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BACKGROUND: Consumption of pseudocereal‐based foods decreased in phytate concentration can provide better nutrition concerning mineral bioavailability. This study aimed to evaluate the mineral bioavailability of quinoa sourdough‐based snacks in a murine model. The mice were divided into five groups. One group was fed with basal snacks; three control groups received quinoa‐based snacks made from non‐fermented dough, dough without inoculum, and chemically acidified dough; and the test group (GF) received quinoa snacks elaborated from sourdough fermented by a phytase‐positive strain, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRL 1964. Food intake, body weight, and mineral concentration in blood and organs (liver, kidney, and femur) were determined. RESULTS: Food consumption increased during the feeding period and had the highest (16.2–24.5%) consumption in the GF group. Body weight also increased during the 6‐weeks of trial. The GF group showed higher (6.0–10.2%) body weight compared with the other groups from the fifth week. The concentrations of iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in blood, iron and phosphorus in the liver, manganese and magnesium in the kidney, and calcium and phosphorus in the femur increased significantly (1.1–2.7‐fold) in the GF group compared to the control groups. CONCLUSION: The diet that includes quinoa snacks elaborated with sourdough fermented by phytase‐positive strain L. plantarum CRL 1964 increased the concentrations of minerals in the blood, liver, kidney, and femur of mice, counteracting the antinutritional effects of phytate. This study demonstrates that the diminution in phytate content and the consequent biofortification in minerals are a suitable tool for producing novel foods. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact lenses are widely used corrective devices for addressing vision impairments. In addition to their traditional role, these lenses are increasingly applied in personalized care, biosensing, and drug release, thus broadening their application as multifunctional devices. Nanoparticles are often used to introduce new functionalities to these materials. In this context, the role played by different nanoparticles requires attention to ensure that lens manufacture and patient comfort meet the desired criteria. This study investigates the properties of contact lenses prepared by incorporating cellulose nanocrystals into the poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) matrix. Using photopolymerization reactions, polyHEMA‐based lenses and nanocomposites containing freeze‐dried and never‐dried nanoparticles were obtained. Fundamental properties of these lenses were evaluated to verify whether the nanoparticles could have a negative effect on the materials. Subsequently, the potential impact of these nanoparticles on the adsorption of model amino acids was investigated. Our findings reveal that the presence of cellulose nanocrystals modifies on lens thickness, light transmittance, mechanical properties, refractive index (RI), and the uptake of amino acids by the contact lenses. This could potentially affect patient comfort and modify the uptake and release of pharmaceutical ingredients by the material. Additionally, it could impact how these materials interact with biomolecules present in the lacrimal fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of enantioenriched diarylmethanol derivatives is described using nickel‐catalyzed electrochemical cross‐couplings between various alkyl/aryl aldehydes and aryl iodides. Performed in an electrochemical cell equipped with an iron anode and a nickel cathode, this electrocatalytic variant led to the scalemic targeted products in the presence of 2,2‐bis((4 R,5S)‐4,5‐diphenyl‐4,5‐dihydrooxazol‐2‐yl)acetonitrile (L2), as enantiopure cyano‐bis(oxazoline) ligand. X‐ray structure analysis of a pre‐catalyst, for instance the [Ni(II)(L2)2] complex, with L2 as an anionic bisoxazolinate ligand, confirms the chemical formulation of one nickel surrounded by two ligands. The redox behavior of the new Ni complexes generated in situ was first assessed by cyclic voltammetry showing a redox wave at ca. −1.5 V that can be assigned to the two‐electron reduction of the Ni(II) center to the Ni(0) state. Oxidative addition between the electrogenerated Ni(0) complex and aryl iodide was evidenced. An intense current was observed in presence of a mixture of the two substrates pertaining an electrocatalytic process. Interestingly, we found that the sacrificial iron anode plays a crucial role in the catalytic mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tunisian President Kais Saied's coup in July 2021 has confronted the Renaissance Party, or Ennahda, with a dilemma: Reassume the comfortable position of defending freedoms and maintain party unity, or implement internal reforms, including an overhaul of its leadership and platform. But the party is trapped in a vicious circle. The political context requires unity and is therefore not conducive to a messy process of internal change. However, reform is needed to restore Ennahda's relevance. The repression of Ennahda and imprisonment of its key leaders—including its president, Rached Ghannouchi—make it unlikely that the party's 11th congress, which had been due to take place in 2020, will ever be scheduled. This article examines Ennahda's ascent after the 2011 uprisings and its role both in the transition to democracy and in the events that led to Saied's takeover. It then analyzes critiques by current and former party officials to understand the internal debate over renewing the platform and installing fresh leadership. It also evaluates alternatives to the party, as it is likely to fade gradually. At stake for Tunisia more broadly is the representation of the conservative segment of the population and the return of a pluralist and competitive political scene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the long-term urological and nephrological outcomes of fetuses who underwent in-utero incision for obstructive duplex-system ureterocele (DSU). The study, conducted at Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris, France, included data on prenatal and postnatal management, neonatal outcomes, and subsequent surgical procedures. The results showed successful outcomes in most cases, with preserved kidney function and limited complications, suggesting the benefits of in-utero treatment for DSU. The study highlights the importance of fetal intervention in salvaging kidney function and minimizing lower urinary tract dysfunction. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Hereditary angioedema (HAE) in children has specific features and requires multidisciplinary management. Methods: We performed a literature search and underwent in‐depth discussions to provide practical tools for physicians. Results: HAE is a rare, life‐threatening genetic disorder. Its epidemiology is poorly documented in children. Clinical manifestations usually appear during childhood or early adolescence. Classical signs, often preceded by prodromal symptoms, include transient, localized, non‐pitting, non‐pruritic swelling of deep dermal/subcutaneous or mucosal/submucosal tissues, leading to oedema of the extremities, face, lips, tongue, trunk and genitals, recurring gastrointestinal symptoms and laryngeal edema possibly causing asphyxiation and death. Diagnosis is often delayed due to low awareness in the medical community, and particularly challenging in case of isolated abdominal crises or atypical presentation and in neonates or infants. It relies on biological tests (measurement of serum/plasma levels of C1INH function, C1INH protein, and C4), genetic testing in selected cases, and imaging for differential diagnosis of acute abdominal crises. Main differential diagnosis for peripheral oedema is mast cell‐mediated oedema that accounts for 95% of angioedema in clinical practice. Quality of life can be significantly impaired. Disease management includes treatment of attacks, short‐term and long‐term prophylaxis, psychological support, avoidance of triggers, patients' and parents' education and coordination of all stakeholders, ideally within a specialized healthcare network. New plasma kallikrein inhibitors, namely lanadelumab (subcutaneous route) and berotralstat (oral route) have facilitated long‐term prophylaxis thanks to improved usability. Conclusion: Diagnostic and treatment of HAE are particularly challenging in children and require specific management by multiple stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single‐cell analyses can be confounded by assigning unrelated groups of cells to common developmental trajectories. For instance, cancer cells and admixed normal epithelial cells could adopt similar cell states thus complicating analyses of their developmental potential. Here, we develop and benchmark CCISM (for Cancer Cell Identification using Somatic Mutations) to exploit genomic single nucleotide variants for the disambiguation of cancer cells from genomically normal non‐cancer cells in single‐cell data. We find that our method and others based on gene expression or allelic imbalances identify overlapping sets of colorectal cancer versus normal colon epithelial cells, depending on molecular characteristics of individual cancers. Further, we define consensus cell identities of normal and cancer epithelial cells with higher transcriptome cluster homogeneity than those derived using existing tools. Using the consensus identities, we identify significant shifts of cell state distributions in genomically normal epithelial cells developing in the cancer microenvironment, with immature states increased at the expense of terminal differentiation throughout the colon, and a novel stem‐like cell state arising in the left colon. Trajectory analyses show that the new cell state extends the pseudo‐time range of normal colon stem‐like cells in a cancer context. We identify cancer‐associated fibroblasts as sources of WNT and BMP ligands potentially contributing to increased plasticity of stem cells in the cancer microenvironment. Our analyses advocate careful interpretation of cell heterogeneity and plasticity in the cancer context and the consideration of genomic information in addition to gene expression data when possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Guidelines regarding voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) indications following a paediatric kidney abscess are lacking. This study evaluates vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) prevalence and outcome after a first kidney abscess. Methods: This retrospective study included all children presenting to a tertiary paediatric reference centre with de‐novo kidney abscesses from 2011 to 2022, diagnosed through imaging (ultrasonography or computed tomography). VCUG's clinical utility was assessed by exploring outcomes related to interventions. Results: Among the 17 patients (median age 9 months, IQR; 6 months–6 years), VCUG identified VUR in 7 (41%; 95% CI: 18–65%), including two with grade IV–V. Median abscess size was 19 mm (IQR; 14–27). 