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Biodegradable films have been developed to tackle the problem of environmental pollution caused by food packaging waste. However, microbial growth in these films can lead to food spoilage and pose a threat to health. This study aimed to create antibacterial edible films using tragacanth gum, carrageenan, and clove essential oil (CEO) to prevent microbial growth. The influence of various concentrations of CEO (10%, 20%, and 30 w/w%) on the physical, optical, mechanical, antimicrobial, biodegradability properties and packaging of these films was examined. The results indicated that the addition of CEO enhanced film elongation, whereas it reduced tensile strength and Young's modulus. Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray diffraction analyses revealed an interaction between the CEO and tragacanth gum/carrageenan. Incorporating CEO reduced the films' moisture content and water vapor permeability, while increasing their antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. The films containing 30% CEO exhibited a strong inhibitory effect against both Escherichia coli and Bacillus. The incorporation of CEO into tragacanth gum/carrageenan enhanced the film's properties, making it suitable for packaging edible food items. This study fills a gap by providing a sustainable solution to mitigate microbial growth in biodegradable food packing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mn0.92Cu0.08‐yZnyFe2O4 (y=0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08) nanoparticles (MCZF NPs) were synthesized via the hydrothermal process at low operating temperature. The MCZF system generated a cubic spinel structure as seen by the X‐ray diffraction patterns. The average crystallite size was observed to be increasing from 25 to 30 nm. The broad (γ1) and narrow (γ2) absorption bands were seen in FTIR spectra and the cation distributions at tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites, respectively, was indicated. The surface morphology was analyzed using electron microscopy. Clarification was provided for the dependence of the optical bandgap shift (Eg~1.96–2.15 eV) on the concentration of substituent. The superparamagnetic nature of MCZF can be advantageous for biomedical applications and it was demonstrated by the magnetization versus applied magnetic field (M−H) loops. Small values of remanence magnetization (Mr) and coercivity (Hc) were found using magnetization versus magnetic field (M−H) curves at y=0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08. This proved that MCZF NPs exhibited the superparamagnetic behavior. The cation distribution at two sublattices was also estimated using a two‐sublattice model. The greatest zone of inhibition in an antibacterial study of MCZF (produced by the green method) was 10.8 mm for Pseudomonosa aeruginosa and 9.4 mm for Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this research work, a compact‐sized offset‐fed broadband monopole antenna is designed using a frequency selective surface (FSS) reflector to enhance gain, radiation efficiency, and FBR and validated experimentally. The designed antenna consists of a triple v‐slit on a rectangular‐shaped radiating patch, a modified partial ground, and a frequency‐selective surface (FSS). It exhibits a ‐10 dB impedance bandwidth of 9.37 GHz (6.55–15.92 GHz) and a fractional bandwidth of 83.4%, yielding significant portions of the C‐band (4–8 GHz), the X‐band (8 GHz–12 GHz), and covering a considerable part of the Ku‐band (12–18 GHz). The proposed prototype equivalent circuit model has been developed progressively to validate the electromagnetic simulation results. The measured peak gain is 14.25 dBi (6.8 dBi without FSS) at 14.2 GHz with an average radiation efficiency of ≥ 96% for the FSS integrated antenna. Furthermore, the proposed design improves the front‐to‐back ratio (FBR) by 15 dB throughout the broadband frequency range. The proposed antenna peak gain, reflection coefficient (S11), radiation efficiency, and radiation patterns show adequate similarity between the tested and simulated results and have numerous advantages, including very compact size, simple structure, minimum S11 (dB), high gain, and broadband capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Lomerizine (LMZ) is an antimigraine drug that works as a calcium channel blocker and has selective effects on the central nervous system. It is metabolized into trimetazidine (TMZ), which is a prohibited substance owing to its performance‐enhancing effects in both human and animal sports. Effective doping control measures are imperative to distinguish the source of TMZ in samples to ensure integrity and fairness of the sport, therefore a comprehensive analysis of LMZ metabolites is essential to identify potential biomarkers in camel urine for effective doping control. Methods: Camel urine samples were collected from four healthy animals following a single oral administration of LMZ at a dosage of 1 mg/kg body weight. In vitro studies were conducted using homogenized camel liver samples. Lomerizine and its metabolites were extracted using solid‐phase extraction and analyzed with a Thermo Fisher Orbitrap Exploris liquid chromatography mass spectrometry system. The acquired data was processed with the Compound Discoverer software. Results: The study conducted a comprehensive analysis of LMZ metabolites in camels and identified 10 phase I and one phase II metabolites. The primary pathway for the formation of phase I metabolites was de‐alkylation, while phase II metabolite was formed through alkylation of the parent drug. The study provided valuable insights into the unique metabolic pathways of LMZ in camels under specific experimental conditions. Conclusion: The developed method enables the detection and characterization of LMZ and its metabolites in camels. The identified metabolites has the potential to act as marker metabolites for the distinctive detection of LMZ in camel urine to ensure efficient analytical strategies for routine doping control applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthorhombic perovskite GdFeO3 nanostructures are promising materials with multiferroic properties. In this study, a new low‐temperature plasma‐assisted approach is developed via dual anodic dissolution of solid metallic precursors for the preparation of perovskite GdFeO3 nanoparticles (NPs) that can be collected both as colloids as well as deposited as a thin film on a substrate. Two solid metallic foils of Gd and Fe are used as precursors, adding to the simplicity and sustainability of the method. The formation of the orthorhombic perovskite GdFeO3 phase is supported by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman measurements, while a uniform elemental distribution of Gd, Fe, and O is confirmed by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, proving the successful preparation of ternary compound NPs. The magnetic properties of the NPs show zero remnant magnetization typical of antiferromagnetic materials, and saturation at high fields that can be caused by spin interaction between Gd and Fe magnetic sublattices. The formation mechanism of ternary compound NPs in this novel plasma‐assisted method is also discussed. This method is also modified to demonstrate the direct one‐step deposition of thin films, opening up opportunities for their future applications in the fabrication of magnetic memory devices and gas sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of structures with a large radius of curvature is challenging because fiber‐reinforced composite materials have low resistance to delamination in the direction perpendicular to their thickness. These structures are