically, Schloss et al. (2020, JOSA A) showed that yellow hues were not judged to be happier than blue hues. They concluded that high lightness and high chroma rather than yellow hue drive yellow‐happy associations. We agree with their main conclusions but wish to expand on two underdeveloped discussion themes: (i) the notion of experience versus concept, and (ii) implicit assumptions. Our commentary highlights the complexity of psychological studies on color‐affect associations, including possibilities of alternative data interpretations and directions for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to research the effect of the interface background color choice on the emotion of university students. The study group consisted of 929 Turkish students studying at the vocational colleges of technical and social sciences in Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey. In this study, the descriptive method was used. A color effect form developed by the researcher was used. The validity of the tool was controlled by the faculty members in the Guidance and Psychological Counseling Department of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University. The analysis of the findings showed that primary, secondary, and tertiary colors had positive impacts on the participants' perceptions except for gray color. In this negative perception, the boredom perception of the gray was affective. The colors having the most positive perceptions of the participants were white, blue, and red. In the positive perception of these colors, their perception of relaxing and encouraging was effective. In the colors' effect, there were significant differences according to the gender and academic education department. Red, black, white, gray, and purple colors' effect changed according to gender, while red, blue, and purple colors' effect changed according to the education department. As a result, this study, which is conducted with the participation of a large number and the usage of software, is expected to be a good reference on color perception and color design for software interface designers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional reactions to red, green, blue, and gray colors in a living room were investigated using a self‐report measure. Participants first watched a short video of a 3D model of a living room. Next, they were asked to match the living rooms with facial expressions of six basic emotions. The most stated emotions associated for the red room were disgust and happiness, while the least stated emotions were sadness, fear, anger, and surprise; for the green room, neutral and happiness were the most stated emotions, and anger, surprise, fear, and sadness were the least stated ones; for the blue room, neutral was the most stated emotion, while the least stated emotions were anger and surprise. Neutral, disgust, and sadness were the most stated emotions for the gray room. Gender differences were not found in human emotional reactions to living rooms with different wall colors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color in urban design has become an important issue, each city may present different colors which help to define and describe its architectural features. In the study, color in urban design with architectural setting is studied, façade colors are analyzed with a specific emphasis on the following research questions; ' Can color schemes be designed in respect to color-emotion associations?' and 'Are color-emotion associations affective while designing architectural setting-urban environment?.' Non-color experts, 170 people, from different European and non-European countries were asked to match the most appropriate adjectives with the given street views in accordance to their color schemes. In the first step, the effect of color is identified in relation to architectural environment-urban setting, second the relative effect of color is studied as a component of the material. A categorical specification on color cognition and linguistic level of representation is attempted. The results can be a starting point to highlight the importance of preparing color schemes in regard to color-emotion associations. Abstract color schemes may also provide us an idea about image setting, especially at design process stage. In the study, keywords are linked as environment-response pairs; such as quiet, calming, lively, exclusive, reserved, and natural. Human psychophysical structure such as 'warm-cool,' 'heavy-light' in regard to visualizing certain colors are evaluated and described in terms of building materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Emotions are often associated with colors, but what mediates color–emotion associations is not fully understood. This study examined associations between colors and emotions using correspondence analysis. The hypothesis that emotions are associated with colors through the correspondence between the hue circle and the circumplex model of emotion/affect was tested. Participants viewed 40 colors and reported a word that expressed an emotion that they associated with or felt in response to each color. Participants' responses were aggregated into a contingency table of colors and emotion words, and a correspondence analysis was conducted. An eight‐dimensional biplot was obtained. The first and second dimensions were related to hue, and the hue configuration was similar to colors' spectral trajectory in the CIE xy space or the CIELAB a*b* color space. The configuration of emotions was not consistent with the circumplex model of emotion, which rejected the above hypothesis. The associations in dimensions 1 and 2 appeared to be mediated by the perceived temperature of colors and emotions. In dimensions 3–6, dimensions that seemed to reflect secondary associations based on cultural convention or personal experiences (such as white with emotionless and purity and blue with depression) were obtained. These results also demonstrated the usefulness of correspondence analysis for analyzing color–emotion associations due to its ability to reveal the underlying statistical structure of associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semantic-differential data of color emotions for color pairs were collected and examined with factor analysis (FA) and independent component analysis (ICA). The axial orientations of factors cannot be identified by FA, whereas they can be determined by ICA with the intrinsic statistical properties of data such as kurtosis. Three factors or components were extracted by FA and ICA. The factors extracted by FA with the varimax method were consistent with the primary factors: evaluation, activity, and potency. When ICA extracted components with positive kurtosis, the components did not match any of the primary factors. However, the independent components extracted by ICA for negative kurtosis were consistent with the primary factors, and similar to the factors obtained by FA. The results of ICA suggest that the evaluation, activity, and potency factors are independent dimensions in psychological space of color emotions for color pairs. The distributions of the factor scores in FA and the scores of the independent components obtained by ICA for negative kurtosis were not Gaussian, but they had negative kurtosis. These support the use ofICA instead of FA. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 38, 297-308, 2013 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have recorded color emotions in subjects viewing uniform color (UC) samples. We conduct an experiment to measure and model how these color emotions change when texture is added to the color samples. Using a computer monitor, our subjects arrange samples along four scales: warm-cool, masculine-feminine, hard-soft, and heavy-light. Three sample types of increasing visual complexity are used: UC, grayscale textures, and color textures (CTs). To assess the intraobserver variability, the experiment is repeated after 1 week. Our results show that texture fully determines the responses on the Hard-Soft scale, and plays a role of decreasing weight for the masculine-feminine, heavy-light, and warm-cool scales. Using some 25,000 observer responses, we derive color emotion functions that predict the group-averaged scale responses from the samples' color and texture parameters. For UC samples, the accuracy of our functions is significantly higher (average R2 = 0.88) than that of previously reported functions applied to our data. The functions derived for CT samples have an accuracy of R2 = 0.80. We conclude that when textured samples are used in color emotion studies, the psychological responses may be strongly affected by texture. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to empirically test whether identifying as a supporter of either New South Wales (NSW) or Queensland (QLD) rugby league teams influences the extent that their respective team colors blue and maroon are associated with positively and negatively valenced words. We used a valence categorization experiment and affective rating task (valence and preference) to investigate if team affiliation and shared ingroup experience influenced affective associations with team colors. NSW supporters were faster and more accurate when categorizing positive words presented in blue than maroon font and negative words in maroon than blue font. While QLD supporters did not significantly differ when categorizing words in either blue or maroon, they rated blue and maroon equally positively in contrast to the NSW supporters. Results from this study give us greater insights into how color‐valence associations can be formed through subcultural ingroup affiliations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strong shift toward operating in global markets has posed enormous adaptation challenges for product marketing especially with regard to universality and consistency of brand design decisions. The color-in-product design decision is also susceptible to this global-local tension. A pharmaceutical film coating formulator supplier to leading local and global pharmaceutical companies was interested in developing a solid validated global color preference database to enable informed brand decision making for its customers. The following study reports results from a global survey that examined the color-brand attribute associations within the global pharmaceutical industry. Data were collected from a multigeography gender and age balanced sample of 2021 subjects, revealing a strikingly powerful color language comprised of universally consistent associations and local contextual patterns that are each critical to global brand decision makers within this industry. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals,Inc. Col Res Appl, 2012; [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article constructs the hierarchical model of multicolor‐emotion generation network (MCEG‐Net) to investigate human emotional responses to multiple colors based on the research of multicolor perceptual features modeling, which reveals the generation mechanism of multicolor emotion from the perspective of hierarchy of visual features. First, the 164 multicolor samples were evaluated by 30 subjects based on PAD emotion space. On this basis, the correlation analysis was carried out among color basic attributes, multicolor physical features, multicolor perceptual features and emotion. Then, a mathematical model of multicolor emotion was constructed by using multiple linear regression (MLR) algorithm. It was observed that, the multiple colors was strongly correlated with emotion. Finally, the MCEG‐Net was constructed, which reveals the generation mechanism of the process the "the basic attributes of color stimulate human's perceptual reflex and then generate emotion" under the interaction of multiple colors from the perspective of information science. The results showed that the mathematical model could predict color emotion well. In addition, the MCEG‐Net provides a new way to reveal the generation mechanism of color‐emotion associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much research has been done on the relationship between emotions and colors, and many color scheme recommendation tools have been developed. These tools can often help recommend a suitable color scheme to express a certain emotion, but it is still difficult to design satisfying schemes based on such recommendations. In this study, based on the Color Scheme Bible, Compact Edition, we developed Emocolor, which allows professionals to generate a large number of color schemes based on emotional words or emotional images. It is also used to iteratively optimize the generated color schemes based on an interactive genetic algorithm to find the color scheme design that best matches the user's emotion. Through the evaluation of tram color schemes based on emotional words, Emocolor can effectively generate tram color schemes that match users' emotions. It can also effectively transfer the emotion of an image with a single dominant color to a tram color scheme. In short, Emocolor can help professionals describe the relationship between emotion and color in a more accurate way and design emotional color schemes. Emocolor can be applied in advertising design, product design, interior design, and other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to identify whether young children can associate colors with emotion, and if there are any changes across development. For this purpose, a study consisting of three tasks (questionnaire regarding color preferences, color‐emotion matching task, and color assessment task) was designed, and was conducted among four age groups of elementary school aged 7–12 (M = 8.11), junior high school aged 13–15 (M = 14.1), high school aged 16–18 (M = 17.1), and university students aged 19–23 (M = 20.1). In total, 172 subjects participated in this study. Red and blue hues were most favorite colors across all age groups. However, gold was the most favorite color among elementary school students (p < 0.05). White was the most popular color for the bedroom (p < 0.01), followed by light blue. In the color‐emotion matching task, elementary school students associated all the negative emotions with black (p < 0.01). In addition, elementary school students used a greater number of color varieties for the emotions compared to other participants, and the number of color varieties decreased as the subjects grow older. From the color assessment task, it was observed that elementary school students are the only participants who assessed all the colors with all the feelings of very unhappy/unhappy, neutral, and happy/very happy (p < 0.05). The results further suggested that junior high, high school, and university students seem to agree more on color assessments and the results are quite similar across these age groups. In sum, it was concluded that children do associate colors with emotion. Moreover, the changes across development were observed in all the three tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study explored the best color selections to match the benefits of beauty products based on rankings obtained from an experimental perception of different skin care product containers. Gender (64 males, 75 females) and cultural (76 Taiwanese, 63 Malaysians) differences were also compared, aiming to explore color associations and emotional bonding by using psychophysical testing methods. A survey of 205 market samples showed that nearly half of the existing skin care product containers had a white body color. White appeared frequently on containers for skin whitening, firming, exfoliating, antiaging, and antiacne products. However, skin moisturizing products used an equal amount of white and blue on their containers. The psychophysical experiment results showed that participants felt that white best matched skin whitening products, red matched skin firming and antiaging products, blue matched skin moisturizing products, black matched exfoliating products, and green matched antiacne products. Neither gender nor cultural differences were found to be significant. Comparing the results with color emotion studies, it was found that (1) for color emotion weight, firming products were related to heaviness, whereas whitening products were connected to