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Observations of foreshock plasma populations at Mercury are presented utilizing measurements from the Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer aboard the Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging spacecraft. The magnetosphere and foreshock system at Mercury exists in a unique parameter space, due to the planet's relatively weak magnetic dipole and the proximity of its orbit to the Sun. Previous investigations have therefore questioned whether there is sufficient free energy at Mercury to generate foreshock populations, due to the small spatial scale of its bow shock. The observations presented in this work show that field‐aligned beam and diffuse populations similar to those seen in the terrestrial foreshock are able to form upstream of the Hermean bow shock. The observed populations are organized by the bow shock geometry, and are associated with magnetic wave activity previously detected in Mercury's foreshock with corollaries to the terrestrial foreshock. Plain Language Summary: Upstream of a magnetized planet sitting in supersonic flow, a region is formed called the "bow shock," which acts to slow down the flow before it impacts the obstacle. Because of the dynamic magnetic field environment, the bow shock can also act to speed up a fraction of the population, directing the ions back upstream. These processes have been described at Earth; here, we document observations of nearly 40 foreshock plasma populations observed at Mercury, and compare them to the populations at Earth. Despite Mercury's proximity to the Sun relative to Earth, we find that the two foreshock environments are very similar, with a few key differences worthy of future study. Key Points: Mercury's foreshock contains diffuse and field‐aligned beam (FAB) populations with similar characteristics to the same populations at EarthDiffuse and FAB populations in Mercury's foreshock are organized according to shock geometry in a manner very similar to EarthDiffuse and FAB populations are associated with simultaneous wave activity in the magnetic field [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer microspheres can be used as fuel containers for laser inertial confinement fusion (ICF) due to their low atomic number, low density, and high thermal stability. The thin‐walled polymer microspheres are prone to cracking due to an increase in the diameter to thickness ratio (diameter/wall thickness). The effect of polystyrene (PS) and Poly (α‐methyl styrene) (PAMS) materials commonly used in ICF experiments on the quality of thin‐walled microspheres is investigated. PS hollow microspheres show better sphericity, smoother surface, and lower cracking rate than PAMS microspheres. Moreover, the heat treatment of solidified PS microspheres can improve the strength so that the cracking rate of the microspheres decreases. The relative mechanism of how the molecular structure affect the quality is also discussed. This study provides some guidance for the preparation of thin‐walled polymer microspheres with high quality for ICF experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of flame‐retarded polypropylene is carried out with the ultimate goal of obtaining a UL94‐V0 not only halogen‐ but also phosphorus‐free formulation because phosphate rocks, precursors of phosphorus‐based flame retardants, are recognized as critical raw materials within Europe. Different flame retardants (FRs) (melamine, phosphate ester, and radical generator) are used. A statistical approach is applied to predict UL94 behavior and develop optimized formulations in terms of cost, filler or phosphorus content. Models for most common "nondripping" as well as "nonflaming dripping" UL94‐V0 behavior are proposed. The experimental validation has shown the reliability of the models proposed and their usefulness to assist and speed up the development of optimized formulations. The use of the models also gives insight into the interactions between flame retardants, thus suggesting if potential synergies take place, before studying the FRs system in details. Indeed, synergies between melamine and phosphate ester as well as melamine and radical generator are discovered. Thanks to these synergies that V0 rating can be achieved. A UL94‐V0 formulation, comprising melamine and radical generator, is identified as the optimal halogen‐ and phosphorus‐free formulation with a reduced filler content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emission performance of c‐sapphire‐grown deep‐UV (DUV) light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) at 254 and 258 nm is particularly poor. To overcome this critical limitation, herein, the influence of the Mg‐dopant concentration in a p‐AlGaN hole source layer (HSL) on donor–acceptor pair emission from solid‐state AlGaN‐based DUV LEDs in the 254–258 nm band is investigated. Further, the influence of substrate growth temperature (TS) on the photoluminescence (PL) emission efficiency and external quantum efficiency (EQE) is investigated. When the TS is increased from 1140 to 1170 °C