commonly found in a wide variety of structural components that are used in the wind turbine and aviation industries. The objective of this study is to conduct an experimental investigation into the efficacy of incorporating milled glass fiber, cellulose nanoparticles, and carbon nanoparticles as fillers into an epoxy matrix to improve the resistance to delamination of glass/epoxy curved laminates and thereby inhibit crack growth. In contrast to the baseline samples, curved samples containing 3% cellulose nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced curved beam strength and interlaminar tensile strength by 4.95% and 3.82%, respectively. Additionally, filler‐loaded samples exhibited reduced delamination and fracture propagation damage compared with baseline samples. The adhesion between the epoxy matrix and infill was investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared analysis. In addition, live photographic images and fractured micrographs were correlated with mechanical findings in order to assess delamination suppression and damage processes in both the arm and arc directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article discloses an improved, efficient, and simple resolution methodology for the preparation of (S)‐benoxaprofen which is a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID). The resolution of racemic benoxaprofen uses an easily available, efficient, recoverable, and cost‐effective chiral reagent, namely, (1R,2S)‐(+)‐cis‐1‐amino‐2‐indanol. This novel resolution process is having a very high purity of (S)‐benoxaprofen, greater than 99%, substantially free from (R)‐benoxaprofen (less than 1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenoviral pVII proteins are multifunctional, highly basic, histone‐like proteins that can bind to and transport the viral genome into the host cell nucleus. Despite the identification of several nuclear localization signals (NLSs) in the pVII protein of human adenovirus (HAdV)2, the mechanistic details of nuclear transport are largely unknown. Here we provide a full characterization of the nuclear import of precursor (Pre‐) pVII protein from an ancient siadenovirus, frog siadenovirus 1 (FrAdV1), using a combination of structural, functional, and biochemical approaches. Two strong NLSs (termed NLSa and NLSd) interact with importin (IMP)β1 and IMPα, respectively, and are the main drivers of nuclear import. A weaker NLS (termed NLSb) also contributes, together with an additional signal (NLSc) which we found to be important for nucleolar targeting and intranuclear binding. Expression of wild‐type and NLS defective derivatives Pre‐pVII in the presence of selective inhibitors of different nuclear import pathways revealed that, unlike its human counterpart, FrAdV1 Pre‐pVII nuclear import is dependent on IMPα/β1 and IMPβ1, but not on transportin‐1 (IMPβ2). Clearly, AdVs evolved to maximize the nuclear import pathways for the pVII proteins, whose subcellular localization is the result of a complex process. Therefore, our results pave the way for an evolutionary comparison of the interaction of different AdVs with the host cell nuclear transport machinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work reports on tailoring of 3D printed gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) employing poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) P(VdF‐HFP) as the host matrix and mesoporous Santa Barbara Amorphous‐15 (SBA‐15) mesoporous sieve as ceramic filler. Further, this work envisages an investigation on its physicochemical properties, thermal shrinkage behavior, and electrochemical performance. An effort has been undertaken to formulate 3D printable P(VdF‐HFP)/SBA‐15 composite‐based GPE ink with suitable rheological properties. The breath figure method is followed to investigate the influence of 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP)/tetrahydrofuran (THF) mixture as a solvent on the porosity of 3D printed GPE, through which enhanced porosity is evident from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The morphological analysis further confirms the hybrid porous structure facilitated by the addition of SBA‐15 into the P(VdF‐HFP) matrix. The 3D printed P(VdF‐HFP)/SBA‐15 (10%) composite‐based GPE shows promising ionic conductivity in the order of 0.2 × 10−4 S/cm at room temperature and demonstrates excellent dimensional thermal stability up to 175°C. The electrochemical measurement of 3D printed GPE is tested separately using 3D printed cathode half‐cell (3D printed LFP vs. Li+) and 3D printed anode half cell (3D printed LTO vs. Li+) with GPE as separator. Further, also tested with conventionally prepared electrode and the coin cell studies show discharge capacity of 3D printed P(VdF‐HFP)/SBA‐15 (10%) composite‐based GPE is comparable to commercial celgard separator. All these features speculate that the 3D printed fabricated in the current work may find potential application in lithium‐ion battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum metal matrix composite (AMMC) is employed in all engineering applications, most notably as a substitute for conventional metals in the fields of defense, automotive, and aerospace. AMMC should have a wide variety of structural, mechanical, thermal, wear, and corrosion qualities that may require mutually exclusive features at an optimal level to achieve this. The current research focuses on the stir casting process for producing SiC and cenosphere reinforced Al7075 alloys. The response surface method's (RSM) face‐centered central composite design (CCD) was used to design the number of experimental trials, and a response surface technique was enforced to forecast the optimum combination of processing variables in the wear process. The SiC reinforcement improved the wear resistance of Al7075‐SiC‐cenosphere composites substantially. Overall, the experiments show that Al7075‐6 wt% SiC‐5 wt% cenosphere has excellent tribological properties. The hybrid Al7075/SiC/Cenosphere composites were shown to be effective, fit, and suitable in the ideal wear process parameters (load of 10 N, sliding distance of 1000 m, and sliding velocity of 1.5 m/s) for lowering wear rate (0.38035 × 10−3 mm3/m) at 6wt% SiC reinforced composite. This suggests that the combination of SiC and cenosphere improves the wear resistance of AMMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population growth and the regular breakout of Nilaparvata lugens pose a significant risk to rice cultivation. Four different N. lugens biotypes have been identified worldwide, with biotype 4 being the most destructive and prevalent throughout Asia, particularly in India. Therefore, a rice variety with multiple resistance genes/alleles is required for effective management of N. lugens. Hence, 191 rice genotypes collected from various parts of India were evaluated for resistance to N. lugens. Further, SSR markers representing 23 different N. lugens resistant (R) genes were assayed to identify genomic regions associated with resistance. The results of the genetic analysis showed that the average genetic diversity value of all markers was 0.165 and polymorphic information content of 0.145 for all the markers used. The population structure and cluster analysis divided the studied genotypes into three distinct groups, with resistant genotypes grouped separately. These findings were confirmed by the principal coordinate analysis, which categorized resistant genotypes, moderately resistant genotypes, and susceptible genotypes into distinct components. Additionally, 90% of the genetic variation was between individuals of populations and 10% between the populations. Marker‐trait association study through mixed linear model and