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Agaves are an outstanding arid‐adapted group of species that provide a unique chance to study the influence of multiple potential factors (i.e., geological and ecological) on plant population structure and diversification in the heterogeneous environment of the Baja California Peninsula. However, relatively little is known about the phylogeography of the endemic agave species of this region. Herein, we used over 10,000 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and spatial data from the Agave aurea species complex (i.e., A. aurea ssp. aurea, A. aurea ssp. promontorii, and A. aurea var. capensis) to resolve genetic relationships within this complex and uncover fine‐scale population structure, diversity patterns, and their potential underlying drivers. Analyses resolved low genetic structure within this complex, suggesting that A. aurea is more likely to represent several closely related populations than separate species or varieties/subspecies. We found that geographical and historical ecological characteristics—including precipitation, latitude, and past climatic fluctuations—have played an important role in the spatial distribution of diversity and structure in A. aurea. Finally, species distribution modeling results suggested that climate change will become critical in the extinction risk of A. aurea, with the northernmost population being particularly vulnerable. The low population genetic structure found in A. aurea is consistent with agave's life history, and it is probably related to continuity of distribution, relatively low habitat fragmentation, and dispersion by pollinators. Together, these findings have important implications for management and conservation programs in agave, such as creating and evaluating protected areas and translocating and augmentation of particular populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industry 4.0 (I4.0) has brought transformative changes in the manufacturing sector. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the applications of I4.0 technologies in major work functions of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). Specifically, this review focuses on the suitability of I4.0 technologies in areas such as New Product Development, Supply Chain Management, Internal Logistics Management, Production Planning Execution and Control, Quality Management, and Maintenance Management. This study employs a systematic literature review (SLR) methodology to comprehensively analyze relevant sources to present valuable perspectives and practical suggestions customized to the requirements of different essential work functions within manufacturing SMEs. The findings of SLR indicate that Big Data Analytics (BDA), Robotics, and Automation are perceived as highly sustainable, on the other hand, blockchain and cloud technology are viewed as having lower sustainability from SMEs' point of view. The findings presented in this article have several theoretical and practical implications including technology selection and integration, and considering sustainability and ethics. This will allow SMEs to seamlessly integrate distinct I4.0 technologies along three dimensions: vertical, horizontal, and end‐to‐end digital integration. This article intends to provide an unbiased assessment to ascertain the landscape occupied by I4.0 in the context of SMEs. This article highlights the connection and synergy between I4.0 and SMEs as well as the pertinence of how advanced technologies of I4.0 can influence the business processes in manufacturing SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how parasites evolved is crucial to understand the host and parasite interaction. The evolution of entomopathogenesis in rhabditid nematodes has traditionally been thought to have occurred twice within the phylum Nematoda: in Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae families, which are associated with the entomopathogenic bacteria Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, respectively. However, nematodes from other families that are associated with entomopathogenic bacteria have not been considered to meet the criteria for "entomopathogenic nematodes." The evolution of parasitism in nematodes suggests that ecological and evolutionary properties shared by families in the order Rhabditida favor the convergent evolution of the entomopathogenic trait in lineages with diverse lifestyles, such as saprotrophs, phoretic, and necromenic nematodes. For this reason, this paper proposes expanding the term "entomopathogenic nematode" considering the diverse modes of this attribute within Rhabditida. Despite studies are required to test the authenticity of the entomopathogenic trait in the reported species, they are valuable links that represent the early stages of specialized lineages to entomopathogenic lifestyle. An ecological and evolutionary exploration of these nematodes has the potential to deepen our comprehension of the evolution of entomopathogenesis as a convergent trait spanning across the Nematoda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Gene regulatory networks (GRN) are dynamic models in time and space. These models are used to predict diseases and in drugs research. GRN models are discrete, and Boolean graphs can efficiently represent them. However, GRN algorithms explore a large solution space with high computational complexity. This work proposes efficient FPGA‐based accelerators to implement two GRN algorithms: attractor computation and Derrida plot. Nevertheless, FPGA accelerator design and deployment are still a challenge. This work presents an accelerator design framework for AWS Amazon FPGA cloud. The framework simplifies the software (SW) and hardware (HW) generation for GRN accelerators. The user provides a high‐level model for the Boolean GRN, and our tool automatically creates AWS‐ready‐to‐deploy software and hardware components. For the attractor and the Derrida plot computation, the proposed FPGA accelerators are on average 44×$$ 44\times $$ and 18×$$ 18\times $$ faster than a V100 GPU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sialoblastoma is a rare malignant salivary gland tumor. The aim of this study was to review the available published data on sialoblastoma in a comprehensive analysis of its clinicopathologic characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. An unrestricted electronic search was performed in the following databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of science, and gray literature databases. Eligibility criteria included publications with sufficient clinical, imaging, and histopathological information to confirm the diagnosis of sialoblastoma. Data were evaluated descriptively and analytically. A total of 52 studies met the eligibility criteria. In total, 62 patients were evaluated. There was no gender predilection, with the parotid being the most affected primary site (n = 28; 