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Objectives: This study aimed to qualitatively evaluate the variations in nerve bundles between patients with normal anatomy and those with inner‐ear anomalies. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the temporal bones of candidates for cochlear implants (CIs) enrolled at a tertiary center were retrospectively reviewed from the clinical database. The 3.0‐Tesla MRI scans were analyzed using a three‐dimensional slicer to visualize the nerve bundles in the internal auditory canal. Results: A total of 49 ears were analyzed. Twenty ears exhibited normal inner ear anatomy, whereas 29 ears had various inner‐ear malformations. The cochlear nerve (CN) was visible on all 20 scans with normal inner‐ear anatomy. In addition, the CN was visualized in 18 scans with inner ear malformations. Furthermore, the CN was identified in six of the eight scans with IP type I, whereas in two scans, the CN and vestibular nerve were unclear. Three scans with a common cavity showed only two nerve bundles. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that the CN can be visualized in most inner‐ear anatomical types. Even in severely malformed inner ears, the common nerve bundle that represents the cochlear and vestibular nerves can be visualized. The MRI is highly recommended for CN assessment before CI surgery. Level of Evidence: Level IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevalent worldwide, the Androctonus scorpion genus contributes a vital role in scorpion envenoming. While diverse scorpionisms are observed because of several different species, their secretions to protect themselves have been identified as a potent source of antimicrobial peptide (AMP)‐like compounds. Distinctly, the venom of these species contains around 24 different AMPs, with definite molecules studied for their therapeutic potential as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiproliferative and antiangiogenic agents. Our review focuses on the therapeutic potential of native and synthetic AMPs identified so far in the Androctonus scorpion genus, identifying research gaps in peptide therapeutics and guiding further investigations. Certain AMPs have demonstrated remarkable compatibility to be prescribed as anticancer drug to reduce cancer cell proliferation and serve as a potent antibiotic alternative. Besides, analyses were performed to explore the characteristics and affinities of peptides for membranes. Overall, the study of AMPs derived from the Androctonus scorpion genus provides valuable insights into their potential applications in medicine and drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrialization of green hydrogen production through electrolyzers is hindered by cost‐effective electrocatalysts and sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, a facile one‐step hydrothermal technique for the in situ growth of non‐noble tin chalcogenides and their heterostructures on nickel foam (NF) as trifunctional electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), OER, and methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) is detailed. Among them, the heterostructured SnSe/SnTe/NF outperforms all others and recently reported catalysts, boasting an impressively low potential of −0.077, 1.51, and 1.33 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode to achieve 10 mA cm−2 for HER, OER, and MOR. Owing to the rod‐like morphology with hetero‐phases for enhancing the performance. Furthermore, a hybrid MOR‐mediated water electrolyzer requiring only 1.49 V to achieve 10 mA cm−2 with value‐added formate is introduced and traditional water electrolyzer is outperformed. Additionally, a zero‐gap commercial anion‐exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE) with bifunctional SnSe/SnTe/NF electrodes is tested, successfully achieving an industrially required 1 A cm−2 at a low potential of 1.93 V at 70 °C. Moreover, AEMWE using a windmill is powered and H2 and O2 production with wind speed is measured. Overall, this work paves the development of unexplored tin chalcogenide heterostructure as a potent candidate for cost‐effective, energy‐efficient, and carbon‐neutral hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To report a reliable method in obtaining optimal cochlear basal turn and cross‐section (c/s) of internal auditory canal (IAC) supporting Cochlear implantation (CI) procedure. Materials and Methods: Computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance image (MRI) scans of potential CI candidates from 2018 to 2022 from the tertiary center were considered for analysis. Slicer software was used in three‐dimensional (3D) segmentation of inner ear and for capturing the cochlear basal turn. Results: A total of 1932 head scans were made available for the analysis and out of which 1866 scans had normal anatomy (NA) inner ear. Incomplete partition (IP) type‐I was identified in 19 ears, IP type‐II in 27 ears, IP type‐III in 6 ears, cochlear hypoplasia (CH) type‐I in 6 ears, CH type‐II in 1 ear, CH type‐III in 3 ears, and CH type‐IV is 3 ears, and enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome in 1 ear. 3D segmented inner ear helped in successfully obtaining the cochlear basal turn and the c/s of IAC in all anatomical types. Time taken to capture the cochlear basal turn with the help of 3D segmented inner ear was <1 min. Within the NA category, five cases showed scalar ossification, and its extent was identified in the cochlear basal turn. Conclusion: The identification and the extent of ossification in the scala tympani, shape of the basal turn, and the cochlear size measurement in cochlear basal turn has high clinical relevance as this helps in surgical planning and in choosing appropriate electrode length. Level of evidence: Level 2 to the best of our understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adhesive‐bonded joints in glass fiber‐reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite structures give numerous benefits, such as greater flexibility, good specific strength, improved fatigue resistance, and the ability to reduce stress concentration. Consequently, adhesive‐bonded joints are considered more influential if compared to fasteners. This research investigates the effects of incorporating graphene nanoparticles (GNPs) into the adhesive layer on several aspects of adhesively bonded co‐cure (CC) single‐lap GFRP composite joints. These aspects include shear strength, flexural strength, failure mechanisms, and fractography studies. The study examined six distinct weight percentages of GNP, specifically 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 wt.%, which are considered to enhance the interfacial strength of adhesive joints. Based on the research, 0.75 wt.% of GNP single‐lap joint (SLJ) shear strength improved by 69.40% when compared to the plain matrix SLJ. This suggests excellent load transmission between adherends. In addition, the flexural strength increased by 46.57% in the specimens containing 1.25 wt.