generalized linear model identified six SSR markers such as RM6732 (Bph15), RM314 (Bph6), RM16999 (Bph6), RM7 (QBph3), RM401 (bph4), and RM7102 (Bph1), which were significantly associated with various phenotypic parameters, such as feeding mark, honeydew excretion, percent damage and nymphal survival. The resistant genes identified in these genotypes could help in the marker‐assisted rice variety development with durable resistance against N. lugens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of this article is to propose an effective dengue disease monitoring system by integrating deep learning models with Internet of Things (IoT) and fog computing. In this context, the disease related parameters are collected using IoT devices and further, the reports are securely transmitted to the healthcare facilities utilizing fog computing. In this article, the misdiagnosis error is reduced utilizing attention based long short term memory (ALSTM) network with coati optimization algorithm (COA). The Attention model allocates higher weight to significant parameters and pay additional consideration while training the model. Therefore, the conventional LSTM network is combined with a self‐attention mechanism for enabling this model to focus on relevant parts of the input sequences for precise dengue disease prediction. The Attention Model differs from the conventional model since it delivers higher amount of data into the decoder and improves additional stages to the attention decoder before making its output. Furthermore, the COA is integrated with the ALSTM network for optimal hyper‐parameter selection. The ALSTM‐COA model evaluates the dengue related parameters like nausea, vomiting, skin rash, joint pain, muscle pain, soft bleeding, temperature of water‐sites, humidity of water‐sites, and so forth, for timely dengue disease diagnosis and clinical decision‐making. The experiments performed on a real time dataset state that the ALSTM‐COA model achieves significant prediction results by utilizing different performance measures like recall, accuracy, fall‐out, miss rate, training time, and testing time. The ALSTM‐COA model obtains an accuracy of 99.27%, latency of 0.03 s, and time complexity of 8 s for 500 health records, which are superior to the comparative deep learning models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil erosion is a serious threat to agriculture and environmental sustainability in the risk‐prone rainfed Himalayan ecosystem. Hence, runoff and soil loss mitigation ability of four maize‐based intensified systems; maize (Zea mays) + turmeric (Curcuma longa), maize + ginger (Zingiber officinale), maize + colocasia (Colocasia esculenta), and maize + sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) were tested against the sole maize. The study recorded 41 erosive events during the 2020–2022 monsoon season. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to transform correlated rainfall parameters into orthogonal principal components. A two‐dimensional biplot analysis examined the relationship between PCs, rainfall events, and rainfall parameters. The rainfall events were divided into three regimes based on cluster analysis using PC. Rainfall regime 1 was characterized by low rainfall, I30, rainfall erosivity (E), and moderate rainfall duration (D), regime2 with moderate rainfall, short duration, high I30, and E, and regime3 with high D, I30, and rainfall erosivity. The soil loss of regime‐3 was 9.29 and 3.24 times higher than regime‐1 and regime‐2, respectively. Cover crops reduced runoff by 21.5%–69.3% and soil loss by 54.1%–77.0% over control. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that rainfall parameters (I30, I60, D, and E) had a significant direct influence across the systems, explaining 37.7%–54.9% of response variable variance, with E being the most influential (47.4%–54.9%), indicating varied impacts on runoff and soil loss. The sweet potato was best suited with maize as an intercrop to minimize soil erosion and maximize the system's profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eutectic mixtures (EMs) are consisted of two or more components with a specific composition and melting point, have received a lot of attention in pharmaceutical research due to their potential to improve the physicochemical properties and oral bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). This review summarizes the most recent research on eutectic combinations of APIs and their use in pharmaceutical formulations. First, the fundamental concepts and characteristics of EMs are reviewed, focusing on their distinct thermodynamic properties and possible advantages in drug delivery systems. The tactics used for forming and characterizing EMs are then described, including techniques such as thermal analysis, spectroscopy, and microscopy. The review delves into the diverse approaches utilized to enhanced the solubility, dissolution rate and oral absorption of poorly water‐soluble APIs through the formation of EMs, including the selection of suitable co‐formers, optimization of composition ratios, and formulation techniques. Furthermore, notable examples of EMs in pharmaceutical development are presented, showcasing their efficacy in enhancing the bioavailability of a wide range of drug compounds across different therapeutic classes. Overall, this review covers the potential of EMs as a promising approach to address formulation challenges and improve the therapeutic performance of APIs, paving the way for the development of more effective and patient‐friendly drug products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we demonstrate an Oxa‐Diels‐Alder reaction of 3‐trifluoroacetyl‐4‐methyl‐quinolin‐2(1H)‐one with aldehydes in the presence of a base to engineer the functionalized pyrano[3,4‐c]quinolones. This reaction proceeds through an in‐situ generated hetero dendralene intermediate and features perfect stereoselectivity on a wide range of substrates with excellent atom economy. The high electron‐withdrawing nature of CF3‐group is responsible for making the methyl group present in quinolone moiety more acidic to furnish the corresponding hetero dendralene intermediate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, results of dielectric features of Li2O–Al2O3–SiO2 (LAS) glass doped with 3.0 mol% of Cr2O3, MoO3, and WO3 are presented. The investigation spans broad regions of frequency (ω) 10−2–106 Hz and temperature (T) 20–240 °C. Initial characterization of the samples by means of optical absorption spectra reveals that Cr ions do persist in Cr3+oxidation state, whereas fractions of Mo and W ions do present in Mo5+ and W5+ states in addition to predominant presence Mo6+ and W6 + ions, respectively. Infrared spectra suggest that Mo5+ and W5+ ions involve in modifying the network of the glass and induced structural disorder. Dielectric parameters and also σac are observed to be the largest for 40Li2O–5Al2O3–52SiO2:3.0 MoO3 (LASMo) glass followed by 40Li2O–5Al2O3–52SiO2:3.0 WO3 (LASW) and 40Li2O–5Al2O3–52SiO2:3.0 Cr2O3 (LASCr) glasses. Analysis of dipolar relaxation phenomena are carried out using Cole–Cole plots. Analysis of the results of σac suggests that polaronic conduction due to electron transfer between Mo5+ ↔ Mo6+ and W5+ ↔ W6+ is prevailed in case of LASMo and LASW glasses and these glasses are predicted to be useful as cathodes, whereas in LASCr glass, ionic conductivity is dominant and is suitable for electrolytes in ionic batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are cornerstone half reactions involved in many renewable energy technologies. High‐density single‐atom catalysts maximize the atom utilization and isolated active sites. Furthermore, introduction of pyri‐N