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Brassicaceae oilseed crops have proven potential as vegetable oil feedstock for biofuels and food uses. However, meeting a growing demand for vegetable oils for food and industrial uses will require identifying oilseed species that are best suited for various growing environments within a particular region. The objective of this study was to compare growth dynamics, seasonal water use (WU), seed yields, and water use efficiency (WUE) of canola (Brassica napus L.), camelina (Camelina sativa L.), and white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) to determine their suitability under three different environments within the northern Great Plains. Comparisons were made among these species over three growing seasons between 2013 and 2016 at Morris, MN; Mandan, ND; and Sidney, MT, situated along a strong precipitation gradient from east to west. Generally, growing season precipitation was similar at Morris and Mandan, but both were considerably greater than at Sidney. Seasonal WU was similar among these oilseed species at Morris and Mandan but was greatest for camelina at the drier Sidney environment. Canola seed yield was the greatest at Morris and had higher WUE than camelina and white mustard. At Mandan and Sidney, canola and camelina had similar seed yields and WUE, which were generally greater than white mustard. Under abundant moisture and low stress (e.g., Morris), seed yield per millimeter of water used could be maximized by growing canola, while in a drier more stressful environment like Sidney, seed yield per millimeter of water used could be maximized by growing camelina. Core Ideas: Water use, growth, and seed productivity were evaluated for three Brassicaceae oilseeds.Camelina and mustard were earlier to mature than canola.There was little difference in seasonal water use for the three species at each location.Camelina and canola had similar water use efficiency at two out of three locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This report describes the likely development and growth of bilateral granulosa cell tumours (GCTs) in a Warmblood pony mare, during the first trimester of pregnancy after artificial insemination. The GCTs were initially suspected to be ovarian haematomas and were managed conservatively. However, they ultimately led to life‐threatening haemoperitoneum (HP) and were later diagnosed as GCTs with histopathology. The case was successfully managed with emergency standing laparoscopic‐assisted bilateral ovariectomy after haemodynamic supportive therapy. The mare made a full recovery and delivered a live filly foal at term. GCTs can be a rare cause of life‐threatening HP and can be successfully managed with haemodynamic support and standing laparoscopic‐assisted removal. Bilateral ovariectomy in a pregnant mare after 70 days of gestation can result in successful delivery of a live foal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A 5‐year‐old gelding used for showing was presented for surgical repair of a full‐thickness 15 mm diameter defect in the right pinna, which had occurred as a delayed complication following laser excision of a sarcoid. The defect had resulted in progressive deformity of the ear, and the horse was considered at risk of further injury if the defect became entrapped on a fixed object. Two artificial dermis meshes were inserted to encourage the formation of granulation tissue across the defect, and a commercially available skin expander was implanted adjacent to the site. Eighteen days later, a second surgery was performed to remove the skin expander and to mobilise a local rotational skin flap to close the defect. Both surgeries were performed under standing sedation and local anaesthesia. The site healed well, avoiding further potential trauma to the ear and deformity due to tissue contracture at the site, although some deformation of the lateral aspect of the cartilage remained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A 6‐year‐old Cleveland Bay mare was referred to the University of Liverpool Equine Hospital for repair of an iatrogenic nasocutaneous fistula. The fistula had developed following attempted ablation of an epidermal inclusion cyst located in the right nasal diverticulum with intra‐lesional formalin 6 weeks previously. Subsequent tissue necrosis resulted in the formation of a full‐thickness defect in the overlying tissues and the creation of a 5 × 5 cm nasocutaneous fistula. Surgical management consisted of initial debridement of the fistula and use of a commercial dermal regeneration mesh to bridge the defect, acting as a tissue scaffold. The levator labii superioris muscle was utilised to cover the scaffold by transecting it close to its proximal origin and reflecting it rostrally. Finally, a transposition skin flap was created adjacent to the site and was rotated to cover the defect. The mare made an excellent recovery, and follow‐up confirmed complete healing of the surgical site with an excellent cosmetic outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This case report discusses a successful partial splenectomy for treatment of a splenic abscess in a horse. A 2‐year‐old Thoroughbred colt was hospitalised 5 weeks after an episode of severe colic that was followed by gradual weight loss and anorexia, pyrexia for 5 days and dehydration on the day of referral. A large splenic abscess was identified ultrasonographically. Following initial medical treatment, an exploratory laparotomy was performed. Multiple adhesions were released and a partial splenectomy conducted to remove the abscess. Migrant metallic wires penetrating from the small intestine into the splenic parenchyma were found to be the cause for the adhesions and the abscess. This paper summarises the potential advantages of utilising a partial vs. a total splenectomy and highlights the potential complications of these surgical procedure in equines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) affects grazing animals including horses but the extent to which it affects UK horses is unknown. Objectives: To define how liver fluke affects the UK horse population. Study design: Descriptive, cross‐sectional, observational study. Methods: An F. hepatica excretory‐secretory antibody detection ELISA with a diagnostic sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 97% was validated and used to analyse serum samples. An abattoir study was performed to determine prevalence. A case‐control study of 269 horses compared fluke exposure between horses with liver disease and controls. Data on clinical signs and blood test results were collected for sero‐positive horses. Genotyping of adult fluke was used to produce a multilocus genotype for each parasite. Results: Four (2.2%) of 183 horses registered in the UK, sampled in the abattoir, had adult flukes in the liver, and the sero‐prevalence of F. hepatica was estimated as 8.7%. In the case‐control study, horses showing signs consistent with liver disease had significantly higher odds of testing positive for F. hepatica on ELISA than control horses. In 23 sero‐positive horses, a range of non‐specific clinical signs and blood test abnormalities was reported, with a third of the horses showing no signs. Genotypic analysis of liver flukes from horses provided evidence that these came from the same population as flukes from sheep and cattle. Main limitations: Bias could have arisen in the prevalence and case‐control studies due to convenience sampling methods, in particular the geographic origin of the horses. Only a small number of horses tested positive so the data on clinical signs are limited. Conclusions: Exposure to liver fluke occurs frequently in horses and may be an under‐recognised cause of liver disease. Flukes isolated from horses are from the same population as those found in ruminants. When designing and implementing parasite control plans, fluke should be considered, and horses should be tested if appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Critical