lightness; (2) for color emotion heat, whitening, moisturizing, exfoliating and antiacne products were aligned with coolness; and (3) for color emotion activity, product container colors were not related, except slightly for firming products. These findings suggest that psychological responses to color meaning are context‐ and experience‐dependent, meaning that selection of colors to match beauty benefits is based more on people's expectations of the products than their color emotion response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Browsing webpages on display devices such as computer monitors and smart phone screens has become commonplace. Color is the major visual mode to express the quality and sentiment of a webpage, and the most suitable webpage colors for viewing can be explored through the experimental analysis of different psychological perception of these colors. This study was divided into four experiments. Experiment 1 involved color emotion adjectives: participants selected the most suitable emotion adjectives for webpages. Experiment 2 concerned the color emotion characteristics of webpage color matching with a black background—participants selected the most popular color for a dynamic webpage with a black background. Experiment 3 focused on the visual fitness of the color scheme in webpages with a white background: participants selected the most popular color for a dynamic webpage with a white background. Experiment 4 concerned the optimal visual effect design of webpage composition; the researchers selected five geometric composition images to conduct a dynamic image webpage experiment to determine the influence of shapes on users' psychological response to webpages and identify the most popular dynamic image composition style. Semantic differential analysis was adopted to conduct psychological tests and investigate the psychological response of the respondents to different webpage colors and compositions. The results indicated that the most popular colors for webpages with a black background and white background were dodger blue (#1e90ff) and cyan (#00ffff), respectively, whereas the most suitable dynamic image composition was an elliptical design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artists usually carefully select different colors in artistic work so as to convey special visual and emotional feelings. Color theme extraction techniques can help users to acquire the color styles in an image. However, current color theme extraction methods ignore the emotional factors, and they can only provide a single theme result for an image as well, neither of which meet people's favor on different colors under different mood states. This article introduces the conception of emotional color theme, introduces the color emotion theory into color theme extraction, and proposes a novel emotion color theme extraction framework. To achieve these goals, we perform the theme extraction with emotion value of each pixel instead of color value. The emotional discrepancy is proposed between the colors in the theme to evaluate a color theme quality and prove it with color theme dataset. Then a data driven approach is adopted to optimize the color theme. Different from previous optimizing strategies, we built the emotional relation between the target theme and the candidate theme. Our method can enhance the color editing results of previous methods, e.g., for color transfer our results can demonstrate hierarchical emotions from a single reference image. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 513-522, 2016 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Color sensations are tied not only to other sensations, but also emotions. There have been many studies on this. One study regarding architectural color showed that colors were associated with mental status; for example, red relates to arousal, excitation, and stimulus. The purpose of the present study is to investigate how colors are evoked by emotions. The emotions were described both by emotional words and by schematic faces. Since facial expressions are accompanied by facial color, facial expressions should relate more closely to facial color than emotional words. Therefore, we used numerous color samples for our experiments to show discrimination sensitivity to stimuli in subtle differences of color. Some associations between colors and emotions were found, and the tendencies of associations were different among emotions. Anger, joy, surprise, sadness, and no emotion were connected to particular colors. The distribution of color responses in sadness was spread among bluish colors. The emotional tendencies, among anger, joy, surprise, and sadness, were similar in the two conditions of our experiment. However, in the schematic face condition, the color responses for all emotions were increased in the skin‐colored samples. Thus, the context of the face elicited the color responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the color category PURPLE yielded inconsistent category boundaries, focal colors, and color‐emotion associations. In French, there are at least three color terms referring to the shades of purple, potentially weighing on these inconsistencies. Thus, we tested the semantic breadth and richness in semantic meaning of violet (basic term), lilas (non‐basic), and pourpre (non‐basic). We collected free associations in 274 French speakers from Algeria, France, and Switzerland, yielding 2079 responses, of which 436 were discrete and 275 were unique. Frequency analyses and semantic coding supported the basicness status of violet in French, within a hierarchically structured semantic system. Moreover, the meaning of the three terms was not synonymous. Violet had the most abstract meaning. Lilas had the narrowest meaning, mainly referring to Natural Entities. Pourpre seemed close to RED. We found no differences between the countries. Future studies should extend this approach to other languages and other color terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As people age, they tend to spend more time indoors, and the colours in their surroundings may significantly impact their mood and overall well-being. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence to provide informed guidance on colour choices, irrespective of age group. To work towards informed choices, we investigated whether the associations between colours and emotions observed in younger individuals also apply to older adults. We recruited 7393 participants, aged between 16 and 88 years and coming from 31 countries. Each participant associated 12 colour terms with 20 emotion concepts and rated the intensity of each associated emotion. Different age groups exhibited highly similar patterns of colour-emotion associations (average similarity coefficient of .97), with subtle yet meaningful age-related differences. Adolescents associated the greatest number but the least positively biased emotions with colours. Older participants associated a smaller number but more intense and more positive emotions with all colour terms, displaying a positivity effect. Age also predicted arousal and power biases, varying by colour. Findings suggest parallels in colour-emotion associations between younger and older adults, with subtle but significant age-related variations. Future studies should next assess whether colour-emotion associations reflect what people actually feel when exposed to colour., (© 2023 The British Psychological Society.)

