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Summary: The following eight generic names are recommended for conservation: Camptopteris with a conserved type, Clathropteris against Meniscites, Dictyophyllum against Quercites, Eristophyton against Ullmannites, Leptopteris C. Presl against Leptopteris Brongn., Lonchopteris with a conserved type, Otozamites against Otopteris, and Pirea Vavrdová against Pirea T. Durand. The following two species names are recommended for conservation: Glyptolepis keuperiana with a conserved type and Palaeospathe daemonorops against Chamaerops teutonica. The Committee supports the addition of A. Richard's 1822 publication to the list of suppressed works. The Committee judged the descriptive statement associated with "Rhyniales Němejc" to not be adequate for valid publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The following five generic names are recommended for conservation: Bulbostylis against Nemum, Lorinseria C. Presl against Lorinsera Opiz, Pirea Vavrdová against Pirea T. Durand, Selaginella against Didiclis, and Senega against Senegaria, Anthallogea, Corymbula, Leptrochia, Pylostachya, and Sexilia. The following two generic names are not recommended for conservation because the proposed action is considered to be unnecessary: Hoodia against "Monothylaceum" and Chiropetalum against Desfontaena. The subgeneric name Littorella subg. Xamotris is recommended for rejection. The following 16 species names are recommended for conservation: Allium rotundum with conserved type, Arctotis calendula against A. tristis, Cereus eriophorus with conserved type, Commelina erecta with conserved type, Costus globosus against C. roxburghii, Grewia asiatica with conserved type, Grewia tiliifolia against G. damine, Hedyotis pentandra Schumach. against H. pentandra (Retz.) Forsyth f., Lycopodium intermedium against L. atroviride, Polypodium parasiticum with conserved type, Scabiosa caucasica with conserved type and against S. caucasea, Senecio peregrinus with conserved type, Senecio saluenensis with conserved type, Thymus glabrescens with conserved type and against T. odoratissimus, Veronica capitata Royle ex Benth. against V. capitata Fisch. ex Colla, and Veronica minuta C.A. Mey. against V. minuta Krock. The following four species names are not recommended for conservation: Citrosma schottiana against C. umbellata, Neuracanthus sphaerostachyus against N. lawii (because action is considered to be unnecessary), Ophioglossum parvifolium with conserved type, and Salix wallichiana against S. disperma. The following 11 species names are recommended for rejection: Arctotis ludwigii, Carex wazmanni, Limonium oleifolium, Littorella flexuosa, Littorella spicata, Poa amabilis, Poa virginica, Salsola caroliniana, Selaginella flagellifera, Solanum frutescens, and Tradescantia decora. The species name Potamogeton nerviger is not recommended for rejection. It is recommended that Scilla L. and Squilla Steinh. not be treated as homonyms. The Committee recommends against making a binding decision on whether Kalanchoe rosea and K. rosei, or Oxalis kuhlmannii and O. kollmannii, should be treated as homonyms, considering them not confusable. The Committee also recommends that Desfontainia Ruiz & Pav. and Desfontaena Vell. and Lorinsera Opiz and Lorinseria C. Presl be treated as homonyms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI; http://ifpni.org/) was established in 2014 as a global registry of scientific names of fossil organisms covered by the I International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants i ( I ICN i ; Turland & al. in Regnum Veg. 2017) illustrates the situation where a fossil-genus name now applied to a fossil charophycean alga was originally described as a fossil animal prior to the starting-point of palaeobotanical nomenclature (1820, the starting-point for fossil nomenclature in the I ICN i , Art. Numerous such names were treated as available under the I ICZN i without fully referenced basionyms or replaced synonyms, in contradiction to the requirement of I ICN i Art. If a taxon originally assigned to a group not covered by this I Code i is treated as belonging to the algae or fungi, any of its names need satisfy only the requirements of the relevant other I Code i that the author was using for status equivalent to valid publication under this I Code i (but see Art. [Extracted from the article]