for a p‐AlGaN HSL with a low Mg‐dopant concentration (70 sccm), the maximum power outputs of the fabricated DUV LED at the single peak emissions of 254 and 258 nm are enhanced to 3.4 and 14 mW, respectively. Moreover, the maximum EQE of the 254 and 258 nm‐band DUV LEDs increases by ≈1.2% and 2.2%, respectively, on the wafer during both continuous‐wave and pulsed operation at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) for medication‐resistant localized epilepsy results in ablation or reduction of seizures for most patients. However, some individuals who attain an initial extended period of postsurgical seizure freedom will experience a later seizure recurrence. In this study, we examined the prevalence and some risk factors for late recurrence in an ATL cohort with extensive regular follow‐up. Methods: Included were 449 patients who underwent ATL at Austin Health, Australia, from 1978 to 2008. Postsurgical follow‐up was undertaken 2–3 yearly. Seizure recurrence was tested using Kaplan–Meier analysis, log‐rank test, and Cox regression. Late recurrence was qualified as a first disabling seizure >2 years postsurgery. We examined risks within the ATL cohort according to broad pathology groups and tested whether late recurrence differed for the ATL cohort compared to patients who had resections outside the temporal lobe (n = 98). Results: Median post‐ATL follow‐up was 22 years (range =.1–38.6), 6% were lost to follow‐up, and 12% had died. Probabilities for remaining completely seizure‐free after surgery were 51% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 53–63) at 2 postoperative years, 36% (95% CI = 32–41) at 10 years, 32% (95% CI = 27–36) at 20 years, and 30% (95% CI = 25–34) at 25 years. Recurrences were reported up to 23 years postoperatively. Late seizures occurred in all major ATL pathology groups, with increased risk in the "normal" and "distant lesion" groups (p ≤.03). Comparison between the ATL cohort and patients who underwent extratemporal resection demonstrated similar patterns of late recurrence (p =.74). Significance: Some first recurrences were very late, reported decades after ATL. Late recurrences were not unique to any broad ATL pathology group and did not differ according to whether resections were ATL or extratemporal. Reports of these events by patients with residual pathology suggest that potentially epileptogenic abnormalities outside the area of resection may be implicated as one of several possible underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we demonstrate a novel design of liquid crystal (LC) displays via predesigned radially constructed polydopamine (PDA) particles. The synthesized PDA particles were modified with dimethyloctadecyl‐3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl ammonium chloride (DMOAP) showing radial constructions. Both PDA particles and surface‐modified PDA particles were used to disturb the order of the LC arrangement, showing an opaque appearance. Based on the results, the radially constructed PDA particles efficiently enhanced the performance of cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) devices. Adding 0.1 wt% DMOAP‐modified PDA particles into the CLC device shows a higher contrast of 82.2%, a lower threshold voltage of 2.4 V and a fast response time of 7.7 ms. Without adding polymer beads, no any display contrast was observed. The results suggest that the synthesized surface‐modified PDA particles disturb the alignment of LCs dispersed in LC cells, leading to a great improvement in the contrast of the CLC devices. In addition, a prepared traditional polymer stabilized CLC (PSCLC) cell shows only 2.8% contrast. The best performance, with a high contrast of 93.8%, a low threshold voltage of 10.4 V and a fast response time of 10.2 ms, was achieved by adding 0.1 wt% modified PDA particles into the CLC device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study turbulent emulsions and the emulsification process in homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT) using direct numerical simulations (DNS) in combination with the volume of fluid method (VOF). For generating a turbulent flow field, we employ a linear forcing approach augmented by a proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) controller, which ensures a constant turbulent kinetic energy for two phase flow scenarios and accelerates the emulsification process. For the simulations, the density ratio of dispersed and carrier phases is chosen to be similar to that of oil and water (0.9), representing a typical application. We vary the turbulence intensity and the surface tension coefficient. Thus, we modulate those parameters that directly affect the Hinze scale, which is expected to be the most stable maximum droplet diameter in emulsions in HIT. The considered configurations can be characterized with Taylor Reynolds numbers in the range of 100–140 and Weber numbers, evaluated with the velocity fluctuations and the integral length scale, of 4–70. Using the 3‐D simulation results, we study the emulsification process as well as the emulsions at a statistically