45.2%). In the log‐rank test, there was a significant increase in disease‐associated survival in patients younger than 1 year of age (82.8% vs. 44.4%; p = 0.003), individuals with lesions in major salivary glands (79.4% vs. 38.5%; p = 0.005), patients without metastases (77.8% vs. 14.3%; p = 0.011), encapsulated lesions (85.7% vs. 0%; p < 0.0001), congenital lesions (83.3% vs. 25.0%; p < 0.0001), and lesions that do not show perineural invasion (89.5% vs. 40%; p = 0.035). Kaplan–Meier curves estimated overall survival and disease‐free survival at 5 years of 95.5% and 68.1%, respectively. In the multivariate Cox regression model, only the presence of metastasis was identified as an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio [HR] = 9.81; p = 0.010). Although sialoblastoma presents good prognosis, the tumor has a high recurrence rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal wetlands are naturally subjected to salinity, which is expected to increase through global climate changes. Most species will be affected by these changes, leading to major consequences for community structure and ecosystem functioning.We investigated variation of salinity of temporary wetlands across spatial (1,000 m from the ocean) and temporal (across three breeding season) scales relevant to coastal biodiversity and used amphibians (six species, sampled across one breeding season) as a model to investigate the consequences of the spatio‐temporal variation of salinity in 24 ponds situated on the Atlantic coast of France.We show that salinity is a highly dynamic environmental variable that varies widely both across spatial and temporal scales. The spatio‐temporal dynamics of salinity are a critical factor structuring amphibian communities that affect the main amphibian phylogenetic groups (caudates vs. anurans) differently. Temporal variation in salinity disrupts the match between salinity selected by reproductive adults and those experienced later by their developing offspring, which negatively affect reproductive success.Future changes in coastal salinity are likely to affect the structure and functioning of these ecosystems, excluding salt‐intolerant species and eventually leading to less diverse communities of salt‐tolerant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metformin is a versatile, biocompatible, and cheap bis‐guanidine used as first response line in the type II diabetes treatment. Since its first human trials (1956) several structural modifications were carried out to increase its activity. However, with this augmented activity, the biological compatibility diminishes, generating serious side effects, such as lactic acidosis. Considering that cytochrome P450 oversees the metformin metabolism and its weakness to eliminate fluorinated metabolites; we envisioned the synthesis of benzyl fluorinated metformin derivatives. In our hypothesis the fluorine atoms can give, by inductive effect, a higher acidity to the hydrogen in the benzylic nitrogen, increasing its solubility. On the other hand, fluorine would give resistance to cP450 allowing the molecule acting longer. Thus, a family of fourteen fluorobenzyl metformins were synthesized and characterized, then an in vitro enzymatic assay with α‐amylase was performed to select the five best performing compounds, then an in vivo experiment was carried out with streptozotocin‐induced CD1 mice using the selected derivatives. Blood glucose was measured every day. After sacrifice, the lipid profile, serum, and liver γ‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity determined the biocompatibility. Results showed two compounds (1 L and 1 M) with enhanced activity and higher biocompatibility for blood glucose, lipids metabolism and GGT activity regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Eating Disorders is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: A novel peer facilitation model was used to deliver a two session, dissonance‐based, inclusive body image intervention that critically examines how internalized size‐based oppression intersects with race, class, gender, sexuality, and ability. Method: The EVERYbody Project was open to all college students and delivered by "expert" peer facilitators with body image and diversity experience and advanced facilitation skills. Recruitment was halted due to COVID‐19; 90 students in the Northwest US (M age = 19.83 years, SD = 2.38; 80% female‐identified, 13% male‐identified, 7% gender expansive) were randomized to receive the EVERYbody Project or a video‐based, low‐dissonance comparison intervention. Results: Around half of students (56%) held one or more specific socially marginalized identity (26% with a racial or ethnic identity other than white and non‐Hispanic, 39% with a sexual identity other than straight, 7% with a gender identity other than cisgender). The EVERYbody Project produced greater reductions in three outcomes associated with poor body image (internalized appearance norms, body dissatisfaction, and negative affect) compared to the video intervention through 3‐month follow‐up (ps <.003) with medium between group effects. Both conditions experienced small reductions in eating disorder psychopathology over time. Discussion: Expert peer facilitation may be a viable delivery model for inclusive, diversity‐focused dissonance‐based body image programs. Public Significance: This study explored a novel facilitation approach for a diversity‐focused body image program for college students. A brief (4 h) dissonance‐based program was open to all college students and delivered by "expert" diverse peer leaders who were screened for facilitation readiness. Body image and related outcomes were improved through 3‐month follow‐up relative to a comparison condition, suggesting that expert peer facilitation may be a viable option for delivering universal, inclusive body image programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer films and coatings are ubiquitous in nanoscale applications where confined macromolecules experience greater interfacial effects, causing deviations from bulk material properties; however, the fundamental physics dictating their wetting behavior remains poorly understood. This review provides a perspective on thickness‐dependent surface wettability in thin polymer films characterized by critical thickness, where surface energy and contact angle measurements deviate from bulk values. In contrast with dewetting behaviors, which are well‐modeled by van der Waals (vdW) potentials to afford several nanometers of critical thickness, an unexpectedly large critical thickness of ≈100 nm is reported for thin polystyrene films via surface energy and contact angle measurements. This deviation in the critical thickness highlights an opportunity to modify the current theoretical understanding of the vdW potential model. In addition, possible explanations to interpret the long critical length scales are discussed: 1) challenges in sample preparations and contact angle measurements; 2) temperature dependence of surface energy; and 3) the cooperative nature of polymers. This review invites researchers to bridge the knowledge gap between macroscopic behaviors (e.g., wetting/dewetting) and molecular‐level understanding (e.g., vdW potentials) in polymer thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