7/8 (88%) children with DMSA scan presented scars, including 4 with hypofunctioning (20%–44%), and one with a non‐functioning kidney. Scarring on the DMSA scan was similar regardless of identified VUR. Six children had subsequent pyelonephritis. Three of the remaining 11 had grade I–III and two IV–V VUR. Surgery was required in four children overall: three for recurrent pyelonephritis and one for high‐grade VUR and scars. Conclusion: Among initial kidney abscess cases, 41% had VUR, similar to children experiencing their first uncomplicated pyelonephritis. VCUG results guided antibiotic prophylaxis but not surgical decisions. We suggest considering VCUG following recurrent pyelonephritis/kidney abscess and/or kidney scarring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jovian magnetodisk plays an essential role in the dynamics of the Jupiter system by coupling its various components. Here, we investigate the Juno (JADE, JEDI, and MAG) observations of the magnetodisk within 20–80 Jupiter radii (RJ ${\mathrm{R}}_{J}$) in the 0–6 hr local time sector. JADE and JEDI data are combined to generate equatorial plane distributions of density, pressure, temperature, and anisotropy of electrons, protons, and heavy ions. Results show: (a) Heavy ions dominate both the number density and pressure. (b) The number density and pressure of all species decrease with radial distance. (c) The temperature increases for electrons and heavy ions and decreases for protons as radial distance increases. (d) On average, the parallel pressure exceeds the perpendicular pressure for all species. Based on these distributions, we explore the equilibrium and dynamics of the magnetodisk and show that: (a) Radial force balance is primarily achieved between the inward magnetic stress and the outward plasma anisotropy force. (b) An examination of the kappa parameters indicates that electrons, protons, and heavy ions primarily undergo adiabatic motion, magnetic moment diffusion, and stochastic motion, respectively. (c) A radial diffusion coefficient is derived from the radial profile of mass, providing an estimate of the timescale for radial transport from 20 to 80 RJ ${\mathrm{R}}_{J}$ of ∼ ${\sim} $ 7 hr (d) The total mass (5.0×107 $5.0\times 1{0}^{7}$ kg) and thermal energy (3.8×1037 $3.8\times 1{0}^{37}$ eV) of the magnetodisk between 20 and 80 RJ ${\mathrm{R}}_{J}$ are obtained. Key Points: Spatial distributions of the Jovian magnetodisk plasma parameters are derived from Juno/JADE+ ${+}$JEDI data during Juno's first 25 orbitsRadial force balance and radial mass transport are discussed based on these distributionsOur results provide constrains to modeling work and serve as a reference for future mission design [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Given that eating disorders (EDs) are considered one of the deadliest mental illnesses, the development of appropriate assessment instruments is a necessity. Despite the extensive literature on assessing EDs, there has been a lack of focus on semi‐structured interviews. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of psychometrically validated semi‐structured interviews for EDs. Methods: Included studies (N = 24) were required to present a semi‐structured interview for EDs that has been validated through a psychometric process. The APA PsycNet, MEDLINE, APA Psycinfo, Pubmed, and Health & Psychosocial Instruments databases were searched. The literature search included publications through May 2024, with no earliest year restriction. Results: A total of six instruments were identified and reviewed in terms of conceptual design, purpose and content, psychometric characteristics, and strengths and limitations. Three main findings were highlighted: (a) only half of the instruments are up to date; (b) the instruments are based on either a categorical or a mixed categorical‐dimensional approach; and (c) the predominance of the categorical approach. Conclusions: The results are discussed regarding the conceptual approaches of the instrument to provide clinical and research implications. Despite the many strengths of the instrument, additional psychometric research is needed. Highlight: The complexity of eating disorders (EDs) challenges traditional DSM‐5 categorisation. With more than 50% of individuals diagnosed in a residual category with limited treatment research, there is a critical need for accurate diagnosis through validated assessment tools based on alternative approaches.Of the six existing semi‐structured assessments of EDs, only three are up to date and can be used for both clinical and research applications.The electronic format and dual scoring (categorical and dimensional) of the instrument are promising features for providing a comprehensive and personalised assessment of EDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Parastomal hernias are a challenging complication of digestive ostomies. Ileal‐conduit parastomal hernias after cystectomy have specific aspects. The aim of this study was to describe the incidence and natural history of ileal‐conduit parastomal hernias in order to guide their management, as well as to identify risk factors to prevent them. Patients and methods: All consecutive patients undergoing cystectomy with a Bricker's ileal conduit in 3 academic centers were retrospectively identified. Data were collected regarding their medical history prior to cystectomy, the operation, the postoperative period, imaging results within 5 years of follow‐up, and the onset and timing of clinically or radiologically diagnosed ICPH. Results: Among 577 patients included in the study, 115 (20.6%) developed an ICPH during the study period. Most patients did not present any symptom and the diagnosis was made at imaging in 74.8% of them. Most hernias were detected between 1 and 2 years after the cystectomy, with a mean time to diagnosis of 12.4 months. At multivariate analysis, overweight and obesity were independent risk factors for developing an ICPH (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.96; p = 0.046), while a trans‐rectus position of the ostomy was a significant protective factor (aHR 0.45; p = 0.011). Conclusions: A PH develops in almost 20% of patients after ileal conduit urinary diversion, with a mean time of onset of 12.4 months. It is often a subclinical condition detected at medical imaging. Obesity increases the risk, while passing the ileal‐conduit through the rectus muscle can help to prevent it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active ingredients are often assessed based on physiological measurements, but innovative technologies to measure skin sensations can provide a holistic volunteer assessment of the use of an ingredient. In this paper, the hydrating benefits of a cationic hyaluronic acid (HA) were evaluated alongside clinical biometrics and innovative cognitive measurements to determine how biological benefits correlated with volunteers' feelings and perceptions of hydration. The results demonstrated that cationic HA provides hydrating benefits at the clinical level due to its film‐forming properties. Through the use of innovative behavioural measurement tools, we were able to show that these outcomes are perceived by naïve consumers in real‐life conditions. In addition, the benefits of cationic HA reported by users were in accordance with the mental representation they had related to the use of HA, thus the product achieved complete sensorial embodiment. We can conclude that the combination of clinical evaluations and home use trials consolidates product assessment when seeking to measure consumer satisfaction with proven biological benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of sugarcane, a tropical high‐yielding feedstock, will likely reshape the Southeastern United States (SE US) bioenergy landscape. However, the sustainability of sugarcane, particularly as it displaces grazed pastures, is highly uncertain. Here, we investigated how pasture conversion to sugarcane in subtropical Florida impacts net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and net ecosystem carbon (C) balance (NECB). Measurements were made over three full growth cycles (> 3 years) in sugarcane—plant cane, PC; first ratoon cane, FRC; second ratoon cane, SRC—and in improved (IM) and semi‐native (SN) pastures, which make up ca. 37% of agricultural land in the region. Immediately following conversion, PC was a stronger net source of CO2 than pastures, indicating the importance of CO2 losses related to land disturbance. Sugarcane, however, shifted to a strong net sink of CO2 after first regrowth, and overall sugarcane was a stronger net CO2 sink than pastures. Both stand age and low water availability during cane emergence and tillering substantially decreased its potential gross CO2 