% GNP when compared to the plain matrix used to bond in SLJ. After testing, fractured specimen microscopic images were used to examine failure mechanisms. According to fractography studies, adding GNPs to the adhesive causes surfaces to become rougher, which improves the adhesion between the adhesive and the adherends. Highlights: Six distinct wt.% of GNPs were used to prepare the matrix by sonication.Single‐lap GFRP composite joints were fabricated through a CC technique.SLJ's maximum shear strength was found at 0.75 wt% of GNP.SLJ's maximum flexural strength was found at 1.25 wt% of GNP.Failure analysis was conducted using microscopes and FESEM images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals are highly polluting the environment and are considered a serious concern. As a result, early detection of these heavy metals is critical. In this research work, we focus on a new electrochemical sensor based on rare earth element (Dysprosium, Dy) modified with Aruvillius layered Perovskite (Bismuth titanate, Bi4Ti3O12, BTO) thin film electrodes with different concentrations of (0, 2 %, 4 %, 6 %) Dysprosium (Dy)was prepared using the sol‐gel spin coating method for mercury (Hg2+) ions detection.The X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals the prepared sample exhibits a polycrystalline orthorhombic structure. The highest emission peak at 575 nm is discerned in the more visible region corresponding to the transition of 4F9/2→6H3/2. In the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, the existence of Bi, Ti, O, and Dy is demonstrating the successful formation of prepared material. In the electrochemical section, various parameters such as pH, scan rate, and different concentrations of (Hg2+) ions were investigated. From the Cyclic Voltammetry and Electrochemical Impedance analysis, 4 % Dy doped BTO has been identified as an active electrochemical participant and has low charge transfer resistance. The stability analysis result shows the better stability of the electrode during the cycling for sensing application with a lower detection limit of 1.27 μM. It indicated that the modified 4 % Dy doped BTO thin film electrode can be explored for real‐time analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, solar dryer cabinets are made up of sheet metals that are heavy, costly, tend to rust over time, and possess the high heat rate to the outer atmosphere. In order to overcome these drawbacks, this research urges to develop a natural fiber reinforced polymer-based cabinet dryer, specially designed and fabricated for the purpose of solar drying. Nylon is used as the matrix material and Prosopis juliflora in particulate form is used as the natural fiber reinforcement. The dryer cabinet was designed at industrial scale to dry 5 kg of ginger at a single setting. This work also studies the efficiency of the polymer composite cabinet integrated with a flat plate solar collector system that is coated with copper and black chrome attached to corrugated fins in between the absorber plate and storage medium. The FRP chamber was compartmented in its interior with aluminium perforated sheets and experimentation was performed to determine the efficiency of the composite cabinet based on reduction of heat loss from the system. The performance of the coating, storage medium materials, and overall storage efficiency were also studied. The FRP cabinet resulted in a moisture level less than 8.5% within 4–7 days. Exergy studies showed 75% efficiency and energy studies gave 25.5 kJ/kg peak readings of drying efficiency for a period ranging between 11 and 12 hours. This was a 75% increment in energy efficiency. Thermal degradation of the FRP material was found to be stable up to 300°C. The overall weight of the constructed polymer cabinet was 25% lesser than the conventional systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We hypothesize that visualizing inner‐ear systematically in both cochlear view (oblique coronal plane) and in mid‐modiolar section (axial plane) and following three sequential steps simplifies, identification of inner‐ear malformation types. Methods: Pre‐operative computer‐tomography (CT) scans of temporal bones of 112 ears with various inner ear malformation (IEM) types were taken for analysis. Images were analyzed using DICOM viewers, 3D slicer, and OTOPLAN®. The inner‐ear was captured in the oblique‐coronal plane for the measurement of length and width of cochlear basal turn which is also called as A‐, and B‐values respectively (Step 1). In the same plane, the angular‐turns of lateral‐wall (LW) of cochlear basal turn were measured (Step 2). As Step 3, the mid‐modiolar section of inner ear was captured in the axial plane by following the A‐value and perpendicular to cochlear view. From the mid‐modiolar section, the outer‐contour of inner ear was captured manually by following contrasting gray area between fluid filled and bony promontory and was compared to known resembling objects to identify IEM types (Step 3). Results: Following reference values have emerged from our analysis: A‐, and B‐values (Step 1) on average are >8 mm and >5.5 mm respectively, in normal cochleae (NA), enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome (EVAS), incomplete partition (IP) type‐I and ‐II, whereas it is <8 mm and <5.5 mm respectively, in IP type‐III and cochlear hypoplasia (CH). Angular‐turn of LW is consistently observed in cochlear basal turn (Step 2), is 540° in NA and EVAS, 450° in IP‐II, and 360° in IP types I & III. In subjects with CH type, angular‐turn of LW is either 360° or 450° or 540°. In true mid‐modiolar section, outer‐contour of inner‐ear (Step‐3), other than in CH and cystic inner‐ear malformations, resembles recognizable shapes of known objects. Absence of EVA is an additional characteristic that confirms diagnosis of CH when the A‐, B‐values, and angular‐turn of LW can be similar to other anatomical types. Drawing a straight line along posterior edge of internal auditory canal (IAC) in axial view can differentiate a true common cavity (CC) from cochlear aplasia‐vestibular cavity (VC). Conclusion: Three‐step process proposed in this study captures inner‐ear in cochlear view as well in mid‐modiolar sections visualizing key features of inner‐ear in identification of IEM types. Level of Evidence: Level 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mild and convenient method for oxidative cyclization of primary alcohols with o‐aminobenzamides and o‐aminobenzenesulfonamides to achieve quinazolinones and benzothiadiazines by selectfluor under visible‐light irradiation was reported. Selectfluor is used as hydrogen atom transfer reagent for oxidative cyclization under visible light irradiation. This photochemical approach offers broad substrate scope of quinazolinones and benzothiadiazines under mild reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visible‐light‐initiated copper(I) catalyzed