stationary state. For the latter, droplet size distributions are evaluated and compared. We observe a Hinze scale similarity of the size distributions considering a fixed integral length scale, that is, similar Hinze scales obtained at different turbulence intensities or for different fluid properties result in similar distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A broad statistical study addresses for the first time an evolution of ultra‐low frequency waves and/or fluctuations in the terrestrial foreshock around the Moon generated through the interaction between the back‐streaming particles reflected from the bow shock and the incoming solar wind. It is supposed that the waves propagate sunward but they are convected by the solar wind flow back toward the bow shock and their amplitudes grow. However, our study shows that waves/fluctuations could be growing as well as decaying toward the bow shock under the quasi‐radial interplanetary magnetic field. We demonstrate that the growth rate is positive and larger for compressive variations of the magnetic field strength and density than for components of the magnetic field. We show that even if a possible influence of the Moon and its wake is excluded, the growth rate is decreased by nonlinear effects. Plain Language Summary: The paper presents an extensive statistical study of fluctuations in the distant foreshock. The study is based on observations of the ARTEMIS spacecraft pair orbiting around the Moon. The study is motivated by already published values of wave growth rate in this region that are in some sense contradictory. The analysis is based on ratios of standard deviations of the ion density and magnetic field magnitude and its components measured by two spacecraft. The growth rate was computed during intervals when both spacecraft were inside the foreshock in positions ensuring that the wave propagation from the upstream to downstream spacecraft cannot be influenced by the Moon or its wake. Although the determined growth rates can have different signs in individual events, we demonstrate that the growth rate is positive and larger for compressive variations of the magnetic field strength and density than for components of the magnetic field in a statistical sense. We also show that the growth rate is decreased by nonlinear effects. Key Points: Ultra‐low frequency waves/fluctuations in the distant foreshock around the Moon are statistically analyzedThe fluctuations could be growing as well as decaying toward the bow shock under the quasi‐radial interplanetary magnetic fieldThe wave growth rate is positive and larger for compressive variations of the magnetic field strength and plasma density [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of dioxygen with copper(I) complexes containing camphor‐derived ligands was investigated. Stopped‐flow measurements revealed the formation of bis(μ‐oxido) copper complexes at low temperatures. However, these intermediates were not stable enough to be isolated and decomposed quickly. Sterically more demanding alkyl groups slowed the formation of the bis(μ‐oxido) copper complexes. A kinetic analysis was performed and showed ‐ in line with previous reports ‐ that the rate‐determining step could be assigned to forming a mononuclear superoxido copper complex. For one of the reactions investigated, a product could be structurally characterized and turned out to be a copper(II) complex with an additional hydroxide as a ligand (most likely caused by a C−H abstraction from the solvent acetone). One of the complexes oxidized thioanisole to the corresponding sulfoxide (conversion of 34 % according to GC‐MS) with no byproducts. Chiral GC gave an enantiomeric excess of 14 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stereoselective copper‐mediated hydroxylation of intramolecular C−H bonds from tridentate ligands is reinvestigated using DFT calculations. The computational study aims at deciphering the mechanism of C−H hydroxylation obtained after reaction of Cu(I) precursors with dioxygen, using ligands bearing either activated (L1) or non‐activated (L2) C−H bonds. Configurational analysis allows rationalization of the experimentally observed regio‐ and stereoselectivity. The computed mechanism involves the formation of a side‐on peroxide species (P) in equilibrium with the key intermediate bis‐(μ‐oxo) isomer (O) responsible for the C−H activation step. The P/O equilibrium yields the same activation barrier for the two complexes. However, the main difference between the two model complexes is observed during the C−H activation step, where the complex bearing the non‐activated C−H bonds yields a higher energy barrier, accounting for the experimental lack of reactivity of this complex under those conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric C−H functionalization and Heck reactions represents one of the most important synthetic strategies for the construction of quaternary stereocenters, developing the enantioselective version of PdII‐catalyzed carbopalladation‐initiated cascade reactions still remains a formidable challenge. Herein, an