32 Papayiannis LC, Harkou IS, Markou YM, Demetriou CN & Katis NI (2011) Rapid discrimination of Tomato chlorosis virus, Tomato infectious chlorosis virus and co-amplification of plant internal control using real-time RT-PCR. I Exclusivity i : No cross-reactions occurred experimentally with the following non-target viruses: pepper mild mottle virus (PV-0093), tobacco mild green mosaic virus (PV-0124), tobacco mosaic virus (PV-1252), and tomato mosaic virus (PV-0141) from DSMZ collection. B Specific scope: b This Standard describes a diagnostic protocol for detection and identification of tomato brown rugose fruit virus. No cross-reactions occurred with the following non-target viruses: cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (NIB V 271, NIB V 320), tobacco mosaic virus (NIB V 037), tomato mosaic virus (NIB V 036, NIB V 049, NIB V 072, NIB V 104) from NIB collection and bell pepper mottle virus (PV-0170), obuda pepper virus (PV-1176), odontoglossum ringspot virus (PV-1048), paprika mild mottle virus (PV-0606), ribgrass mosaic virus (PV-0145), streptocarpus flower break virus (PV-1058), sunn-hemp mosaic virus (PV-0156), tomato mottle mosaic virus (PV-1267), tobacco mild green mosaic virus (PV-0124), tobacco mosaic virus (PV-0137, PV-0943), youcai mosaic virus (PV-0527) from DSMZ collection. In addition, in VALITEST and Euphresco preliminary studies, no cross-reactions were observed with isolates of bell pepper mottle virus, pepper mild mottle virus, tobacco mild green mottle virus, tobacco mosaic virus, tomato mosaic virus. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19) pandemic has fueled both research and speculation, as to whether it could be a "perfect storm" for a post‐Covid emergence of parkinsonism in some susceptible individuals, analogous to the post‐encephalitic parkinsonism reported after the 1918 influenza epidemic. This theory is further augmented by reports of a pathogenic effect of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) on the central nervous system with specific impact on the dopaminergic pathway, as well as the possibility of the virus to selectively bind to Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme‐2 (ACE‐2); these molecules are expressed abundantly in the midbrain dopamine neurons and, are likely involved in several cellular mechanisms cited in Parkinson's Disease (PD) pathophysiology. Objectives—Methods: Therefore, we performed a review of the literature up to February 2022 to explore the current landscape considering published cases of new‐onset parkinsonism after a SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in otherwise healthy individuals. We summarized their clinical features, diagnostic and treatment approaches, discussing potential underlying mechanisms in light of PD pathogenesis theories. Results: Twenty cases that developed parkinsonian features simultaneously or shortly after a reported SARS‐CoV‐2 infection were reviewed. In 11 of them, parkinsonism appeared in the context of encephalopathy, while four patients developed post‐infectious parkinsonism without encephalopathy, and four bore similarities to idiopathic PD. Nine patients exhibited a good response to dopaminergic therapy, while four responded to immunomodulatory treatment. Conclusions: Available data does not yet justify a clear association between the Covid‐19 pandemic and a parkinsonism wave. However, vigilance is necessary, as long‐term effects might have not been revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to demonstrate the importance of coupling different degradation processes for the removal of the commercial herbicide Halosulfuron‐Methyl (HSM). Using anode oxidation (AO) on boron‐doped diamond as the base process; cathodically produced H2O2 (AO/H2O2), UV light (AO/UV), AO/UV/H2O2, electro‐Fenton and photoelectron Fenton (PEF) are employed as hybrid processes for HSM degradation. All hybrid processes employed in the study exhibited synergism with AO, and the UV‐irradiated processes presented an outstanding performance. In particular, the AO/UV/H2O2 process exhibited 90 % mineralization after 3 h of treatment, whereas the PEF process exhibited a complete removal of HSM after 45 min of treatment. In addition to the noticeable advantages of hybridization, the application of higher current densities is found to accelerate the degradation/mineralization of the compound of interest, although the process tends to be more energy demanding. In such a case, the use of a hybrid treatment process coupled to UV‐irradiation allows one to mitigate this constraint while contributing toward obtaining higher mineralization degrees. The degradation/mineralization of more concentrated solutions is, however, found to occur more sluggishly under the treatment mechanisms investigated here, requiring longer times, although the process is noticeably more efficient in photo‐irradiated processes, which recorded current efficiencies of above 100 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From wool to Kevlar, one‐dimensional (1D) fiber has experienced the transition from clothing materials to structural applications in the past centuries. However, the recent advancements in tooling engineering and manufacturing processes have attracted much attention from both academia and industry to fabricate novel, versatile fibers with unique microstructures and unprecedented properties. This mini‐review focuses on the fabrication techniques of porous, coaxial, layer‐by‐layer and segmented fibers with continuous solution and melt fiber spinning methods. In each section of this review article, the unique structure‐related applications, including intelligent devices, healthcare devices, energy storage systems, wearable electronics and sustainable products, are discussed and evaluated. Finally, the combination of additive manufacturing for 1D fiber patterning in two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional devices, in addition to challenges in the reviewed fiber microstructures, is briefly introduced in the conclusion. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a state‐of‐the‐art spectroscopic study of an archetypical barbaralone, conclusively revealing the valence tautomerism phenomena for this bistable molecular system. The two distinct 1‐ and 5‐substituted valence tautomers have been isolated in a supersonic expansion for the first time and successfully characterized by high‐resolution rotational spectroscopy. This work provides irrefutable experimental evidence of the [3,3]‐rearrangement in barbaralones and highlights the use of rotational spectroscopy to analyze shape‐shifting mixtures. Moreover, this observation opens the window toward the characterization of new fluxional systems in the isolation conditions of the gas phase and should serve as a reference point in the general understanding of valence tautomerism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fluxional bis‐monodentate ligand, based on the archetypal shape‐shifting molecule bullvalene, self‐assembles with M2+ (M=Pd2+ or Pt2+) to produce a highly complex ensemble of permanently fluxional coordination cages. Metal‐mediated self‐assembly selects for an M2L4 architecture while maintaining shape‐shifting ligand complexity. A second level of simplification is achieved with guest‐exchange; the binding of halides within the M2L4 cage mixture results in a convergence to a cage species with all four ligands present as the "B isomer". Within this confine, the reaction graph of the bullvalene is greatly restricted, but gives rise to a mixture of 38 possible diastereoisomers in rapid exchange. X‐ray crystallography reveals a preference for an achiral form consisting of both ligand enantiomers. Through a combination of NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations, we elucidate the restricted isomerisation pathway of the permanently fluxional M2L4 assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three‐dimensional food printing (3DFP) uses additive manufacturing concepts to fabricate customized designed products with food ingredients in powder, liquid, dough, or paste presentations. In some cases, it uses additives, such as hydrocolloids, starch, enzymes, and antibrowning agents. Chocolate, cheese, sugar, and starch‐based materials are among the most used ingredients for 3DFP, and there is a broad and growing interest in meat‐, fruit‐, vegetable‐, insect‐, and seaweed‐based alternative raw materials. Here, we reviewed the most recent published information related to 3DFP for novel uses, including personalized nutrition and health‐oriented applications, such as the use of 3D‐printed food as a drug vehicle, and four‐dimensional food printing (4DFP). We also reviewed the use of this technology in aesthetic food improvement, which is the most popular use of 3DFP recently. Finally, we provided a prospective and perspective view of this technology. We also reflected on its multidisciplinary character and identified aspects in which social and regulatory affairs must be addressed to fulfill the promises of 3DFP in human health improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suppressor of variegation 3–9 homolog (Suv39h)1 and 2, Histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3)‐specific methyltransferases, are mainly involved in regulating the dynamic changes of H3K9me3. Regulating Suv39h expression influences the early development of mice somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos, there are few reports concerning their features in domestic animals. The aim of the present study was to characterize the Suv39h function in early development of Debao porcine SCNT embryos. The global level of H3K9me3 and the expression profiles of Suv39h1/2 in porcine early embryos were analysed by immunohistochemistry and qRT‐PCR methods, respectively. Their roles in cell proliferation and histone modification of Debao porcine foetal fibroblast cells (PFFs), and developmental competence of porcine SCNT embryos were investigated by shRNA technology. The methylation levels of H3K9me3 and the expression patterns of Suv39h1 and Suv39h2 were similar (p <.05), and both of them displayed higher levels in Debao porcine SCNT embryos compared with that in PA embryos. The global levels of H3K9me3 and the expressions of G9a, HDAC1 and DNMT1 were decreased by combined inhibition of Suv39h1 and Suv39h2 (p <.05), while the expression of HAT1 was increased (p <.05). Downregulation of Suv39h1/2 also promoted cell proliferation and resulted in a significant increase in the expression of CyclinA2, CyclinB and PCNA in PFFs (p <.05). Furthermore, the use of donor somatic nuclei which depleted H3K9me3 by inhibiting Suv39h1/2 expression markedly increased the cleavage rate, the blastocyst rate and the total cell number of blastocysts of Debao porcine SCNT embryos (p <.05). Altogether, the above results indicate that H3K9me3 levels and Suv39h1/2 expressions display similar patterns in porcine early embryo, and low levels of them are critical to cell proliferation of PFFs and early development of SCNT embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of local adaptation is crucial for the in situ persistence of populations in changing environments. However, selection along broad environmental gradients could render local adaptation difficult, and might even result in maladaptation. We address this issue by quantifying fitness trade‐offs (via common garden experiments) along a salinity gradient in two populations of the Neotropical water strider Telmatometra withei—a species found in both fresh (FW) and brackish (BW) water environments across Panama. We found evidence for local adaptation in the FW population in its home FW environment. However, the BW population showed only partial adaptation to the BW environment, with a high magnitude of maladaptation along naturally occurring salinity gradients. Indeed, its overall fitness was ~60% lower than that of the ancestral FW population in its home environment, highlighting the role of phenotypic plasticity, rather than local adaptation, in high salinity environments. This suggests that populations seemingly persisting in high salinity environments might in fact be maladapted, following drastic changes in salinity. Thus, variable selection imposed by salinization could result in evolutionary mismatch, where the fitness of a population is displaced from its optimal environment. Understanding the fitness consequences of persisting in fluctuating salinity environments is crucial to predict the persistence of populations facing increasing salinization. It will also help develop evolutionarily informed management strategies in the context of global change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association with microbes in plants and animals is known to be beneficial for host's survival and fitness, but the generality of the effect of the microbiome is still debated. For some animals, similarities in microbiome composition reflect taxonomic relatedness of the hosts, a pattern termed phylosymbiosis. The mechanisms behind the pattern could be due to co‐evolution and/or to correlated ecological constraints. General conclusions are hampered by the fact that available knowledge is highly dominated by microbiomes from model species. Here, we addressed the issue of the generality of phylosymbiosis by analysing the species‐specificity of microbiomes across different species of freshwater zooplankton, including rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods, coupling field surveys and experimental manipulations. We found