selective synthesis of 5‐alkynyl trisubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles from azides and alkynes is reported. The reaction proceeded via photoexcited copper(I)acetylides with azides to in‐situ formation of cuprate‐triazole followed by oxidative C−C(sp) coupling with another alkynes. The UV‐Visible spectrum shows that in‐situ photoexcited copper(I)acetylides (λabs=425–485 nm) is most probably the key light absorbing species responsible for CuAAC reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although it is known that aging affects neural stem progenitor cell (NSPC) biology in fundamental ways, the underlying dynamics of this process are not fully understood. Our previous work identified a specific critical period (CP) of decline in NSPC activity and function during middle age (13–15 months), and revealed the reduced expression of the redox‐sensitive transcription factor, NRF2, as a key mediator of this process. Here, we investigated whether augmenting NRF2 expression could potentially mitigate the NSPC decline across the identified CP. NRF2 expression in subventricular zone (SVZ) NSPCs was upregulated via GFP tagged recombinant adeno‐associated viral vectors (AAV‐NRF2‐eGFP), and its cellular and behavioral effects compared to animals that received control vectors (AAV‐eGFP). The vectors were administered into the SVZs of aging rats, at time points either before or after the CP. Results indicate that animals that had received AAV‐NRF2‐eGFP, prior to the CP (11 months of age), exhibited substantially improved behavioral function (fine olfactory discrimination and motor tasks) in comparison to those receiving control viruses. Further analysis revealed that NSPC proliferation, self‐renewal, neurogenesis, and migration to the olfactory bulb had significantly increased upon NRF2 upregulation. On the other hand, increasing NRF2 after the CP (at 20 months of age) produced no notable changes in NSPC activity at either cellular or behavioral levels. These results, for the first time, indicate NRF2 pathway modulation as a means to support NSPC function with age and highlight a critical time‐dependency for activating NRF2 to enhance NSPC function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we fabricated biocompatible ultrafine fibers based on talc nanosheets (TNS)/PVDF composites that can exhibit robust electromechanical responses. Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) was extensively used to decode various characteristics, including ferroelectric and piezoelectric coefficients. The 0.5 wt% TNS dispersed ultrafine fibers exhibited well‐defined ferroelectric characteristics with an enhanced piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of ≈43.3 pm/V compared to 10 pm/V measured for the pristine PVDF ultrafine fibers. It was observed that the piezoelectric coefficient values strongly depended on the morphology and electroactive phase fraction of the ensuing composite ultrafine fiber. The advantage of a high aspect ratio and surface charges offered by TNS alongside electrospinning augmented the composite ultrafine fiber's piezoelectric response. Further, in‐vitro cytotoxicity of the TNS/PVDF composite ultrafine fibers was examined using BALB/3T3 fibroblasts based on ISO Standard 10993‐5. Importantly, the new composite fibers showed no cytotoxic response and the exposed fibroblasts showed excellent viability. Thus, these fabricated TNS/PVDF piezoelectric ultrafine fibers are well suited for applications in bioelectronics, especially as flexible wearable electronic devices, including sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Murraya paniculata (MP) can be used as a reducing agent to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a simple procedure. AgNPs are characterized in morphological and chemical properties, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity. The morphology of AgNPs derived from MP shows a face-centered cubic structure, spherical shape with an average particle size of 23 nm. The chemical structure shows characteristic peaks of AgNPs using UV-vis spectrometer at 438 nm. The formation of AgNPs is confirmed by analyzing their vibrational states under infrared radiation; typical peaks of AgNPs are recognized: at 3429 cm−1 (O-H stretch, H-bonded alcohols, phenols groups), 2923 cm−1 (C-H stretch alkanes), 1626 cm−1 (N-H bend 1° amines), 1583 cm−1 (C-C stretch in ring aromatic), 1039 cm−1 (C-N stretch aliphatic amines), 728 cm−1 (C-Cl stretch alkyl halides), and 589 cm−1 (C-Br stretch alkyl halides), respectively. AgNPs produced from MP show antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity. They show the highest sensitivity toward Bacillus cereus. Cytotoxicity of biosynthesized AgNPs, determined by scratch wound assay on in vitro human endothelial vein cell, created from MP showed dose-dependent activity. These AgNPs, at a concentration of 15.625 μg/mL, stimulate the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells (EC) showing an angiogenic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, composites of poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate‐co‐carbon monoxide) (EVACO)/surface‐modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes (m‐MWCNTs) were prepared using a solution casting technique. Acid treatment was employed for the surface modification of MWCNTs to improve the compatibility between polar EVACO and MWCNTs. The influences of m‐MWCNTs on the crystalline, mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of EVACO at very low filler loading were systematically evaluated. The presence of m‐MWCNTs in the EVACO matrix influenced the crystallinity, and the respective changes were determined and quantified using dynamic scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction. The mechanical properties of the composites were improved remarkably by the addition of a minute quantity (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.25 wt%) of m‐MWCNTs. Additionally, m‐MWCNTs in the EVACO matrix improved the thermal stability and electrical properties of EVACO. However, the filler loading is below the threshold loading of the fillers, and there was no drastic improvement in the electrical conductivity of the composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare the common cavity (CC) with the normal anatomy inner ear in order to evaluate whether the cavity is representing both the cochlear and the vestibular parts of the inner ear and to revisit CC deformity from a three-dimensional (3D) perspective.Methods: High-resolution computed tomography image datasets of 17 temporal bones initially identified as CC were evaluated with 3D reconstruction and multiplanar image analysis using a free available software for 3D segmentation of the inner ear. All 3D images of CC were compared to a normal inner ear. Maximum and minimum diameter of the CC were correlated with the circumference of the CC in an axial plane.Results: In 13 cases (76%), CC represented only the vestibular part of the inner ear and did not represent CC as defined here and by Sennaroglu, Kontorinis, and Khan. True CC was correctly diagnosed in only one case (6%). In three cases (18%), a rudimentary part of the cochlear portion could be identified. The axes' length of the elliptical cavity showed a strong positive linear relation to the circumference of the cavity (long axis: r = 0.94; P < .0001; short axis: r = 0.68; P = .0029).Conclusion: This study supports the assumption that many reported CC cases only represent the vestibular part of the inner ear and are therefore cases of cochlear aplasia. 