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Problem: Soluble human leukocyte antigens (sHLA), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were studied during human pregnancy to test the hypothesis that sHLA concentrations are regulated by these specific cytokines., Method of Study: Enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assays (ELISA) were used to measure sHLA I and II in maternal circulation, cord blood, and placenta effluents of pregnant and nonpregnant women; maternal serum cytokines were also determined., Results: sHLA in maternal and cord blood were equivalent to that in the placenta. By the third trimester, sHLA I concentrations in maternal plasma were significantly reduced compared to the first or second trimesters. sHLA II was increased during the second trimester relative to that postpartum. Maternal IL-6 and IFN-gamma concentrations were not statistically different throughout gestation or postpartum., Conclusions: These data do not suggest a role for maternal plasma IL-6 or IFN-gamma in regulation of systemic sHLA class I during pregnancy, but they do not address whether such events take place in local tissues of the maternal-fetal unit.

Background: The physical appearance of an individual plays a primary role as it influences the opinion of the viewer. For this reason, orthodontic therapy to improve perceived aesthetics is in high demand among patients. This factor, combined with the increase in the number of non‐invasive facial aesthetic treatments, has led to the need to understand potential risk factors in the application of medical devices to the perioral skin in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro heating of the orthodontic bracket following electromagnetic fields and negative pressure (V‐EMF) used as an anti‐aging treatment. Methods: Two different types of titanium alloy wires, one made of "beta‐Titanium" alloy and the other "Ni‐Ti" (DW Lingual Systems GmbH—Bad Essen—Germany) were used. The orthodontic wires and brackets mounted on a resin mouth were covered with porcine muscle tissue, then subjected to anti‐aging therapy with a Bi‐one LifeTouchTherapy medical device (Expo Italia Srl—Florence—Italy) which generates a combination of vacuum and electromagnetic fields (V‐EMF) already adopted for antiaging therapy. During administration of the therapy, the orthodontic brackets and porcine tissue were thermally monitored using a Wavetek Materman TMD90 thermal probe (Willtek Communications GmbH—Germany). In total 20 orthodontic mouths were used, 10 with Beta Titanium wires and 10 with Nickel Titanium wires. Results: A temperature increase of about 1°C was recorded in each group. The outcome of the present research shows that the absolute temperatures measured on orthodontic appliances, which, despite having a slightly different curve, both show an increase in temperature of 1.1°C at the end of the session, thus falling well within the safety range of 2°C as specified by the standard CENELEC EN 45502‐1. Therefore, V‐EMF therapy can be considered safe for the entire dental system and for metal prostheses, which tend to heat up at most as much as biological tissue (+0.9°C/1.1°C vs. 1.1°C/1.1°C). Conclusion: In conclusion, anti‐aging therapy with V‐EMF causes a thermal increase on orthodontic brackets that is not harmful to pulp health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is one of the most common brain malformations, with an incidence estimated to range from 0.5 to 70 in 10,000 among the general population. Prenatal diagnosis is made via ultrasound; however, fetal MRI is useful to confirm or exclude the presence of associated cerebral abnormalities–mostly cortical malformations–that may affect postnatal prognosis. When no additional central nervous system (CNS) or extra CNS anomalies are identified and no genetic cause is found, an isolated ACC is diagnosed. Overall, in cases of ACC, an underlying genetic cause can be identified in up to 12.5% with chromosomal microarray (CMA) and up to 47% with whole exome sequencing (WES). In cases where ACC is the only anomaly detected, the yield of WES is 30%. Postnatal outcomes are variable and depend on whether the condition is isolated or not. In truly isolated ACC, outcomes range from normal in 65% of cases through mild to severe neurodevelopmental impairments in 35% of cases. An interdisciplinary team of medical experts is key in guiding parents toward informed decision‐making in pregnancies complicated by ACC. Considering current and expected advancements in genetic testing and imaging technologies in upcoming years, we herein summarize current recommendations for the management and prenatal counseling of expecting parents of fetuses with ACC. Our review pertains primarily to expecting parents of fetuses with complete ACC. Key points: What is already known about this topic? Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is among the most common fetal brain malformations, with a variety of postnatal neurodevelopment outcomes.Diagnosis of ACC relies heavily upon fetal ultrasound and neurosonography. MRI is a valuable adjunct to assess additional central nervous system anomalies.Genetic testing is key with whole exome sequencing demonstrating a yield of up to 47% for all cases of ACC.A multidisciplinary team can provide the best pre‐ and postnatal counseling for expecting parents. What does this review add? We outline the current prenatal diagnosis and management of ACC.We summarize the most important aspects of ACC that should be discussed with expecting parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether automated estimates of vocal creak would differentiate speakers with adductor laryngeal dystonia (AdLD) from speakers with muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) and speakers without voice disorders. Methods: Sixteen speakers with AdLD, sixteen speakers with MTD, and sixteen speakers without voice disorders were recorded in a quiet environment reading aloud a standard paragraph. An open‐source creak detector was used to calculate the percentage of creak (% creak) in each of the speaker's six recorded sentences. Results: A Kruskal‐Wallis one‐way analysis of variance revealed a statistically significant effect of group on the % creak with a large effect size. Pairwise Wilcoxon tests revealed a statistically significant difference in % creak between speakers with AdLD and controls as well as between speakers with AdLD and MTD. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses indicated that % creak differentiated AdLD from both controls and speakers with MTD with high sensitivity and specificity (area under the curve statistics of 0.94 and 0.86, respectively). Conclusion: Percentage of creak as calculated by an automated creak detector may be useful as a quantitative indicator of AdLD, demonstrating the potential for use as a screening tool or to aid in a differential diagnosis. Level of Evidence: 3 Laryngoscope, 133:2687–2694, 2023 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are five fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), namely, FGFR1–FGFR5. When FGFR binds to its ligand, namely, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), it dimerizes and autophosphorylates, thereby activating several key downstream pathways that play an important role in normal physiology, such as the Ras/Raf/mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K)/AKT, phospholipase C gamma/diacylglycerol/protein kinase c, and signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways. Furthermore, as an oncogene, FGFR genetic alterations were found in 7.1% of tumors, and these alterations include gene amplification, gene mutations, gene fusions or rearrangements. Therefore, FGFR amplification, mutations, rearrangements, or fusions are considered as potential biomarkers of FGFR therapeutic response for tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, it is worth noting that with increased use, resistance to TKIs inevitably develops, such as the well‐known gatekeeper mutations. Thus, overcoming the development of drug resistance becomes a serious problem. This review mainly outlines the FGFR family functions, related pathways, and therapeutic agents in tumors with the aim of obtaining better outcomes for cancer patients with FGFR changes. The information provided in this review may provide additional therapeutic ideas for tumor patients with FGFR abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To understand the wide variety of clinical outcomes in children with agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) and examine evidence for the proposed neuropsychological