appraisal skills enabling assessment of the validity and importance of evidence are essential for clinicians to make informed decisions regarding what new information should be incorporated into their clinical practice. This review highlights key points to consider in a critical review concentrating on common study designs used in the equine literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: An 18‐month‐old Welsh Cob was referred to a university teaching hospital for investigation of abnormal respiratory noise at rest. Video‐endoscopy revealed persistent displacement of the soft palate with bilateral 2–3 cm diameter raised areas on either side of the midline. Neither trans‐nasal nor oral approaches allowed sufficient visualisation of the caudal soft palate for diagnosis or treatment. Latero‐lateral radiographs showed a blunted, thickened caudal edge of the soft palate consistent with a palatal cyst. Two palatal cysts were thermally ablated with a transendoscopic diode laser via temporary tracheotomy. The horse recovered uneventfully and resolution of the displacement was evident on follow‐up endoscopy 11 months later. This report documents a novel surgical approach to the caudal aspect of the soft palate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impacts of integrated crop–livestock (ICL) systems on water quality have not been well studied. Water quality parameters were quantified for two 30‐min rainfall simulations in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–cover crop, cover crop, and rangeland grass control phases of a long‐term ICL study site in Mandan, ND, in 2017 and 2018. Both pre‐graze and post‐graze simulations were conducted. Nitrate‐N (NO3−–N), nitrite‐N (NO2−–N), ammonia‐N (NH4+–N), phosphate‐P (PO43−–P), and total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations and loads were evaluated in surface runoff water, along with concentrations of NO3−–N, NO2−–N, NH4+–N, and PO43−–P in infiltration water. Non‐parametric ranked two‐way analysis of variance was used to evaluate differences for vegetation type and grazing as fixed effects, with year as a random effect. Surface runoff concentrations of NO3−–N and NH4+–N were significantly different with cover crop and wheat phases being greater than grass. A grazing effect was also observed with pre‐graze significantly greater than post graze for NO2−–N, NH4+–N, PO43−–P, and TSS surface runoff concentrations. For infiltration water concentrations, similar significant effects of vegetation type were observed for NO3−–N and PO43−–P, while pre‐graze was also greater than post‐graze for NO2−–N and PO43−–P. Due to variable runoff volumes, no significant differences were observed for loads of any parameters. Minimal runoff volumes (0–6.7 L) and significant vegetation and grazing effects in nutrient infiltration water concentrations highlight the importance of infiltration in such studies, particularly at sites in the northern Great Plains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: There is limited information about bacterial isolates that are present on the equine midline incision during and following exploratory laparotomy. Objectives: To investigate the bacterial species cultured from the ventral midline pre‐, intra‐ and post‐ laparotomy, whether particular bacterial isolates are associated with the development of surgical site infections (SSIs) and to report the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of these isolates. Study design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: The ventral midline of 31 horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy was sampled for bacterial culture at set time‐points pre, intra and post‐operatively. Inclusion criteria were that horses must have undergone exploratory laparotomy within 90 min of the initial colic examination upon hospital admission and must not have been placed in a stable prior to surgery. SSI was defined as any purulent or serous discharge from the laparotomy incision of >24 h duration. Results: Seven horses (22.6%) developed a SSI. None of the variables tested were associated with the altered risk of SSI. The prevalence of a positive bacterial culture from the incision increased progressively over time and a variety of bacteria were isolated. A positive intra‐operative culture was not a predictor of SSI; and when a SSI did occur, it was due to a different bacterial isolate. MRSA and ESBL‐producers were identified in the post‐operative period in one and four different horses respectively, but none of these developed a SSI. Main limitations: Sampling was limited to hospitalisation and no culture results were available for horses developing SSI following hospital discharge. Conclusions: A variety of bacterial species may be isolated from equine laparotomy incisions peri‐operatively without development of SSI. SSI does not appear to be solely related to bacterial contamination of the incision peri‐operatively and other mechanisms such as bacteraemia merit further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perennial forages have the potential to diversify annual crop rotations and provide yield benefits to subsequent cash crops. Little is known about the duration of and extent to which yield benefits are observed in semiarid no-till systems following perennial forages, which may depend on the perennial crop type and duration of the perennial phase. Five perennial forage and forage combinations, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.; PALF), intermediate wheatgrass [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkw. & D.R. Dewey subsp. Intermedium; IMWG], switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.; SWG), alfalfa--intermediate wheatgrass mixture (PALF+IMWG), alfalfa--switchgrass mixture (PALF+SWG), and an annual cropping system of continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fertilized with 67 kg ha-1 of N (CWF) were evaluated for their impacts on wheat yields in a 7-yr study conducted near Mandan, ND. Wheat yields following 2 yr of alfalfa were comparable to CWF, and 3 and 4 yr of alfalfa, respectively, were 19 and 41% higher. After 5 yr of PALF+SWG, which was primarily comprised of alfalfa, wheat yields were 23% higher than CWF, and comparable to CWF after 3 and 4 yr in PALF+SWG. Four years in PALF+IMWG were needed to produce wheat yields comparable to CWF. Yield benefits persisted for up to 3 and 4 yr following 3 yr of PALF or 5 yr of PALF+IMWG, respectively. Overall, alfalfa and alfalfa--perennial grass mixtures showed the greatest promise for enhancing yields. These results indicate that a perennial phase of at least 2 yr is needed to provide yield benefits to subsequent no-till annual crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Five horses with a primary surgical lesion of the small (descending) colon were diagnosed with eosinophilic colitis based on visual and histopathological examination. These were evident as visibly striking, hyperaemic, focal lesions of the small colon, with serosal petechiation, oedema and marked thickening of the intestinal wall at the site. Areas of focal necrosis were also evident. The gross appearance of the lesions were considered to be sufficiently severe in all cases to merit resection, due to concerns about intestinal necrosis and septic peritonitis. An inability to fully exteriorise the affected portion of intestine to perform a resection and anastomosis necessitated intraoperative euthanasia of one horse. A total of three horses survived to hospital discharge. Eosinophilic colitis lesions are a rare cause of severe small colon disease, but should be considered in cases with similar visual characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been 21 years since the adoption of clinical audit by our profession was first suggested in the literature (Mosedale [17]) and 19 years since an editorial in this journal introduced two thought-provoking articles on the subject (Rossdale and Mair [25]). Colic surgery has been identified as a discipline well-suited to clinical audit (Mair and White [13]). Despite significant improvements in treatment and outcomes for horses undergoing colic surgery, mortality, and complication rates remain relatively high (Mair [12]; Salem I et al i . 14 Mair, T.S. and White, N.A. (2008) The creation of an international audit and database of equine colic surgery: Survey of attitudes of surgeons. [Extracted from the article]