Summary: Dr Sandra Knapp has been appointed as President for the Nomenclature Section at the XX IBC to be held in Madrid in July 2024 and Dr John Wiersema's appointment as Vice‐rapporteur has been approved. Decisions of the General Committee are reported on proposals and requests in Report 71 of the Permanent Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants (NCVP), Reports 21 and 22 of the Permanent Nomenclature Committee for Algae (NCA), Report 14 of the Permanent Nomenclature Committee for Fossils (NCFoss), as well as proposal (1960) from NCVP Report 63. The GC also considered various procedural matters: (1) voting by committee members on their own proposals; (2) definition of a "simple majority" and the potential use of a quorum; (3) two‐step voting on requests for binding decision; (4) date of authorization of binding decisions and suppression proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New acritarch data from the Kistedalen Formation based on two sections with continuous exposure enable us to establish the most detailed Miaolingian acritarch biozonation in Baltica to date. Six interval zones previously established in Gondwana, the Eliasum llaniscum, Cristallinium cambriense, Adara alea, Timofeevia lancarae, Cristallinium dubium and Vulcanisphaera turbata zones, are identified, and their correlations within the Acado‐Baltic Province examined. The diagnoses of Retisphaeridium, Cristallinium, Retisphaeridium dichamerum, Retisphaeridium lechistanium, Cristallinium dubium and Cristallinium cambriense are emended and the new species Retisphaeridium rugulatum sp. nov. and Retisphaeridium minimum sp. nov. are described. The diagnosis of Retisphaeridium ovillense (Cramer & Díez) Vanguestaine is emended and the species assigned to Dictyotidium ovillense comb. nov. The main evolutionary changes of the placoid acritarchs during the Miaolingian are analysed. Comparison with previous acritarch data from the Kistedalen Formation suggests that different extraction methodologies may result in significant bias in the recovered fossil record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Decisions of the General Committee are reported on proposals and requests in Reports 62 and 72 of the Permanent Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants (NCVP), Report 23 of the Permanent Nomenclature Committee for Algae (NCA), and Report 15 of the Permanent Nomenclature Committee for Fossils (NCFoss). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As currently delimited, the Brassicaceae comprise 49 tribes, 321 genera, and 3660 species. Of these, 20 genera and 34 species remain to be assigned to tribes. These figures differ substantially from those estimated five years ago, in which 25 tribes, 338 genera, and 3709 species were recognized. Of those 338 genera, 37 are treated herein as synonyms, and 21 genera (10 re-established and 11 new) have since been added. The genera Notothlaspi, Peltariopsis, Sinapidendron, and Xerodraba are lectotypified. The following 11 taxa are reduced for the first time to synonymy of what follows them in parentheses: Boreava and Tauscheria (Isatis), Catadysia (Weberbauera), Coelophragmus (Dryopetalon), Crambeae (Brassiceae), Eremodraba (Neuontobotrys), Leavenworthieae (Cardamineae), Lexarzanthe (Romanschulzia), Noccaeopsis (Noccaea), Romanschulzia orizabae (R. arabiformis), and Sibaropsis (Streptanthus). The new names Isatis zarrei and I. quadrialata are proposed to avoid the creation of later homonyms upon the transfers to Isatis of the herein lectotypified Boreava orientalis and Sameraria nummularia, respectively. Twenty-seven new combinations are proposed: Abdra aprica, Camelinopsis kurdica, Dryopetalon auriculatum, Isatis aptera, I. cardiocarpa, I. glastifolia, I. gymnocarpa, Neuontobotrys intricatissima, N. schulzii, Noccaea apterocarpa, N. caespitosa, N. iberidea, N. oppositifolia, Onuris hauthalii, Parlatoria taurica, Petroraveniafriesii, P. werder-mannii, Streptanthus barnebyi, S. cooperi, S. hammittii, Tomostima araboides, T. australis, T. cuneifolia, T. platycarpa, T. rep-tans, T. sortorae, and Weberbauera rosulans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We analysed the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal diversity in a Mediterranean old-growthQuercus ilexforest stand from Corsica (France), whereArbutus unedowas the only other ECM host.• On a 6400 m2 stand, we investigated whether oak age and host species shaped below-ground ECM diversity. Ectomycorrhizas were collected underQ. ilexindividuals of various ages (1 yr seedlings; 3–10 yr saplings; old trees) andA. unedo. They were typed by ITS–RFLP analysis and identified by match to RFLP patterns of fruitbodies, or by sequencing.• A diversity of 140 taxa was found among 558 ectomycorrhizas, with many rare taxa.Cenococcum geophilumdominated (35% of ECMs), as well as Russulaceae, Cortinariaceae and Thelephoraceae. Fungal species richness was comparable above and below ground, but the two levels exhibited< 20% overlap in fungal species composition.