uptake. Accounting for all C gains and removals (i.e., NECB), greater frequency of burn events and repeated harvest increased removals and overall made sugarcane a stronger C source relative to pastures despite substantial C inputs from the previous land use and a stronger CO2 sink strength. Time since conversion substantially reduced C losses from sugarcane, and the NECB of SRC was similar to that of IM pasture but lower than that of SN pasture, indicating a rapid shift in the NECB of cane. We conclude that the C‐balance implications following conversion will depend on the proportion of IM versus SN pastures converted to sugarcane. Furthermore, our findings suggest that no‐burn harvest management strategies will be critical to the development of a sustainable bioenergy landscape in SE US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Molecular characterization has significantly improved the management of advanced endometrial cancer (EC). It distinguishes four molecular subclasses associated with prognosis and personalized therapeutic strategies. This study assesses the clinical utility of cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) profiling in EC to identify targetable alterations. Methods: Women with metastatic or recurrent EC were prospectively recruited within the framework of the STING trial (NCT04932525), during which cfDNA was analyzed. Genomic alterations were identified with the FoundationOne CDx assay. Each molecular report underwent review by a molecular tumor board. Alterations were categorized via the European Society of Medical Oncology Scale for Clinical Actionability of Molecular Targets (ESCAT). Results: A total of 61 patients were enrolled. The median age was 66.9 years, with 43% presenting frontline metastatic disease. All histologic subgroups were represented. Notably, 89% of patients yielded informative cfDNA analysis. Six tumors were classified with deficient mismatch repair/microsatellite instability (11%) and 37 as TP53 gene mutant (67%), and 12 had nonspecific molecular profiles (22%). Molecular classification based on liquid biopsy showed 87.5% accuracy in correlating with tissue results. Moreover, 65% of cases exhibited ≥1 actionable alteration, including 25% ESCAT I alterations and 13% ESCAT II alterations. Consequently, 16% of patients received a molecularly matched therapy, and presented with a 56% response rate and median progression‐free survival of 7.7 months. Conclusions: cfDNA sequencing in EC is a feasible approach that produces informative results in 89% of cases and accurately categorizes patients into the main molecular subclasses. It also reveals multiple actionable alterations, which offers the potential for personalized therapeutic strategies. Cell‐free DNA sequencing is a highly feasible assay that allows an accurate molecular characterization of patients with advanced endometrial cancer while detecting multiple actionable alterations. It serves as a valuable tool for tailoring the management of patients with metastatic endometrial cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: We investigated the link between habitual caffeine intake with memory impairments and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. METHODS: MCI (N = 147) and AD (N = 116) patients of the Biomarker of AmyLoid pepTide and AlZheimer's diseAse Risk (BALTAZAR) cohort reported their caffeine intake at inclusion using a dedicated survey. Associations of caffeine consumption with memory impairments and CSF biomarkers (tau, p‐tau181, amyloid beta 1‐42 [Aβ1‐42], Aβ1‐40) were analyzed using logistic and analysis of covariance models. RESULTS: Adjusted on Apolipoprotein E (APOE ε4), age, sex, education level, and tobacco, lower caffeine consumption was associated with higher risk to be amnestic (OR: 2.49 [95% CI: 1.13 to 5.46]; p = 0.023) and lower CSF Aβ1‐42 (p = 0.047), Aβ1‐42/Aβ1‐40 (p = 0.040), and Aβ1‐42/p‐tau181 (p = 0.020) in the whole cohort. DISCUSSION: Data support the beneficial effect of caffeine consumption to memory impairments and CSF amyloid markers in MCI and AD patients. Highlights: We studied the impact of caffeine consumption in the BALTAZAR cohort.Low caffeine intake is associated with higher risk of being amnestic in MCI/AD patients.Caffeine intake is associated with CSF biomarkers in AD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Normal and aberrant cognitive functions are the result of the dynamic interplay between large‐scale neural circuits. Describing the nature of these interactions has been a challenging task yet important for neurodegenerative disease evolution. Fusing modern dynamic graph network theory techniques and control theory applied on complex brain networks creates a new framework for neurodegenerative disease research by determining disease evolution at the subject level, facilitating a predictive treatment response and revealing key mechanisms responsible for disease alterations. It has been shown that two types of controllability—the average and the modal controllability—are relevant for the mechanistic explanation of how the brain navigates between cognitive states. The average controllability favors highly connected areas which move the brain to easily reachable states, while the modal controllability favors weakly connected areas representative for difficult‐to‐reach states. We propose two different techniques to achieve these two types of controllability: a centrality measure based on a sensitivity analysis of the Laplacian matrix is employed to determine the average controllability, while graph distances form the basis of the modal controllability. The concepts of "choosing the best driver set" and "graph distances" are applied to measure the average controllability and the modal controllability, respectively. Based on these new techniques, we obtain important disease descriptors that visualize alterations in the disease trajectory by revealing densely connected hubs or sparser areas. Our results suggest that these two techniques can accurately describe the different node roles in controlling trajectories of brain networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ge4+ substitution into the recently discovered superionic conductor Li7Si2S7I is demonstrated by synthesis of Li7Si2–xGexS7I, where x≤1.2. The anion packing and tetrahedral silicon location of Li7Si2S7I are retained upon substitution. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction shows that substitution of larger Ge4+ for Si4+ expands the unit cell volume and further increases Li+ site disorder, such that Li7Si0.88Ge1.12S7I has one Li+ site more (sixteen in total) than Li7Si2S7I. The ionic conductivity of Li7Si0.8Ge1.2S7I (x=1.2) at 303 K is 1.02(3)×10−2 S cm−1 with low activation energies for Li+ transport demonstrated over a wide temperature range by AC impedance and 7Li NMR spectroscopy. All sixteen Li+ sites remain occupied to temperatures as low as 30 K in Li7Si0.88Ge1.12S7I as a result of the structural expansion. This differs from Li7Si2S7I, where the partial Li+ site ordering observed below room temperature reduces the ionic conductivity. The suppression of Li+ site depopulation by Ge4+ substitution retains the high mobility to temperatures as low as 200 K, yielding low temperature performance comparable with state‐of‐the‐art Li+ ion conducting materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the multiclass classification problem where the features come from a mixture of time‐homogeneous diffusions. Specifically, the classes are discriminated by their drift functions while the diffusion coefficient is common to all classes and unknown. In this framework, we build a plug‐in classifier which relies on nonparametric estimators of the drift and diffusion functions. We first establish the consistency of our classification procedure under mild assumptions and then provide rates of convergence under different set of assumptions. Finally, a numerical study supports our theoretical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The autosomal dominant Okur–Chung neurodevelopmental syndrome (OCNDS: OMIM #617062) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder first described in 2016. Features include developmental delay (DD), intellectual disability (ID), behavioral problems, hypotonia, language deficits, congenital heart abnormalities, and non‐specific dysmorphic facial features. OCNDS is caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in CSNK2A1 (OMIM *115440; NM_177559.3). To date, 160 patients have been diagnosed worldwide. The number will likely increase due to the growing use of exome sequencing (ES) and genome sequencing (GS). Here, we describe a novel OCNDS patient carrying a CSNK2A1 variant (NM_177559.3:c.140G>A; NP_808227.1:p.Arg47Gln). Phenotypically, he presented with DD, ID, generalized hypotonia, speech delay, short stature, microcephaly, and dysmorphic features such as low‐set ears, hypertelorism, thin upper lip, and a round face. The patient showed several signs not yet described that may extend the phenotypic spectrum of OCNDS. These include prenatal bilateral clubfeet, exotropia, and peg lateral incisors. However, unlike the majority of descriptions, he did not present sleep disturbance, seizures or gait difficulties. A literature review shows phenotypic heterogeneity for OCNDS, whether these patients have the same variant or not. This case report is an opportunity to refine the phenotype of this syndrome and raise the question of the genotype–phenotype correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To ascertain the effect of curative‐intent surgery on loss of independence (LOI) in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC). Study Design: Retrospective observational study of patients diagnosed from 2014 to 2021. Setting: Single tertiary care academic center. Patients having undergone curative‐intent surgical treatment for OCSCC from 2014 to 2021 in the cancer registry. Methods: LOI as the primary outcome was measured based on a