Understanding how agricultural management and climate change affect soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is particularly important for dryland agriculture regions that have been losing SOC over time due to fallow and tillage practices, and it can lead to development of agricultural practice(s) that reduce the impact of climate change on crop production. The objectives of this study were: (i) to simulate SOC dynamics in the top 30 cm of soil during a 20-yr (1993-2012) field study using CQESTR, a process-based C model; (ii) to predict the impact of changes in management, crop production, and climate change from 2013 to 2032; and (iii) to identify the best dryland cropping systems to maintain or increase SOC stocks under projected climate change in central North Dakota. Intensifying crop rotations was predicted to have a greater impact on SOC stocks than tillage (minimum tillage [MT], no-till [NT]) during 2013 to 2032, as SOC was highly correlated to biomass input (r = 0.91, P = 0.00053). Converting from a MT spring wheat (SW, Triticum aestivum L.)--fallow rotation to a NT continuous SW rotation increased annualized biomass additions by 2.77 Mg ha-1 (82%) and SOC by 0.22 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. Under the assumption that crop production will stay at the 1993 to 2012 average, climate change is predicted to have a minor impact on SOC (approximately -6.5%) relative to crop rotation management. The CQESTR model predicted that the addition of another SW or rye (Secale cereale L.) crop would have a greater effect on SOC stocks (0- to 30-cm depth) than conversion from MT to NT or climate change from 2013 to 2032. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Equine populations worldwide are at increasing risk of infection by viruses transmitted by biting arthropods, including mosquitoes, biting midges (Culicoides), sandflies and ticks. These include the flaviviruses (Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and Murray Valley encephalitis), alphaviruses (eastern, western and Venezuelan encephalitis) and the orbiviruses (African horse sickness and equine encephalosis). This review provides an overview of the challenges faced in the surveillance, prevention and control of the major equine arboviruses, particularly in the context of these viruses emerging in new regions of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integration of perennial forages in annual cropping systems can expand ecosystem service benefits to agricultural landscapes. Such benefits are frequently derived from changes to soil properties. Unfortunately, there is limited guidance for agricultural producers regarding the length of time needed to accrue soil condition improvements under perennial forages, particularly for semiarid regions. The objective of this study was to quantify soil responses to perennial grasses, legumes, and grass–legume mixtures over a 5-yr year period in a semiarid region. Select soil physical and chemical properties were measured within five perennial forage treatments and under annual cropping over a 5-yr period on a Parshall fine sandy loam near Mandan, ND. Treatment effects on soil properties were limited to the surface 10 cm. Differences in soil properties between spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and perennial forages were most frequent following the fourth stand year. Compared with spring wheat, perennial forages mitigated soil acidification (by 0.26–0.65 pH units), reduced soil bulk density (by 0.04–0.08 Mg m–3), and increased particulate organic matter (POM) (by 0.41 g C kg–1) and water-stable aggregates (by 3.8%). Among perennial forages, intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium L.) and intermediate wheatgrass–field pea (Pisum sativum L) mixture followed by alfalfa (Medicago spp.) reduced soil bulk density (by 0.06–0.11 Mg m–3) and increased POM (by 0.24–0.92 g C kg–1) compared with alfalfa following 4- and 5-yr perennial forage stands. While these outcomes suggest perennial forages can improve the near-surface soil condition, accrual of improvements may be slow and subtle in semiarid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We analyse chronologies of historical flash floods derived from searches of newspaper archives and other sources commencing before 1800 and recent gauged rainfall and stream flow data. Five key examples are chosen to illustrate specific features of flash floods. Pluvial flash floods arise from rainfall before it reaches a watercourse and may cause severe flooding of land and properties far from rivers. River flash floods, like pluvial floods, have the characteristic of rapid speed of response, a principal source of risk to life. Intense rainfall can generate ‘walls of water’ in river courses which can propagate long distances downstream and steepen, without upstream structural failure. Steeply rising wavefronts more commonly occur on steep upland catchments but, where intensities of extreme short period rainfall are sufficient, such wavefronts can also occur on lowland catchments. A definition of flash floods from intense rainfall, relevant to British landscape and climate, is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasons for performing study Relaparotomy may be required to investigate and manage complications that occur following surgical management of colic. Objectives To report factors associated with survival following relaparotomy. Study design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Records of horses that had undergone exploratory laparotomy for treatment of colic over a 10-year period (2002-2012) and had undergone relaparotomy <8 weeks following the initial surgery were reviewed. Descriptive data were generated and association with survival time was modelled using Cox proportional hazards models. Results Relaparotomy was performed in 96 horses at <8 weeks following initial surgery at a median of 4 days. This represented 6.3% of horses that underwent laparotomy during the study period (n = 1531). Relaparotomy was most frequently undertaken based on signs of persistent post-operative colic (76%; n = 73). Short-term survival for horses undergoing relaparotomy due to persistent colic was 53%, incisional dehiscence 50%, post-operative reflux 37%, haemoperitoneum 17% and septic peritonitis 0%. Median survival was 6 days for all horses undergoing relaparotomy and 778 days for those that recovered following anaesthesia. Nonsurvival was associated with increased packed cell volume at 24 h following initial laparotomy (hazard ratio [ HR] 1.06, 95% confidence interval [ CI] 1.04-1.10, P = 0.009), peritonitis as a reason for undertaking relaparotomy ( HR 4.41, 95% CI 1.43-13.6, P = 0.01) and adhesions found at relaparotomy ( HR 1.77, 95% CI 1.03-3.04, P = 0.04). Increased likelihood of survival was associated with colic signs being the reason for performing relaparotomy ( HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.26-0.88, P = 0.02) and small intestinal distension found at relaparotomy ( HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.29-0.96, P = 0.04). Conclusions This study has provided information about survival rates and risk factors for survival in horses undergoing relaparotomy that can assist clinicians and owners when determining whether to perform relaparotomy and in predicting the likely surgical outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasons for performing study Colic is an important health problem in managed horse populations. Currently, there is limited information about colic prevalence and risk factors for colic in working horse populations. Objectives To determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for, colic in a working horse population in Egypt and to describe management practices in this working horse population. Study design Cross-sectional survey. Methods Owners of 350 working horses were interviewed. Data about their horses, management and colic episodes in the preceding 12 months were collected. Dental examination was conducted on 342 horses and blood samples (n = 100) were collected for immunodiagnosis of tapeworm ( Anoplocephala perfoliata) infection. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for a history of colic in the preceding 12 months. Results The 12-month prevalence of colic was 54.6%. Severe and moderate tapeworm infection intensity was identified in 3% and 26% of horses tested, respectively. Horses that had severe dental disease (odds ratio [ OR] 6.8, 95% confidence interval [ CI] 1.9-24.3, P<0.001), that displayed stereotypic behaviour ( OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.15-3.5, P = 0.013), were fed ground corn during the 'dry season' ( OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.03-2.6, P = 0.035) or that had received an anthelmintic in the previous 6 months ( OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3-3.3, P = 0.003) were more likely to have a history of colic in the preceding 12 months. Horses fed on rice bran during the 'green season' ( OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.26-0.9, P = 0.015) and that displayed geophagia/coprophagia ( OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.05-0.73, P = 0.001) were less likely to have a history of colic. Conclusions Colic is common in this working horse population and this study has identified factors associated with altered likelihood of colic. The study provides important information that may be used to inform future prospective studies investigating colic in working horse populations and to assist development of preventive healthcare strategies. The Summary is available in Chinese - see Supporting information [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasons for performing study Oro-dental disease can have a significant impact on equine welfare. Objectives To determine the prevalence of oro-dental disease and to identify risk factors for oro-dental disorders and poor body condition scores ( BCS) in a working horse population in Egypt. Study design Cross-sectional survey. Methods Oro-dental examination was performed on 450 working horses in 2 Egyptian provinces. Horse and management historical data were collected and horses were assigned to no/mild, moderate and severe dental disease categories based on findings on examination. Multivariable logistic regression and generalised additive models were used to identify risk factors for oral mucosal injuries and very poor/poor BCS, and to explore the relationship between age and different oro-dental disorders. Results Oro-dental disease was common, with 45.3% and 8.4% of horses considered to have moderate and severe oro-dental disease, respectively. None of these horses had previously undergone any form of proper dental examination and treatment by trained personnel. Oral mucosal injuries (64.2%) and sharp enamel points (79.8%) were most common. Oral mucosal injuries were significantly associated with increasing age (odds ratio ( OR) 1.1, 95% confidence interval ( CI) 1.01-1.1, P = 0.03), focal dental overgrowths ( OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.4-4.0, P = 0.002) and sharp enamel points ( OR 6.3, 95% CI 3.5-11.0, P<0.001). Very poor and poor BCS were significantly associated with severe dental disease ( OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.2-5.8, P = 0.02), horses aged 16-30 years ( OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.7-7.0, P = 0.001), height ( OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.9-0.97, P = 0.001) and packed cell volume ( OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.85-0.95, P<0.001). Conclusions There is a need for education of working horse-owners in Egypt about the importance of oro-dental disease and for greater availability of veterinarians with suitable training and equipment to perform dental prophylaxis and treatment. Even simple dental prophylaxis could have a significant impact on the health and welfare of this population of working horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasons for performing study Surgical site infection ( SSI) is an important cause of post operative morbidity following laparotomy. Objectives To investigate risk factors for SSI, including effect of season and surgery performed outside normal working hours, and to report bacterial isolates and antimicrobial resistance patterns. Study design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Data were obtained from horses that had undergone exploratory laparotomy over a 3-year period (2010-2013) in a UK hospital population. SSI was defined as any purulent or serous discharge from the laparotomy incision of >24 h duration that developed during hospitalisation. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associations between pre-, intra- and post operative variables and altered likelihood of SSI. Results Surgical site infection developed in 73/287 (25.4%) horses during hospitalisation. Horses of greater bodyweight (odds ratio [ OR] 1.002, 95% confidence interval [ CI] 1.0002-1.005, P = 0.03), increased packed cell volume (≥48%) on admission ( OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.32-6.94, P = 0.01), small intestinal resection ( OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.15-4.46, P = 0.02) and post operative colic ( OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.41-5.79, P = 0.003) were significantly associated with increased likelihood of SSI in a multivariable model. SSI was also significantly more likely to occur during winter ( OR 3.84, 95% CI 1.38-10.70, P = 0.01) and summer ( OR 5.63, 95% CI 2.07-15.3, P = 0.001) months in the model. Three-layer closure of the incision was protective ( OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.16-0.58, P<0.001) compared to 2-layer closure. There was no effect of surgery being performed outside normal working hours (P = 0.5). The most common bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli (59.5%) , Enterococcus spp. (42.4%) and Staphylococcus spp. (25.4%). Penicillin resistant isolates accounted for 92% (96/104) of isolates while 18% (21/119) of isolates were gentamicin resistant. Conclusions Laparotomy during winter and summer months was associated with increased likelihood of SSI but there was no effect of surgery performed outside normal working hours. This information assists in identifying horses at high risk of SSI and informing development of preventive strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African horse sickness ( AHS) is an arboviral disease of equids transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. The virus is endemic in parts of sub-Saharan Africa and official AHS disease-free status can be obtained from the World Organization for Animal Health on fulfilment of a number of criteria. AHS is associated with case fatality rates of up to 95%, making an outbreak among naïve horses both a welfare and economic disaster. The worldwide distributions of similar vector-borne diseases (particularly bluetongue disease of ruminants) are changing rapidly, probably due to a combination of globalisation and climate change. There is extensive evidence that the requisite conditions for an AHS epizootic currently exist in disease-free countries. In particular, although the stringent regulations enforced upon competition horses make them extremely unlikely to redistribute the virus, there are great concerns over the effects of illegal equid movement. An outbreak of AHS in a disease free region would have catastrophic effects on equine welfare and industry, particularly