into the carbon‐based nanostructures as an oxygen electrocatalyst creates an abundance of active sites. Here, an innovative strategy is reported based on atomic scale dispersion of Co atoms into the pyri‐N enriched carbon nanotube encapsulated Ni nanoparticles grown on 3D electrospun carbon nanofiber nano‐assemblies. Notably, the CoSANi‐NCNT/CNF electrocatalyst exhibited excellent OER and ORR activity in terms of low overpotentials and higher half‐wave potentials. The atomically distributed Co allows the maximum exposure of active sites on the pyri‐N dominated multidimensional carbon skeleton, and synergistic effects with Ni nanoparticles greatly reduced the delocalization around the metal centers and provided an ideal environment for interactions with oxygen intermediates, thus facilitating the 4e− pathway, as evidenced by the DFT calculations. Moreover, Zn‐air batteries using a CoSANi‐NCNT/CNF air cathode exhibited a high‐power density and admirable specific capacity. This studies may provide an avenue for the rational modulation of single‐atom catalysts and cost‐effective, large‐scale synthesis of bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for rechargeable Zn‐air batteries and anion exchange membrane fuel cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the efficacy of ridge gourd peel‐derived activated carbon (RGAC), activated with zinc chloride, for the removal of the antibiotic pollutant cephalexin (CFX) from aqueous solutions. Ensuring the elimination of cephalexin residues from aquatic environments is crucial for curbing the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria and preserving the balance of ecosystems. RGAC exhibits exceptional characteristics, with a surface area of 945.857 m2/g and a pore size of 1.7 nm, as determined through thorough structural analysis. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis confirm the presence of various functional groups on RGAC's surface which aids in adsorption process, while zeta potential analysis indicates a negative surface charge of −18.11 mV. As experimental investigation, batch study was conducted considering distilled water spiked with CFX under standard condition for treatment with RGAC. Impressively, RGAC demonstrates a high CFX adsorption capacity of 37.56 mg/g, also achieving more than 90% CFX removal efficiency. Fitting of the Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.9647) and the pseudo‐second‐order kinetics model (R2 = 0.99) reveals strong agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental results. Furthermore, real‐time sampling and regeneration studies underscore RGAC's potential as a commercially viable adsorbent for addressing antibiotic micro‐pollutants in aquatic environments. Throughout six cycles of regeneration studies, a stable pattern emerged, showcasing rejection rates consistently between 81% and 93%. These findings contribute significantly to the advancement of environmentally sustainable water treatment strategies and pollution mitigation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we designed and synthesized a number of novel pyrido[3,4‐d]pyrimidine‐thiazolidine‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole derivatives and investigated them in vitro for their inhibitory action toward epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinases and antiproliferative activity against two different cell lines, MCF‐7 and A‐549. When compared to the lead chemicals, 5‐fluorouracil and erlotinib, some of the compounds demonstrated acceptable activity. Among them, the most promising compounds 4d and 4e displayed potent anticancer activity against both MCF‐7 and A‐549 cell lines (IC50 values remaining: 1.97 ± 0.28 μM to 8.14 ± 0.52 μM, respectively); the comparative IC50 values for 5‐fluorouracil and erlotinib in these cell lines were 5.56 ± 0.34 μM, 12.66 ± 0.76 μM, and 3.64 ± 0.49 μM, 9.54 ± 0.75 μM, respectively; as well as excellent kinase inhibitory activities (EGFR: IC50 = 0.34 ± 0.07 μM and 0.42 ± 0.06 μM) were more effective than the conventional drug Erlotinib (IC50 = 0.42 ± 0.02 μM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on six D‐π‐A systems, utilizing diverse π‐spacers as bridges. Comprehensive analysis through Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Time‐dependent Functional Theory (TD‐DFT) methods at B3LYP using 6‐31G (d.p) basis set explores geometrical, electrical, optical, photovoltaic, and absorption properties. EHOMO, ELUMO, and energy gap (Egap), for all of these dyes have been determined and discussed using ground state optimization. TD‐DFT calculates optical properties, unveiling enhanced excitation energies and HOMO‐LUMO energy levels, indicative of improved electron injection and dye regeneration processes. Examination of energy gap, open‐circuit voltage (VOC), free energy change (ΔGinject), light harvesting efficiency (LHE), and absorption spectra reveals D4 dye′s lower Egap and robust absorption in the visible spectrum. Molecular tailoring emerges as a promising technique for optimizing D‐π‐A sensitizer design, offering potential advancements in DSSCs applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is ongoing debate around rate versus rhythm control strategies for managing atrial fibrillation (AF), however, much of the data comes from Western cohorts. Kerala‐AF represents the largest prospective AF cohort study from the Indian subcontinent. Objectives: To compare 12‐month outcomes between rate and rhythm control strategies. Methods: Patients aged ≥18 years with non‐transient AF were recruited from 53 hospitals across Kerala. Patients were stratified by rate or rhythm control. The primary outcome was a composite of all‐cause mortality, arterial thromboembolism, acute coronary syndrome or hospitalization due to heart failure or arrhythmia at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included bleeding events and individual components of the primary. Predictors of the composite outcome were analysed by logistic regression. Results: A total of 2901 patients (mean age 64.6 years, 51% female) were included (2464 rate control, 437 rhythm control). Rates of the primary composite outcome did not differ between groups (29.7% vs 30.0%; p =.955), nor did any component of the primary. Bleeding outcomes were also similar (1.6% vs 1.9%; p =.848). Independent predictors of the primary composite outcome were older age (aOR 1.01; p =.013), BMI <18 (aOR 1.51; p =.025), permanent AF (aOR 0.78; p =.010), HFpEF (aOR 1.40; p =.023), HFrEF (aOR 1.39; p =.004), chronic kidney disease (aOR 1.36; p <.001), and prior thromboembolism (aOR 1.31; p =.014). Conclusion: In the Kerala‐AF registry, 12‐month outcomes did not differ between rate and rhythm control cohorts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Multimedia Things (IoMT) refers to a network of interconnected multimedia devices that communicate with each other over the Internet. Recently, smart healthcare has emerged as a significant application of the IoMT, particularly in the context of knowledge‐based learning systems. Smart healthcare systems leverage knowledge‐based learning to become more context‐aware, adaptable, and auditable while maintaining the ability to learn from historical data. In smart healthcare systems, devices capture images, such as X‐rays, Magnetic Resonance Imaging. The security and integrity of these images are crucial for the databases used in knowledge‐based learning systems to foster structured decision‐making and enhance the learning abilities of AI. Moreover, in knowledge‐driven systems, the storage and transmission of HD medical images exert a burden on the limited bandwidth of the communication channel, leading to data transmission delays. To address the security and latency concerns, this paper presents a lightweight medical image encryption scheme utilising bit‐plane decomposition and chaos theory. The results of the experiment yield entropy, energy, and correlation values of 7.999, 0.0156, and 0.0001, respectively. This validates the effectiveness of the encryption system proposed in this paper, which offers high‐quality encryption, a large key space, key sensitivity, and resistance to statistical attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present research the fracture behavior of carbon fabric‐epoxy composites (CE composites) was evaluated with the addition of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 0.75 weight percentages of carbon nano tubes (CNTs) at different temperatures. The CE composites with different wt.