A psychophysical experiment was carried out to investigate factors affecting colour preference for Taiwanese floral pattern fabrics, as a case study of object colour preference. A total of 175 test images of Taiwanese fabrics were used as the stimuli presented on a calibrated computer display. The images were generated on the basis of 5 existing Taiwanese fabrics, each manipulated into 35 images by changing the fabric colour. The 35 colours were selected to cover the most frequently used colours for existing Taiwanese fabrics. The 175 test images were assessed by 76 Taiwanese observers in terms of 9 semantic scales, including Taiwanese style/non-Taiwanese style, Japanese style/non-Japanese style, splendid/plain, traditional/modern, active/passive, warm/cool, heavy/light, like/dislike and harmonious/disharmonious. The experimental results reveal two underlying factors: 'Splendidness' and 'Harmony.' The like/dislike response was found to highly correlate with harmonious/disharmonious, but have poor correlation with Taiwanese style/non-Taiwanese style. The study also reveals several factors affecting colour preference for Taiwanese fabrics, including the interaction effect of colour and pattern, observer's general liking for the object, and the effect of user experience. These findings can help develop a more robust, comprehensive theory of object colour preference. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 43-55, 2016 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing agents' color appearance that can evoke desired color-personality associations (CPAs) is still a challenge. To respond to the challenge, this study proposed a multicolor personality index (MCPI) model to predict the CPAs evoked by agents using the color-personality indices for single colors together with the histogram of agents' image. Specifically, the color personality index for each bin of an agent's histogram was first calculated based on the color-personality indices for single colors; then, the predicted values of CPAs were obtained by calculating the weighted average of color-personality indices of all bins in the histogram. To improve the MCPI model, a simple color-attention index model was proposed to evaluate the effects of color on attention and the effects were introduced into the MCPI model, that is, the multi-color personality index based on color attention (MCPI-CA) model. To validate the two models, an experiment was conducted to collect the CPAs of five traits (i.e., extraverted-introverted, moody-unemotional, agreeable-disagreeable, organized-disorganized, and wide interests-narrow interests) evoked by the multi-colored appearance of agents. The results showed that ( a) observers in general perceived the CPAs evoked by color appearance in similar way; ( b) for most agents, the CPAs evoked by multi-colored appearance could be predicted well by the MCPI model; and ( c) the MCPI-CA model usually had better performance than the MCPI model due to the inclusion of the effects of color attributes on attention. In addition, the limitations of the proposed models and their implications for designers were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the crucial role of color appearance in forming first impressions, it is still not clear how color evokes personality associations-that is, a color-personality association (CPA). This study aims to propose a method for quantifying the relationships between color attributes and CPAs for single colors. Specifically, we first collected the CPAs of five traits evoked by single colors (i.e., extraverted-introverted, moody-unemotional, agreeable- disagreeable, organized-disorganized, and wide interests-narrow interests) in a carefully controlled experiment. Then, multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses were adopted to predict these CPAs based on three color attributes (lightness, chroma, and hue). Our results showed that (1) the personality associations could be evoked by colors and perceived consistently by observers; (2) the relationships between the color attributes and the CPAs could be well quantified by separately conducting MLR analyses in different regions of hue (i.e., red, green, blue, and yellow regions); and (3) both lightness and chroma were significant predictors in almost all predictive models and they might have different relative importance or directions of effect when predicting the CPAs in different regions of hue, even for the same trait. This study improves the understanding of how color evokes personality associations and takes the first step toward developing the method for predicting the CPAs for multicolor combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This crosscultural study was aimed at correlating color emotions and preference for persimmon-dyed cotton fabrics known as Galchon. Cotton fabrics were dyed with persimmon powder, in a range of shades, and in some cases were also iron mordanted. Textile and fashion students from Jeju National University in Korea and North Carolina State University (NCSU) in USA participated in the visual assessment of dyed samples and were asked to scale their visual experience and state their emotion and preference for the terms 'Bright,' 'Heavy,' 'Soft,' 'Strong,' 'Deep,' and 'Like.' Korean observers used 'Strong' for iron-mordanted Galchon, and American observers did not associate 'Bright' or 'Deep' with weakly dyed fabrics. In addition to the subjective terms described, the color preference for samples was quantified using their CIE colorimetric attributes. For Korean observers, the results indicate a correlation between L* and 'Bright,' whereas for Americans a stronger correlation was obtained against 'Soft.' American observers' results also show a relationship between C* and the term 'Warm,' especially for dyeings of Galchon at high concentrations. It was also found that iron mordanting affected responses from both groups but only influenced the color preference of Korean observers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 592-604, 2015 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hue perception and 'warm‐cool' feelings were investigated, in response to various lighting settings, following the adaptation to either 3500K or 5000K to compare which one—between conventional iso‐Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) and a new one based on CIE u'v′ color space—is more compatible with the visual perception. Twenty participants evaluated hue and warm‐cool feelings for 48 test lighting settings, by observing an empty gray booth. The results showed that yellow‐blue and 'warm‐cool' feelings are closely located around the Planckian locus, while red‐green roughly follows the line orthogonal to the Planckian locus in CIE u'v′ color space, at both 3500 K and 5000 K settings. This suggests that u'v′ color space correlates better with human perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality traits are considered the primary determinants of emotional and behavioral patterns of individuals within the built environment, influencing the experience of architectural space over their cognitive representation. Specifically, the dimension of extraversion within an individual's personality holds considerable predictive value in determining their attitudes toward the environment. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the influence of personality traits on color preference by comparing preferences for context‐free color samples and in‐context spatial colors among individuals exhibiting varying levels of extraversion. It also aims to ascertain the most accurate color‐construct scale for delineating individuals' preferences for in‐context spatial color. The study employed the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) representation of lexical factor markers for the Big‐Five structure. For the study, 11 colors, referred to as basic color terms, were selected as stimuli. Data on color preference were obtained through a rank order test for 11 context‐free color samples and 11 virtual images of in‐context spatial colors, as well as ratings of in‐context spatial colors based on 14 color‐construct scales. Findings reveal the relationship between extraversion personality trait and color preferences, revealing distinct patterns between context‐free and in‐context color preferences. They also suggest the possibility of divergent preferences for in‐context spatial colors among individuals with varying levels of extraversion, with certain colors eliciting significantly different ratings on color‐construct scales. The study's findings shed light on the importance of personality traits in predicting the relationship between architectural spaces and colors, depending on individuals' personalities, particularly within design disciplines such as interior architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designers