combination of decrease in activities of daily living (ADLs) and/or decline in mobility during treatment. Descriptive statistics were used to compare baseline demographics and multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between LOI and perioperative variables of interest. Results: Of the 180 patients included in this study, 139 (79%) were fully independent in ADLs/instrumental ADLs prior to surgery. The average age of the cohort was 74 with 49% males. Thirty‐seven (21%) experienced a decline in mobility or increased care needs following surgery, and 18 (10%) experienced an independent decline in functional status. Increasing age, osseous flap reconstruction, high Charlson Comorbidity Index, and major postoperative adverse events were associated with LOI. Fifty‐five percent of patients with LOI had recovered to baseline within 7 months from surgery. LOI was associated with poor treatment tolerance (odds ratio: 4.77, 95% confidence interval: 1.87‐12.2) while adjusting for multiple confounders. Conclusion: LOI is common in older adults undergoing curative‐intent surgery for OCSCC and associated with poor treatment tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Patients with acute ischaemic stroke and a large vessel occlusion who present to a non‐endovascular‐capable centre often require inter‐hospital transfer for thrombectomy. Whether the inter‐hospital transfer time is associated with 3‐month functional outcome is poorly known. Methods: Acute stroke patients enrolled between January 2015 and December 2022 in the prospective French multicentre Endovascular Treatment of Ischaemic Stroke registry were retrospectively analysed. Patients with an anterior circulation large vessel occlusion transferred from a non‐endovascular to a comprehensive stroke centre for thrombectomy were eligible. Inter‐hospital transfer time was defined as the time between imaging in the referring hospital and groin puncture for thrombectomy. The relationship between transfer time and favourable 3‐month functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale 0–2) was assessed through a mixed logistic regression model adjusting for centre and symptom‐onset‐to‐referring‐hospital imaging time, age, sex, diabetes, referring hospital National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, Alberta Stroke Programme Early Computed Tomography Score, occlusion site and intravenous thrombolysis use. Results: Overall, 3769 patients were included (median inter‐hospital transfer time 161 min, interquartile range 128–195; 46% with favourable outcome). A longer transfer time was independently associated with lower rates of favourable outcome (p < 0.001). Compared to patients with transfer time below 120 min, there was a 15% reduction in the odds of achieving favourable outcome for transfer times between 120 and 180 min (adjusted odds ratio 0.85; 95% confidence interval 0.67–1.07), and a 36% reduction for transfer times beyond 180 min (adjusted odds ratio 0.64; 95% confidence interval 0.50–0.81). Conclusions: A shorter inter‐hospital transfer time is strongly associated with favourable 3‐month functional outcome. A speedier inter‐hospital transfer is of critical importance to improve outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The effectiveness of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (iCCA) remains insufficiently studied. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study including patients with histologically proven iCCA within Milan criteria treated by percutaneous RFA from 2000 to 2022. The primary outcome was overall survival in treatment‐naive patients and secondary outcomes included ablation completeness, adverse events, local and distant recurrence. A total of 494 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on cirrhosis treated by RFA were included as a comparison group. Oncological events were analysed using Kaplan–Meier, log‐rank and univariate/multivariate Cox models. Results: The main population included 71 patients, mostly cirrhotic (80%) with solitary tumours (66%) of a median size of 24 mm. Local recurrence was 45% at 5 years, lower in multibipolar versus monopolar RFA (22% vs. 55%, p =.007). In treatment‐naive patients (n = 45), median overall and recurrence‐free survivals were 26 and 11 months, respectively. Tumour size (p =.01) and Child‐Pugh B (p =.001) were associated with death. The rate of distant recurrence was 59% at 5 years significantly lower for single tumours of less than 2 (p =.002) or 3 cm (p =.02). In cirrhotic patients naïve of previous treatment (n = 40), overall survival was shorter than in HCC (26 vs 68 months, p <.0001), with more local recurrences (p <.0001). Among distant recurrences, 50% were extrahepatic metastases compared to 12% in HCC (p <.001). Conclusion: Multibipolar RFA provides better results in terms of tumour recurrence than monopolar RFA and could be used to treat small iCCA (<3 cm). Adjuvant chemotherapy should be discussed due to the frequent extra‐hepatic metastasis at recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in synchrotron radiation facilities have increased the amount of data generated during acquisitions considerably, requiring fast and efficient data processing techniques. Here, the application of dense neural networks (DNNs) to data treatment of X‐ray diffraction computed tomography (XRD‐CT) experiments is presented. Processing involves mapping the phases in a tomographic slice by predicting the phase fraction in each individual pixel. DNNs were trained on sets of calculated XRD patterns generated using a Python algorithm developed in‐house. An initial Rietveld refinement of the tomographic slice sum pattern provides additional information (peak widths and integrated intensities for each phase) to improve the generation of simulated patterns and make them closer to real data. A grid search was used to optimize the network architecture and demonstrated that a single fully connected dense layer was sufficient to accurately determine phase proportions. This DNN was used on the XRD‐CT acquisition of a mock‐up and a historical sample of highly heterogeneous multi‐layered decoration of a late medieval statue, called 'applied brocade'. The phase maps predicted by the DNN were in good agreement with other methods, such as non‐negative matrix factorization and serial Rietveld refinements performed with TOPAS, and outperformed them in terms of speed and efficiency. The method was evaluated by regenerating experimental patterns from predictions and using the R‐weighted profile as the agreement factor. This assessment allowed us to confirm the accuracy of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otolith shape is often used as a tool in fish stock identification. The goal of this study was to experimentally assess the influence of changing temperature and ontogenic evolution on the shape component of the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) otolith during early‐life stages. A total of 1079 individuals were reared in a water temperature of 16°C up to 232 days post hatch (dph). During this experiment, several specimens were transferred into tanks with a water temperature of 21°C to obtain at the end of this study four different temperature treatments, each with varying ratios between the number of days at 16 and 21°C. To evaluate the otolith morphogenesis, samples were examined at 43, 72, 86 and 100 dph. The evolution of normalized otolith shape from hatching up to 100 dph showed that there were two main successive changes. First, faster growth in the antero‐posterior axis than in the dorso‐ventral axis changed the circular‐shaped otolith from that observed at hatching and, second, increasing the complexity relating to the area between the rostrum and the anti‐rostrum. To test the effect of changing temperature, growing degree‐day was used in three linear mixed‐effect models. Otolith morphogenesis was positively correlated to growing degree‐day, but was also dependent on temperature level. Otolith shape is influenced by environmental factors, particularly temperature, making it an efficient tool for fish stock identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of peri‐implant diseases, driven by biofilm accumulation and influenced by factors such as the width of keratinized mucosa (KM), underscores the need for understanding their etiology and management. Purpose: To evaluate the association between the KM width and the clinical resolution of peri‐implant mucositis after mechanical therapy. Materials and methods: Patients with an implant diagnosed with peri‐implant mucositis were allocated to two groups: wide band of KM (WKM ≥ 2 mm) and narrow/no band of KM (NKM < 2 mm). Data and submucosa biofilm were collected at baseline and at 8, 12, and 24 weeks after nonsurgical therapy. A Brunner–Langer model was estimated for longitudinal data to evaluate and compare changes in any clinical parameter throughout follow‐up between both groups. Furthermore, the microbial profiles were evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: A total of 38 implants were analyzed. At 24 weeks, bleeding on probing was substantially reduced in both groups, reaching statistical significance (p < 0.001). Treatment resulted in 23.9% less effective in achieving success for NKM. As such, NKM reduced the odds of disease resolution by 80% compared to WKM. The rest of the explored clinical parameters yielded more favorable outcomes for WKM versus NKM. Neither the alpha nor the beta diversity of the microbial profiles were significantly modulated by KM. Conclusions: KM width influences the clinical resolution of peri‐implant mucositis after mechanical therapy (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04874467?cond=keratinized%20mucosa&rank=8, NCT04874467, 04/30/2021). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing concern regarding pollutants disrupting the vertebrate thyroid hormone (TH) system, which is crucial for development. Thus, identification of TH system–disrupting chemicals (THSDCs) is an important requirement in the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) testing framework. The current OECD approach uses different model organisms for different endocrine modalities, leading to a high number of animal tests. Alternative models compatible with the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, refinement) principle are required. Zebrafish embryos, not protected by current European Union animal welfare legislation, represent a promising model. Studies show that zebrafish swim bladder inflation and eye development are affected by THSDCs, and the respective adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) have been established. The present study compared effects of four THSDCs with distinct molecular modes of action: Propylthiouracil (PTU), potassium perchlorate, iopanoic acid, and the TH triiodothyronine (T3) were tested with a protocol based on the OECD fish embryo toxicity test (FET). Effects were analyzed according to the AOP concept from molecular over morphological to behavioral levels: Analysis of thyroid‐ and eye‐related gene expression revealed significant effects after PTU and T3 exposure. All substances caused changes in thyroid follicle morphology of a transgenic zebrafish line expressing fluorescence in thyrocytes. Impaired eye development and swimming activity were observed in all treatments, supporting the hypothesis that THSDCs cause adverse population‐relevant changes. Findings thus confirm that the FET can be amended by TH system–related endpoints into an integrated protocol comprising molecular, morphological, and behavioral endpoints for environmental risk assessment of potential endocrine disruptors, which is compatible with the 3Rs principle. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1–18. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The encounter between the Jovian co‐rotating plasma and Ganymede gives rise to electromagnetic waves that propagate along the magnetic field lines and accelerate particles by resonant or non‐resonant wave‐particle interaction. They ultimately precipitate into Jupiter's atmosphere and trigger auroral emissions. In this study, we use Juno/JADE, Juno/UVS data, and magnetic field line tracing to characterize the properties of electrons accelerated by the Ganymede‐magnetosphere interaction in the far‐field region. We show that the precipitating energy flux exhibits an exponential decay as a function of downtail distance from the moon, with an e‐folding value of 29°, consistent with previous UV observations from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). We characterize the electron energy distributions and show that two distributions exist. Electrons creating the Main Alfvén Wing (MAW) spot and the auroral tail always have broadband distribution and a mean characteristic energy of 2.2 keV while in the region connected to the Transhemispheric Electron Beam (TEB) spot the electrons are distributed non‐monotonically, with a higher characteristic energy above 10 keV. Based on the observation of bidirectional electron beams, we suggest that Juno was located within the acceleration region during the 11 observations reported. We thus estimate that the acceleration region is extended, at least, between an altitude of 0.5 and 1.3 Jupiter radius above the 1‐bar surface. Finally, we estimate the size of the interaction region in the Ganymede orbital plane using far‐field measurements. These observations provide important insights for the study of particle acceleration processes involved in moon‐magnetosphere interactions. Plain Language Summary: The Galilean moons orbit in a plasma‐rich environment, created by the intense volcanism of Io and transported radially outward in the Jovian magnetosphere. At the orbital locations of the moons, this plasma, co‐rotating with Jupiter, flows at a velocity significantly higher than the moons' orbital speed. Consequently, the moons disturb the plasma flow. This interaction gives rise to a set of physical processes, including the generation of electromagnetic waves that propagate away from the moons and accelerate charged particles, triggering auroral emissions by precipitating into Jupiter's atmosphere. In this study, we investigate the properties of the electrons accelerated by the Ganymede‐magnetosphere interaction. We use data from the JADE and UVS instruments onboard the Juno spacecraft as well as magnetic field line tracing methods. Following a statistical characterization of the electron properties, we compare our results with previous findings that have reported electron observations resulting from the Io‐ and Europa‐magnetosphere interactions. Key Points: Juno particle and UV measurements are combined with field‐line tracing to identify 11 in situ crossings of the Ganymede flux tubeWe provide a statistical study of the accelerated electrons observed in the high‐latitude far‐field regionWe find two distinct regions in which the electrons properties, that is, characteristic energy, energy flux, and distribution, greatly differ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal and energetic electrons along Ganymede's orbit not only weather the surface of the icy moon, but also represent a major threat to spacecraft. In this article, we rely on Juno plasma measurements to characterize the temporal and spatial variability of the electron environment upstream of Ganymede. In particular, we find that electron spectra observed by Juno have fluxes larger by a factor of 2–9 at energies above 10 keV than what was measured two decades earlier by Galileo. This result will advance our understanding of the surface weathering and may be a concern for the radiation safety of the JUICE mission. Furthermore, the June 2021 close fly‐by of Ganymede through the moon's wake reveals that the open field line regions of its magnetosphere attenuate electron fluxes at all energies by a factor of 1.6–5, thereby offering a natural shelter to visiting spacecraft crossing this region. Plain Language Summary: Ganymede, the only magnetized moon in our Solar System, orbits deep inside the giant magnetosphere of Jupiter where it interacts with the temporally and spatially variable magnetized disk of plasma in corotation around the planet, its magnetodisk. The intensities of ions and electrons precipitating to the surface of Ganymede in particular depend on the location of the moon with respect to the Jovian magnetodisk. In this work, we provide a full quantification of electron properties along the orbit of Ganymede as observed by Juno. This is done by combining observations from two instruments in order to build composite electron energy spectra and derive their omnidirectional fluxes, densities, and pressures. We report that the average electron omnidirectional fluxes are significantly attenuated when measured above or below the magnetodisk, as well as strongly inside the magnetosphere of the moon where its intrinsic magnetic field provides additional shielding. We confirm that the electron total density is dominated by the thermal population, whereas the total pressure is dominated by the suprathermal one. When comparing our results with Galileo‐based observations and models, we find that the latter the latter two underestimate fluxes in particular at high energies, and we put these observations in context for the future exploration of Ganymede by JUICE. Key Points: We present composite electron energy spectra combining all Juno particle data from 07/2017 to 08/2022 at Ganymede's orbitWe study the variability of electron fluxes inside and outside the Jovian magnetodisk as well as within Ganymede's magnetosphereGalileo‐based models underestimate the electron fluxes observed by Juno in particular at high energies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aromatic Cope rearrangement is an elusive transformation that has been the subject of a limited number of investigations compared to those seemingly close analogues, namely the Cope and aromatic Claisen rearrangement. Herein we report our investigations inspired by moderate success observed in the course of pioneering works. By careful experimental and theoretical investigations, we demonstrate that key substitutions on 1,5‐hexadiene scaffold allow fruitful transformations. Especially, efficient functionalisation of the heteroaromatic rings results from the aromatic Cope rearrangement, while highly stereoselective interrupted aromatic Cope rearrangements highlight the formation of chiral compounds through a dearomative process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With peptides increasingly favored as drugs, natural product motifs, namely the tryptathionine staple, found in amatoxins and phallotoxins, and the 2,2'‐bis‐indole found in staurosporine represent unexplored staples for unnatural peptide macrocycles. We disclose the efficient condensation of a 5‐hydroxypyrroloindoline with either a cysteine‐thiol or a tryptophan‐indole to form a tryptathionine or 2‐2'‐bis‐indole staple. Judicious use of protecting groups provides for chemoselective stapling using α‐MSH, which provides a basis for investigating both chemoselectivity and affinity. Both classes of stapled peptides show nanomolar Ki's, with one showing a sub‐nanomolar Ki value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X‐ray Laue microdiffraction aims to characterize microstructural and mechanical fields in polycrystalline specimens at the sub‐micrometre scale with a strain resolution of ∼10−4. Here, a new and unique Laue microdiffraction setup and alignment procedure is presented, allowing measurements at temperatures as high as 1500 K, with the objective to extend the technique for the study of crystalline phase transitions and associated strain‐field evolution that occur at high temperatures. A method is provided to measure the real temperature encountered by the specimen, which can be critical for precise phase‐transition studies, as well as a strategy to calibrate the