% of CNT were fabricated using land layup method and cured by hot pressing. The fracture toughness of fabricated composites was evaluated in mode–I condition at different temperature. From the results it was shown that the highest fracture toughness was observed at 0.75 wt.% of reinforcement of CNT functional fillers. The fracture toughness of 0.75 wt.% CNT filled CE composites was increased by 19.73% compared to unfilled CE composites. The fracture toughness of CNT filled CE composites diminishes with increase in temperature and the composite filled with 0.75 wt.% CNT exhibits better fracture toughness than the unfilled CE composite at all the temperatures. The fracture toughness was improved by 57.76% and 71.65% at 40 and 60°C, respectively, at 0.75 wt.% reinforcement of CNT fillers. The fractured surfaces of composites were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to study the filler contribution to enhance the fracture toughness and failure mechanism of composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A four‐element hexa‐band inverted U‐shaped merged stubs miniaturized Multiple‐Input Multiple‐Output (MIMO) radiator, operating in 2.10–2.17 GHz for 3G (2.17 GHz) band, 2.52–2.60 GHz for 4G (2.5 GHz) band, 3.31–3.46 GHz for 5G (3.4 GHz [n77 and n78]) bands, 3.66–3.72 GHz for 5G (3.7 GHz [n77 and n78]) bands, 4.53–4.62 GHz for 5G (4.5 GHz [n79]) band, and 5.15–6.02 GHz for 5.5 GHz WLAN bands, is developed. The radiator and ground planes comprise of multiple inverted U‐shaped stubs and slots to form the proposed configuration having overall compact dimensions of 62 × 62 × 1.6 mm3. The peak gain and radiation efficiency of the antenna are found to be 1.31 dBi and 77.48% at 2.17 GHz, 0.98 dBi and 63.3% at 2.55 GHz, 2.9 dBi and 71.13% at 3.38GHz, 1.6 dBi and 66.68% at 3.68 GHz, 2.58 dBi and 77% at 4.57 GHz, and 3.27 dBi and 68.68% at 5.52GHz. The arrangement of four antenna elements is orthogonal (rotationally symmetric) to minimize the mutual coupling, and hence, a minimum isolation of more than 15 dB is noted between all the antenna ports. Furthermore, Envelope Correlation‐Coefficient (ECC) in desired bands is lower than 0.012. Channel Capacity‐Loss (CCL) and Diversity‐Gain (DG) are also good with 0.015 bits/s/Hz and 9.96 dB, respectively. The fabricated structure measurement results agree well with simulation outcomes. These facts result that the proposed MIMO structure is a promising module for the usage in WLAN, 4G, and 5G band applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores using metal–organic framework materials, notably MIL‐88 A and BaTiO3, as multifunctional additives within polydimethylsiloxane to boost the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). This novel approach has significantly improved the TENG device's efficiency, making it an effective triboelectric layer. The developed TENG device produces an open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current, and maximum power density of 486 V, 160 μA, and 5.82 W m−2, respectively. The fabricated TENG device is used to power 360 light emitting diodes and various self‐powered electronic devices. A unique feature of the study is the transformation of acoustic energy into electrical energy using the TENG device. A small‐sized TENG is attached to a loudspeaker's diaphragm, converting sounds from various musical instruments and animal noises into electrical signals. This capability opens up new avenues for harnessing ambient acoustic energy, a largely untapped resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Node faults are often influenced by factors such as physical component failure, communication module errors, battery exhaustion, and environmental factors. Various researchers have contributed to addressing the problem of detecting, diagnosing, and classifying faults in sensor networks. However, computational complexity and fault occurrence probability increase with the size of the network. In this context, an enhanced optimized layered diagnosis framework (OLDF) is proposed for detecting, diagnosing, and classifying sensor node faults. OLDF utilizes a deep belief network (DBN) with chaos quantum‐behaved particle swarm optimization (CQ‐PSO) for efficient diagnosis and classification of various sensor faults in the network. The proposed OLDF consists of two layers. In the first layer, optimized DBN with CQ‐PSO algorithm is employed to determine the fault type of the sensor nodes. Then, the fault type of sensor nodes that are classified in the first layer is given as input into the second layer of the OLDF algorithm to determine the fault severity in the network. Experimentation has been carried out by using the NS3 simulator for the OLDF framework with performance metrics such as classification accuracy, diagnosis accuracy, false positives, fault alarm rate, and average energy consumption. The validity of the proposed framework has been verified through comparisons with existing works such as MFD, INSA, FDRFC, and HFD. From the comparative analysis carried out, it is apparent that the proposed framework achieves a high classification accuracy of 89.94% and diagnosis accuracy of 93.21%, with less false positive rate, and utilizes minimum energy when compared with its counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene, a remarkable material known for its exceptional properties, can be efficiently produced through environmentally friendly methods using renewable resources and eco‐friendly solvents. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of leaf extracts as effective reducing and stabilizing agents in converting graphene oxide (GO) to graphene. This paper presents a green and cost‐effective approach for the effective deposition of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) onto the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets. The process involves the co‐reduction of GO and AgNO3 in water using Moringa olifera leaf extract, resulting in the formation of a nanocomposite termed reduced graphene oxide‐silver (Ag‐RGO). The formation of RGO and Ag NP is confirmed through UV‐visible spectroscopy, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. TEM images revealed the morphology of the nanocomposite, depicting 2‐dimensional graphene sheets adorned with Ag NPs. FT‐IR analysis confirmed the removal of oxygenated functional groups from GO, indicating graphene formation. The synthesized Ag‐RGO nanocomposite exhibited significant catalytic, antioxidant, and electrochemical properties. This study underscores the utilization of natural ingredients as sustainable alternatives for producing multifunctional graphene‐silver nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Handling of agricultural residues is a major concern today, since they pose a serious threat to the environment. Pyrolysis is one among the different techniques explored across the globe towards the effective conversion of these crop