are often called upon to design therapeutic spaces that serve people who are in fragile emotional and/or physical states. While there is considerable guidance on designing for function in these spaces, the evidence‐based guidance on aesthetics is virtually non‐existent, especially when it comes to color. For a long time, the prevailing assumption in these studies, and among the public in general, has been that hues are the drivers of emotional content (e.g., red is exciting and blue is calming) and they have, for the most part, disregarded the distinct emotional connotations of light, dark, and muted versions of a hue. This oversight has led to unfortunate outcomes in the real world. The idea that blue is calming, for instance, has paved the way for brand new state‐of‐the‐art facilities featuring light blue walls that occupants may read as cold and unwelcoming. Designers need a rational, evidence‐based approach that helps them understand what many of them already know intuitively: spaces can be calm and inviting without being blue. After an overview of the design process, this article proposes that Pleasure‐Arousal‐Dominance (PAD) theory may aid designers to better understand that pale and dark (high and low value) colors convey opposites messages related to strength/power (dominance), and that vivid and muted colors (high and low chroma) convey opposite messages about energy/activity level (arousal). Finally, the author illustrates how this thought process might be applied in an architectural design practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the population ageing in Taiwan, it is projected that elder care robots incorporating smart technologies will play an essential role in ambient assisted living. This research has two purposes: (1) to investigate whether older adults' colour‐emotion associations and colour preferences for robot appearance affect their perceptual judgements; and (2) to explore gender differences in their judgements. Phase I of this research uses a questionnaire to investigate 91 participants' preferences for robot style and their emotional trigger words for the role of robots. Phase II experiments were performed on another 60 older adults to identify whether their colour‐emotion associations and colour preferences affect their perceptual judgements. The research results show that, regardless of gender difference, participating older adults prefer a robot with non‐human–like features. The results also show that there is no significant difference between males and females in terms of the effect of colour‐emotion association on a robot's appearance. Older adults tend to associate warm colours with emotional semantics, such as friendly, comfortable, reassuring, gentle and lively. Preferred colours include red, white and yellow. Black and grey are almost never preferred by older adults. There are significant differences by gender in the preferences for the colours white and purple. Older females prefer purple more, while white is preferred by older males. For the other colours, there were no significant differences between males and females. Colour attributes do not have any effect on colour‐emotion association, whereas colour preference is highly positively correlated with b*. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the temporal changes in sentiment associated with eight color names over an 18‐month period at four observation points. We focus on the valence aspect of sentiment. We collected four datasets, each separated by 6 months, and each containing 18 000 mentions of each of the eight color names in English from Twitter users around the world. We calculated the weighted average sentiment score of each instance when a color is mentioned. We find that purple and pink are the most positive in average sentiment score in all observation points, whereas brown, red, and orange are ranked as the lowest in average sentiment score. In terms of relative rank in sentiment value associated with the color names, we find the three consecutive datasets of July 2020, January 2021 and July 2021 are more consistent with one another, while the January 2022 dataset is more different from the earlier three datasets. This finding indicates that the temporal consistency in color‐associated sentiment might maintain within 1 year, while evolve and show more difference in a longer timeline. This study is useful to marketing professionals by revealing that color names are associated with sentiment and that these associations can be monitored using social media data regularly. We suggest that marketers can use our method to analyse the color‐associated sentiment of color names regularly, maybe on an annual basis, in order to choose color names wisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding brain activity linked to built environment exposure is important, as it may affect underlying cognitive, perceptual, and emotional processes, which have a critical influence in our daily life. As our time spent inside buildings is rising, and mental health problems have become more prevalent, it is important we investigate how design characteristics of the built environment impact brain function. In this study, we utilized electroencephalography to understand whether the design elements of scale and color of interior built environments modulate functional brain connectivity (i.e., brain network communication). Using a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment, while controlling indoor environmental quality responsible for physiological comfort, healthy adult participants aged 18–55 years (66 for scale, subset of 18 for color), were exposed to context‐neutral indoor room scenes presented for two‐minutes each. Our results show that both enlarging and reducing scale enhanced theta connectivity across the left temporoparietal region and right frontal region. We also found when reducing the built environment scale, there was a network exhibiting greater high‐gamma connectivity, over the right frontoparietal region. For color, the condition (blue) contrasted to our achromatic control (white) increased theta connectivity in the frontal hemispheres. These findings identify a link between theta and gamma oscillations during exposure to the scale and color of the built environment, showing that design characteristics of the built environment could affect our cognitive processes and mental health. This suggests that, through the design of buildings, we may be able to mediate performance and health outcomes, which could lead to major health and economic benefits for society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many interpersonal cognitions and behaviors, such as impression formation, communication, and cooperation, are controlled and performed while surrounded by the built environment. This study reviewed over 20 years of literature on the influence of visual environmental factors, particularly brightness, color, and depth, on interpersonal cognition and behavior. Twelve articles on brightness were extracted, showing that the effects of brightness varied significantly depending on individual characteristics, interpersonal relationships, and interactional situations. Thirteen articles on color revealed that various factors such as age, gender, and interpersonal relationships are involved in the influence process. Eight articles that examined influences from depth (spaciousness and height) indicated that influences from depth are a highly complex process. Finally, the study has shown areas for further research, challenges to be overcome, and prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study mainly focused on exploring the multiple characteristics of specific associations from words to colors. Color association is bidirectional, representing the relationship from color to concept or concept to color. The association between word and color has multiple correspondences in both directions. Colors are associated with ideas, concepts, meanings, emotions, and so forth. However, it is often discussed as a single relationship from color to the concept. How the specific ideas or concepts associated with color, is