setup geometry to account for the sample and furnace dilation using a standard α‐alumina single crystal. A first application to phase transitions in a polycrystalline specimen of pure zirconia is provided as an illustrative example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outward transport of plasma in the inner and middle magnetospheres of gas giants results from an interplay between mass loading from the inner dominant mass sources (volcanic moons), flux tube interchange in the centrifugally unstable magnetospheric plasma disk, turbulent heating of the plasma, and coupling between the equatorial plasma and the planetary upper atmosphere through magnetic field-aligned current loops and/or Alfven waves. We present a new analytical formalism describing large scale transport in gas giant systems, combining two historical approaches: radial diffusion of mass and energy through flux tube interchange, and angular momentum transport through corotation enforcement. Under the hypotheses of axisymmetry, steady-state, and multi-fluid plasma, we provide transport equations for total contents of flux tubes. They feature new transport parameters accounting for the latitudinal extent of the disk, and self-consistently include field-aligned potential drops in the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. Our general formalism has a wealth of applications, two of which are presented, corresponding to the cases of the two gas giants: the effect of interhemispheric asymmetries in the resistive and magnetic properties between the northern and southern ionospheres on the transport of angular momentum at Jupiter, and the influence of the plasma disk thickness on transport at Saturn. We apply our formalism to derive ionospheric parameters and reproduce the Juno and Cassini data. Further work will allow for more complete numerical solutions of our equations, with the aim of capturing the broad complexity of fast rotating magnetospheric systems which can be found inside and outside the Solar System. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hybrid immunity, from COVID‐19 vaccination followed by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection acquired after its Omicron variant began predominating, has provided greater protection than vaccination alone against subsequent infection over 1–3 months of observation. Its longer‐term protection is unknown. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of COVID‐19 case incidence among healthcare personnel (HCP) mandated to be vaccinated and report on COVID‐19‐associated symptoms, high‐risk exposures, or known‐positive test results to an employee health hotline. We compared cases with hybrid immunity, defined as incident COVID‐19 during the first 6 weeks of Omicron‐variant predominance (run‐in period), to those with immunity from vaccination alone during the run‐in period. Time until COVID‐19 infection over 13 subsequent months (observation period) was analyzed by standard survival analysis. Results: Of 5867 employees, 641 (10.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.1%–11.8%) acquired hybrid immunity during the run‐in period. Of these, 104 (16.2%, 95% CI: 13.5%–19.3%) experienced new SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during the 13‐month observation period, compared to 2177 (41.7%, 95% CI: 40.3%–43.0%) of the 5226 HCP without hybrid immunity. Time until incident infection was shorter among the latter (hazard ratio: 3.09, 95% CI: 2.54–3.78). Conclusions: In a cohort of vaccinated employees, Omicron‐era acquired SARS‐CoV‐2 hybrid immunity was associated with significantly lower risk of subsequent infection over more than a year of observation—a time period far longer than previously reported and during which three, progressively more resistant, Omicron subvariants became predominant. These findings can inform institutional policy and planning for future COVID‐19 additional vaccine dosing requirements for employees, for surveillance programs, and for risk modification efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Sex influences neurodegeneration, but it has been poorly investigated in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). We investigated sex differences in brain atrophy in DLB using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: We included 436 patients from the European‐DLB consortium and the Mayo Clinic. Sex differences and sex‐by‐age interactions were assessed through visual atrophy rating scales (n = 327; 73 ± 8 years, 62% males) and automated estimations of regional gray matter volume and cortical thickness (n = 165; 69 ± 9 years, 72% males). RESULTS: We found a higher likelihood of frontal atrophy and smaller volumes in six cortical regions in males and thinner olfactory cortices in females. There were significant sex‐by‐age interactions in volume (six regions) and cortical thickness (seven regions) across the entire cortex. DISCUSSION: We demonstrate that males have more widespread cortical atrophy at younger ages, but differences tend to disappear with increasing age, with males and females converging around the age of 75. Highlights: Male DLB patients had higher odds for frontal atrophy on radiological visual rating scales.Male DLB patients displayed a widespread pattern of cortical gray matter alterations on automated methods.Sex differences in gray matter measures in DLB tended to disappear with increasing age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant progress in permafrost carbon science made over the past decades include the identification of vast permafrost carbon stocks, the development of new pan‐Arctic permafrost maps, an increase in terrestrial measurement sites for CO2 and methane fluxes, and important factors affecting carbon cycling, including vegetation changes, periods of soil freezing and thawing, wildfire, and other disturbance events. Process‐based modeling studies now include key elements of permafrost carbon cycling and advances in statistical modeling and inverse modeling enhance understanding of permafrost region C budgets. By combining existing data syntheses and model outputs, the permafrost region is likely a wetland methane source and small terrestrial ecosystem CO2 sink with lower net CO2 uptake toward higher latitudes, excluding wildfire emissions. For 2002–2014, the strongest CO2 sink was located in western Canada (median: −52 g C m−2 y−1) and smallest sinks in Alaska, Canadian tundra, and Siberian tundra (medians: −5 to −9 g C m−2 y−1). Eurasian regions had the largest median wetland methane fluxes (16–18 g CH4 m−2 y−1). Quantifying the regional scale carbon balance remains challenging because of high spatial and temporal variability and relatively low density of observations. More accurate permafrost region carbon fluxes require: (a) the development of better maps characterizing wetlands and dynamics of vegetation and disturbances, including abrupt permafrost thaw; (b) the establishment of new year‐round CO2 and methane flux sites in underrepresented areas; and (c) improved models that better represent important permafrost carbon cycle dynamics, including non‐growing season emissions and disturbance effects. Plain Language Summary: Climate change and the consequent thawing of permafrost threatens to transform the permafrost region from a carbon sink into a carbon source, posing a challenge to global climate goals. Numerous studies over the past decades have identified important factors affecting carbon cycling, including vegetation changes, periods of soil freezing and thawing, wildfire, and other disturbance events. Overall, studies show high wetland methane emissions and a small net carbon dioxide sink strength over the terrestrial permafrost region but results differ among modeling and upscaling approaches. Continued and coordinated efforts among field, modeling, and remote sensing communities are needed to integrate new knowledge from observations to modeling and predictions and finally to policy. Key Points: Rapid warming of northern permafrost region threatens ecosystems, soil carbon stocks, and global climate targetsLong‐term observations show importance of disturbance and cold season periods but are unable to detect spatiotemporal trends in C fluxCombined modeling and syntheses show the permafrost region is a small terrestrial CO2 sink with large spatial variability and net CH4 source [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Argentine Basin hosts a unique oceanic feature: the Zapiola Anticyclonic Circulation (ZAC) located above a sedimentary deposit. Taking advantage of a high‐resolution (1/12°) global ocean reanalysis (GLORYS12) we examine the ZAC over 27 years (1993–2019). The mean ZAC is bottom‐intensified with bottom currents reaching 0.10 ms−1. The ZAC volume transport ranges from −18.5 to 268 Sv with a mean of 122 Sv. The strong negative peaks correspond to occasional ZAC collapses. During large transport events (>195.4 Sv) the ZAC shows a well defined coherent gyre. Strong transport events are associated with high eddy kinetic energy (EKE) at the periphery of the ZAC (especially to the west and south). In contrast, during weak transport events (<49.8 Sv), EKE increases at the center of the ZAC and decreases at the ZAC periphery. A weak ZAC is more permeable to external mesoscale structures. Each weak event features a cyclonic eddy at the center of the ZAC carrying subantarctic cold and fresh waters. The ZAC exhibits a multi‐year modulation, with periods of 4–5 years (1993–1997, 1998–2003 and 2004–2009) of low salinity corresponding to low transport, and high salinity to high transport. Over the last 27 years, transport time series exhibit a significant negative trend of −15 Sv.decade−1 associated with a negative trend in EKE (−0.015 (m/s)2.decade−1) to the north west of the ZAC. Waters in the Zapiola region become warmer and saltier in the first 2,000 m of the water column because of the southward migration of the subtropical front. Plain Language Summary: In the