residues into various useful products. In this work, the degradation behaviour of corn husk loaded with tin oxide nanoparticles and raw corn husk are characterized separately by employing thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). From the thermograms obtained, the energy required for facilitating the degradation process with the aid of the catalyst is found to be 98.48 kJ/mol. Further, the corn husk loaded with prepared tin oxide nanoparticles (0.1 g& 0.2 g) is subjected to pyrolytic degradation at different temperature ranges from 400 °C to 550 °C and compared with thermal pyrolysis. The biochar retained from the pyrolysis process is investigated for its efficacy as an energy storage material after coating them over graphite sheet. Electrochemical analysis reveals the fabricated SnO2/biochar nanocomposite have excellent energy storage characteristics (205 F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV/s) which was attributed to the presence of facile architecture with porous surface area. The outcomes of the present study open fresh gateways for the innovative electrodes in energy domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoles and their derivatives have long been studied for their anticancer properties. Breast cancer has been treated using indole‐3‐carbinol, Indirubins, and many other naturally occurring indoles as well as their synthesized equivalents. It has been determined that the AKT pathway is a prospective target for therapeutic strategies in the treatment of breast cancer. The dysregulation of AKT pathway frequently promotes cell proliferation, survival, and resistance to apoptosis. We synthesized a novel group of bisindole clubbed pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives 5(a–l) using water as the solvent and thiamine hydrochloride as the catalyst. Compounds 5 a, 5 c, 5 d, 5 e, and 5 f are the most active against MCF‐7 cells, with an IC50 values of 2.48±0.39, 1.35±0.13, 3.36±0.53, 4.05±0.61 and 1.91±0.28 μM, respectively. Further, in silico docking of the active compound 5 c had the highest binding energy of −10.59 kcal/mol. Additionally, molecular dynanamics simulations were performed for better understanding the mode of interaction of ligand and protein. In conclusion, we have synthesized bisindoles using thiamine hydrochloride as a catalyst that target AKT pathway in breast cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquidambarine D (1), a new labdane‐type diterpenoid, and nineteen known compounds including five labdanes (2–6), eight abietanes (7–14), four pimaranes (16–19), and two nor‐diterpenoids (15, 20) were isolated from the resin of Liquidambar formosana Hance. The new compound was characterized by the combination of spectroscopic and computational methods. With the exception of 15‐hydroxydehydroabietic acid (13), all the known compounds were reported for the first time from the resins of Liquidambar species. All these isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects in RAW264.7 macrophage cells, revealing that compounds, acetylisocupressic acid (3), (13S)‐15‐acetoxylabd‐8(17)‐en‐19‐oic acid (6), abietic acid (7), dehydroabietic acid (11), abieta‐8,11,13,15‐tetraen‐18‐oic acid (12), and 4‐epi‐isopimaric acid (16) could suppress lipopolysaccharide‐induced iNOS expression in RAW 264.7 cells and disclosing their structure activity relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the construction of C5‐indole unnatural amino acid derivatives via the diastereoselective Pd(II)‐catalyzed prochiral β‐C(sp3)‐H arylation of racemic (DL), and enantiopure L‐ and D‐carboxamides of amino acids with 5‐iodoindoles. Independently, indole‐based compounds and amino acid motifs are important small molecules in organic synthesis and drug discovery research. This report aimed to contribute to enriching the library of indole‐based unnatural amino acid derivatives. The synthesis of examples of C5‐indole motif‐installed amino acid derivatives comprising norvaline, phenylalanine, leucine, norleucine, 2‐aminooctanoic acid having anti‐stereochemistry was accomplished. The synthesis of the C5‐indole motif‐containing non‐α‐amino acid (aminoalkanoic acid) derivatives was also reported. The C−H arylation reactions of racemic and enantiopure carboxamides with 5‐iodoindoles afforded the corresponding indole unnatural amino acid derivatives with good diastereoselectivity (anti, dr>95 : 5 and enantiopurity (er up to 99 : 1). Removal of the directing group (8‐aminoquinoline), phthalimide group and preparation of indole amino acid esters and free amino group‐containing indole unnatural amino acid motifs were also shown. The utility of the methodology was shown by synthesizing indole motif‐containing pyrrolidone and peptide molecules. The stereochemistry of the major (anti) diastereomers was ascertained from the X‐ray structure of a representative compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late‐stage functionalization of indoles can be a valuable strategy for modifying different existing indolyl‐drugs and natural products to get their new analogues. In this study, we report the photoredox‐metal catalyzed decarboxylative arylation strategy of indole‐3‐acetic acids with aryl halides. Here, photoredox‐catalysis was synergistically merged with nickel‐catalysis for the synthesis of biologically important 3‐benzyl indoles with good functional group tolerance. The merit of this methodology is demonstrated by the synthesis of amino acid derived substrates 3 p, 3 v and 3 x. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: During shading, the mismatch between the panels in the photovoltaic (PV) array mitigates the global maximum power (GMP). Besides, the mismatch in the irradiation levels of distinct rows of the PV array instigates multiple power peaks (MPPs) in the array characteristics. Distinguishing the local and global peaks among MPPs for tracking the GMP is highly challenging for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers. So, to mitigate the MPPs and enhance the GMP, array reconfiguration is preferred. Nevertheless, most existing reconfiguration techniques exhibit poor shade dispersal, distorted electrical characteristics, multiple MPPs, increased mismatch, scalability issues, etc. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a new Padovan transform‐based encryption strategy for array reconfiguration. The proposed method was evaluated for both symmetric and unsymmetrically sized arrays. Its performance has also been compared to that of 23 other strategies. The proposed reconfiguration strategy integrated with MPPT is validated experimentally using a prototype model. A nonparametric statistical hypothesis test with a p‐value of 0.05 has been used for a pairwise fair comparison study among the examined approaches. The proposed approach constantly outperforms the current methods because of its unique shade dispersion generated through intelligent reconfiguration offering the GMP improvement of 34.429%, 12.51%, 5.05%, and 37.40%, 22.93%, 16.51% for 9 × 9 and 4 × 8 PV arrays, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, multifunctional applications of the same material have gained wide recognition in various fields. The present study reports the synthesis, characterization, and multifunctional applications of europium (Eu)‐doped yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanophosphor. Synergistic optimization of Eu‐doped Y2O3 results in enhanced photoluminescence (PL) and triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) performance. Eu‐doped Y2O3 nanophosphors are synthesized using an autocombustion method, and comprehensive characterizations are conducted. The investigations indicate that the Eu doping significantly