for international events such as the Olympic Games. While many regions have contingency plans in place to manage an outbreak of AHS, further research is urgently required if the equine industry is to avoid or effectively contain an AHS epizootic in disease-free regions. This review describes the key aspects of AHS as a global issue and discusses the evidence supporting concerns that an epizootic may occur in AHS free countries, the planned government responses, and the roles and responsibilities of equine veterinarians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in management of the surgical colic patient over the last 30 years have resulted in considerable improvement in post operative survival rates. However, post operative complications remain common and these impact negatively on horse welfare, probability of survival, return to previous use and the costs of treatment. Multiple studies have investigated risk factors for post operative complications following surgical management of colic and interventions that might be effective in reducing the likelihood of these occurring. The findings from these studies are frequently contradictory and the evidence for many interventions is lacking or inconclusive. This review discusses the current available evidence and identifies areas where further studies are necessary and factors that should be taken into consideration in study design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cover crops can expand ecosystem services, though sound management recommendations for their use within semiarid cropping systems is currently constrained by a lack of information. This study was conducted to determine agroecosystem responses to late-summer seeded cover crops under no-till management, with particular emphasis on soil attributes. Short-term effects of late-summer seeded cover crops on soil water, available N, near-surface soil quality, and residue cover were investigated during three consecutive years on the Area IV Soil Conservation Districts Research Farm near Mandan, ND. Mean aboveground cover crop biomass was highly variable across years (1430, 96, and 937 kg ha-1 in 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively), and was strongly affected by precipitation received within 14 d following cover crop seeding. During years with appreciable biomass production (2008 and 2010), cover crops significantly reduced available N in the 0.9-m depth the following spring (P = 0.0291 and 0.0464, respectively). Cover crop effects on soil water were subtle, and no differences in soil water were found between cover crop treatments and a no cover crop control before seeding cash crops the following spring. Late-summer seeded cover crops did not affect near-surface soil properties or soil coverage by residue. Soil responses to late-summer seeded cover crops did not differ between cover crop mixtures and monocultures. Late-summer seeded cover crops may enhance ecosystem services provided by semiarid cropping systems through biomass production and N conservation, though achieving these benefits in a consistent manner appears dependent on timely precipitation following cover crop seeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report describes the case management, histopathological and post mortem findings in a 23-year-old gelding with a peri-rectal mass. The mass was debulked surgically and submitted samples revealed it to be a poorly differentiated carcinoma. In the post operative period the horse developed signs of abdominal pain and dysuria and was subjected to euthanasia. Post mortem examination revealed a large infiltrative mass located between the rectum and urethra, consistent with a carcinoma of an accessory genital gland, most likely the seminal vesicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasons for performing study Recurrent colic occurs frequently in the general horse population but little evidence exists about what factors place horses at greater risk of recurrent colic. Objectives To quantify time-varying and non time-varying risk factors for recurrent colic among horses attended by first-opinion veterinary surgeons in northwest England. Study design Nested case-control study. Methods A nested case-control study was conducted on data from a prospective longitudinal cohort study of 127 horses recruited subsequent to an episode of medical colic. Data were collected on management and recurrent colic episodes at 4-monthly intervals by telephone questionnaires. All recurrent colic episodes were selected as cases; controls were unmatched and randomly selected from all horse-time at risk. Data relating to the 30 days prior to the date of colic or control selection were used to determine exposure status. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine risk factors for recurrent colic. Results In total, 59 cases and 177 controls were included. The final model showed that horses that displayed crib-biting/windsucking (odds ratio [ OR] 10.1, 95% confidence interval [ CI] 2.5-41.0) or weaving behaviour ( OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.5-10.1) had an increased risk of recurrence of colic. Increasing time at pasture reduced the risk of recurrence ( OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.99-1.0). A significant interaction was found suggesting that the risk associated with crib-biting/windsucking may be modified by feeding fruit/vegetables; however, further research is required before recommendations for feeding practices can be made. Conclusions This study suggests that sufficient access to pasture may be an important means of reducing recurrent colic risk. The behavioural risk factors highlight individuals who may be at increased risk of recurrent colic and whose colic prevention strategies should be carefully managed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasons for performing study To determine risk factors involved in survival to hospital discharge of cases of synovial sepsis. Objectives Investigate pre-, intra- and post operative factors involved in short-term survival of horses undergoing endoscopic treatment for synovial sepsis. Study design Retrospective case series. Methods Clinical data were obtained for horses (>6 months old) undergoing endoscopic surgery as part of management for synovial sepsis over a 7-year period in a single hospital population. Descriptive data were generated for pre-, intra- and post operative variables. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to develop 3 models related to presurgical, surgical and post surgical stages of management with outcome defined as survival to hospital discharge. Results Two hundred and fourteen horses were included. In Model 1 (preoperative variables), increased preoperative synovial fluid total protein ( TP) was associated with nonsurvival ( OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.83-0.94, P<0.001) whereas the presence of a wound on admission was associated with survival ( OR 4.75, 95% CI 1.21-18.65, P = 0.02). Model 2 (intraoperative variables) revealed that factors associated with decreased survival were anaesthetic induction outside of normal working hours ( OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.15-0.88 P = 0.02) and presence of moderate/severe synovial inflammation at surgery ( OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.12-0.67, P = 0.004). Model 3 (post operative variables) showed that increased post operative synovial fluid TP ( OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.90-0.98, P = 0.013) and undertaking more than one endoscopic surgery for treatment ( OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.05-0.70, P = 0.005) were associated with nonsurvival. Cut-off values for predicting survival were 55-60 g/l for preoperative and 50-55 g/l for post operative TP measurements. Conclusions This study has identified factors associated with altered likelihood of survival to hospital discharge following endoscopic surgery for synovial sepsis. Prognosis for