southwest Atlantic, the Argentine Basin hosts a unique oceanic feature: the Zapiola Anticyclonic Circulation located above a sedimentary deposit. The Zapiola Anticyclonic Circulation rotates counter‐clockwise and has a mean transport comparable to those of the strongest ocean currents (122 million cubic meters per second). The Zapiola Anticyclonic Circulation undergoes extreme variations with collapses and intensifications reaching 300 million cubic meters per second. Episodes of weak Zapiola transport tend to occur in austral winter and episodes of strong transport in austral summer. The Zapiola Anticyclonic Circulation exhibits a multi‐year modulation, with periods of 4–5 years (1993–1997, 1998–2003 and 2004–2009) of low salinity corresponding to low transport, and high salinity to high transport. Over the last 27 years, the Zapiola Anticyclonic Circulation transport diminished and waters in the region became warmer and saltier in the upper 2,000 m of the water column. Key Points: The Zapiola circulation is bottom intensified and its volume transport ranges from −18.5 to 268 Sv with a mean of 122 SvWe analyze collapses, maxima, multi‐year modulation and trends in the Zapiola transport and associated water characteristics variationsIn the last 27 years trends in the Zapiola region include transport reduction and increase in temperature and salinity in the upper 2,000 m [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outward transport of cold iogenic plasma and energetic charged particle injections are two essential aspects of mass, energy and magnetic flux circulation in the Jovian magnetosphere. However, it is unclear how these two processes interplay and how they evolve globally in the Jovian inner magnetosphere. We use the improved Rice Convection Model‐Jupiter to simulate the concurrent energetic injection and cold plasma convection in Jupiter's inner magnetosphere. The effects of plasma density, injection site location and energy of energetic particles on the plasma injection are parametrically investigated through a series of runs. The model successfully reproduces the energy‐time dispersion signature of energetic particles that may be observed by a spacecraft during an injection event. Simulation results show that the energetic injection is mainly driven by the electric field associated with the cold plasma outflow. Energetic particles are transported inward in the form of elongated fingers which appear interlaced with those of cold iogenic plasma. The injected particles are strongly modulated by the gradient/curvature drift, especially in inner regions close to the planet, and show a significant dispersion feature during the evolution. The radial velocity of the injection decreases from over 100 km/s at L = 20 RJ to less than 10 km/s at L = 10 RJ, while the related field‐aligned currents tend to increase during the inward injection. The energetic plasma density and the injection site location are found to have little effect on the plasma injection, provided that their effect on cold plasma convection is negligible. Plain Language Summary: The injection of hot plasma from the outside to the inside of the magnetosphere is commonly observed in planetary magnetospheres. At Jupiter, cold plasma originating from Jupiter's Galilean moon Io is transported outward throughout the magnetosphere via the interchange instability, which is essentially similar to the so‐called Rayleigh‐Taylor instability in hydrodynamics. In the meantime, distant flux tubes are supposed to move inward to balance the outflowing cold and dense plasma as a result of conservation of magnetic flux. The hot and tenuous particles embedded in distant flux tubes can thus be injected inward. In this article, we improve our previous Rice Convection Model‐Jupiter by including energetic plasma and use it to study both the hot plasma injection and cold plasma convection in the Jovian inner magnetosphere. Our improved model is capable of reproducing injection signatures that align with observations. We found that the outflowing cold plasma from Io plays a crucial role in the injection of hot plasma. Key Points: We simulate the concurrent energetic injection and cold iogenic plasma convection using an improved Jovian inner magnetosphere modelWe reproduce the energy‐time dispersion signature of energetic particles during an injection event by full simulations for the first timeThe energetic injection is found to be significantly affected by the outflowing cold plasma convection [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is common in children and adolescents undergoing kidney transplantation (KTx) and may adversely affect allograft kidney function. Methods: To explore the current management of symptomatic native and allograft VUR in pediatric KTx recipients, an online survey was distributed to European surgical transplant professionals. Results: Surgeons from 40 pediatric KTx centers in 18 countries participated in this survey. Symptomatic native kidney VUR was treated before or during KTx by 68% of the centers (all/selected patients: 33%/67%; before/during KTx: 89%/11%), with a preference for endoscopic treatment (59%). At KTx, 90% favored an anti‐reflux ureteral reimplantation procedure (extravesical/transvesical approach: 92%/8%; preferred extravesical technique: Lich‐Gregoir [85%]). Management strategies for symptomatic allograft VUR included surgical repair (90%), continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (51%), bladder training (49%), or noninterventional surveillance (21%). Redo ureteral implantation and endoscopic intervention for allograft VUR were equally reported (51%/49%). Conclusions: This survey shows uniformity in some surgical aspects of the pediatric KTx procedure. However, with regard to VUR, there is a significant variation in practice patterns that need to be addressed by future well‐designed and prospective studies. In this way, more robust data could be translated into consensus guidelines for a more standardized and evidence‐based management of this common condition in pediatric KTx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chromogranin A (CgA) seems to be involved in the pathophysiology of different neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). CgA is present in the aggregates of amyloid plaques and in Lewy bodies but CgA also has a function in neuroinflammatory processes via microglia. Our objective was to determine if there is a difference in the CgA concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD and DLB patients and whether the CgA concentration can discriminate between the two diseases. Methods: Using the previously described AlphaLewyMA cohort, we included 117 patients with a CSF CgA assay: 15 control subjects (CS group), 64 DLB patients, 17 AD patients and 21 patients with both AD and probable DLB criteria (AD/DLB group). CgA concentration was assessed using the MSD platform. Results: CSF CgA was increased in the AD and AD/DLB groups compared with the DLB group (p = 0.0006 between AD and DLB, p = 0.0013 between AD/DLB and DLB). No significant difference in CgA concentration was found between DLB and CS. ROC curve analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.791 between AD and DLB. CgA concentrations were correlated with t‐Tau and P‐Tau regardless of the pathology (for Tau: p = 0.022 for AD; p < 0.0001 for DLB; p = 0.004 for AD/DLB; for P‐Tau: p = 0.032 for AD; p < 0.0001 for DLB; p = 0.0009 for AD/DLB). Aβ42 was positively correlated with CgA in the DLB group but not in the AD and AD/DLB groups (for DLB: p < 0.0001; for AD: p = 0.57; for AD/DLB: p = 0.58). Conclusions: CSF CgA concentrations are increased in AD but not in DLB and correlate with P‐Tau and Tau whatever the disease. These results suggest a link between tauopathy/neurodegeneration and CgA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfide‐based solid electrolytes (SEs) are amongst the most promising solid electrolytes for the development of solid‐state batteries (SSBs) due to their high ionic conductivity and processing advantage over oxide‐based SEs. However, one of the main drawbacks of sulfide SEs is their rapid degradation in presence of humidity. In this study, we investigated the effect of exposing three different sulfide SEs (Li7P3S11, the argyrodite Li6PS5Cl and the chloride‐doped argyrodite Li6‐xPS5‐xCl1+x) to the atmosphere of a dry room at a dew point (DP)=−40 °C. For the first time to the best of our knowledge, enhanced infra‐red (IR) laser technology was employed to follow and quantify online and in‐situ H2S evolution by the SEs in a dry room environment over 16 h. It was found that argyrodite compounds evolved approximately 8 times less H2S compared to Li7P3S11 over 16 h of exposure with peak concentrations between 5 and 16 ppm vol. The exposed materials were studied using X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) and galvanostatic cycling. XPS results revealed a formation of Li2CO3 on the surface of argyrodite SEs, which served as a robust passivation layer limiting considerably reactions with the dry room atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We have previously demonstrated difficulties in written production in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) patients. We now aim to determine the neural correlates of writing production in DLB, combining clinical data and structural MRI measures. Method: Sixteen prodromal to mild DLB patients were selected to participate in the study. The GREMOTS test was used to assess writing production. Using three‐dimensional T1 brain MRI images, correlations between the GREMOTS test and grey matter (GM) volume were performed using voxel‐based morphometry (VBM; SPM12, XjView and Matlab R2021b softwares). Results: VBM analysis (p < 0.001, uncorrected) revealed a positive and significant correlation between both left anterior insula and left supramarginal gyrus GM volumes and DLB patients' ability to write logatoms using the phonological route. The