rarely discussed. So, this work started from a specific concept (words) to colors and then investigated the characteristics of this association. A psychophysical experiment was carried out to collect the specific color associations from target words. Pearson correlation coefficient and K‐means clustering methods were employed to analyze the associations from words to colors. Therefore, the main contribution of this study is to (1) indicate the stronger association from the word to color, the larger the color similarity of the related colors; (2) identify the specific characteristic of the association from a word to colors and the three‐aspect characteristic model was summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a crisis, people's emotions are dynamically affected by changes in the environment, and by the attributes of object and subject in ways that depend on an emotion's essential characteristics. Negative emotions can cause psychological harm to people, but specific visual colors can instantaneously dispel or reduce those negative emotions. We developed a color design method based on a hybrid intelligent algorithm to predict accurately the significant negative emotions of people during a public crisis, and to explore the relationship between color structure and negative emotions developed. A Fuzzy Bayesian Network prediction model was constructed of people's significant negative emotions during a public crisis. Then, the concept of color cube was proposed that related color combinations to particular emotions. Finally, based on the emotion arousal experiment and the BP neural network, the nonlinear mapping relationship between negative emotion and color cube was analyzed to predict the fading versus stimulating color structure of the significant negative emotions. This mapping provides a reference for the color design of visual communications during a public crisis. Our results show that the prediction model of emotions and color design method were effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Previous studies have suggested the benefit of routine screening for biopsychosocial symptoms among patients with cancer. In recognition of the lack of data from low‐ and middle‐income countries, this study sought to test and determine the effect of a mHealth program to screen biopsychological symptoms among patients with advanced breast or gynecological cancer. Methods: This was a quasi‐experimental pre‐post study conducted in a public hospital located in central western Brazil. Patients diagnosed with advanced breast of gynecological cancer who were about to initiate chemotherapy treatment at this institution and had access to Internet by smartphone, computer or tablet were invited to participate. Patients received training on using the app Comfort, a program developed to rate their physical and emotional symptoms during the 6‐month of the proposed study. Patients were also asked to complete the EuroQOL 5D (EQ‐5D‐3L) every month. Mann‐Whitney U test was used to determine differences among groups of patients (engaged and non‐engaged). RM‐ANOVA was used to determine the effect of time on mean visual analog scale (VAS) score. Results: A total of 125 patients were recruited (median age = 46.6 years old, 41.6% married). Mostly, patients possessed lower levels of education and had relatively low monthly incomes. Notably, 67.2% of patients engaged with the Comfort program, and few patients (4%) withdrew due to lack of engagement with the program or issues with internet connection. In general, patients who engaged with the program reported improvement in physical and emotional symptoms (p < 0.01), as well as in their overall quality of life (VAS; p = 0.009), compared with patients who did not engage with the program. Conclusions: This is the first mHealth program developed in Brazil for patients in a low resource setting. Our findings suggest that Comfort could be an effective resource to assist patients and health care providers track symptoms and improve patients' quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding built environment exposure as a component of environmental enrichment has significant implications for mental health, but little is known about the effects design characteristics have on our emotions and associated neurophysiology. Using a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment while monitoring indoor environmental quality (IEQ), 18 participants were exposed to a resting state (black), and two room scenes, control (white) and condition (blue), to understand if the color of the virtual walls affected self‐report, autonomic nervous system, and central nervous system correlates of emotion. Our findings showed that exposure to the chromatic color condition (blue) compared to the achromatic control (white) and resting‐state (black, no built environment) significantly increased the range in respiration and skin conductance response. We also detected a significant increase in alpha frontal midline power and frontal hemispheric lateralization relative to blue condition, and increased power spectral density across all electrodes in the blue condition for theta, alpha, and beta bandwidths. The ability for built environment design to modulate emotional response has the potential to deliver significant public health, economic, and social benefits to the entire community. The findings show that blue coloring of the built environment increases autonomic range and is associated with modulations of brain activity linked to emotional processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One reason for the persistence of racial inequality may be anticipated dissimilarity with racial outgroups. In the present research, we explored the impact of perceived similarity with White and Black targets on facial identity recognition accuracy. In two studies, participants first completed an ostensible personality survey. Next, in a Learning Phase, Black and White faces were presented on one of three background colours. Participants were led to believe that these colours indicated similarities between them and the target person in the image. Specifically, they were informed that the background colours were associated with the extent to which responses by the target person on the personality survey and their own responses overlapped. In actual fact, faces were randomly assigned to colour. In both studies, non‐Black participants (Experiment 1) and White participants (Experiment 2) showed better recognition of White than Black faces. More importantly in the present context, a positive linear effect of similarity was found in both studies, with better recognition of increasingly similar Black and White targets. The independent effects for race of target and similarity, with no interaction, indicated that participants responded to Black and White faces according to category membership as well as on an interpersonal level related to similarity with specific targets. Together these findings suggest that while perceived similarity may enhance identity recognition accuracy for Black and White faces, it may not reduce differences in facial memory for these racial categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical appearance of pills, especially their color, affect expectations of their efficacy in addition to their intended medicinal effect. The purpose of this study is to understand the effects pill colors have on a wide variety of people, testing the hypotheses that the color of the pill affects participants' expectation of the drug's efficacy, and that demographics play a role in the participant's judgement. The 339 participants were recruited from the Rochester Institute of Technology global campuses in Rochester, USA, and Dubai, UAE. The study did not involve individuals taking drugs. Instead, it measured how people perceived the expected effects of pills on six efficacies, by asking the participants to rate the expected efficacy of five colors of pills. While there were some clear patterns and similarities in the results, differences were also apparent across the various demographics considered in this study. It is evident that three out of the