that no signal of phylosymbiosis was present, and that the proportion of "core" microbial taxa, stable and consistent within each species, was very low. Changes in food and temperature under laboratory experimental settings revealed that the microbiome of freshwater zooplankton is highly flexible and can be influenced by the external environment. Thus, the role of co‐evolution, strict association, and interaction with microbes within the holobiont concept highlighted for vertebrates, corals, sponges, and other animals does not seem to be supported for all animals, at least not for freshwater zooplankton. Zooplankton floats in the environment where both food and bacteria that can provide help in digesting such food are available. In addition, there is probably redundancy for beneficial bacterial functions in the environment, not allowing a strict host‐microbiome association to originate and persist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of new adjuvants is essential for the development of efficacious vaccines. Chitosan (CS), a derivative of chitin, has been shown to act as an adjuvant, improving vaccine‐induced immune responses. However, the effect of CS molecular weight (MW) on this adjuvanticity has not been investigated, despite MW having been shown to impact CS biological properties. Here, two MW variants of CS were investigated for their ability to enhance vaccine‐elicited immune responses in vitro and in vivo, using a single‐dose influenza A virus (IAV) protein vaccine model. Both low‐molecular‐weight (LMW) and high‐molecular‐weight (HMW) CS‐induced interferon regulatory factor pathway signaling, antigen‐presenting cell activation, and cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) production, with LMW inducing higher mRNA levels at 24 h and HMW elevating mRNA responses at 48 h. LMW and HMW CS also induced adaptive immune responses after vaccination, indicated by enhanced immunoglobulin G production in mice receiving LMW CS and increased CD4 interleukin 4 (IL‐4) and IL‐2 production in mice receiving HMW CS. Importantly, both LMW and HMW CS adjuvantation reduced morbidity following homologous IAV challenge. Taken together, these results support that LMW and HMW CS can act as adjuvants, although this protection may be mediated through distinct mechanisms based on CS MW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic activity of cationic NHC‐ZnII and NHC‐AlIII (NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbene) complexes in reactions that require the electrophilic activation of soft C−C π bonds has been studied. The former proved able to act as a soft π‐Lewis acid in a variety of transformations. The benefit of the bulky IPr NHC ligand was demonstrated by comparison with simple ZnX2 salts. The tested NHC‐AlIII catalyst is not able to activate C−C π bonds but simple AlX2+ ions were found potent in some cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we report a gold(I)‐catalyzed rearrangement for a special type of alkynylcyclopropanes, such as (6‐ethynylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex‐2‐en‐6‐yl)silanes. These enynes evolved through an isomerization reaction towards the formation of isomeric alkynylcyclopropanes instead of the expected alkynylcyclohexadienes. A computational study on the reaction mechanism revealed the participation of a polycyclic gold(I) carbene complex as intermediate instead of a σ‐allylic gold cation which is in agreement with the expected influence in the energy of those intermediates due to the presence of the silyl group. Finally, this gold(I) carbene intermediate could be experimentally intercepted through intramolecular cyclopropanations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactivity of 7‐alkynycycloheptatrienes tethered to an aryl group under π‐acid catalysis has been studied. A variety of useful cyclic products were synthesized via Au(I)‐catalyzed skeletal reorganization, Cu(II)‐catalyzed hydroarylation, or Brønsted acid‐catalyzed tandem hydroarylation/Friedel‐Crafts reaction. We also report a rare type of skeletal reorganization involving the 1,3‐acetonide tether in the presence of a univalent cationic Ga(I)+ complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It's time that philosophers read Gloria Anzaldúa as a philosopher. Scholars have been hinting at it for some time, but in describing her they still tend to choose the terms "theorist," "feminist," and "thinker" instead of "philosopher." Anzaldúa fits into all of these categories, but from her notes, we know that Anzaldúa also thought of herself as a philosopher. In 2002, for instance, she called herself a "feminist‐visionary‐spiritual‐activist‐poet‐philosopher fiction writer." This essay argues that we should grant Anzaldúa's wish to be considered a philosopher in addition to the other appellations, and focuses on works that she read and wrote in the first half of her scholarly career, including the publication of Borderlands/La Frontera in 1987. The evidence for the claim that Anzaldúa thought of herself as a philosopher is mostly archival, but some of it also appears in her published works. Once philosophers explicitly begin to recognize Anzaldúa as a philosopher, comparisons between her and other already recognized philosophers will become fuller and bear more fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This pest survey card was prepared in the context of the EFSA mandate on plant pest surveillance (M‐2017‐0137) at the request of the European Commission. Its purpose is to guide the Member States in preparing data and information fortomato leaf curl New Delhi virus(ToLCNDV) surveys. These are required to design statistically sound and risk‐based pest surveys, in line with current international standards.Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virusis a clearly defined taxonomic entity.Although the main potential pathway of entry and spread of this virus via plants for planting of host plants is subject to prohibitions and specific measures designedto prevent entry and movement, the widespread occurrence and polyphagous nature of its vector Bemisia tabaci constitutes a risk for introduction and further spread of ToLCNDV given its persistent transmission biology. The virusis currently present in parts of the EU, and surveys in Member Statescan have several objectives, e.g. substantiation of disease freedom for countries or pest‐free areas, ordisease monitoring. The major hosts of ToLCNDV belong to the Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae families, and detection surveys should thus target cultivated species belonging to these families. ToLCNDV is expected to be able to become established in most or all areas of the EU where B. tabaciis able to become established– outdoors or under protected cultivation– and where Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae crops are grown.Surveillance should target symptomatic host plants in a fully grown crop. Because of