handwriting deficit was negatively and significantly correlated to the supplementary motor area. The parkinsonism‐like characteristics of agraphia were negatively and significantly correlated with both right anterior and right posterior cerebellum GM volumes. Our study also revealed a negative and significant correlation between grammatical spelling impairments and an area of the orbitofrontal gyrus, and a negative and significant correlation between supramarginal gyrus and general slowness in dictation tasks. Conclusion: Writing disorders in early DLB patients appears to be GM decreases in several brain regions, such as the left anterior insula, the left supramaginal gyrus, as well as two areas of the right cerebellum. Key points: The difficulties of DLB patients in WP would be underpinned by GM volume changes in several cerebral regions, our main finding being a correlation between difficulties in dictation of logatoms and decreased GM volume in the left AI.The handwriting difficulties of DLB patients may to be related to early GM changes in the SMA for praxis difficulties and in the right cerebellum for difficulties in the rhythm and fluency of writing.Grammatical difficulties in dictation of long sentences are relatively attributable to a weakness in working memory and are correlated with atrophy of the frontal gyrus.The general slowness of the patients in dictation tests are correlated with the atrophy of the left supramarginal gyrus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in situ characterization of moon‐magnetosphere interactions at Jupiter and the mapping of moon auroral footpaths require accurate global models of the magnetospheric magnetic field. In this study, we compare the ability of two widely‐used current sheet models, Khurana‐2005 (KK2005) and Connerney‐2020 (CON2020) combined with the most recent internal magnetic field model of Jupiter (JRM33) to match representative Galileo and Juno measurements acquired at low, medium, and high latitudes. With the adjustments of the KK2005 model to JRM33, we show that in the outer and middle magnetosphere (R > 15RJ), JRM33 + KK2005 is found to be the best model to reproduce the magnetic field observations of Galileo and Juno as it accounts for local time effects. JRM33 + CON2020 gives the most accurate representation of the inner magnetosphere. This finding is drawn from comparisons with Juno in situ magnetic field measurements and confirmed by contrasting the timing of the crossings of the Io, Europa, and Ganymede flux tubes identified in the Juno particles data with the two model estimates. JRM33 + CON2020 also maps more accurately the UV auroral footpath of Io, Europa, and Ganymede observed by Juno than JRM33 + KK2005. The JRM33 + KK2005 model predicts a local time asymmetry in position of the moons' footprints, which is however not detected in Juno's UV measurements. This could indicate that local time effects on the magnetic field are marginal at the orbital locations of Io, Europa, and Ganymede. Finally, the accuracy of the models and their predictions as a function of hemisphere, local time, and longitude is explored. Key Points: We compare the ability of two current sheet models, coupled to JRM33, to reproduce a wide diversity of Galileo and Juno observationsThe CON2020 model better matches the observations in the inner magnetosphere including magnetic field measurements and UV auroral footprintsIn the outer magnetosphere, the consideration of local time effects by the KK2005 model provides a better agreement against observations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrestrial enhanced weathering (EW) through the application of Mg‐ or Ca‐rich rock dust to soil is a negative emission technology with the potential to address impacts of climate change. The effectiveness of EW was tested over 4 years by spreading ground basalt (50 t ha−1 year−1) on maize/soybean and miscanthus cropping systems in the Midwest US. The major elements of the carbon budget were quantified through measurements of eddy covariance, soil carbon flux, and biomass. The movement of Mg and Ca to deep soil, released by weathering, balanced by a corresponding alkalinity flux, was used to measure the drawdown of CO2, where the release of cations from basalt was measured as the ratio of rare earth elements to base cations in the applied rock dust and in the surface soil. Basalt application stimulated peak biomass and net primary production in both cropping systems and caused a small but significant stimulation of soil respiration. Net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) was strongly negative for maize/soybean (−199 to −453 g C m−2 year−1) indicating this system was losing carbon to the atmosphere. Average EW (102 g C m−2 year−1) offset carbon loss in the maize/soybean by 23%–42%. NECB of miscanthus was positive (63–129 g C m−2 year−1), indicating carbon gain in the system, and EW greatly increased inorganic carbon storage by an additional 234 g C m−2 year−1. Our analysis indicates a co‐deployment of a perennial biofuel crop (miscanthus) with EW leads to major wins—increased harvested yields of 29%–42% with additional carbon dioxide removal (CDR) of 8.6 t CO2 ha−1 year−1. EW applied to maize/soybean drives a CDR of 3.7 t CO2 ha−1 year−1, which partially offsets well‐established carbon losses from soil from this crop rotation. EW applied in the US Midwest creates measurable improvements to the carbon budgets perennial bioenergy crops and conventional row crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to examine whether physical activity moderates the association between biomarkers of brain pathologies and dementia risk. METHODS: From the Memento cohort, we analyzed 1044 patients with mild cognitive impairment, aged 60 and older. Self‐reported physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Biomarkers of brain pathologies comprised medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA), white matter lesions, and plasma amyloid beta (Aβ)42/40 and phosphorylated tau181. Association between physical activity and risk of developing dementia over 5 years of follow‐up, and interactions with biomarkers of brain pathologies were tested. RESULTS: Physical activity moderated the association between MTA and plasma Aβ42/40 level and increased dementia risk. Compared to participants with low physical activity, associations of both MTA and plasma Aβ42/40 on dementia risk were attenuated in participants with high physical activity. DISCUSSION: Although reverse causality cannot be excluded, this work suggests that physical activity may contribute to cognitive reserve. Highlights: Physical activity is an interesting modifiable target for dementia prevention.Physical activity may moderate the impact of brain pathology on dementia risk.Medial temporal lobe atrophy and plasma amyloid beta 42/40 ratio were associated with increased dementia risk especially in those with low level of physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At Jupiter, part of the auroral radio emissions are induced by the Galilean moons Io, Europa and Ganymede. Until now, except for Ganymede, they have been only remotely detected, using ground–based radio–telescopes or electric antennas aboard spacecraft. The polar trajectory of the Juno orbiter allows the spacecraft to cross the range of magnetic flux tubes which sustain the various Jupiter–satellite interactions, and in turn to sample in situ the associated radio emission regions. In this study, we focus on the detection and the characterization of radio sources associated with Io, Europa and Ganymede. Using electric wave measurements or radio observations (Juno/Waves), in situ electron measurements (Juno/JADE–E), and magnetic field measurements (Juno/MAG) we demonstrate that the Cyclotron Maser Instability (CMI) driven by a loss–cone electron distribution function is responsible for the encountered radio sources. We confirmed that radio emissions are associated with Main (MAW) or Reflected Alfvén Wing (RAW), but also show that for Europa and Ganymede, induced radio emissions are associated with Transhemispheric Electron Beam (TEB). For each traversed radio source, we determine the latitudinal extension, the CMI–resonant electron energy, and the bandwidth of the emission. We show that the presence of Alfvén perturbations and downward field–aligned currents are necessary for the radio emissions to be amplified. Plain Language Summary: At Jupiter, the auroras are much more intense and long‐lasting than on Earth, and some are influenced by Jupiter's three largest moons: Io, Europa, and Ganymede. We're particularly interested in the radio signals from these auroras. Until recently, these signals were mainly studied from a distance, using Earth‐based telescopes or spacecraft passing by Jupiter. However, since 2016, the Juno spacecraft has been orbiting Jupiter, flying through the auroral zone. Our study investigates the creation of these radio auroras using Juno's instruments to measure radio waves, particles, and magnetic fields. Our research strongly suggests that a phenomenon called the Cyclotron Maser Instability is the cause of these radio signals. This instability happens because some electrons are not coming back from Jupiter after causing Ultraviolet aurora on top of Jupiter's atmosphere. These radio signals are connected to the moons' ultraviolet auroras. Additionally, our research highlights the importance of specific perturbations in Jupiter's magnetic field, known as Alfvén perturbations, and currents that link Jupiter to these moons. This study deepens our understanding of Jupiter‐moon interactions and sheds light on Jupiter's fascinating auroras. Key Points: All Jupiter‐moon radio emissions are shown to be similarly triggered by the CMIThe crossed radio sources are colocated with either MAW, RAW or TEB footprintsThe crossed radio sources coincide with downward field‐aligned currents and Alfvén perturbations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]