syndrome reported in adults with primary AgCC. Method: PsycINFO, PsycArticles, Medline, Embase, and Web of Science (January 2007–November 2021) were searched to identify studies reporting on cognitive or neuropsychological outcome in children with AgCC aged up to 18 years. Twenty‐three articles investigating the cognitive profile were found; their methodology was evaluated against quality criteria. Results: While there was a high degree of heterogeneity across studies, including the methodological quality, there was evidence for some features of the neuropsychological syndrome in children with AgCC. Vulnerabilities in executive function and social cognition were found, with particular difficulties on complex and novel tasks. Interpretation: Data on the neuropsychological outcomes in children with AgCC are limited. Broad assessments are necessary to determine the extent to which core features of the neuropsychological syndrome may characterize children with AgCC and how additional neuroanatomical features contribute to outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): The objective of this study is to compare treatment outcomes for vocal fold polyps (VFPs) between operating room microlaryngoscopy and office-based photoangiolysis with the potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser., Methods: Prospective nonrandomized cohort study of patients with VFPs undergoing microlaryngoscopy ("OR group") or KTP laser photoangiolysis ("KTP group"). Voice outcomes (patient-reported outcome measures [Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) and Singing VHI-10 (SVHI-10)], auditory-perceptual measures [Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V)], videostroboscopic characteristics [Voice-Vibratory Assessment of Laryngeal Imaging (VALI)], and acoustic and aerodynamic measures) were performed at baseline and regular intervals after intervention., Results: Forty-four subjects (17 OR group, 27 KTP group) with VFPs were enrolled. Mean VHI-10 significantly improved from baseline to each follow-up interval in both groups, except for the 1-2-week interval in the OR group. Mean SVHI-10 improved for both groups at some intervals. Growth curve models and time-to-event analyses for patient-reported outcomes did not differ between groups. There were significant improvements in all categories of auditory-perceptual voice quality and some categories of videostroboscopic characteristics in both groups. No significant trends were identified in acoustic and aerodynamic measures. Improvements in most outcomes did not significantly differ between groups or based on polyp size. There were no major complications., Conclusions: Significant improvements in patient-reported voice outcomes measures, auditory-perceptual voice evaluation, and videostroboscopic characteristics occur following surgical treatment of vocal fold polyps with either microlaryngoscopy or office-based KTP laser. Long-term voice outcomes do not significantly differ between treatment modalities., Level of Evidence: 3 Laryngoscope, 134:S1-S20, 2024., (© 2024 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.)

Objective: Adequate reference ranges of size of the corpus callosum (CC) are necessary to improve characterization of CC abnormalities and parental counseling. The objective of this study was to evaluate the methodology used in studies developing references charts for CC biometry. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies on fetal CC biometry using a set of predefined quality criteria of study design, statistical analysis and reporting methods. We included observational studies whose primary aim was to create ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging charts for CC size in a normal population of fetuses. Studies were scored against a predefined set of independently agreed methodological criteria, and an overall quality score was given for each study. Results: Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Quality scores ranged between 17.4% and 95.7%. The greatest potential for bias was noted for the following items: sample selection and sample‐size calculation, as only 17% of the studies were population‐based and had consecutive or random recruitment of patients and with a justification of the sample size; number of measurements obtained for CC biometry, as only 17% of the studies performed more than one measurement per fetus and per scan; and description of characteristics of the study population, as only 8% of the studies clearly reported a minimum dataset of demographic characteristics. Conclusions: Our review demonstrates substantial heterogeneity in methods and final biometric values of the fetal CC across the evaluated studies. The use of uniform methodology of the highest quality is essential in order to define a 'short' CC and provide appropriate parental counseling. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The removal of porcelain laminate veneers with rotary instruments could be accompanied by microfractures because differentiation of the veneer from the dental structure and resin cement is not a highly selective procedure. This can lead to scratches and overheating of the enamel and patient discomfort. Therefore, this in vitro research aimed to examine the effectiveness of the 2790 nm Er,Cr:YSGG laser utilizing a fractional technique to debond lithium disilicate veneer. Methods: Six groups of 30 extracted permanent bovine mandibular incisors were selected. Twenty‐five samples, G1–5, (n = 5) laser‐irradiated groups, and the last five samples (C) were considered the control group. The tested groups were irradiated with 3–5 W output power of Er,Cr:YSGG laser for time intervals of 50 s. During irradiation, the temperature in the pulp chamber was monitored using a thermocouple connected to a digital multilogger thermometer inside the sample's pulp chamber. Subsequently, the shear bond strength was measured for all groups. Furthermore, the remaining adhesive index was measured using a stereomicroscope, the area was analysed, and then transformed into scores. Finally, one untreated sample and two samples of the highest power value from laser‐treated groups were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for their surface morphology. Results: All debonding protocols were safe regarding intrapulpal temperature increment. The highest temperature elevation was recorded at 5 W, which increased by 1.7 °C. Considering the shear bond strength measurement, there was a significant reduction after laser irradiation for G1–5 compared with group C. Conclusions: Er,Cr:YSGG laser with a fractional technique can be used successfully for veneer removal. Besides safe temperature rising, veneers can be reused because there was neither a fractured specimen during the whole study nor major irregularities or cracks shown in SEM pictures analysis for the veneer surfaces; thus, they can be removed quickly, safely, and comfortably using Er,Cr:YSGG. © 2023 Australian Dental Association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypoxia is a persistent physiological feature of many different solid tumors and a key driver of malignancy, and in recent years, it has been recognized as an important target for cancer therapy. Hypoxia occurs in the majority of solid tumors due to a poor vascular oxygen supply that is not sufficient to meet the needs of rapidly proliferating cancer cells. A hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) can reduce the effectiveness of other tumor therapies, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the critical role of hypoxia in tumor development, including tumor metabolism, tumor immunity, and tumor angiogenesis. The treatment methods for hypoxic TME are summarized, including hypoxia‐targeted therapy and improving oxygenation by alleviating tumor hypoxia itself. Hyperoxia therapy can be used to improve tissue oxygen partial pressure and relieve tumor hypoxia. We focus on the underlying mechanisms of hyperoxia and their impact on current cancer therapies and discuss the prospects of hyperoxia therapy in cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Neonatal imaging studies report corpus callosum abnormalities after neonatal hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE), but corpus callosum development and relation to cognition in childhood are unknown. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we examined the relationship between corpus callosum size, microstructure and cognitive and motor outcomes at early school‐age children cooled for HIE (cases) without cerebral palsy compared to healthy, matched controls. A secondary aim was to examine the impact of HIE‐related neonatal brain injury on corpus callosum size, microstructure and growth. Methods: Participants aged 6–8 years underwent MRI, the Movement Assessment Battery for Children Second Edition and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fourth Edition. Cross‐sectional area, volume, fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity of the corpus callosum and five subdivisions were measured. Multivariable regression was used to assess associations between total motor score, full‐scale IQ (FSIQ) and imaging metrics. Results: Adjusting for age, sex and intracranial volume, cases (N = 40) compared to controls (N = 39) demonstrated reduced whole corpus callosum area (β = −26.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −53.17, −0.58), volume (β = −138.5, 95% CI = −267.54, −9.56), fractional anisotropy and increased radial diffusivity (P < 0.05) within segments II–V. In cases, segment V area (β = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.004, 0.35), volume (β = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.001, 0.079), whole corpus callosum fractional anisotropy (β = 13.8 95% CI = 0.6, 27.1) and radial diffusivity (β = −11.3, 95% CI = −22.22, −0.42) were associated with FSIQ. Growth of the corpus callosum was restricted in cases with a FSIQ ≤85, and volume was reduced in cases with mild neonatal multifocal injury compared to white matter injury alone. Interpretation: Following neonatal HIE, morphological and microstructural changes in the corpus callosum are associated with reduced cognitive function at early school age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Important roles of humoral tumor immunity are often pointed out; however, precise profiles of dominant antigens and developmental mechanisms remain elusive. We systematically investigated the humoral antigens of dominant intratumor immunoglobulin clones found in human cancers. We found that approximately half of the corresponding antigens were restricted to strongly and densely negatively charged polymers, resulting in simultaneous reactivities of the antibodies to both densely sulfated glycosaminoglycans (dsGAGs) and nucleic acids (NAs). These anti‐dsGAG/NA antibodies matured and expanded via intratumoral immunological driving force of innate immunity via NAs. These human cancer–derived antibodies exhibited acidic pH–selective affinity across both antigens and showed specific reactivity to diverse spectrums of human tumor cells. The antibody‐drug conjugate exerted therapeutic effects against multiple cancers in vivo by targeting cell surface dsGAG antigens. This study reveals that intratumoral immunological reactions propagate tumor‐oriented immunoglobulin clones and demonstrates a new therapeutic modality for the universal treatment of human malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For instance, being anchored to specific habitat features that are essential for survival (eg winter shelters for temperate species) likely renders snakes reluctant to disperse long distances and thus unable to effectively respond to habitat loss and changing climate regimes (Deutsch I et al i . For example, intra- or interspecific transmission of the fungal pathogen causing ophidiomycosis, an emerging snake-specific disease afflicting numerous species, may occur in shared winter shelters (Tetzlaff I et al i . In addition to these direct impacts, indirect effects due to communal hyperfidelity may negatively affect snake populations. [Extracted from the article]

The corpus callosum (CC) is the major interhemispheric commissure and its abnormalities include agenesis, hypoplasia, and hyperplasia. The CC anomalies are typically related to other central nervous system (CNS) or extra‐CNS malformations. The antenatal diagnosis of complete CC agenesis is easy after mid‐trimester by ultrasound (US) even in the axial plane. The non‐visualization of cavum septum pellucidum and colpocephaly are critical signs in the axial view. More subtle findings (i.e., hypoplasia and partial agenesis) might also be recognized antenatally. In this review, the focus was given on the prenatal diagnosis of CC abnormalities in US and magnetic resonance imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basic information on life histories, ecology, and behaviour for aquatic stages in many species of insects is difficult to obtain in the field. Here, a method to breed and monitor individual Odonata larvae in captivity is proposed. In total, 3788 individuals of six Odonata species – Rhionaeschna marchali (Rambur), Erythrodiplax abjecta (Rambur), Sympetrum gilvum (Selys), Ischnura chingaza Realpe, Ischnura cruzi De Marmels, and Mesamphiagrion laterale (Selys) – were reared individually in water‐filled plastic containers, whose size was increased to fit larval growth, at ambient temperature (12–34 °C, 12 h light per day, ca. 300 lux, and ad libitum food). We tested the effects of water type (habitat water, dechlorinated tap water, and drinking water), handling method, and sex on larval developmental time and number of instars. The number of instars was calculated as the mean number of moults for the individuals that successfully emerged as adults. Life cycle length was calculated by averaging the days over individuals that completed their development until emergence. The probability of achieving the adult stage was not significantly affected by the type of water, sex, or handling method. On the other hand, the number of instars was affected by species identity, and type of water, with fewer instars in water from the natural habitat, but not affected by sex or handling method. The duration of the life cycle was bimodal in most species, and was affected by type of water, but in an idiosyncratic, species‐specific way. The methodology proposed here allows monitoring and breeding large numbers of odonate larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roxadustat is one of the oral hypoxia‐inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF‐PHIs) that stimulates erythropoiesis and regulates the genes related to iron metabolism. The treatment of HIF‐PHIs is useful compared with that of erythropoietin stimulating agent (ESA) using various instruments and procedures. Few clinical researchers have examined the efficacy and safety of switching treatment from Darbepoetin to Roxadustat in Japanese hemodialysis (HD) patients. However, HIF‐PHIs have severe adverse drug reactions, such as thrombotic events. In the present study, we evaluated the lower dose of roxadustat in HD patients receiving high dose of ESA therapy. Eighteen anemic HD patients receiving an ESA, that is,, darbepoetin over 40 μg per week, were enrolled in this study. The treatment of these patients was changed to 20 mg of roxadustat three times weekly for 6 months, after which doses were adjusted to achieve a hemoglobin (Hb) target of 10.0–12.0 g/dL. An increase of 58.1 ± 32.5 mg roxadustat three times weekly increased Hb. It also achieved and then maintained levels within the target range at month 6. Ferritin levels of more than 100 ng/mL or TSAT levels of more than 20% were maintained during the 6‐month treatment periods with oral or intravenous iron supplementation. It seems unnecessary to increase the initial dose of roxadustat for patients using high doses of ESA. It is suggested that a reconsideration of the starting dose of roxadustat in Japanese HD patients is needed. (Ikegami General Hospital, Medical Corporation SHOWAKAI、Approval number: 2020–4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression is a common psychiatric disorder affecting 264 million people globally, and the worst outcome is suicide. While regional brain alterations in depressed suicidal brain have previously been reported, knowledge about white matter (WM) microstructure is limited. Purpose Automated fiber quantification (AFQ) acquired by magnetic resonance imaging was used to calculate diffusion properties of fiber tracks to explore the structural alteration of WM associated with suicidality in depressive patients. Study Type: Cross‐sectional. Subjects: Forty‐five depressive patients without suicidality (DS− group, 60.00% females), 53 depressed patients with suicidality (DS+ group, 66.04% females), and 59 healthy controls (HC group, 67.80% females). Field Strength/Sequence: 3.0 T; single‐shot echo‐planar imaging sequence. Assessment The point‐wise group difference of the fiber tracts was determined by diffusion properties including fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) of 18 specific WM tracts. Statistical Tests: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and partial