survival to hospital discharge can be based on evidence from this study at the key stages of management of horses with synovial sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainably balancing biofuel crop production with food, feed, and fiber on agricultural lands will require developing new cropping strategies. Double- and/or relay-cropping winter camelina (Camelina sativa L.) with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] may be a means to produce an energy and food crop on the same land in a single year. A study was conducted between 2009 and 2011 in west central Minnesota to evaluate yields, seed quality, economics, and within-field energy balance of winter camelina-soybean double- and relay-cropping systems compared with a conventional monocropped full-season soybean. Systems included methods to hasten camelina harvest (e.g., swathing and desiccating) to promote early soybean growth. Camelina seed yields were unaffected by cropping system and ranged from 1.1 to 1.3 Mg ha-1. Relay-cropped soybean yields were greater than double-cropped soybean and were 58 to 83% of that for the monocropped control. Seed oil and protein content of double- and relay-cropped soybean were comparable to their monocropped counterpart and combined seed oil yield for the dual crop systems was as much as 50% greater. Net economic returns for the relay-crop treatments were competitive with that of the full-season soybean. Moreover, net energy of the relay-crop treatments was generally as high as the sole soybean crop, but energy efficiency (outputs/inputs) was less due to greater inputs. Results indicate that dual cropping of winter camelina with soybean is agronomically viable for the upper Midwest and might be an attractive system to growers seeking a "cash" cover crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are concerns that outbreaks of exotic or novel vector-borne viral diseases will increasingly occur within northern Europe and the UK in the future. African horse sickness (AHS) is a viral disease of equids that is transmitted by Culicoides and is associated with up to 95 percent mortality. AHS has never occurred in the UK; however, it has been suggested that appropriate Culicoides species and climatic conditions are present in northern Europe to support an outbreak. No data are currently available regarding the Culicoides species present on UK equine properties. This study demonstrates the presence of potential AHS virus vector Culicoides species on both urban and rural equine properties within the south-east UK. PCR analysis revealed that engorged members of these species contained equine DNA, proving a direct vector-host interaction. It is therefore possible that an AHS outbreak could occur in the UK if the virus were to be imported and, given the severe welfare and economic consequences of AHS, this would have devastating consequences to the naïve UK equine population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasons for performing study Risk factors for large colon volvulus ( LCV) in the horse have not been previously reported. Knowledge of these risk factors may allow the introduction of measures that could be taken to minimise the incidence of LCV. Objectives To investigate risk factors for LCV in the horse. Methods A prospective, multicentre, unmatched case-control study was conducted over a 24 month period in the UK. Data on 69 cases and 204 control horses, from 4 veterinary hospitals, were obtained via telephone questionnaires. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associations between horse and management-level variables and the likelihood of LCV. Results Increasing height, multiple colic episodes in the previous 12 months and mares, with a greater odds ratio in mares that had previously foaled, were associated with increased risk of LCV. Receiving medication (excluding anthelmintic treatment) in the previous 7 days and quidding behaviour were also associated with increased risk. Management-level variables associated with greater risk of LCV were an increase in the hours of stabling in the previous 14 days, an increasing number of horses on the premises, and 3 or more people involved in the horse's care. Variables related to nutrition associated with increased risk of LCV were being fed hay, being fed sugar-beet, a change in pasture in the previous 28 days, and an alteration in the amount of forage fed in the last 7 days. Conclusions This study has identified factors that may assist in the recognition of horses with increased risk of LCV and factors that might be altered to minimise the incidence of LCV. Potential relevance Clinicians can use this information to identify horses at risk of LCV and to provide evidence-based advice to owners of these horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Difficulties in accessing high-quality data on trace gas fluxes and performance of bioenergy/bioproduct feedstocks limit the ability of researchers and others to address environmental impacts of agriculture and the potential to produce feedstocks. To address those needs, the GRACEnet (Greenhouse gas Reduction through Agricultural Carbon Enhancement network) and REAP (Renewable Energy Assessment Project) research programs were initiated by the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS). A major product of these programs is the creation of a database with greenhouse gas fluxes, soil carbon stocks, biomass yield, nutrient, and energy characteristics, and input data for modeling cropped and grazed systems. The data include site descriptors (e.g., weather, soil class, spatial attributes), experimental design (e.g., factors manipulated, measurements performed, plot layouts), management information (e.g., planting and harvesting schedules, fertilizer types and amounts, biomass harvested, grazing intensity), and measurements (e.g., soil C and N stocks, plant biomass amount and chemical composition). To promote standardization of data and ensure that experiments were fully described, sampling protocols and a spreadsheet-based data-entry template were developed. Data were first uploaded to a temporary database for checking and then were uploaded to the central database. A Web-accessible application allows for registered users to query and download data including measurement protocols. Separate portals have been provided for each project (GRACEnet and REAP) at nrrc.ars.usda.gov/slgracenet/#/Home and nrrc. ars.usda.gov/slreap/#/Home. The database architecture and data entry template have proven flexible and robust for describing a wide range of field experiments and thus appear suitable for other natural resource research projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasons for performing study There is limited information about risk factors and survival associated with disorders of the small colon requiring surgical management. Objectives 1) To document the types of surgical lesion in horses where pathology of the small (descending) colon was the primary cause of abdominal pain, 2) to describe the short- and long-term survival of these cases and identify factors associated with survival and 3) to identify preoperative variables associated with localisation of a lesion to the small colon. Methods Clinical data and long-term follow-up were obtained for horses that underwent exploratory laparotomy over a 10-year period. Descriptive data were generated for short- and long-term survival and survival analysis performed to identify factors associated with reduced survival. Univariable and multivariable relationships were explored using a Cox proportional hazards model. Preoperative factors associated with increased likelihood of a small colon lesion were explored, using controls randomly selected from horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy for treatment of colic unrelated to the small colon. Results The study population included 84 horses. Of horses with small colon lesions recovered from anaesthesia, the percentage that survived until discharge, one year and 2 years following surgery, was 91.0, 81.0 and 73.5%, respectively. Median survival time for horses in which a resection had been performed was 1029 vs. 3072 days in the nonresection group. Small colon cases were more likely to have shown a longer duration of colic signs prior to admission ( P<0.001) and to develop post operative diarrhoea ( P = 0.001) when compared with surgical controls. Conclusions Lesions of the small colon carry a good prognosis for survival following surgery. Resection and anastomosis was the only factor associated with reduced long-term survival. Potential relevance This study provides information about lesion types and post operative survival that may be used to assist informed decision-making when managing these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipomatosis is an uncommon cause of colic. This case report details the pre- and intraoperative findings of a 9-year-old gelding, presented with acute abdominal pain. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a massive fatty infiltrate involving an extensive portion of the base and mid-body of the caecum. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of an infiltrative lipomatous lesion of the equine caecum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasons for performing study: The pattern of long-term survival and specific factors associated with long-term survival have not previously been evaluated in horses with a strangulating large colon volvulus (LCV). Objectives: To provide data on the long-term survival of horses with LCV and to identify pre-, intra- and post operative variables associated with survival. Methods: Clinical data and long-term follow-up information were obtained from 116 horses with a strangulating LCV (≥360°) undergoing general anaesthesia. Two multivariable Cox proportional hazards models for post operative survival time were developed: Model 1 included all horses and evaluated preoperative variables and Model 2 included horses that survived anaesthesia and evaluated pre-, intra- and post operative variables. Results: The study population comprised 116 horses. Eighty-nine (76.7%) survived general anaesthesia. Of these, the percentage that survived until discharge, to one year and to 2 years was 70.7%, 48.3% and 33.7%, respectively. Median survival time for horses that survived general anaesthesia was 365 days. In Model 1 increased preoperative packed cell volume (PCV) was significantly associated with reduced post operative survival (hazard ratio [HR] 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.11). However, this effect changed over time. In Model 2 abnormal serosal colour intraoperatively (HR 3.61, 95% CI 1.55-8.44), increased heart rate at 48 h post surgery (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.06), and colic during post operative hospitalisation (HR 2.63, 95% CI 1.00-6.95), were all significantly associated with reduced post operative survival. Conclusions: Survival time in horses with a LCV was associated with preoperative PCV, serosal colour, heart rate at 48 h post operatively and colic during post operative hospitalisation. Potential relevance: This study provides evidence-based information on the long-term survival of horses with LCV and identifies parameters that may assist decision-making by clinicians and owners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in the field of telemetry techniques during the last few decades have greatly expanded our knowledge on migratory behaviour and provided the opportunity to obtain practically useful data for the conservation and management of salmonid populations. However, applying this information to the development of much needed population-based migration models has been limited. Furthermore, this research has generally been restricted to assessing the role of river flow on fish movement. Models derived from a 6-year telemetry study on the movements of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and sea trout, Salmo trutta L., in the River Tyne are presented together with an assessment of counter data from the same river to highlight the importance of additional environmental and physiological parameters in regulating fish movement. The data are discussed in relation to the advantages of telemetry data, the need to develop predictive models, the statistical methods used and the potential direction of future work in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Reasons for performing study: Epiploic foramen entrapment (EFE) has been associated with reduced post operative survival compared to other types of colic but specific factors associated with reduced long-term survival of these cases have not been evaluated in a large number of horses using survival analysis. Objective: To describe post operative survival of EFE cases and to identify factors associated with long-term survival. Methods: A prospective, multicentre, international study was conducted using clinical data and long-term follow-up information for 126 horses diagnosed with EFE during exploratory laparotomy at 15 clinics in the UK, Ireland and USA. Descriptive data were generated and survival analysis performed to identify factors associated with reduced post operative survival. Results: For the EFE cohort that recovered following anaesthesia, survival to hospital discharge was 78.5%. Survival to 1 and 2 years post operatively was 50.6 and 34.3%, respectively. The median survival time of EFE cases undergoing surgery was 397 days. Increased packed cell volume (PCV) and increased length of small intestine (SI) resected were significantly associated with increased likelihood of mortality when multivariable analysis of pre- and intraoperative variables were analysed. When all pre-, intra- and post operative variables were analysed separately, only horses that developed post operative ileus (POI) were shown to be at increased likelihood of mortality. Conclusions: Increased PCV, increased length of SI resected and POI are all associated with increased likelihood of mortality of EFE cases. This emphasises the importance of early diagnosis and treatment and the need for improved strategies in the management of POI in order to reduce post operative mortality in these cases. Potential relevance: The present study provides evidence-based information to clinicians and owners of horses undergoing surgery for EFE about long-term survival. These results are applicable to university and large private clinics over a wide geographical area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Reasons for performing study: The frequency of recurrent colic in the UK equine general practice population is previously unreported. Elucidating risk factors for recurrent colic could provide a basis for clinical decision making and interventions. Objectives: To determine the incidence rate of and risk factors for recurrent colic. Hypotheses: Horse management, prophylactic health care and innate behaviour contribute to the risk of recurrent colic. Methods: A cohort of 127 horses was enrolled at the point of a veterinary-diagnosed medical colic episode. Participating owners completed a baseline and 3 follow-up telephone questionnaires over one year. Clinical details of each colic episode were collected with data on management, behaviour and preventive healthcare. Incidence was calculated using time at risk data; non-time varying covariates were assessed for association with recurrent colic using multivariable logistic regression. Results: The recurrence rate was 50 colic events/100 horse years at risk (HYAR). Including only veterinary attended recurrent colic episodes the incidence was 35 colic events per 100 HYAR. A multivariable logistic regression model was built to explore non-time varying risk factors for recurrence collected from baseline data. The model showed that horses that have a known dental problem (OR 5.5, 95% CI 1.3, 23.1) or crib-bite/windsuck (OR 12.1, 95% CI 1.4, 108.1) were at increased risk of recurrence during the year