the severity of its symptoms, surveillance of ToLCNDV can rely on visual examination. However, because its symptoms are similar or identical to those of other begomoviruses, its identification requires the use ofvalidated laboratory assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auration of o‐trimethylsilyl arylphosphines leads to the formation of gold and gold–silver clusters with ortho‐metalated phosphines displaying 3c–2e Au−C−M bonds (M=Au/Ag). Hexagold clusters [Au6L4](X)2 are obtained by reaction of (L−TMS)AuCl with AgX, whereas reaction with AgX and Ag2O leads to gold–silver clusters [Au4Ag2L4](X)2. Oxo‐trigold(I) species [Au3O]+ were identified as the intermediates in the formation of the silver‐doped clusters. Other [Au5], [Au4Ag], and [Au12Ag4] clusters were also obtained. Clusters containing PAu−Au−AuP structural motif display good catalytic activity in the activation of alkynes under homogeneous conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metal corrosion is considered as a severe threat to the national economy and industry structure, capable of triggering significant economic losses and severe damages, involving innumerable fields in daily life and industries. This review provides an overview of the physioelectrochemical studies on anticorrosive properties of various types of graphene coatings. Required electrochemical techniques for the investigation of anticorrosive efficiency, various types of graphene‐based materials coatings along with different routes to provide desirable coated layers are discussed in detail. After all, we intend to show that the modified graphene nanosheets can be regarded as effective protective layers against metal corrosion not only because of their extraordinary mechanical strength and toughness, which can be reached with a vastly thin layer, but also for their high transparency, cost‐efficiency and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropylium bromide undergoes noncatalyzed, regioselective additions to a large variety of Michael acceptors. In this way, acrylic esters are converted into β‐bromo‐α‐cycloheptatrienylpropionic esters. The reactions are interpreted as nucleophilic attack of bromide ions at the electron‐deficient olefins and the approach of the tropylium ion to the incipient carbanion. Quantum chemical calculations were performed to elucidate the analogy to the amine‐ or phosphine‐catalyzed Rauhut–Currier reactions. Subsequent synthetic transformations of the bromo‐cycloheptatrienylated adducts are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The control of enantiomeric purity and determination of individual enantiomeric drug molecules remains the subject of importance for clinical, analytical, and regulatory purposes and to facilitate an accurate evaluation of the risks posed by them to human health. A large number of pharmaceuticals are marketed and administered as racemates. Etodolac is among such nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Overall literature reports on its enantioseparation are scanty. Liquid chromatography (LC) methods of enantioseparation of (±)‐etodolac, including certain unconventional ones, are well covered and discussed in this paper. Methods of direct approach without using chiral columns or chiral thin‐layer chromatography plate and of indirect approach using certain chiral derivatizing agents such as (S)‐naproxen and (S)‐levofloxacin are described. Most interesting aspects include establishment of structure and molecular asymmetry of chemically different types of diastereomeric derivatives using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC–MS), 1H NMR spectroscopy and by drawing conformations in three dimensional views by using certain software. The methods provide chirality recognition even in the absence of pure enantiomers. Besides, recovery of pure enantiomers by detagging or via solubility difference of chiral inducing reagent and the analyte, without racemization at any stage, has been achieved. The limits of detection and quantification are much lower than the industry benchmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare individuals with 20p11.2 proximal deletions have been previously reported, with a variable phenotype that includes heterotaxy, biliary atresia, midline brain defects associated with panhypopituitarism, intellectual disability, scoliosis, and seizures. Deletions have ranged in size from 277 kb to 11.96 Mb. We describe a newborn with a de novo 2.7 Mb deletion of 20p11.22p11.21 that partially overlaps previously reported deletions and encompasses FOXA2. Her clinical findings further expand the 20p11.2 deletion phenotype to include severe midline cranial and intracranial defects such as aqueductal stenosis with hydrocephalus, mesencephalosynapsis with diencephalic‐mesencephalic junction dysplasia, and pyriform aperture stenosis. We also report one individual with a missense variant in FOXA2 who had abnormal glucose homeostasis, panhypopituitarism, and endodermal organ dysfunction. Together, these findings support the critical role of FOXA2 in panhypopituitarism and midline defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Applied Ecology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The gold(I)‐catalyzed retro‐Buchner (decarbenation, retrocyclopropanation) reaction of 7‐substituted cycloheptatrienes has emerged as a safe and powerful alternative for the generation of gold(I) carbenes. These carbenes can cyclopropanate alkenes, take part in intramolecular reactions, or engage in higher cycloadditions with different partners, giving rise to a wide range of relevant structures. This review covers the developments made on the generation of gold(I) carbenes via decarbenation reactions, and the applications of these reactions in organic synthesis. Gold is still shining: The gold(I)‐catalyzed retro‐Buchner (decarbenation, retrocyclopropanation) reaction of 7‐substituted cycloheptatrienes has emerged as a safe and powerful alternative for the generation of gold(I) carbenes. This review covers the developments made on the generation of gold(I) carbenes via decarbenation reactions, and the applications of these reactions in organic synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: HSCR (Hirschsprung's disease) is a serious congenital defect, and the aetiology of it remains unclear. Many studies have highlighted the significant roles of intronic miRNAs and their host genes in various disease, few was mentioned in HSCR although. In this study, miR‐483‐3p along with its host gene IGF2 (Insulin‐like growth factor 2) was found down‐regulated in 60 HSCR aganglionic colon tissues compared with 60 normal controls. FHL1 (Four and a half LIM domains 1) was determined as a target gene of miR‐483‐3p via dual‐luciferase reporter assay, and its expression was at a higher level in HSCR tissues. Here, we study cell migration and proliferation in human 293T and SH‐SY5Y cell lines by performing Transwell and CCK8 assays. In