correlation analysis were used. A threshold of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The significantly different diffusion properties were found in callosum forceps, left inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus (IFOF), right anterior thalamic radiation (ATR), and left cingulum cingulate in DS− and DS+ groups. The correlation analysis results showed that MD of right ATR was significantly positively correlated with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) scores (r = 0.363). In addition, AD of right ATR (r = 0.372), MD of callosum forceps minor (r = 0.511), RD of left IFOF (r = 0.429), and RD of callosum forceps minor (r = 0.515) were significantly positively correlated with suicide item scores of HAMD. Data Conclusion: Our demonstration of decreased WM tract integrity including callosum forceps, IFOF, and ATR confirms the central involvement of the frontal cortex and limbic system with suicidality in depression. Level of Evidence: 3 Technical Efficacy Stage: 3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of 1 versus 2 glaze firings on the color and mechanical properties of an extrinsically characterized lithium disilicate ceramic after thermal cycling, brushing, or both., Materials and Methods: Eighty specimens were divided into 2 groups: 1 glaze firing (GL1) and 2 glaze firings (GL2). Each group was subdivided into 4 groups (n = 10), according to the experimental conditions: thermal-cycling, brushing, thermal-cycling + brushing, and immersion in distilled water (control). Color variation, surface roughness, and Vickers microhardness were analyzed before each designated experiment and after the simulated periods of 2.5, 5, and 10 years. Three-way mixed ANOVA was used for all outcomes, followed by 1-way ANOVA, repeated measures 1-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test, and t-test to check for statistical differences (α = 0.05)., Results: Thermal cycling generated greater color changes in the GL1 group at 2.5 and 5 years (p < 0.001; p = 0.013). Brushing generated color changes in GL1 at 5 years (p = 0.003) and in GL2 at 10 years (p = 0.017). Regarding surface roughness, the GL1 group suffered alterations in thermal cycling + brushing at 5 years. In the control group, the GL1 group exhibited higher roughness values than GL2 (p < 0.05). Most of the groups experienced an increase in microhardness at 2.5 years (p < 0.05). In the GL1 group, thermal-cycling increased the microhardness at 5 years (p = 0.006); at 5 and 10 years, the GL1 group had a higher microhardness than the GL2 in thermal-cycling + brushing (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: Ceramics with 1 glaze firing showed greater color, roughness, and microhardness changes compared to those submitted to 2 firings., (© 2023 by the American College of Prosthodontists.)

αvβ3 integrin, a plasma membrane protein, is amply expressed on an array of tumors. We identified nuclear αvβ3 pool in ovarian cancer cells and were interested to explore this phenomenon in two rare and aggressive types of leukemia, T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) and Mast cell leukemia (MCL) using Jurkat and HMC‐1 cell lines, respectively. Moreover, we collected primary cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL, n = 11), the most common chronic adult leukemia and used human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) generated from normal B cells. Nuclear αvβ3 integrin was assessed by Western blots, confocal microscopy, and the ImageStream technology which combines flow‐cytometry with microscopy. We further examined post translational modifications (phosphorylation/glycosylation), nuclear trafficking regulation using inhibitors for MAPK (U0126) and PI3K (LY294002), as well as nuclear interactions by performing Co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP). αvβ3 integrin was identified in all cell models within the nucleus and is N‐glycosylated. In primary CLL cells the β3 integrin monomer is tyrosine Y759 phosphorylated, suggesting an active receptor conformation. MAPK and PI3K inhibition in Jurkat and CLL cells led to αvβ3 enhancement in the nucleus and a reduction in the membrane. The nuclear αvβ3 integrin interacts with ERK, Histone H3 and Lamin B1 in Jurkat, Histone H3 in CLL cells, but not in control LCL cells. To conclude, this observational study provides the identification of nuclear αvβ3 in hematological malignancies and lays the basis for novel cancer‐relevant actions, which may be independent from the membrane functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After diagnosis of a fetal neurological anomaly, prospective parents want to know the best and worst‐case scenarios and an estimation of the risk to their infant of having an atypical developmental outcome. The literature on developmental outcomes for fetal neurological anomalies is poor: studies are characterized by retrospective design, small sample size, often no standardized assessment of development, and differing definitions of anomalies. This review provides an aide‐memoir on the risks of adverse neurodevelopmental outcome for ventriculomegaly, cortical anomalies, microcephaly, macrocephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, posterior fossa anomalies, and myelomeningocele, to assist healthcare professionals in counselling. The data in this review should be used alongside recommendations on counselling and service design described in part 1 to provide antenatal counselling. This invited review is commented by Ferrand and Racine on page 6 of this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This long‐term retrospective follow‐up study aimed to address the knowledge gap between prenatal diagnosis of complete isolated Agenesis of Corpus Callosum (cACC) at fetal MRI and postnatal neurodevelopmental outcome to improve prenatal counseling for parents. Methods: Data on fetuses with isolated cACC from a single‐center MRI database built up in two decades were considered. Detailed postnatal clinical, neuropsychological evaluations were performed and descriptions of available neuroradiological and genetic data were provided. Results: Following a detailed neuropsychological evaluation and a long‐term follow‐up, the subsequent results emerged: 38 school‐aged children (older than 6 years) of 50 (aged 2.5‐15 years) showed normal intellectual functions (50%), intellectual disability (21%), and borderline intelligence quotient (29%). Deficits in motor functions (58%), executive functions (37%), language (61%), memory abilities (58%), and academic performances (53%) were found. Twenty‐one percent of participants showed behavioral difficulties. Almost half of the participants underwent rehabilitation. Additional findings (21%) were detected at postnatal brain MRI, and a significant association between additional findings at postnatal imaging and abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome was observed. Interpretations: This study supports the view that children with prenatal diagnosis of isolated cACC may present with several degrees of neurologic and neuropsychological impairment which become more evident only in their second decade of life. Postnatal MRI and detailed genetic analysis may add crucial information to prenatal data and substantially influence final judgment on the outcome and orient clinical management and counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical properties of a biomaterial play an essential role in regulating immune and reparative activities within the host tissue. This study aimed to evaluate the immunological impact of material stiffness of a glycol‐chitosan hydrogel designed for vocal fold tissue engineering. Hydrogel stiffness was varied via the concentration of glyoxal cross‐linker applied. Hydrogel mechanical properties were characterized through atomic force microscopy and shear plate rheometry. Using a transwell setup, macrophages were co‐cultured with human vocal fold fibroblasts that were embedded within the hydrogel. Macrophage viability and cytokine secretion were evaluated at 3, 24, and 72 hr of culture. Flow cytometry was applied to evaluate macrophage cell surface markers after 72 hr of cell culture. Results indicated that increasing hydrogel stiffness was associated with increased anti‐inflammatory activity compared to relevant controls. In addition, increased anti‐inflammatory activity was observed in hydrogel co‐cultures. This study highlighted the importance of hydrogel stiffness from an immunological viewpoint when designing novel vocal fold hydrogels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Fetal anomalies of the corpus