following a colic event. Conclusions and potential relevance: The incidence of recurrence in horses following a medical episode of colic is high in this population and represents a welfare concern. The incidence rate can be used to compare intervention efficacy in similar populations. Identified risk factors could provide the basis for management interventions or highlight at risk individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Reasons for performing study: Crib-biting/windsucking behaviour has important consequences for equine health and welfare. Lay perceptions of health and illness are of interest to medical sociologists, providing important information to medical practitioners, but have infrequently been applied in veterinary research. Objectives: To demonstrate how lay epidemiology can be applied within veterinary research by exploring the lay perceptions regarding the causes of crib-biting/windsucking behaviour in horses. Methods: Informants were recruited from professional and amateur horse owners who had or had not owned/cared for a horse that exhibited crib-biting/windsucking behaviour. In-depth interviews were used to examine perceptions about the development of this behaviour within each group until a 'saturation' of themes emerged. Results: The main themes that emerged as causes of crib-biting/windsucking behaviour were 'boredom', 'stress' and 'habit/addiction'. In the group of owners/carers who did not have direct experience of this type of behaviour, 'copying' from other horses emerged as a strong theme and they stated that they would not wish to own a crib-biting/windsucking horse. In contrast, those who had direct experience of horses demonstrating this behaviour did not believe copying was a cause based on their own observations and would not be put off purchasing or caring for another horse displaying this behaviour. Conclusions: Perceptions about what causes crib-biting/windsucking was influenced by whether or not informants had personal experience of horses demonstrating this behaviour. The three main themes that emerged have some justification based on current research and highlight the need for further investigation into the underlying pathophysiology of crib-biting/windsucking behaviour. Potential relevance: Qualitative approaches to health, disease and behaviour have an important role in the medical field and are applicable to veterinary research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To further understand the impact of tillage on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, we compare the performance of two conceptual models that describe CO2 emission after tillage as a function of the non-tilled emission plus a correction resulting from the tillage disturbance. The models assume that C in the readily decomposable organic matter follows a first-order reaction kinetics equation as and that soil C-CO2 emission is proportional to the C decay rate in soil, where Csoil( t) is the available labile soil C (g m−2) at any time ( t) and k is the decay constant (time−1). Two possible relationships are derived between non-tilled ( FNT) and tilled ( FT) soil fluxes: (model 1) and (model 2), where t is time after tillage. The difference between these two models comes from an assumption related to the k factor of labile C in the tilled plot and its similarity to the k factor of labile C in the non-till plot. Statistical fit of experimental data to conceptual models showed good agreement between predicted and observed CO2 fluxes based on the index of agreement (d-index) and with model efficiency as large as 0.97. Comparisons reveal that model 2, where all C pools are assigned the same k factor, produces a better statistical fit than model 1. The advantage of this modelling approach is that temporal variability of tillage-induced emissions can be described by a simple analytical function that includes the non-tilled emission plus an exponential term, which is dependent upon tillage and environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Reasons for performing study: Epiploic foramen entrapment (EFE) is one of the most common causes of small intestinal strangulation in the horse. Identification of risk factors would generate hypotheses about causation and may suggest preventive strategies. Hypothesis: Horses exhibiting certain behavioural patterns and those exposed to particular management practices are at increased risk of EFE. Methods: A matched case-control study was conducted on EFE cases admitted to hospitals in the UK, Ireland and USA. Data on 109 cases and 310 control horses were obtained by telephone questionnaire and conditional logistic regression was used to identify associations between horse- and management-level variables and the risk of EFE. Results: Crib-biting/windsucking behaviour was strongly associated with increased risk of EFE (OR 67.3, 95% CI 15.3-296.5). A history of colic in the previous 12 months (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.5-12.7) and horses of greater height (OR/cm 1.05, 95% CI 1.01-1.08) were also at increased risk. The person(s) responsible for horses' daily care (nonowner/relative/spouse OR 5.5, 95% CI 2.3-13.3) and a number of behavioural features, including response to a stimulus causing fright (easily frightened OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.1-1.0) or excitement (sweats up easily/occasionally OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.8), reaction to their surroundings (inquisitive OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.8) and feeding behaviour when stressed (goes off food in full/part OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-1.0) were also associated with altered risk of EFE. Conclusions: The association between horses of greater height and those with a previous history of colic and increased risk of EFE suggests that some horses may be inherently predisposed to EFE. Furthermore, a behavioural pattern has been characterised that is common to horses at increased risk of EFE. Further research is required to investigate the causal pathway linking behavioural traits with gastrointestinal dysfunction and to determine whether behavioural modification reduces the risk of EFE. Potential relevance: The findings of the present study have relevance to horses in the UK, Ireland and USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The role of the three conserved cysteine residues on Azotobacter vinelandii IscU in accepting sulfane sulfur and forming a covalent complex with IscS has been evaluated using electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry studies of variants involving individual cysteine-to-alanine substitutions. The results reveal that IscS can transfer sulfur to each of the three alanine-substituted forms of IscU to yield persulfide or polysulfide species, and formation of a heterodisulfide covalent complex between IscS and Cys37 on IscU. It is concluded that S transfer from IscS to IscU does not involve a specific cysteine on IscU or the formation of an IscS–IscU heterodisulfide complex. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A 21-year-old Arab gelding with clinical signs of acute peritonitis had a perforating ulcer on the mesenteric border of the jejunum which resulted in localised contamination of the abdomen with ingesta. The affected segment of jejunum was resected and the abdomen was lavaged extensively. Postoperatively, the gelding was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and intravenous fluids, but after four days it became acutely non-weight bearing on its right hindlimb, and a tendonitis of the lateral digital flexor tendon within the tarsal sheath was identified ultrasonographically. The septic tendonitis was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics but progressed proximodistally within the tendon until it involved both the tarsal sheath and the associated tarsocrural joint, necessitating the euthanasia of the gelding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]