• Quercus ilexage did not strongly shape ECM diversity. The two ECM hosts,A. unedoandQ. ilex, tended to share few ECM species (< 15% of the ECM diversity). Implications for oak forest dynamics are discussed.New Phytologist(2005)doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01382.x© New Phytologist(2005) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Quality Index Method for the sensory assessment of freshness of Mediterranean hake was developed and validated by sensory, chemical, and microbiological parameters. The Quality Index was the ratio between the overall sensory score obtained and the total achievable sensory score of the scheme and ranging 0 (fresh) to 1 (spoiled). This index increased significantly along the time of ice storage, allowing prediction of the remaining shelf life of hake. A value of 0.60 to 0.65 was estimated by statistical treatment as the rejection value, being concordant with sensory score of cooked hake, trimethylamine content, pH, as well as with legal regulations for mesophylic and enterobacteria counts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the findings of an attempt to measure illegitimacy in various regions of Scotland between the later seventeenth and the later eighteenth centuries. Illegitimacy came to the fore as a subject for social concern in Scotland with the start of civil registration in 1855, when figures were produced indicating both sharp regional variation in the percentage of births out of wedlock, and a level for Scotland as a whole for 1858-60 of 9.1 per cent, which appeared shockingly high to contemporary commentators. However, illegitimacy was a matter of concern to the disciplinary courts of the church, and the records of the lowest of the church courts, the kirk sessions, give evidence of the systematic handling of cases of sexual irregularity. In view of the sheer numbers involved in the larger urban centres a separate study would be necessary. The population of Scotland was, and is, small, but it contains much cultural variety, sustained into the eighteenth century by difficulties in communication and the scale of the country, and persisting into modern times.

The incorporation of 14C‐leucine into the total‐protein fraction of needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) during short time incubation was used as a measure of protein synthesis in the light and in the dark. Light saturation curves, obtained for needles of different ages (new flush and 1 and 2 years old) or at different seasons (summer‐winter) followed the Michaelis‐Menten algorithm, exhibiting marked differences with regard to light saturation (Vmax) and the half‐saturation constant (KS/2). The light saturation curves of ATP level (mg g−1 fresh weight) and of leucine incorporation into protein (nmol mg−1 h−1) matched each other, suggesting that photophosphorylation may be decisive for the rate of protein synthesis in the light. This is confirmed by the action spectrum of leucine incorporation. which resembled an action spectrum of leaf photosynthesis, and also by partial inhibition of protein synthesis by 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea (DCMU), an inhibitor of non‐cyclic photophosphorylation. Light stimulated protein synthesis showed pronounced seasonal fluctuations with a summer maximum. Furmigation of 5 years old spruce trees for 3 months with SO2 in combination with O3 and/or NO2 caused a distinct enhancement of the protein synthesis rate in the light and, at a reduced absolute level, also in the dark. A similar result was obtained for 40 to 70 years old spruce stands when healthy and sick trees were compared: the latter being afflicted by the novel type of forest decline, which is characterized by yellowish bronze discolouration of sun‐exposed older needles and partial loss of older needle generations (3 to 4 years old). The 1 year old needles of the unhealthy trees showed a markedly increased 14C‐leucine incorporation rate which, in the dark, was even more pronounced than in the light. Stress‐physiological mechanisms, which could possibly explain this stimulation, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a list of documents on Rural Sociology by different authors accepted by journal "Rural Sociology" and published in their issues from 1936 to 1985. Some of the articles include "Adoption Behavior in Family Farm Systems: An Iowa Study," by Mokhtar M. Abd-Ella, Eric O. Hoiberg and Richard D. Warren; "The Use of Scale Analysis in a Study of the Differential Adoption of Homemaking Practices," by Helen C. Abell; "The Use of Publicity Materials in North Carolina Weeklies," by George L. Abernethy and C. B. Anderson; "Rural-Urban Differences in Work Adaptation: The Case of Some Nigerian Workers," by Simi A. Afonja, "Town and Country in a Florida Rural County in the Late 19th Century: Some Population and Household Comparisons," by Barbara F. Agresti; "Reliability of Survey Techniques in Highland Peru," by J. Oscar Alers; "Social Systems Analysis of Supervised Agricultural Credit in an Andean Community," by Manuel Alers-Montalvo, "A Study in Methods of Farm Land Rental," and "The Role of Agriculture in Retirement Adjustment: A Study in Five Florida Counties," by Daniel E. Alleger.