six efficacies tested had a strong association with a particular color: stimulant efficacy with red, pain relief with white, and antacid with yellow. Remaining efficacies had weaker associations or varied associations based on different demographics. The patterns that emerged will help pharmaceutical companies, as well as medical practitioners, to better manufacture and prescribe drugs, thus maximizing the effects of the pills on patients overall, and increasing their compliance rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research focuses on color preference between red and green stimuli and manual laterality in the emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator). Trichromacy in primates has been related to a foraging advantage allowing frugivore primates to distinguish ripe from unripe fruits as well to socio‐sexual communication, as trichromats would be advantaged in recognizing social and sexual signals. As warm colors can affect the emotive state of the subjects, leading to the activation of one hemisphere over the other (e.g., right hemisphere), this could lead to behavioral lateralization. Thus, studying of hand preference may be relevant when testing color preference. Nine adult zoo emperor tamarins were involved and the study aimed to investigate the preference between red, green, and white cones as well as manual laterality. Tamarins were provided with pairs of red‐green, red‐white, and green‐white combinations of cones. Ten 30‐min sessions per combination were carried out and data on the interaction with one of the two cones of each apparatus were collected to assess subjects' color preference. We also recorded the hand used by each subject during the interaction with cones of different colors and the position of the apparatus in respect to the tamarin. We found no preferences for colored versus white cones. Similarly, we reported no group‐level preferences within different color combinations, whereas individual‐level preferences were found when considering all choices. Finally, we found that red cones elicited a left‐hand preference, suggesting a right‐hemisphere involvement in the presence of red cones. Although we do not have genetic data on trichromat and dichromat females, the tendency to use the left hand when interacting with red stimuli provides further evidence that warm colors can influence the emotive state of the perceiver, affecting their manual lateralization. Highlights: This study investigated color preference (red vs. green) and manual lateralization in zoo emperor tamarins (Saguinus imperator).We collected data on preference between different combinations of red, green, and white cones.We also recorded the hand used for interacting with cones of different color.We found no preference for red, green, and white devices. Individual‐level preferences in both color choice and hand use were found.Emperor tamarins were more left‐handed when interacting with red stimuli, suggesting emotional implications in the evolution of trichromacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colors are critical for understanding the emotional aspect of the human artistic mind, such as that found in painting a landscape, still life, or portrait. First, we report how single colors are memorized in the brain; second, how pairs of colors harmonize in the dissociated brain under the influence of the emotional brain; third, we see how colored paintings are appreciated as beautiful or ugly in the dissociated brain areas led by the intrinsic reward system in the human brain. The orbitofrontal brain is probably one of the vital brain areas that brings us a value-based reward system that makes a unique contribution to emotional neuroaesthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary supplements are prevalent and represent a huge (and still growing) global market. Such products are intended to enhance health and wellness as well as to supplement diets. Compared to the large amount of dietary supplements research on nutrition, dietetics, and medicine, far less research has been conducted in the realm of sensory and consumer science. Product design is undoubtedly an important element of any brand's success, no matter what the category, and can be used to convey various symbolic meanings to the consumer. Drawing on research on color psychology and product design, the present research aimed to clarify the associations (or expectations) that consumers have with the particular product design of dietary supplements. Across four studies, two of which were preregistered, participants were asked to choose a color that they felt best matched each of the named nutrients. The results consistently demonstrate that people associate nutrients with particular colors (i.e., color patches; Study 1) and to capsule/container color; Studies 2–4. Vitamins supplements in general, as well as vitamins C and D, in particular, were frequently matched with the colors yellow and orange. Dietary fiber supplement was often matched with green. Although mineral supplements were frequently matched with blue, each kind of mineral appeared to have its own unique association with specific colors (magnesium/iron with gray, calcium with white). Protein supplements (protein, amino acid) are frequently matched with the colors orange and red. Taken together, these findings demonstrate how people associate nutrients with specific visual design features and thus contribute practical knowledge concerning the design of dietary supplements. Practical Applications: Our findings provide practical implications for effective communication strategies for nutrition with the consumer. Color is an important design element, and the design of nutritional supplements and their packaging is no exception in this regard. Designers and marketers can use our findings to help create better visual designs for dietary supplements and their packaging to help meet consumers' expectations. Moreover, our findings might also be fruitfully applied to marketing communications for functional foods (e.g., vitamin‐enriched foods, mineral‐enriched foods). Marketers may be able to capitalize on our findings concerning color‐nutrition associations in order to effectively promote functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To predict the luminance threshold of head‐mounted displays (HMDs), which can cause discomfort due to excessive brightness, a psychophysical experiment was conducted with 20 participants through a yes/no task under a wide luminance range (2–284 cd/m2). The participants were asked to adapt to the luminance of the HMD and further answer whether the test luminance of the HMD caused discomfort. The discomfort threshold was determined for each individual at each adaptation luminance, and a prediction model was proposed based on the mean value of each participant's discomfort luminance level. The proposed model represents that individuals may experience discomfort using an HMD with a luminance of about 280 cd/m2, regardless of whether they are provided time to adapt to the luminance for 2 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The color combination is an important factor affecting dashboard visual design and is key to triggering the operator's visual harmony and emotion. However, in the actual design process, the relationship among the different color schemes of a dashboard and the operator's harmony, pleasure, and cognitive load has not been effectively analyzed. To solve this problem, two methods, questionnaire measurement and eye movement tracking, were used to evaluate the effects of 24‐color combinations under four‐color schemes of a dashboard by analyzing the changes in color harmony, pleasure, eye movement indicators. The four schemes were red–yellow–blue, green–purple–orange, blue green–blue purple–yellow green, and red orange–yellow orange–red purple. The research results show that the degrees of color harmony and pleasure show a positive correlation. Cognitive load is not affected by color harmony. The larger the amount of information, the higher the cognitive load. This research can be used as a reference when designing and optimizing the color scheme of a business