callosum (CC) have been reported in the prenatal imaging literature since 1985, and, especially when isolated, pose challenges for both the patient and fetal medicine specialist. The purpose of this study was to review systematically the literature on prenatally diagnosed abnormalities of the CC, focusing on the terminology used to describe abnormalities other than complete agenesis of the CC, and to assess the heterogeneity of the nomenclature and definitions used. Methods: This study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews. A literature search was performed to identify prospective or retrospective case series or cohort studies, published in English, French, Italian, German or Spanish, reporting fetal imaging findings and describing anomalies of the CC. Quality and risk of bias of the studies were evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale and a modification of the scale developed by Conde‐Agudelo et al. for other fetal imaging studies. The data extracted included the number of patients, the number of different anomalies identified, the descriptive names of the anomalies, and, where applicable, the definitions of the anomalies, the number of cases of each type of anomaly and the biometric charts used. Secondary tests used to confirm the diagnosis, as well as the postnatal or post‐termination tests used to ascertain the diagnosis, were also recorded. Results: The search identified 998 records, and, after review of titles and abstracts and full review of 45 papers, 27 studies were included initially in the review, of which 24 were included in the final analysis. These 24 studies had a broad range of quality and risk of bias and represented 1135 cases of CC anomalies, of which 49% were complete agenesis and the remainder were described using the term partial agenesis or nine other terms, of which five had more than one definition. Conclusions: In comparison to the postnatal literature, in the prenatal literature there is much greater heterogeneity in the nomenclature and definition of CC anomalies other than complete agenesis. This heterogeneity and lack of standard definitions in the prenatal literature make it difficult to develop large multicenter pooled cohorts of patients who can be followed in order to develop a better understanding of the genetic associations and neurodevelopmental and psychological outcomes of patients with CC anomalies. As this information is important to improve counseling of these patients, a good first step towards this goal would be to develop a simpler categorization of prenatal CC anomalies that matches better the postnatal literature. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Corpus callosal agenesis (CCA) is one of the most common brain malformations and is generally associated with a good outcome when isolated. However, up to 25% of patients are at risk of neurodevelopmental delay, which currently available clinical and imaging parameters are inadequate to predict. The objectives of this study were to apply and validate a fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) anatomical scoring system in a cohort of fetuses with isolated CCA and to evaluate the correlation with postnatal neurodevelopmental outcome.Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of cases of prenatally diagnosed isolated CCA (as determined on ultrasound and MRI), with normal karyotype and with known postnatal neurodevelopmental outcome assessed by standardized testing. A fetal brain MRI anatomical scoring system based on seven categories (gyration, opercularization, temporal lobe symmetry, lamination, hippocampal position, basal ganglia and ventricular size) was developed and applied to the cohort; a total score of 0-11 points could be given, with a score of 0 representing normal anatomy. Images were scored independently by two neuroradiologists blinded to the outcome. For the purpose of assessing the correlation between fetal MRI score and neurodevelopmental outcome, neurodevelopmental test results were scored as follows: 0, 'below average' (poor outcome); 1, 'average'; and 2, 'above average' (good outcome). Spearman's rank coefficient was used to assess correlation, and inter-rater agreement in the assessment of fetal MRI score was calculated.Results: Twenty-one children (nine females (42.9%)) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Thirty-seven fetal MRI examinations were evaluated. Mean gestational age was 28.3 ± 4.7 weeks (range, 20-38 weeks). All fetuses were delivered after 35 weeks' gestation with no perinatal complications. Fetal MRI scores ranged from 0 to 6 points, with a median of 3 points. Inter-rater agreement in fetal MRI score assessment was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.959 (95% CI, 0.921-0.979)). Neurodevelopmental evaluation was performed on average at 2.6 ± 1.46 years (range, 0.5-5.8 years). There was a significant negative correlation between fetal MRI score and neurodevelopmental outcome score in the three areas tested: cognitive (ρ = -0.559, P < 0.0001); motor (ρ = -0.414, P = 0.012) and language (ρ = -0.565, P < 0.0001) skills. Using fetal MRI score cut-offs of ≤ 3 (good outcome) and ≥ 4 points (high risk for poor outcome), the correct prognosis could be determined in 20/21 (95.2% (95% CI, 77.3-99.2%)) cases.Conclusion: By assessing structural features of the fetal brain on MRI, it may be possible to better stratify prenatally the risk of poor neurodevelopmental outcome in CCA patients. © 2020 Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To assess the free available chlorine concentration (FAC), organic tissue dissolution and smear layer removal capacity of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) alone and when mixtured with etidronate (HEDP) and tetrasodium EDTA (Na4EDTA), and heated to different temperatures. Methodology: Mixtures at 1 : 1 ratio of 5% NaOCl with distilled water (considered NaOCl alone), 18% HEDP or 10% Na4EDTA were heated to 25 °C, 37 °C, 48 °C and 60 °C. The FAC in the mixtures was assessed at 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 and 120 min. Samples of bovine muscle tissue (n = 10) were prepared with similar size and weighed before and after 5, 10 and 15 min of immersion in the mixtures heated to the different temperatures to verify organic matter dissolution. The intergroup results were compared statistically using one‐way analysis of variance (anova) and intragroup by two‐way analysis of variance (anova), both followed by Tukey's multiple‐comparison test (α < 0.01). Bovine dentine blocks (n = 10) were analysed by scanning electron microscopy before and after immersion in the mixtures, and the time taken to remove the smear layer from the surfaces of the samples was determined. The Friedman test was used to compare the scores of the same group (α < 0.01), and the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc was used to compare the different groups (α < 0.01). Saline solution was used as a control in the experiments of tissue dissolution and smear layer removal, Results: Heating NaOCl alone did not affect its FAC. The higher the temperature of the mixtures with the chelators, the lower the FAC. Organic tissue dissolution was improved by increases in temperature of NaOCl alone and its mixture with HEDP (P < 0.01); however, the mixture with Na4EDTA had no improvement (P > 0.01). Smear layer removal by NaOCl alone was enhanced by heating resulting in lower scores in some samples and became more rapid in the mixtures with the chelators. The saline solution did not promote tissue dissolution nor smear layer removal (P > 0.01). Conclusion: In this laboratory study, heating NaOCl alone or when mixed with HEDP improved its capacity to dissolve organic matter and remove the smear layer. However, the mixture with HEDP required frequent refreshment to retain these effects when heated. Due to the acceleration in the reaction between the irrigants, very rapid reductions in the free available chlorine in the mixtures with Na4EDTA heated to the different temperatures occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Straw phonation has been investigated for its vocal warm-up effects on healthy populations and therapeutic effects on voice patients. The purpose of this article was to determine whether it is beneficial for vocal fatigue.Study Design: Prospective cohort study METHODS: Twenty-five healthy participants were recruited into 1-hour vocal loading tasks followed by 10-minute vocal rest or straw phonation on 2 different days. Various parameters including phonation threshold pressure (PTP), mean airflow, closed quotient (CQ), current speaking effort level (EFFT), and laryngeal discomfort (DISC) were acquired at baseline, after vocal load, and after the intervention.Results: Increased PTP, EFFT, and DISC were observed after vocal load. Decreased PTP, EFFT, and DISC were then acquired after both vocal rest or straw phonation. More significant improvements were obtained in straw phonation when compared with vocal rest. Additionally, significantly increased mean flow and decreased CQ were obtained after straw phonation when compared to vocal rest.Conclusions: Straw phonation has the potential to adjust aerodynamics within the vocal tract leading to improved vocal efficiency, optimized vibration mode, and attenuated vocal fatigue. This study provided a promising treatment for vocal fatigue that could have wide clinical relevance to voice users with high voice demands.Level Of Evidence: 4 Laryngoscope, 130:E674-E679, 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CA9 is a member of the carbonic anhydrases' family, that is often expressed in cancer cells under hypoxic condition. However, the role of CA9 in the molecular mechanisms of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) pathogenesis remains unclear. CA9 expression was analysed using the TCGA database, and its influence on survival was performed using Kaplan‐Meier, LASSO and COX regression analyses. The correlation between CA9 and immune infiltration was investigated by CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE. Moreover, the relationship between CA9 expression and downstream molecular regulation pathways was analysed by GSEA, GO and WGCNA. CA9 expression correlated with clinical prognosis and tumour grade in TSCC. Moreover, CA9 expression potentially contributes to the regulation of cancer cell differentiation and mediates tumour‐associated genes and signalling pathways, including apoptosis, hypoxia, G2M checkpoint, PI3K/AKR/mTOR signalling and TGF‐beta signalling pathways. However, the follicular helper T cells, regulatory T cells, immune and stromal scores showed no significance between high and low CA9 expression groups. These findings suggested that CA9 plays a critical role of TSCC prognosis and tumour grade. CA9 expression significantly correlated with the regulation of cell differentiation, various oncogenes and cancer‐associated pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objectives: Our study aimed to update the seroprevalence and factors associated with anti‐dengue virus (DENV) antibody positivity among blood donors and to discuss their implications for blood supply. Background: Questions on the potential transmission of DENV by transfusion increased after the documentation of the risk of transmission of the West Nile virus. This risk was estimated after transfusion of DENV RNA‐positive blood units of up to 37.5%. In Burkina Faso, very few studies on DENV in blood donors have been conducted. As a result, there were no reliable data on DENV to allow the implementation of appropriate measures to control the risk of transmission of the dengue virus by blood transfusion. Methods: We conducted a 4‐week cross‐sectional study from December 4 to 30, 2016. Blood donors of both genders, aged 18‐60 years, accepted for blood donation after medical selection were consecutively enrolled. Results: Our study included a total of 1007 blood donors, in which donors living in urban areas represented 78.2%. The mean age was 26.1 ± 8.1 years. After adjustment in a multiple regression logistic model, the odds of having IgG anti‐DENV increased as age increased. The odds of DENV was 53% lower in rural areas (OR = 0.47; P =.000) compared to urban settings and 42% lower in mobile sites (OR = 0.58; P =.03) compared to fixed ones. Conclusion: Our study provides new and useful insights for future research on the risk of TT‐DENV throughout blood transfusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Although advanced parental age holds an increased risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), its role as a potential risk factor for an atypical white matter development underlying the pathophysiology of ASD has not yet been investigated. The current study was aimed to detect white matter disparities in ASD, and further investigate the relationship of paternal and maternal age at birth with such disparities. Methods: Thirty‐nine adult males with high‐functioning ASD and 37 typically developing (TD) males were analyzed in the study. The FMRIB Software Library and tract‐based spatial statistics were utilized to process and analyze the diffusion tensor imaging data. Results: Subjects with ASD exhibited significantly higher mean diffusivity (MD) and radial diffusivity (RD) in white matter fibers, including the association (inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus, right inferior longitudinal fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculi, uncinate fasciculus, and cingulum), commissural (forceps minor), and projection tracts (anterior thalamic radiation and right corticospinal tract) compared to TD subjects (Padjusted < 0.05). No differences were seen in either fractional anisotropy or axial diffusivity. Linear regression analyses assessing the relationship between parental ages and the white matter aberrations revealed a positive correlation between paternal age (PA), but not maternal age, and both MD and RD in the affected fibers (Padjusted < 0.05). Multiple regression showed that only PA was a predictor of both MD and RD. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that PA contributes to the white matter disparities seen in individuals with ASD compared to TD subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early development and growth of the corpus callosum are supported by several midline transient structures in mammals that include callosal septa (CS), which are present only in the second half of gestation in humans. Here we provide new data that support the guidance role of CS in corpus callosum development, derived from the analysis of 46 postmortem fetal brains, ranging in age from 16 to 40 post conception weeks (PCW). Using immunohistochemical methods, we show the expression pattern of guidance cues ephrinA4 and neogenin, extracellular protein fibronectin, as well as non‐activated microglia in the CS. We found that the dynamic changes in expression of guidance cues, cellular and extracellular matrix constituents in the CS correlate well with the growth course of the corpus callosum at midsagittal level. The CS reach and maintain their developmental maximum between 20 and 26 PCW and can be visualized as hypointense structures in the ventral callosal portion with ex vivo (in vitro) T2‐weighted 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The maximum of septal development overlaps with an increase in the callosal midsagittal area, whereas the slow, gradual resolution of CS coincides with a plateau of midsagittal callosal growth. The recognition of CS existence in human fetal brain and the ability to visualize them by ex vivoMRI attributes a potential diagnostic value to these transient structures, as advancement in imaging technologies will likely also enable in vivoMRI visualization of the CS in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Aims: Neonatal hypoxia–ischemia (H/I) results in gray and white matter injury, characterized by neuronal loss, failure of neural network formation, retarded myelin formation, and abnormal accumulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). These changes lead to severe neurological deficits and mortality. Sublethal hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) can protect the developing brain against H/I. However, limited evidence is available concerning its effect on white matter injury. Methods: In this study, P6 neonatal Sprague‐Dawley rats were subjected to normoxic (21% O2) or HPC (7.8% O2) for 3 hours followed 24 hours later by H/I brain injury. Neurological deficits were assessed by gait, righting reflex, foot fault, and Morris water maze tests. Compound action potential of the corpus callosum was recorded 35 days after surgery, and the correlation between axon myelination and neurological function was determined. Results: Hypoxic preconditioning significantly attenuated H/I brain injury at 7 days and remarkably improved both sensorimotor and cognitive functional performances up to 35 days after H/I. HPC‐afforded improvement in long‐term neurological outcomes was attributable, at least in part, to restoration of the differentiation and maturation capacity in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, amelioration of microglia/macrophage activation and neuroinflammation, and continuation of brain development after H/I. Conclusions: Hypoxic preconditioning restores white matter repair, development, and functional integrity in developing brain after H/I brain injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Data regarding the neurodevelopmental outcome of fetal short corpus callosum (CC) diagnosed according to standard reference charts is scarce. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the finding is related to neurodevelopmental delay, and to examine reclassification to normal fetal CC length using CC length/EFW ratio.Method: Historical prospective cohort study including pregnant women who were referred for fetal neurosonogram due to abnormal CC. Short CC was defined below the 5th percentile according to reference charts. Twenty cases were included in the study group and compared with a control group of 59 normal cases. The patients in the study group were divided into two groups according to CC length/EFW ratio. Children's neurodevelopment was assessed using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS).Results: VABS scores were within normal range in 90% of the cases. There was no significant statistical difference between the study group and the control group. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference between fetuses reclassified as normal callosal length according to CC length/EFW ratio in comparison to the control group.Conclusion: The neurodevelopmental outcome of fetuses with diagnosed short CC did not differ from the neurodevelopment of normal fetuses in the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: FOXG1 syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder associated with heterozygous FOXG1 variants or chromosomal microaberrations in 14q12. The study aimed at assessing the scope of structural cerebral anomalies revealed by neuroimaging to delineate the genotype and neuroimaging phenotype associations. Methods: We compiled 34 patients with a heterozygous (likely) pathogenic FOXG1 variant. Qualitative assessment of cerebral anomalies was performed by standardized re‐analysis of all 34 MRI data sets. Statistical analysis of genetic, clinical and neuroimaging data were performed. We quantified clinical and neuroimaging phenotypes using severity scores. Telencephalic phenotypes of adult Foxg1+/− mice were examined using immunohistological stainings followed by quantitative evaluation of structural anomalies. Results: Characteristic neuroimaging features included corpus callosum anomalies (82%), thickening of the fornix (74%), simplified gyral pattern (56%), enlargement of inner CSF spaces (44%), hypoplasia of basal ganglia (38%), and hypoplasia of frontal lobes (29%). We observed a marked, filiform thinning of the rostrum as recurrent highly typical pattern of corpus callosum anomaly in combination with distinct thickening of the fornix as a characteristic feature. Thickening of the fornices was not reported previously in FOXG1 syndrome. Simplified gyral pattern occurred significantly more frequently in patients with early truncating variants. Higher clinical severity scores were significantly associated with higher neuroimaging severity scores. Modeling of Foxg1 heterozygosity in mouse brain recapitulated the associated abnormal cerebral morphology phenotypes, including the striking enlargement of the fornix. Interpretation: Combination of specific corpus callosum anomalies with simplified gyral pattern and hyperplasia of the fornices is highly characteristic for FOXG1 syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface coal mining can permanently alter the rugged topography of Appalachia, which plays an important role in creating and maintaining the structure, composition, and diversity of this North American region's ecological communities. We used remote‐sensing datasets to characterize the past and future topographic impacts of surface coal mining on the mixed‐mesophytic forests of eastern Kentucky. To provide context, we examined the consequences of widespread topographic rearrangement for an imperiled ridgetop‐associated predator, the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus). We found that surface mining disproportionately impacts ridgetop habitats, causing large reductions in suitable habitat for C horridus, and most likely other ridgetop‐dependent biota as well. Land permitted for surface mining is also concentrated in high topographic positions, and patterns of habitat loss are therefore likely to remain concentrated within these ecosystems. These permanent topographic shifts complicate restoration of pre‐existing microhabitats, create homogenized landscapes, threaten long‐term ecosystem health, and reduce the diversity of ecological communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This in vitro study evaluated the fracture resistance and clinical prognosis of anterior lithium disilicate crowns (e.max Press and e.max CAD), following endodontic access and repair. The research design simulates intraoral loading conditions to produce clinically applicable results. Materials and Methods: Monolithic anterior crowns, based on #8 anatomy, were fabricated from e.max Press ingots and e.max CAD blocks and adhesively bonded on identical dies milled out of a dentin analog material (NEMA G10). Specimens were divided into 4 groups: intact pressed, repaired pressed, intact milled, and repaired milled (n = 15/group). Repaired pressed and repaired milled were prepared with a standardized endodontic access and repaired using a porcelain repair system and composite resin. All crowns were cyclically loaded under simulated oral conditions and then loaded to failure in water, using a universal testing machine. Data were interpreted using ANOVA/Tukey post‐hoc test (α = 0.05). Results: Mean loads to failure ranged from 758.9 to 931.4 N for the 4 groups, indicating that both fabrication techniques, pressed and milled, yielded restorations that could reasonably withstand maximum masticatory forces. The pressed groups (923.7 N) exhibited significantly higher fracture resistance than the milled groups (797.5 N), p = 0.0002. When milled and pressed groups were categorized into intact and repaired subgroups, no difference was found in fracture resistance between the subgroups. Differences were noted in the modes of fracture, where the milled groups (intact and repaired) exhibited higher frequency of catastrophic fractures than the pressed groups. Conclusions: Endodontic access preparation does not appear to affect fracture resistance of an anterior lithium disilicate restoration, suggesting that replacement may not be necessary. Fabrication technique had a significant effect on fracture resistance and fracture mode of lithium disilicate restorations. The pressed fabrication technique resulted in significantly greater crown strength and fracture resistance than the milled technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex multicellular organisms have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to rapidly resolve epithelial injuries. Epithelial integrity is critical to maintaining internal homeostasis. An epithelial breach represents the potential for pathogen ingress and fluid loss, both of which may have severe consequences if not limited. The mammalian wound healing response involves a finely tuned, self‐limiting series of cellular and molecular events orchestrated by the transient activation of specific signalling pathways. Accurate regulation of these events is essential; failure to initiate key steps at the right time delays healing and leads to chronic wounds, while aberrant initiation of wound healing processes may produce cell behaviours that promote cancer progression. In this review, we discuss how wound healing pathways co‐opted in cancer lose their stringent regulation and become compromised in their reversibility. We hypothesize on how the commandeering of wound healing 'master regulators' is involved in this process, and also highlight the implications of these findings in the treatment of both chronic wounds and cancer. Epithelial repair involves highly orchestrated, self‐limiting execution of a suite of molecular pathways to achieve rapid wound closure. Aberrant and persistent activation of these processes contributes to cancer progression. This review explores the common ground between oncogenesis and wound healing, and describes the implications of these commonalities in the clinical management of both chronic wounds and cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective: Low‐frequency fiber‐tract stimulation has been shown to be effective in treating mesial temporal lobe epilepsies through