Copyright of Weed Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this work was whether or not wodative stress had developed in dwarf shrub bilberry (Vacinium myrtillus L.) under long term exposure to enhanced levels of ultraviolet B (u. v. B.) radiation. The bilberry plants were exposed to increased u. v. B representing a 15% stratospheric ozone depletion for seven full growing seasons (1991- 1997) at Abisko, Swedish Lapland (68deg;N). The oxidative stress was assessed on leaves and stems by analysing ascorbate and glutathione concentration, and activities of the closely related enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1. 11. 1. 11) and glutathione reductase (EC 1..6. 4. 2). The affects of autumnal leaf senescence and stem cold hardening on these variables were also considered. The result showed that the treatment caused scarcely any response in the studied variables indicating that u.v B flux representing a 15% ozone depletion under clear sky condition is not sufficient to cause oxidative stress in the bilberry. It is suggested that no strain was evoked since adaptation was possible under such u.v. B increases. The studied variables did however, respond significantly to leaf senescence and especially to stem cold hardening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. In a growth chamber experiment, an additive series design was used to test the ability of three replacement species (Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, and Epilobium angustifolium) to suppress Calamagrosis canadensis, a problem species in the regeneration of Picea glauca in the mixed-wood associations of the boreal forest. The effects of the replacement species on P. glauca seedling were also tested. 2. Seedling of C. Canadensis were planted at three different times (same time as the replacement species, 2 and 4 weeks later than the replacement species) into four different densities of the replacement species (229, 601, 1577 and 4174 plants m−²). Seedlings of P glauca were planted into the same four densities of the replacement species and at the same time as the replacement species. 3. Light transmission through the replacement species' canopies decreased with time and increasing density. After 8 weeks, the deepest shade was cast by T. pratense, which reduced light transmission to as low as 4%. 4. The biomass and mortality of the replacement species were not affected by C. Canadensis or P. glauca. The replacement species did, however, show different rates of density-dependent mortality, which was attributable to different levels of intraspecific competition. 5. Above-ground biomass accumulation, rhizome production, and mortality in C. canadensis was negatively affected by all three replacement species, especially at the latest planting time. Height and biomass of P. glauca seedlings was also reduced by all replacement species. 6. The results indicate that all three replacement species could be used to control seedling establishment by C. canadensis. Differences between the replacement species are discussed in the light of possible applications in the field of forestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Fenitrothion, an organophosphorus insecticide, has been used i.n Scotland to control outbreaks of pine beauty moth. (Panolis flammea D. & S.) in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Loud.) plantations. Fenitrothion is applied, at 300 g ha -1 from helicopters using ultra-low-volume techniques. This study (1982-84) investigated the effects of spraying on five species of passerine birds in two 70 ha. plots, which were compared with two neighbouring unsprayed plots. (2) Annual changes in breeding-bird populations. as measured by Common Bird Census techniques, were not affected by fenitrothion. (3) Changes in the numbers of singing birds from 5 days before until 5 days after spraying were either not significantly different or were inconsistent between sprayed and unsprayed plots. (4) There were no differences in coal tits (Pants ater L.) breeding i.n nestboxes between sprayed and unsprayed plots, nor in the proportion of broods hatched, or fledged, clutch size, or brood size at hatching or fledging. (5) Residues of fenitrothion were detected in two coal tit nestlings found dead within 4 days after spraying, but not in six others found 10-46 days! later. (6) Regression analyses of nestling growth in weight, wing and tarsus measurements did not reveal significant effects of spraying, although a non-significant trend for slower growth resulting in a lower final weight was indicated for nestlings in sprayed plots. (7) Visiting rates! by parent coal tits to their nests and the diets of their nestlings were examined using camera nestboxes. The differences between nests in unsprayed and sprayed areas were complex and could have been caused by factors other than spraying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on a study in which stomatal conductance (g) was measured on leaves of Jacquinia pungens and Coccoloba liebmannii during the dry season in a tropical deciduous forest of western Mexico. Daily courses of g observed in January and April; Indication that stomatal behavior of both species was very similar; Model relating g to environmental variables and leaf water potential.