influences the PL intensity, with the highest emission observed at 3 mol% for powders. The synthesized nanophosphors are blended with silicone to fabricate hybrid films, which are utilized for energy harvesting applications using TENG technology. The TENG devices fabricated with these hybrid films demonstrate a notable relationship between the Eu concentration and the electrical output, achieving peak performance at 1 mol% Eu doping. The maximum output voltage of ≈535 V, short‐circuit current of ≈38 μA, and power density of 800 mW m−2 are observed. Further, TENG is demonstrated in a self‐powered UV photodetector application. The present results contribute to the improvement of sustainable energy technologies and open up a new window for multifunctional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing global demand for energy and growing environmental concerns emphasize the crucial role of solar energy as a sustainable and nondepletable resource. Solar cells, particularly dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), have gained prominence due to their efficient conversion of solar power, ecofriendly manufacturing processes, and noteworthy stability. Current research in sustainable energy focuses on transitioning from metal‐based to metal‐free organic materials. Tandem solar cells, combining n‐type and p‐type semiconductors sensitized with diverse photoactive dyes, show potential to surpass thermodynamic limits in photon conversion efficiency. Notably, the exploration of n‐type DSSCs as photoanodes in tandem architectures is promising. However, the absence of efficient p‐type photoactive cathodes remains a significant obstacle. Global research efforts are dedicated to addressing charge recombination issues in NiO‐based devices to enhance the efficiency of p‐type DSSCs. The success of any DSSC hinges on the selection of dyes/sensitizers with suitable anchoring groups, wide absorption in the visible–NIR region, and a high extinction coefficient. This article comprehensively reviews advancements in developing highly efficient p‐type sensitizers, emphasizing their pivotal role in unlocking the full potential of tandem solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on day‐by‐day litter discarded cigarette filter fiber (CFF) reinforced polyvinyl ester (VE) composites developed by a compression molding process. Chicken eggshell powder (ESP) is used as a filler material in the matrix phase with different weight percentages (0%, 3%, and 5%). Multi‐criteria decision‐making (MCDM) using Criteria Importance through Inter criteria Correlation (CRITIC) integrated TOmada de Decisao Interativa Multicriterio (TODIM) methodology was used to find the optimal condition for mechanical properties. CFF (50–60 wt%), fiber length (10–20 mm), and filler (0–5 wt%) are selected as process control factors with different levels. The CRITIC‐TODIM optimization results reveal that ESP filler has acted as the dominant parameter in fabricated composites in amplifying the tensile, impact, and flexural properties. The integrated approach reveals that CFF 60 wt%, fiber length 20 mm with ESP 3 wt% combination have the optimal mechanical characteristics. Thermo‐gravimetric analysis indicates that composite developed at optimal conditions exhibits better thermal stability when compared with null ESP filler composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gut microbes play a pivotal role in host physiology by producing beneficial or detrimental metabolites. Gut bacteria metabolize dietary choline and L‐carnitine to trimethylamine (TMA) which is then converted to trimethylamine‐N‐oxide (TMAO). An elevated circulating TMAO is associated with diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in humans. In the present study, we investigated the effect of dietary blueberries and strawberries at a nutritional dosage on TMA/TMAO production and the possible role of gut microbes. Blueberry cohort mice received a control (C) or freeze‐dried blueberry supplemented (CB) diet for 12 weeks and subgroups received an antibiotics cocktail (CA and CBA). Strawberry cohort mice received a control (N) or strawberry‐supplemented (NS) diet and subgroups received antibiotics (NA and NSA). Metabolic parameters, choline, TMA, and TMAO were assessed in addition to microbial profiling and characterization of berry powders. Blueberry supplementation (equivalent to 1.5 human servings) reduced circulating TMAO in CB versus C mice (~48%) without changing choline or TMA. This effect was not mediated through alterations in metabolic parameters. Dietary strawberries did not reduce choline, TMA, or TMAO. Depleting gut microbes with antibiotics in these cohorts drastically reduced TMA and TMAO to not‐quantified levels. Further, dietary blueberries increased the abundance of bacterial taxa that are negatively associated with circulating TMA/TMAO suggesting the role of gut microbes. Our phenolic profiling indicates that this effect could be due to chlorogenic acid and increased phenolic contents in blueberries. Our study provides evidence for considering dietary blueberries to reduce TMAO and prevent TMAO‐induced complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reaching the formidable C−H corners has been one of the top priorities of organic chemists in the recent past. This prompted us to disclose herein a vicinal annulation of 2‐iodo benzoates, indoles, and carbazoles with N‐embedded 1,6‐enynes through 7‐/8‐membered palladacycles. The relay does not require the assistance of any directing group, leading to multicyclic scaffolds, which are readily diversified to an array of adducts (with new functional tethers and/or three contiguous stereocenters), in which we showcase a rare benzylic mono‐oxygenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To synthesize the evidence on the effects of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) in adolescents with overweight or obesity. Materials and Methods: For this systematic review and network meta‐analysis, we searched five databases and registries until 2 March 2024 for eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The primary outcome was weight change. We did a pairwise meta‐analysis to compare GLP‐1RAs and placebo, followed by a drug‐wise network meta‐analysis (NMA) to compare GLP‐1RAs against each other. Results: We screened 770 records to include 12 RCTs with 883 participants. The evidence suggests that GLP‐1RAs reduced weight (mean difference −4.21 kg, 95% confidence interval [CI] −7.08 to −1.35) and body mass index (BMI; mean difference −2.11 kg/m2, 95% CI −3.60 to −0.62). The evidence on waist circumference, body fat percentage and adverse events (AEs) was very uncertain. The results remained consistent with subgroup analyses for coexisting type 2 diabetes. Longer therapy duration led to a greater reduction in weight and BMI. In the NMA, semaglutide led to the greatest weight reduction, followed by exenatide, liraglutide and lixisenatide. Conclusions: The evidence suggests that GLP‐1RAs reduce most weight‐related outcomes in adolescents, with semaglutide being the most efficacious. There is uncertain evidence on body fat and serious AEs, probably due to fewer studies and low incidence, respectively. Larger RCTs with head‐to‐head comparisons, pragmatic design, adiposity‐related outcomes, and economic evaluation can further guide the use and choice of GLP‐1RAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of incremental relaying (IR)‐based underlay cognitive nonorthogonal multiple access (CNOMA) system with maximal ratio combining (MRC). Considering imperfect successive interference cancelation (i‐SIC), we derive analytical expressions for the outage probabilities experienced by the secondary users (SUs) and the system outage probability of the IR‐CNOMA system. We also derive the analytical expression for the outage probability of far SUs by considering IR‐CNOMA system with MRC. The maximum transmit power constraint of the secondary nodes and the interference threshold constraint of the primary receiver are considered in the analysis. We also evaluate the system throughput of IR‐CNOMA network. We also derive outage and throughput expression for the traditional cooperative relaying‐based CNOMA system (CR‐CNOMA) for the purpose of comparison. We derive analytical expression for the asymptotic outage probability and the asymptotic system outage probabilities of the SUs of IR‐CNOMA system. Further, we derive expressions for the optimal power allocation (OPA) factor at the secondary source that minimizes the asymptotic system outage probability of the IR‐CNOMA system. Through numerical and simulation investigations, we demonstrate that the system outage probability significantly lowers when the OPA factor is selected based on the criteria outlined in this work. It can be observed from the results that the IR‐CNOMA system outperforms the conventional CR‐CNOMA system in terms of outage probabilities and throughput. The outage probability is further reduced when IR‐CNOMA system with MRC is considered for the far SUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sequence of events associated with the triggering of energy release during substorm expansion phase onset is still not well‐understood. Oberhagemann and Mann (2020b, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl085271) proposed a new substorm onset mechanism, where the transition toward parallel proton pressure anisotropy during tail stretching in the late growth phase could trigger a pressure anisotropic ballooning instability. Here we examine the evolution of energetic proton parallel pressure anisotropy at geosynchronous altitudes, seeking evidence in support of the proposed substorm onset mechanism. We use the Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) proton flux and magnetometer data combined with substorm onset indicators derived from ground‐based magnetometers. Superposed epoch analysis of substorm onset times for 2014 using the isolated substorm list (Ohtani & Gjerloev, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ja027902) clearly shows signatures of energetic proton parallel pressure anisotropy immediately before substorm onset, potentially supportive of the Oberhagemann and Mann theory. Plain Language Summary: Substorms are disturbances in the nightside region of the geospace associated with the rapid release of stored magnetic energy. In the ionosphere, the signatures of this energy release are the spectacular dancing lights known as aurorae (northern and southern lights). The processes that lead to energy storage are well‐known. However, there are competing theories on what triggers the release of this significant amount of energy at substorm onset. According to a new substorm onset theory proposed by Oberhagemann and Mann, when the magnetic field stretches in the nightside during the energy storage, the pressure becomes more parallel to the magnetic field, leading to a ballooning instability at substorm onset. Here, we look for observational support for the association of such pressure profile at geosynchronous altitudes with substorm onset to examine the proposed model. Superposed epoch analysis of isolated substorms in 2014 shows increasing energetic proton parallel pressure anisotropy at the onset, providing evidence to support the Oberhagemann and Mann theory. Key Points: Oberhagemann and Mann theory proposes that proton parallel temperature anisotropy triggers ballooning instability leading to substorm onsetWe use pitch angle resolved energetic proton fluxes at geosynchronous altitudes seeking observational evidence in support of the modelSuperposed epoch analysis of isolated substorms shows signatures of increasing energetic proton parallel anisotropy which peaks near onset [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the construction of racemic and enantiopure (D‐ and L‐) fluorene and fluorenone‐based novel unnatural amino acid derivatives. The Pd(II)‐catalyzed bidentate directing group‐aided arylation of prochiral β‐C(sp3)‐H bonds in racemic, enantiopure carboxamides of amino acids with iodofluorenes was reported. The construction of novel examples of fluorene and fluorenone motifs containing amino acids comprising of norvaline, leucine, phenylalanine, norleucine, 2‐aminooctanoic acid derivatives having the anti‐stereochemistry (with good enantiopurity) was accomplished. The construction of bis fluorenyl alanine scaffolds and fluorenyl motif‐containing non‐α‐amino acid (aminoalkanoic acid) derivatives was also reported. Examples of removal of the directing group (8‐aminoquinoline) and phthalimide‐protecting group present in the fluorenyl‐based unnatural amino acid derivatives have been shown. Accordingly, fluorene motif‐based amino acid esters and free amino group‐containing unnatural amino acid derivatives were synthesized. The stereochemistry of the major (anti) diastereomers obtained via the prochiral β‐C(sp3)‐H arylation of norvaline, leucine, phenylalanine, norleucine, 2‐aminooctanoic acid derivatives was ascertained from the X‐ray structure of a representative compound. Fluorene‐ and fluorenone‐based motifs are vital skeletons in materials and medicinal chemistry research. Accordingly, this work is a contribution towards enriching the library of fluorene and fluorenone unnatural amino acid scaffolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep disorders are becoming increasingly common, and their distinct effects on physical and mental health require elaborate investigation. Gut dysbiosis (GD) has been reported in sleep‐related disorders, but sleep apnoea is of particular significance because of its higher prevalence and chronicity. Cumulative evidence has suggested a link between sleep apnoea and GD. This review highlights the gut–brain communication axis that is mediated via commensal microbes and various microbiota‐derived metabolites (e.g. short‐chain fatty acids, lipopolysaccharide and trimethyl amine N‐oxide), neurotransmitters (e.g. γ‐aminobutyric acid, serotonin, glutamate and dopamine), immune cells and inflammatory mediators, as well as the vagus nerve and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. This review also discusses the pathological role underpinning GD and altered gut bacterial populations in sleep apnoea and its related comorbid conditions, particularly cognitive dysfunction. In addition, the review examines the preclinical and clinical evidence, which suggests that prebiotics and probiotics may potentially be beneficial in sleep apnoea and its comorbidities through restoration of eubiosis or gut microbial homeostasis that regulates neural, metabolic and immune responses, as well as physiological barrier integrity via the gut–brain axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of substituted spiro 4‐thia‐1,2,6,9‐tetraazaspiro[4.4]non‐2‐ene‐7,8‐diones were synthesized with good yields through 1,3‐dipolar substituted hydrazonoylchloride's substituted 2‐thioxoimidazolidin‐4,5‐diones under mild conditions as described. This switchable C−S and C−N bond connection with simple execution and broad substrate scope. In this study, the synthesized compounds 3 a–q were screened against four distinct cancer cell lines (PANC‐1, MIA PaCa‐2, MDA MB231 and DU145) along with a standard cell line HEK‐293, to determine their in vitro anticancer activities, and assessed using the Sulphorhodamine B assay to determine their viability [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]