conclusion, the knockdown of miR‐483‐3p and IGF2 both suppressed cell migration and proliferation, while the loss of FHL1 leads to opposite outcome. Furthermore, miR‐483‐3p mimics could rescue the negative effects on cell proliferation and migration caused by silencing IGF2, while the FHL1 siRNA may inverse the function of miR‐483‐3p inhibitor. This study revealed that miR‐483‐3p derived from IGF2 was associated with Hirschsprung's disease by targeting FHL1 and may provide a new pathway to understand the aetiology of HSCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The ruminal ecosystem is a fermentative milieu which is interesting to discuss in terms of its redox status as a reflection of an intense bacterial activity. The objective of this systematic literature review is to quantitatively analyze data collected on redox potential (Eh) in the rumen and to explore relationship between ruminal Eh, nature of the diet fed to ruminants, and ruminal fermentation parameters. Data obtained from 15 studies comprising 24 different diets was used in the analysis. Studies included in the data file were selected based on the criteria of: (i) the nature of the reference electrode was specified, (ii) the ruminal Eh was recorded simultaneously to pH, (iii) animal body weight (BW) and dry matter intake (DMI) were reported and (iv) the composition of the diet was precisely described. Results showed a high variability in ruminal Eh values. However, all recorded values are markedly negative reflecting the absence of oxygen and the strong reducing power of the rumen environment. The main factors contributing to the variation were the method of Eh measurement and the nature of the diet fed to ruminants. Redox potential was positively correlated with DMI and proportion of concentrate in the diet, and tended to be positively correlated with soluble carbohydrates content. In contrast, it was negatively correlated with neutral detergent fibre from forages. The hierarchical ascendant classification discriminated two groups of diets leading to significant change in ruminal Eh level. Ruminal Eh was negatively correlated with pH, total volatile fatty acids produced and proportion of acetate, and positively correlated with proportion of propionate. This review revealed Eh to be dependent on the diet composition and DMI, at least within the range of diets included in the database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compound that isomerizes into distinct products depending on the particular Lewis acid or Brønsted acid catalyst used is disclosed. One product can only be obtained with the softest π-acids, such as Au, Pt, Ga, or In complexes. Another is formed only with harder π-acids incorporating Ag or Cu salts. The formation of the third category requires even harder π-acids or protons. This simple benchmark reaction allows for prediction of the category of transformations that can be catalyzed by a new complex. It also informs whether protons have been unintentionally generated in the reaction mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gold(I)-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of 7-ethynyl-1,3,5-cycloheptatrienes gives 1-substituted barbaralones in a general manner, which simplifies the access to other fluxional molecules. As an example, we report the shortest syntheses of bullvalene, phenylbullvalene, and disubstituted bullvalenes, and a readily accessible route to complex cage-type structures by further gold(I)-catalyzed reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Questions Do both current and past (short-term) farming practices and landscape characteristics have an effect on the diversity of characteristic and rare arable plant communities in organic fields? What is the role of farm management strategies, apart from farm spatial configuration, in determining the diversity components of these species sets? Location Thirty-two farms scattered across NE Spain (Catalonia). Methods Specialist species of arable fields, belonging to the Secalietalia cerealis Br-Bl. 1936, were surveyed at the edges of organically managed fields. We assessed the effects of farm management and landscape characteristics at the field and farm scales on α-, β- and γ-diversity values of these characteristic arable species. Analyses were also conducted on a subset of Secalietalia species that are considered to be rare. Statistical analyses were performed using multimodel inference determined on the basis of all possible models from an a priori set. Results Field variables, such as years since conversion to organic management, proportion of cereal crops in the rotation and autumn sowing, had a positive effect, whereas growing non-cereal crops and fertilization had a negative effect on the richness of characteristic species. The field area had a positive effect on the species richness of characteristic and rare arable plants. At the farm level, the proportion of cereal crop fields to the total amount of fields affected both β and γ characteristic diversity. The landscape variables at the farm level only influenced the β-diversity of rare species. Conclusions The effects of management and landscape on arable weed diversity depended on whether the field or the farm is the focus of the analysis. Characteristic and rare arable species were more affected by factors operating at local scales. Characteristic species richness responded positively to sowing cereal crops, autumn sowing and periodic soil disturbances but was negatively affected by slurry fertilization. Thus, policies promoting some of the former practices should favour characteristic arable species and mitigate the decline of the rare arable species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indenes and related polycyclic structures have been efficiently synthesized by gold(I)-catalyzed cycloisomerizations of appropriate ortho-(alkynyl)styrenes. Disubstitution at the terminal position of the olefin was demonstrated to be essential to obtain products originating from a formal 5 -endo- dig cyclization. Interestingly, a complete switch in the selectivity of the cyclization of o-(alkynyl)-α-methylstyrenes from 6- endo to 5- endo was observed by adding an alcohol to the reaction media. This allowed the synthesis of interesting indenes bearing an all-carbon quaternary center at C1. Moreover, dihydrobenzo[ a]fluorenes can be obtained from substrates bearing a secondary alkyl group at the β-position of the styrene moiety by a tandem cycloisomerization/1,2-hydride migration process. In addition, diverse polycyclic compounds were obtained by an intramolecular gold-catalyzed alkoxycyclization of o-(alkynyl)styrenes bearing a nucleophile in their structure. Finally, the use of a chiral gold complex allowed access to elusive chiral 1 H-indenes in good enantioselectivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first catalytic alkyne hydroboration of propargyl amine boranecarbonitriles is accomplished with triazole-AuI