3D segmentation and systematic analysis of CT-imaging add clinical value to the comprehension of the morphology of the anatomical structures of the inner ear.Level Of Evidence: 2C Laryngoscope, 131:386-391, 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report the physicochemical characteristics and piezoresistive strain sensing performance of flexible thin film comprising graphene and bio‐based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) prepared by solution cast method. A detailed analysis was carried to study the influence of graphene nanoplatelets on the morphological, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of TPU nanocomposite. Upon increasing the graphene nanoplatelets loading, the thermal stability and tensile properties improved remarkably, while glass transition temperature decreased slightly. Owing to better dispersion of graphene, the electrical conductivity was significantly increased, which broaden the utilization of the nanocomposite for various applications. The piezoresistive sensor was able to respond to various stress modes such as tapping, bending, and finger touch. The piezoresistive sensor was sensitive and achieved a gauge factor of 11. Sensor attached to finger, showed distinctive response upon bending at different angles and showed high stability and reproducibility even after >10,000 cycles under repetitive constant load. Also, the nanocomposite was able to detect any breakage or fracture in the form of change in electrical resistance. A combination of bio‐based TPU and graphene offered improved physical properties and high sensing performance, which could be a potential material in flexible electronics and structural health monitoring systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, highly flexible, durable, and lightweight piezoelectric nanogenerators with high‐power density and energy conversion efficiency are of great interest. The present study reports a new synthetic route for Ca–Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets and incorporation of these two‐dimensional nanosheets as filler material into poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) to produce composite nanofabrics by electrospinning. The polymorphism, crystallinity, and the interaction between PVDF and LDH were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. The synergetic effect of PVDF–LDH interaction and in situ stretching due to electrospinning facilitates the nucleation of electroactive β phase up to 82.79%, which makes it a suitable material for piezoelectric‐based nanogenerators. The piezoelectric performance of PVDF/Ca–Al LDH composite nanofabrics was demonstrated by hand slapping and frequency‐dependent mechanical vibration mode, which delivered a maximum open circuit output voltage of 4.1 and 5.72 V, respectively. Moreover, the composite nanofabrics exhibited a high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss due to superior interfacial polarization at low‐frequency region with LDH loading, promising its potential applications in electronic devices. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 137, 48697. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study the molecular structure of compound 4‐(4,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)benzaldehyde [DPI‐BA] and its optoelectronic properties are reported. The SCXRD analysis revealed that DPI‐BA crystallizes in the Orthorhombic crystal system and Pca21 space group with Z=4. The intermolecular N‐H⋅⋅N interaction generates a one‐dimensional chain. An interesting halochromic behavior was observed for the DPI‐BA in THF:H2O (9:1) by varying the pH analysis. The fluorescence properties of neutral and acid‐base solutions were monitored by UV‐vis and 1D, 2D‐NMR studies. The HCl vapor was bubbled to the DPI‐BA in the DMSO‐d6 solution and the corresponding fluorescence wavelength changed from green (λem 501 nm) to blue (λem 459 nm). In the case of a basic pH solution was made by adding NaOH flakes to the DPI‐BA DMSO‐d6 solution and then the fluorescence wavelength changed from green to orange (λem 595 nm). The λmax of PL emission could be correlated to intermolecular charge transfer (ICT). The optical absorption and cyclic voltammetry measurement were performed to determine the bandgap. Besides, the quantitative analysis of intermolecular interactions through PIXEL, QTAIM, NBO, GIAO‐DFT methods and DFT studies was correlated to the experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) based on electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/halloysite nanotube (HNT) nanocomposite non‐wovens was synthesized and its suitability as a separator in lithium‐ion battery (LIB) was explored. In this study, HNT played a key role in reducing the average diameter of the electrospun fibers and uplifted the porosity of the non‐wovens thereby improving their electrolyte uptake. Due to a reduction in crystallinity and increased % porosity of the PVDF/HNT non‐wovens, the ionic conductivity (1.77 mScm−1) and ionic transport across the separator were improved. Moreover, this GPE separator exhibited high tensile and puncture strength with negligible thermal shrinkage and a higher melting temperature compared with a commercially available separator, which is vital from the safety perspective. The cycling performance of Li/GPE/LiCoO2 cell was evaluated and it exhibited a high capacity of 138.01 mAhg−1 with 97% coulombic efficiency for the initial cycle. The cell was stable and retained its high performance with little loss in capacity even after repeated charge–discharge cycles. Such a combination of high ionic conductivity, tensile strength with low thermal shrinkage is seen to be very rare in polymer‐based separators. It is noteworthy that this novel GPE outperformed the commercial separator also in the cycle performance. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2320–2334, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation focuses on the effect of Cr2AlC MAX phase addition on erosion and oxidation‐induced crack healing behavior of Ni–Mo–Al alloy. For this, Ni–Mo–Al and 20 wt% Cr2AlC‐blended Ni–Mo–Al powders were coated by Air Plasma Spray (APS). For oxidation‐induced crack healing studies, the samples were heat treated at 500, 800, and 1100°C in the air for 5 hours. The heat‐treated samples were analyzed by X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) for the phases, morphology, and composition. Erosion behavior studies were carried out at 30, 250, 500, 800, and 1000°C temperatures. The average hardness was obtained to be 400 ± 10 HV for Ni–Mo–Al coating and 580 ± 10 HV for 20 wt% Cr2AlC‐blended Ni–Mo–Al coating. The addition of Cr2AlC MAX into Ni–Mo–Al matrix reduces the overall erosion rate and improved the crack healing ability. This was attributed to the presence of in‐situ‐formed Cr7C3 and Al2O3 phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is considerable research focus on portable, lightweight, shock‐resistant, and inexpensive wearable devices that are ideally powered by harvesting abundant mechanical or vibration energy, making battery or related wiring superfluous. In this study, piezoelectric nanogenerator was electrospun from PANi (polyaniline)/HNT (halloysite nanotube)/PVDF (poly[vinylidene fluoride]) blend nanocomposite. Polymorphism, crystallinity and morphology of the nanogenerator were explored in detail. HNT and PANi acted as a nucleating agent and conductive filler, respectively in PVDF; their synergism helps improve the piezoelectric performance of PVDF. The piezoelectric performance of the nanogenerator patch was studied under various external mechanical stresses, such as pressure, tapping, and impact. A maximum voltage output of approximately 7.2 V was generated by the nanogenerator under impact. The nanogenerator patch attached to human arm exhibited not only excellent piezoelectric response during arm movements, but, also proved to be flexible, highly sensitive and durable. This nanogenerator could possibly be used in wearable piezoelectric energy conversion application for self‐powered devices. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:1663–1675, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The solution electrospinning of polyolefins has not been deeply studied mainly due to the difficulty in dissolving these polymers in appropriate solvents. In this study, composite nanofibers of organically modified montmorillonite/ethylene‐octene random copolymer were produced for the first time with a mixture of cyclohexane and xylene as a solvent by solution electrospinning. Montmorillonite was used as an additive to increase the electrical charge density of the polymer solution. The influence of solution and process parameters on the electrospun ethylene‐octene copolymer fibers' morphology and diameter was investigated using the design of experiment. Multiple regression analysis was used for the optimization of the electrospinning parameters. Ultrafine fibers, with diameters in the range of 150–350 nm were obtained; these nanofibers exhibited an excellent hydrophobicity over a period of 10 min as revealed by contact angle measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryogenic treated multilayered carbon fabric/oxidized multiwall carbon nanotube/epoxy (CCF/O-MWCNT/E) composite and untreated carbon fabric/epoxy (CF/E) composite were prepared by hot compression molding technique. The density and mechanical properties such as tensile properties, flexural properties, interlaminar shear strength, and microhardness of the composites were investigated as per ASTM standards. The wear and coefficient of friction behavior were investigated using computer interfaced pin-on-disc test rig at room temperature for varied load and sliding speed. The morphology of worn surfaces of the wear test composite specimens were studied by scanning electron microscope. It is found that the synergetic effect of addition of O-MWCNT to epoxy matrix and cryogenic treatment of carbon fabric improved the wear resistance and mechanical properties. Also, a thin lubricating film developed by the oxidized multiwall carbon nanotube/epoxy wear debris reduces the coefficient of sliding friction and wear rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand of water supply is increasing day by day to meet the pace of developments in domestic, agricultural and industrial sectors especially in developing countries like India. Groundwater being a scarce commodity in a hard rock terrain like Dindigul district an attempt has been made in this study brings out the significance of temporal ion chemistry in groundwater by collecting groundwater from 43 different location of the district and analysed for major and minor ions. These ions were then used for the irrigation classification of groundwater and to bring out the mechanisms responsible of the water chemistry of the region during different seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper reports the miscibility and thermal and mechanical properties of solution cast binary blends of poly(ethylene- co-vinyl acetate- co-carbon monoxide) (EVACO) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The composition of these blends was varied from 10:90 to 90:10 of PVC/EVACO (w/w %). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed an extensive intermolecular attraction between the blend components, which accounts for their mutual solubility. The differential scanning calorimetry study revealed that the blend components are miscible with each other in all proportions as they exhibited a single glass transition temperature. Tensile strength, moduli, and thermal stabilities of these blends significantly improved with increasing proportion of PVC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop skills sufficient for hearing preservation cochlear implant surgery, surgeons need to perform several electrode insertion trials in ex vivo temporal bones, thereby consuming relatively expensive electrode carriers. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the insertion characteristics of cochlear electrodes in a plastic scala tympani model and to fabricate radio opaque polymer filament dummy electrodes of equivalent mechanical properties. In addition, this study should aid the design and development of new cochlear electrodes. Automated insertion force measurement is a new technique to reproducibly analyze and evaluate the insertion dynamics and mechanical characteristics of an electrode. Mechanical properties of MED-EL’s FLEX28, FLEX24, and FLEX20 electrodes were assessed with the help of an automated insertion tool. Statistical analysis of the overall mechanical behavior of the electrodes and factors influencing the insertion force are discussed. Radio opaque dummy electrodes of comparable characteristics were fabricated based on insertion force measurements. The platinum-iridium wires were replaced by polymer filament to provide sufficient stiffness to the electrodes and to eradicate the metallic artifacts in X-ray and computed tomography (CT) images. These low-cost dummy electrodes are cheap alternatives for surgical training and for in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo research purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Lipoid proteinosis (LP) is a rare disorder characterized by