activation of the hippocampal commissure in rodents and human patients. The corpus callosum is a major pathway connecting the two hemispheres of the brain; however, few experiments have documented corpus callosum stimulation. The objective is to determine the efficacy of corpus callosum stimulation at low frequencies to suppress cortical seizures. Methods: 4‐Aminopyridine was injected in the primary motor cortex of 24 rats under anesthesia. Recording electrodes were placed in the contralateral motor cortex and hippocampus. Three pairs of stimulating electrodes were inserted into the corpus callosum along its longitudinal axis. Local field potentials were recorded 1 hour before, during, and after stimulation to determine the effect of stimulation on seizure duration. Stimulation was delivered from each pair of electrodes independently in separate experiments. Furthermore, electrical stimulation was applied to the region of the corpus callosum with the highest degree of innervation of the seizure focus to compare the efficacy of different stimulation frequencies (1‐30 Hz) on seizure suppression. Results: Corpus callosum stimulation was effective at suppressing seizures at 10 Hz by 76% (P < 0.05, n = 5) and at 20 Hz by 95% (P < 0.0001, n = 14). Stimulation at frequencies of 1 and 30 Hz did not have a significant effect on reducing the total time spent seizing (P > 0.9999, n = 5). Furthermore, stimulation was only effective at suppressing seizures when the pair of electrodes was placed within the section of corpus callosum containing fibers innervating the seizure focus. Secondarily generalized seizures in the hippocampus were eliminated when seizures in the cortical focus were suppressed. Significance: Low‐frequency fiber‐tract stimulation of the corpus callosum suppresses both cortical and cortically induced hippocampal seizures in an acute model of focal cortical seizures. The stimulation paradigm is selective, as it is only effective when targeted to specific regions of the corpus callosum that project maximally to cortical regions generating the seizure activity. Selective placement of stimulation electrodes along the corpus callosum could be used as a patient‐specific treatment for cortical epilepsies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To record the incidence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in nonobese male subjects and investigate the coexistence of lifestyle stress, sleep deprivation, and upper airway inflammation. Materials and Methods: 552 patients were assessed during a survey of banks, government and corporate offices, recruitment agencies, and schools between January 2012 and January 2016. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria designed for this study, the number of patients tapered down to 120 patients who underwent diagnostic tests, viz. polysomnography, chemiluminiscence immunoassay, nephelometry, and upper airway endoscopy. This revealed the presence of OSA coexistent with elevated serum cortisol, C‐reactive protein (CRP), and upper airway inflammation. Results: Polysomnography showed that 57 of 120 patients suffered from OSA. Objective evaluation of these patients exposed an undercurrent of lifestyle stress in 39 patients. CRP and serum cortisol were found to be significantly high (1.60 ± 0.52 and 7.20 ± 0.76 μg/dL, respectively) in 30 patients. Endoscopy revealed 18 patients with moderate, 7 with severe, and 5 with no upper airway inflammation. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that OSA was found to be prevalent in the cohort of nonobese male patients studied. Coexistence of lifestyle stress, sleep deprivation, and upper airway inflammation was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives/hypothesis: This study was conducted to provide a vibrational culture model to investigate the effects of mechanical environments on cellular functions, and elucidate physiological characteristics of two different types of cells in vocal folds under static and vibrational conditions.Study Design: In vitro study of human vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFFs) and human macula flava stellate cells (hMF-SCs).Methods: hVFFs and hMF-SCs were exposed to a 2-second-on/2-second-off, 205 Hz vibration regime for 4 hours by using a vibrational culture model. We compared cell morphology, cell viability, and gene expression in extracellular matrix-related components, growth factors, and differentiation markers under static and vibratory conditions.Results: hVFFs and hMF-SCs differed in their morphologies and gene expression levels under static condition. The applied vibration did not induce changes in morphology and viability of either cell type. However, gene expression levels changed in both cell types in response to vibration; in particular, hMF-SCs exhibited a more sensitive response to vibration than that shown by hVFFs.Conclusions: The vibrational culture model developed in this study enabled us to investigate the effects of the applied vibration on two types of vocal fold resident cells. As a result, we could demonstrate that hVFFs and hMF-SCs exhibited distinctively different characteristics under vibrational conditions.Level Of Evidence: NA. Laryngoscope, 128:E258-E264, 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species boundaries have traditionally been delimited by applying phenotypic characters to a morphological species concept. With an increased understanding of the complexities of speciation as a process, species concepts have proliferated while at the same time, the ability to gather greater numbers and types of molecular characters has expanded the means by which species can be delimited. Phylogenetic studies of molecular data provide an opportunity to identify reciprocally monophyletic groupsand have led to the identification of cryptic or nearly cryptic species in which subtle differences in phenotypes or ecological niches can be uncovered only after monophyletic groups have been identified. Here, we investigate evolutionary relationships among a group of species in the Lomatium triternatum complex using molecular phylogenetic analyses for all samples, and ecological parameters for two of the 38 species included in this study. The results indicate that there are more reciprocally monophyletic groups in this complex than had been estimated using phenotypic data alone. The ecological data show a clear differentiation for the one pair of sister species where ecological sampling was available, implying that divergence within this group may have resulted from environmental selection for soil preferences that have been strong enough to result in speciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purpose: The distribution of temperature in a dental implant following hot food and beverage consumption is essential for evaluating the hazard this process may have on bone health. The purpose of this study was to predict the temperature distribution in the dental implant with/without a crown and the bone crest in contact with it using the finite element method. Materials and Methods: A 3D model of the implant and the mandible was prepared by using computer‐aided design software. Implants were investigated in three cases: without crown (BHI), with ceramic crown (MHIc), and with zirconia crown (MHIz). Subsequently, temperature distribution was numerically determined along the implant system for two heat loadings. Results: In loading type I, the maximum temperature of the surrounding bone at the cervical implant/bone interface was obtained in the BHI model (39.1°C), and the lowest was obtained in the MHIc model (37.6°C). The maximum temperature rise in loading type II also took place in the BHI model (41.7°C). Moreover, the BHI model showed a rapid rise to the maximum temperature followed by a fast recovery compared to its two counterparts (MHIc, MHIz). In both loading types, the maximum temperature at the first point of contact between the implant and bone, and apical implant/bone interface was slightly higher in the MHIz than that in the MHIc. The maximum temperature in all the models was higher when subjected to cyclic loading. The maximum temperatures reached in all the models were lower than threshold temperatures, so thermal loading alone does not harm the jawbone. Moreover, the BHI was more vulnerable than the MHIc and the MHIz. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that dental implants should be covered with crowns as soon as possible, and patients with dental implants should avoid consumption of hot food and beverages without allowing time for the heat to dissipate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]