complexes. While the typical [L-Au]+ species decomposes within minutes upon addition of amine boranecarbonitriles, the triazole-modified gold catalysts (TA-Au) remained active, and allowed the synthesis of 1,2-BN-cyclopentenes in one step with good to excellent yields. With good substrate tolerability and mild reaction conditions (open-flask), this new method provides an alternative route to reach the interesting cyclic amine borane with high efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions Are organic rice crops better than convention crops for aquatic plant conservation? We tested three hypotheses: (1) richness, diversity and biomass of aquatic macrophytes are higher in organic rice fields than in conventional ones; (2) aquatic macrophyte species composition in organic rice fields is more similar to that of natural wetlands than to conventional rice fields; and (3) aquatic macrophyte richness, diversity, biomass and species composition in natural wetlands will differ from those of organic and conventional rice fields. Location Coastal plain of southern Brazil. Methods We sampled macrophytes at four conventional crops, four organic crops and four natural intermittent wetlands. We sampled at six different times at each site throughout the rice cultivation cycle. Results A total of 55 species was recorded in natural wetlands and 36 species in rice fields, with 23 found in conventional crops and 27 found in organic crops. The richness, biomass and species composition of macrophytes was similar in the two rice production systems and lower than that of natural wetlands over the cultivation cycle studied. Species composition of natural wetlands differed from that of rice crops mainly through the presence of hydrophytes and rushes. Conclusions Some macrophyte species used rice crops as a complementary habitat, but diversity was lower and composition was different from that of natural wetlands. Both conventional and organic systems negatively impacted macrophyte biodiversity. However, the similar richness and biomass of plants in organic and conventional crops indicated that natural techniques with less impact could be efficient in reducing undesirable plant diversity in agricultural systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Diabetes is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the final quarter of the twentieth century, the Emberá in Panama abandoned their traditional attire in favour of Western clothes. Recently, however, the introduction of indigenous tourism in the country has encouraged a positive re-evaluation of Emberá traditional attire and enhanced its visibility nationally and internationally. Such transformations in Emberá dress - both the disregard for and re-evaluation of it - can shed some light on the fluid, non-unidirectional nature of social change in indigenous society. I argue that Western exoticization - inherent in the expectation of the authentic and/or the suspicion that particular traditions are 'invented'- misrepresents the complexity and dynamic nature of Emberá clothing practices. Contemporary Emberá choices about how to dress in different contexts should instead be understood as responses to two forms of exoticization: the stereotyping of indigenous practices, but also their idealization. In this rendering, the reintroduction of the old Emberá ways of dressing, when this occurs, should be read not as a static imitation of the past, but instead as a reflexive adjustment to new opportunities for cultural representation in the present. Résumé Dans le dernier quart du XXème siècle, les Emberá du Panama ont renoncéà leur tenue traditionnelle et adopté les vêtements occidentaux. L'apparition du tourisme indigène dans le pays a pourtant suscité un récent retour en grâce de la tenue traditionnelle et favorisé sa visibilité dans le pays et à l'étranger. Ces transformations du vêtement des Emberá, abandonné puis redécouvert, peuvent jeter un éclairage sur le caractère fluide et multidirectionnel du changement social dans les sociétés autochtones. L'auteur affirme que la tendance occidentale à l'exotisation, inhérente aux attentes d'authenticité et/ou au soupçon que certaines traditions sont « inventées », ne rend pas correctement compte de la complexité et de la nature dynamique des pratiques vestimentaires chez les Emberá. Il vaudrait mieux envisager les choix actuels de ceux-ci sur la manière de s'habiller dans tel ou tel contexte comme des réponses à deux formes d'exotisme: les stéréotypes et/ou l'idéalisation des pratiques indigènes. De ce point de vue, la réintroduction des anciennes manières de se vêtir, lorsqu'elle a lieu, ne doit pas être perçue comme une imitation statique du passé mais comme une adaptation réfléchie à de nouvelles possibilités de représentation culturelle dans le présent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing non‐shivering thermogenesis (NST), which expends calories as heat rather than storing them as fat, is championed as an effective way to combat obesity and metabolic disease. Innate mechanisms constraining the capacity for NST present a fundamental limitation to this approach, yet are not well understood. Here, we provide evidence that Regulator of Calcineurin 1 (RCAN1), a feedback inhibitor of the calcium‐activated protein phosphatase calcineurin (CN), acts to suppress two distinctly different mechanisms of non‐shivering thermogenesis (NST): one involving the activation of UCP1 expression in white adipose tissue, the other mediated by sarcolipin (SLN) in skeletal muscle. UCP1 generates heat at the expense of reducing ATP production, whereas SLN increases ATP consumption to generate heat. Gene expression profiles demonstrate a high correlation between Rcan1 expression and metabolic syndrome. On an evolutionary timescale, in the context of limited food resources, systemic suppression of prolonged NST by RCAN1 might have been beneficial; however, in the face of caloric abundance, RCAN1‐mediated suppression of these adaptive avenues of energy expenditure may now contribute to the growing epidemic of obesity. Synopsis: Regulator of Calcineurin1 (RCAN1) suppresses two different mechanisms of non‐shivering thermogenesis: the activation of UCP1 expression in white adipose tissue, and sarcolipin expression in skeletal muscle. Mice deficient for Rcan1 have an elevated metabolic rate and are resistant to diet‐induced obesity.Tissue‐specific gene expression profiles from inbred mouse strains demonstrate a high correlation between Rcan1 expression in adipose and metabolic syndrome.The RCAN1 gene is located on chromosome 21 in humans. These findings may provide insights into the challenges of weight regulation in individuals with Down syndrome. Regulator of Calcineurin1 (RCAN1) suppresses two different mechanisms of non‐shivering thermogenesis: the activation of UCP1 expression in white adipose tissue, and sarcolipin expression in skeletal muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]