extensive hyaline-like deposits on the skin, mucous membranes and various internal organs with varying clinical manifestations. The disorder has been recently shown to result from loss-of-function mutations in the extracellular matrix protein 1 gene (ECM1) on 1Q21. The two cases reported here had typical clinical and histological features consistent with LP. Direct sequencing of amplified DNA from the second patient showed a single nucleotide substitution (C > T) at nucleotide 94 within exon 2 of the ECM1 gene, nonsense mutation Q32X. This is the second case reported of LP with involvement of exon 2 of ECM1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to investigate on a research regarding several factors impacting the rainfall's stable isotopic composition, which was conducted in Tamil Nadu, India. It mentions the significance and usefulness of stable isotope measurements in quantifying the rainfall in various environment settings. It determines the collected samples of rainwater which was taken from different seas and other bodies of the water through evaporation including the Indian Ocean, and South East Arabian Sea. It also highlights the factors varying the measurement the stable isotope precipitation measurement which include altitude, continental effect and latitude.

In the past decade, the use of immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) has increased across many malignancies, including metastatic renal cell carcinoma as an option for frontline and subsequent lines of therapy. Despite the many therapeutic benefits of ICT, its use is complicated by the potential risk of immune‐related adverse events (irAEs). One rare but potentially life‐threatening irAE is hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). HLH is a systemic inflammatory disorder resulting in multiorgan failure. The diagnosis of HLH is a challenge due to nonspecific symptoms and overlap with other systemic conditions, which can lead to delays in receiving appropriate treatment and potentially poor patient outcomes. This case illustrates the management of HLH caused by nivolumab plus ipilimumab combination therapy through the use of corticosteroids and tocilizumab in a patient with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezocomposites with both flexibility and electromechanical conversion characteristics have been widely applied in various fields, including sensors, energy harvesting, catalysis, and biomedical treatment. In the composition of piezocomposites or their preparation process, a category of materials is commonly employed that do not possess piezoelectric properties themselves but play a crucial role in performance enhancement. In this review, the concept of auxiliary phase is first proposed to define these materials, aiming to provide a new perspective for designing high‐performance piezocomposites. Three different categories of modulation forms of auxiliary phase in piezocomposites are systematically summarized, including the modification of piezo‐matrix, the modification of piezo‐fillers, and the construction of special structures. Each category emphasizes the role of the auxiliary phase and systematically discusses the latest advancements and the physical mechanisms of the auxiliary phase enhanced flexible piezocomposites. Finally, a summary and future outlook of piezocomposites based on the auxiliary phase are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the growing interest in the metabolic heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and portal vein tumour thrombus (PVTT). This study comprehensively analysed the metabolic heterogeneity of HCC, PVTT, and normal liver samples using multi‐omics combinations. A single‐cell RNA sequencing dataset encompassing six major cell types was obtained for integrated analysis. The optimal subtypes were identified using cluster stratification and validated using spatial transcriptomics and fluorescent multiplex immunohistochemistry. Then, a combined index based meta‐cluster was calculated to verify its prognostic significance using multi‐omics data from public cohorts. Our study first depicted the metabolic heterogeneity landscape of non‐malignant cells in HCC and PVTT at multiomics levels. The optimal subtypes interpret the metabolic characteristics of PVTT formation and development. The combined index provided effective predictions of prognosis and immunotherapy responses. Patients with a higher combined index had a relatively poor prognosis (p <0.001). We also found metabolism of polyamines was a key metabolic pathway involved in conversion of metabolic heterogeneity in HCC and PVTT, and identified ODC1 was significantly higher expressed in PVTT compared to normal tissue (p =0.03). Our findings revealed both consistency and heterogeneity in the metabolism of non‐malignant cells in HCC and PVTT. The risk stratification based on cancer‐associated fibroblasts and myeloid cells conduce to predict prognosis and guide treatment. This offers new directions for understanding disease development and immunotherapy responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastics are basically long‐chain hydrocarbon compound synthesizes from nonrenewable liquid petroleum products. Since plastics have special and variety of features such as easy availability and handling, light weight, energy efficiency, nondegradable nature, cheap, faster production, and design flexibility, it has gained wide popularity in short time period and has become indispensable part of day‐to‐day life. The increasing usage and production of plastic with exponential rate have resulted in increasing plastic waste disposal problems which may cause adverse effect on environment and human health. Moreover, fast exhaustion of nonrenewable fossil fuel has also become a major problem. To encounter both the problem at a same time, plastic waste conversion method has come into picture. Several plastic waste conversion methods such as landfills, plastic incineration, and recycling are available out of which recycling has gained a lot of interest. One of the important recycling methods is pyrolysis, which is referred as most suitable method due to its advantages such as flexible, easy in handling, less intense sorting, less labor intensive, and high‐quality liquid oil extraction. The gaseous by‐product also has high calorific value. In the present study, an attempt has been made to produce alternative fuel from waste polypropylene plastic. The study further aims to compare the properties of the obtained WPPO with diesel and blend of WPPO and diesel to ascertain its feasibility for engine runs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Introduction Methods Results Conclusions Urban rodents are reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, including Bartonella spp., which are transmitted by ectoparasites such as fleas. Zoonotic diseases caused by Bartonella often go undocumented due to confusing or subtle clinical symptoms, lack of awareness and poor diagnosis. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and diversity of Bartonella spp. by screening free‐ranging rodents and their ectoparasites in the unique ecological settings of Alipore Railway Station, Kolkata, India. The station's high passenger traffic and proximity to food stalls create favourable conditions for rodents and fleas to thrive, increasing the risk of zoonotic transmission.Rodents and fleas were identified by morphological features and DNA sequencing. Detection of Bartonella was carried out by DNA sequencing of citrate synthase (gltA) gene. Phylogenetic relationships among the obtained sequences were inferred through phylogenetic tree and haplotype network analyses. Q‐PCR testing from human samples from the surrounding area was performed to confirm the zoonotic transfer potential.Of 60 rodents, identified as Bandicota indica 28 (46.7%) and Bandicota bengalensis 32 (53.3%), and 110 fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) were collected. The prevalence of Bartonella infection varied across three different hosts, that is, 32/60 rodents (53.33%), 87/110 fleas (79.1%) and 4/25 human (16%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed four distinct Bartonella lineages comprising 11 novel haplotypes (H1–H11), with haplotype H4 shared between rodents, fleas and humans, indicating active and cross species transmission of Bartonella spp. Haplotype H10, identified as B. rochalimae, was a phylogenetically diverged lineage exclusively found in fleas, suggesting a potentially novel lineage.The results highlight the significant public health risks posed by Bartonella spp. in densely populated urban areas, particularly in environments like railway stations where human–rodent interactions are frequent. This study underscores the necessity of integrated pest management and surveillance strategies, using molecular tools such as Q‐PCR, to mitigate the risk of zoonotic disease transmission in urban settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because therapeutic cancer vaccines can, in theory, eliminate tumor cells specifically with relatively low toxicity, they have long been considered for application in repressing cancer progression. Traditional cancer vaccines containing a single or a few discrete tumor epitopes have failed in the clinic, possibly due to challenges in epitope selection, target downregulation, cancer cell heterogeneity, tumor microenvironment immunosuppression, or a lack of vaccine immunogenicity. Whole cancer cell or cancer membrane vaccines, which provide a rich source of antigens, are emerging as viable alternatives. Autologous and allogenic cellular cancer vaccines have been evaluated as clinical treatments. Tumor cell membranes (TCMs) are an intriguing antigen source, as they provide membrane‐accessible targets and, at the same time, serve as integrated carriers of vaccine adjuvants and other therapeutic agents. This review provides a summary of the properties and technologies for TCM cancer vaccines. Characteristics, categories, mechanisms, and preparation methods are discussed, as are the demonstrable additional benefits derived from combining TCM vaccines with chemotherapy, sonodynamic therapy, phototherapy, and oncolytic viruses. Further research in chemistry, biomedicine, cancer immunology, and bioinformatics to address current drawbacks could facilitate the clinical adoption of TCM vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis is a nonapoptotic form of cell death characterized by iron‐dependent lipid peroxidation in membrane phospholipids. Since its identification in 2012, extensive research has unveiled its involvement in the pathophysiology of numerous diseases, including cancers, neurodegenerative disorders, organ injuries, infectious diseases, autoimmune conditions, metabolic disorders, and skin diseases. Oxidizable lipids, overload iron, and compromised antioxidant systems are known as critical prerequisites for driving overwhelming lipid peroxidation, ultimately leading to plasma membrane rupture and ferroptotic cell death. However, the precise regulatory networks governing ferroptosis and ferroptosis‐targeted therapy in these diseases remain largely undefined, hindering the development of pharmacological agonists and antagonists. In this review, we first elucidate core mechanisms of ferroptosis and summarize its epigenetic modifications (e.g., histone modifications, DNA methylation, noncoding RNAs, and N6‐methyladenosine modification) and nonepigenetic modifications (e.g., genetic mutations, transcriptional regulation, and posttranslational modifications). We then discuss the association between ferroptosis and disease pathogenesis and explore therapeutic approaches for targeting ferroptosis. We also introduce potential clinical monitoring strategies for ferroptosis. Finally, we put forward several unresolved issues in which progress is needed to better understand ferroptosis. We hope this review will offer promise for the clinical application of ferroptosis‐targeted therapies in the context of human health and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, which can cause progressive deterioration of motor function causing muscle stiffness, tremor, and bradykinesia. In this review, we hope to describe approaches that can improve the life of PD patients through modifications of energy metabolism., Recent Findings: The main pathological features of PD are the progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and the production of Lewy bodies. Abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) leading to the formation of Lewy bodies is closely associated with neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. The main causes of PD are said to be mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregation. Presence of abnormal energy metabolism is another cause of PD. Many studies have found significant differences between neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic decompensation, which has become a biological hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases., Summary: In this review, we highlight the relationship between abnormal energy metabolism (Glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism) and PD. Improvement of key molecules in glucose metabolism, fat metabolism, and amino acid metabolism (e.g., glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, triglycerides, and levodopa) might be potentially beneficial in PD. Some of these metabolic indicators may serve well during the diagnosis of PD. In addition, modulation of these metabolic pathways may be a potential target for the treatment and prevention of PD., (© 2023 The Authors. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