intelligence dashboard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correlated color temperature is widely used to describe colors of lights, but it has been questionable if it is well correlated to real perception. This study approached this issue with warm‐cool feelings, that is, the same correlated color temperature would evoke the same level of warm‐cool feelings. Since warm‐cool feeling is widely accepted to correlate closely with hue, a psychophysical experiment was performed to collect visual data of lights in terms of both hue and warm‐cool feelings. As a result, the hue and the warm‐cool prediction models were, respectively, proposed. The proposed hue model has the same structure with CAM16 with new degree of adaptation considering the luminance and chromaticity and unique hue angle settings for lights. The warm‐cool model can be used in conjunction with the hue model, which enables to assign the correlated color temperature based on the warm‐cool feelings as a new calculation method for correlated color temperature that is expected to achieve a better visual resemblance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both studies on colour emotion and colour harmony have been developed for many years. For designers, creating harmonious colour combinations that satisfy specific colour emotions has always been designers' pursuit. However, most of the studies used flat colour combinations and lacked the discussion of the influence of three‐dimensional (3D) colour configuration on colour emotions and harmony. This study used the two‐colour combinations applied to the 3D colour configuration to explore the relationship between colour emotions and colour harmony, intending to enhance designers' insights on the colour schemes. The multi‐dimensional scaling was used to obtain the perceptual map, giving an overview of the relationships among colour emotions, colour harmony, and colour scheme techniques. The results showed that the emotion scales of "warm–cool", "soft–hard" and "heavy–light" are similar. The scales of "complex–simple", "active–passive" and "warm–cool" can be used to predict colour harmony. The harmonious colour combinations come along with "simple", "passive" and "warm" emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to investigate the color appearance and color connotation of unrelated colors. To investigate color appearance (i.e., brightness, colorfulness, and hue) for unrelated colors, 22 observers have answered their color appearance for 50 unrelated color stimuli using the magnitude estimation method. Perceptual data obtained by the experiment is compared with the color attributes data estimated by unrelated-color appearance models, CAM97u and CAM02u. It is found that both models perform reasonably well but the performance of CAM02u is better than that of CAM97u. For investigating color connotation for unrelated colors, 32 observers have judged their color connotation for the 50 unrelated color stimuli using the 10 color connotation scales (i.e., 'Warm - Cool,' 'Heavy - Light,' 'Modern - Classical,' 'Clean - Dirty,' 'Active - Passive,' 'Hard - Soft,' Tense - Relaxed,' 'Fresh - Stale,' 'Masculine - feminine,' and 'like - Dislike'), and semantic differential method is used for measurement. It is found that the color connotation models developed for related colors perform poorly for unrelated colors. Experimental results indicate that brightness attribute is confusing to estimate and does not affect color connotation significantly for unrelated colors. Based on the psychophysical data, new models for 'Warm-Cool', 'Heavy-Light', 'Active-Passive' and 'Hard-Soft' were proposed using CAM02u hue, brightness, and colorfulness. Color connotations for unrelated colors are classified into three categories, which 'Color solidity,' 'Color heat,' and 'Color purity.' © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 40-49, 2015 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The linguistic input children receive across early childhood plays a crucial role in shaping their knowledge about the world. To study this input, researchers have begun applying distributional semantic models to large corpora of child‐directed speech, extracting various patterns of word use/co‐occurrence. Previous work using these models has not measured how these patterns may change throughout development, however. In this work, we leverage natural language processing methods—originally developed to study historical language change—to compare caregivers' use of words when talking to younger versus older children. Some words' usage changed more than others; this variability could be predicted based on the word's properties at both the individual and category levels. These findings suggest that caregivers' changing patterns of word use may play a role in scaffolding children's acquisition of conceptual structure in early development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used three progressive experiments to isolate two dimensions of bottled water packaging: cap color and bottle shape. The objective of the first experiment was to test how the color of the bottle cap can change consumer preference. We evaluated four cylindrical bottles with different color caps (red, black, blue, and white). Results show that using a blue cap generates substantial positive changes in preference. The goal of the second experiment was to isolate the effect of bottle shape. Of the three bottle forms (cylindrical, squared, and anthropomorphic), the anthropomorphic was preferred. Results show that using a blue cap or an anthropomorphic shape improves preference and quality perceptions. A third experiment compared four price gaps (same price, 5%, 10%, and 20%) for the best versus worst shape and/color combination. In general, increasing the price of the bottle with the best color and shape decreases the choice preference. However, a 20% price increase improves the quality perception and inverts this trend. These results give product designers and marketing managers insights on how use color and shape to gain consumer preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper use of colors, as an essential element of children's playground, can result in a more appropriate environment for children. Therefore, the current study evaluates the impact of Hue, Saturation, and Value (HSV) colors on preschool children's preferences at the ages of 5 and 6. 16 color palettes and 2 playground scenes were presented to children in order to identify their preferences. Results demonstrated that cool colors with a Saturation of 75 and a Value of 75 for indoor playground and warm colors with a Saturation of 75 and a Value of 50 for outdoor playground were the most preferred colors. Moreover, to investigate the impact of socioeconomic status on children's environmental color preferences, Mann‐Whitney U test was conducted and the results revealed a significant difference between the Value preference of children living in the lower class and upper class neighborhoods. However, no significant differences were observed in terms of HSV preferences between boys and girls and also between children at the ages of 5 and 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely believed that people have preferences in relation to the colour of their interior environment. With the development of the global small apartment industry, it is important to understand well people's colour preference for apartments. This study investigated the apartment colour preference (N = 958) and the arousal level measured as heart rate variability for 70 young Chinese people for 21 colours. The findings indicate that young Chinese people (22‐27 years of age) prefer light red, red, yellow, and gray areas of the colour space, and least prefer darker colours in the green, gray, and brown areas of the colour space. In terms of heart rate variability arousal, it was found that colours in the red, purple, and yellow areas of the colour space had the highest effect on heart rate variability arousal, vs gray and brown colours, which were found to have the lowest effect on arousal levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]