Part I. Studies the stomatal conductance and photosynthesis in a mature Scots pine forest in eastern England. Use of a null-balance porometer to measure the stomatal conductance of current-year shoots from different levels, aspects, trees and age-classes in the canopy of a plantation forest; Decline in shoot conductance during the day as the water vapour saturation deficit increased; Correlation between photosynthetic rates and the changing incident quantum flux density.

(1) The partitioning of incident precipitation into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss was assessed in a 14-year-old Picea sitchensis plantation in South Scotland. The tree respectively by foliage from one, two, three and four trees. All main branches sloped down inwards to the tree trunk. (2) Over a single calendar year the incident precipitation was 1639 mm. Stemflow accounted for 27% of this, throughfall 43% and interception loss, estimated by difference, accounted for 30%. Percentage stemflow was consistent throughout the year but, during the winter period (January-march), throughfall increased to 57% and interception loss decreased to 15%. (3) the amount of stemflow for individual trees was positively correlated (p = 0.05) with the projected area of tree crowns. (4) The amount of throughfall was greatest close to the tree trunks and between trees in the same row, particularly for intermediate levels of rainfall (20-40 mm week[sup-1]) (5) The spatial pattern of throughfall parallels the distribution of fine roots in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents table of contents. It also says that the wood in a living tree is protected from microbial attack by the secondary plant surface, which provides an effective barrier preventing the entry of most potential pathogens, and by constitutive and induced defence mechanisms in the bark. Although a few pathogens are able to penetrate these outer tissues directly, most xylem pathogens gain entry through wounds that expose this tissue and render in more vulnerable to attack. In functional sapwood, microbial colonization might be restricted by active defence mechanisms, or by passive microenvironmental restriction consequent upon the high water content and low availability of oxygen in healthy conductive xylem.

The patterns of distribution of calcium oxalate crystals in spruce needles have been investigated in healthy needles and those subjected to either acid precipitation (ph 2.5) or various ozone fumigations. In the acid treatment, deposits of Ca oxalate were lacking in the outer walls of the epidermal cells. Under the impact of ozone, unusual complexes of Ca oxalate crystals embedded in a matrix of callose and cellulose projected from the walls inwards into the cells, filling the lumina of epidermal and hypodermal cells completely. In mesophyll cells, the complexes projected more or less from the walls into the vacuoles. In other cases, crystals appeared within the vacuoles of mesophyll cells. In dead cells, precipitates of Ca oxalate or phosphate apparently indicate destruction of the cytoplasm after a major influx of Ca2-. It is speculated, that the physiological significance of enhanced calcium leaching has been overestimated. With regard to ozone impact, it seems that the major problem of thereby enhanced membrane permeabilities may not be an increased efflux of mineral elements, but rather an increased influx of Ca into the symplast and subsequent disturbances in metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whole plant acclimation to ozone exposure in growth-chamber cultivated radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Cherry Belle) was investigated. The primary goal was to separate developmental from physiological ozone acclimation processes. Plants were grown for 37 days at two different lengths of ozone exposure and a control treatment. After germination, seedlings were transplanted into controlled growth chambers and exposed to daytime (10 h) ozone (0.12 μl l-1) either on the next day (continuous ozone treatment) or three days later (intermediate treatment) and compared to a control (average ambient ozone concentration 0.01-0.02 μl l-1). Plants grown in ozone after transplanting accumulated considerably less biomass than the controls, but had higher dry weights than the intermediate treatment, implying an acclimation response. Photosynthetic capacity and nitrogen content of leaves decreased at high levels of ozone exposure resulting in an accelerated leaf senescence. No distinct leaf-level physiological acclimation to ozone exposure was seen based on gas exchange measurements. As an apparent compensatory response, plants exposed to ozone had higher leaf production rates than control plants, at the expense of root and hypocotyl growth. This developmental, whole-plant response appeared to be the most effective acclimation response to ozone exposure seen in radish. However, it did not fully compensate for the damage caused by ozone, since plants still showed considerable reductions in growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two cases of atlanto-occipital fusion were diagnosed in Polled Hereford calves. The cause, genetic or environmental, of this abnormality could not be determined. Since relatively minor traumatic forces during birth can cause severe injury in the head region, atlanto-occipital fusion should be ruled out in calves dying acutely after assisted parturition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]