A new class of half‐sandwich (η6‐p‐cymene) ruthenium(II) complexes supported by 2‐aminofluorene derivatives [Ru(η6‐p‐cymene)(Cl)(L)] (L = 2‐(((9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)imino)methyl)phenol (L1), 2‐(((9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)imino)methyl)‐3‐methoxyphenol (L2), 1‐(((9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)imino)methyl)naphthalene‐2‐ol (L3) and N‐((1H‐pyrrol‐2‐yl)methylene)‐9H‐fluorene‐2‐amine (L4)) were synthesized. All compounds were fully characterized by analytical and spectroscopic techniques (IR, UV–Vis, NMR) and also by mass spectrometry. The solid state molecular structures of the complexes [Ru(η6‐p‐cymene)(Cl)(L2)], [Ru(η6‐p‐cymene)(Cl)(L3)] and [Ru(η6‐p‐cymene)(Cl)(L4)] revealed that the 2‐aminofluorene and p‐cymene moieties coordinate to ruthenium(II) in a three‐legged piano‐stool geometry. The synthesized complexes were used as catalysts for the dehydrogenative coupling of benzyl alcohol with a range of amines (aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic). The reactions were carried out under thermal heating, ultrasound and microwave assistance, using solvent or solvent free conditions, and the catalytic performance was optimized regarding the solvent, the type of base, the catalyst loading and the temperature. Moderately high to very high isolated yields were obtained using [Ru(η6‐p‐cymene)(Cl)(L4)] at 1 mol%. In general, microwave irradiation produced better yields than the other two techniques irrespective of the nature of the substituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the previous studies, anti‐TGF‐β/PD‐L1 bispecific antibody YM101 is demonstrated, with superior efficacy to anti‐PD‐L1 monotherapy in multiple tumor models. However, YM101 therapy can not achieve complete regression in most tumor‐bearing mice, suggesting the presence of other immunosuppressive elements in the tumor microenvironment (TME) beyond TGF‐β and PD‐L1. Thoroughly exploring the TME is imperative to pave the way for the successful translation of anti‐TGF‐β/PD‐L1 BsAb into clinical practice. In this work, scRNA‐seq is employed to comprehensively profile the TME changes induced by YM101. The scRNA‐seq analysis reveals an increase in immune cell populations associated with antitumor immunity and enhances cell‐killing pathways. However, the analysis also uncovers the presence of immunosuppressive CCR5+ T cells in the TME after YM101 treatment. To overcome this hurdle, YM101 is combined with Maraviroc, a widely used CCR5 antagonist for treating HIV infection, suppressing CCR5+ T cell accumulation, and optimizing the immune response. Mechanistically, YM101‐induced neutrophil activation recruits immunosuppressive CCR5+ T cells via CCR5 ligand secretion, creating a feedback loop that diminishes the antitumor response. Maraviroc then cleared these infiltrating cells and offset YM101‐mediated immunosuppressive effects, further unleashing the antitumor immunity. These findings suggest selectively targeting CCR5 signaling with Maraviroc represents a promising and strategic approach to enhance YM101 efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Immunotherapy has emerged as a crucial treatment modality for solid tumours, yet tumours often evade immune surveillance. There is an imperative to uncover novel immune regulators that can boost tumour immunogenicity and increase the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Epigenetic regulators play critical roles in tumour microenvironment remodelling, and N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) is known to be involved in tumourigenesis. However, the role of m6A in regulating T‐cell function and enhancing anti‐tumour immunity remains unexplored. Methods: Several cancer cell lines were treated with STM2457, an enzymatic inhibitor of RNA m6A methyltransferase METTL3, and explored the transcriptome changes with RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq). We then utilised mouse melanoma (B16) and mouse colorectal adenocarcinoma (MC38) models to investigate the effects of METTL3 inhibition on immunotherapy, and analysed the dynamics of the tumour microenvironment via single‐cell RNA‐seq (scRNA‐seq). Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo T‐cell cytotoxicity killing assay and CRISPR Cas9‐mediated m6A reader YTHDF1‐3 knockout in B16 were performed to assess the role and the molecular mechanism of RNA m6A in tumour killing. Finally, the efficacy of METTL3 inhibition was also tested on human melanoma model (A375) and human T cells. Results: We demonstrate that inhibiting METTL3 augments tumour immunogenicity and sustains T‐cell function, thereby enhancing responsiveness to ICB therapy. Mechanistically, METTL3 inhibition triggers an interferon response within tumour cells, amplifying the anti‐tumour immune response, along with deletion of the m6A reader protein YTHDF2 in tumours inhibiting major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐I degradation. Remarkably, these anti‐tumour effects are reliant on the immune system. Specifically, METTL3 inhibition enhances interferon‐gamma (IFNγ) and granzyme B (GzmB) expression, thereby strengthening T‐cell killing ability, and concurrently dampening the expression of exhaustion‐related genes. Conclusion: Targeting METTL3 enhances anti‐tumour immunity by boosting T‐cell cytotoxicity and reversing T‐cell exhaustion. Our study positions METTL3 as an epigenetic checkpoint, highlighting the potential of targeting METTL3 to invigorate intrinsic anti‐tumour defenses and overcome immune resistance. Key points: Targeting METTL3 augments tumour cell immunogenicity and sustains T‐cell function.T cell with METTL3 inhibition can reverse T‐cell exhaustion, and promote expression of IFNγ and GzmB, thereby enhancing cytotoxicity in anti‐PD‐1 therapy.YTHDF2 deletion in tumours prolong the lifespan of MHC‐I mRNAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing fiber surfaces through in situ growth of nanomaterials is known to improve fiber composite properties by enhancing the interface between the fiber and matrix. In this study, hydrothermal processes are used to achieve two types of interfacial modification for carbon fiber: zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NWs) and nickel‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOF). The interfacial strengths are evaluated using single fiber push‐in tests via nanoindentation and the interfaces are analyzed through dynamic modulus‐mapping. It is found that ZnO modification increases the interface strength by 9.40%, while MOF modification yields an even higher improvement of 16.34%. The load‐displacement plots exhibit distinctive inflection points, elucidated through microstructural observations. Examining the modulus map of the interface region, a transition in the storage modulus from the fiber to the matrix is identified. A capillary flow‐based model is developed to explain the resin penetration through nanoscale features. The findings reported here indicate that the timescale for resin absorption is significantly shorter than the curing timescales for the surface modifications explored in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]