unprecedent enantioselective [3+2] annulation of oxime ethers and alkynes has been developed, providing both spiro and nonspiro indenes bearing all‐carbon quaternary stereocenters in good yields (up to 98 %) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99 % ee). This annulation is accomplished by merging the PdII‐catalyzed atroposelective C−H activation/double carbopalladation and the transient axial‐to‐central chirality transfer process, constituting the first successful example of catalytic chirality transfer strategy involving axially chiral styrene intermediate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important technical problems of Inertial Confinement Fusion is the development of a technology for obtaining large batches of targets‐containers for hydrogen isotopes. At the first stage of production of targets, spherical polymer shell‐matrices are used. In this work, for the first time, a method is proposed for obtaining batches of spherical shells from high molecular mass poly(alpha‐methylstyrene) using the developed set of equipment. To obtain batches of shells with a high degree of sphericity 0.992–0.997, the optimal conditions for their production and the composition of the equipment complex were determined. The surface quality of the shells and the uniformity of their walls were determined by electron microscopy. To estimate the degree of sphericity of polymeric shells, statistical calculations of data obtained by photo‐registering of different batches of shells were performed. Batches of spherical shells 2.1 ± 0.05 mm in size were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycans introduce complexity to the proteins to which they are attached. These modifications vary during the progression of many diseases; thus, they serve as potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis. The immense structural diversity of glycans makes glycosylation analysis and quantitation difficult. Fortunately, recent advances in analytical techniques provide the opportunity to quantify even low‐abundant glycopeptides and glycans derived from complex biological mixtures, allowing for the identification of glycosylation differences between healthy samples and those derived from disease states. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of different quantitative glycomics analysis methods is important for selecting the best strategy to analyze glycosylation changes in any given set of clinical samples. To provide guidance towards selecting the proper approach, we discuss four widely used quantitative glycomics analysis platforms, including fluorescence‐based analysis of released N‐linked glycans and three different varieties of MS‐based analysis: liquid chromatography (LC)‐mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of glycopeptides, matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization‐time of flight MS, and LC‐ESI‐MS analysis of released N‐linked glycans. These methods' strengths and weaknesses are compared, particularly associated with the figures of merit that are important for clinical biomarker studies, including: the initial sample requirements, the methods' throughput, sample preparation time, the number of species identified, the methods' utility for isomer separation and structural characterization, method‐related challenges associated with quantitation, repeatability, the expertise required, and the cost for each analysis. This review, therefore, provides unique guidance to researchers who endeavor to undertake a clinical glycomics analysis by offering insights on the available analysis technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heme has recently attracted much attention due to its promising applications in the food and healthcare industries. However, the current titers and productivities of heme produced by recombinant microorganisms are not high enough for a wide range of applications. In this study, the process for the fermentation of the metabolically engineered Escherichia coli HAEM7 strain was optimized for the high‐level production of heme. To improve the production of heme, different carbon sources, iron concentration in the medium, pH control strategies, induction points, and iron content in the feeding solution were examined. Moreover, strategies of increasing cell density, regular iron supplementation, and supply of excess feeding solution were developed to further improve the production of heme. In the optimized fermentation process, the HAEM7 strain produced 1.03 g/L heme with productivity of 21.5 mg/L/h. The fermentation process and strategies reported here will expedite establishing industry‐level production of heme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented study compares the structure of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDSN) plasma polymer thin films with a thickness of about 30 nm before and after a plasma oxidation process, focusing on the analysis of porosity and the correlated electrolyte up‐take in the formed films. The results illustrate that the plasma oxidation treatment converts the HMDSO and HMDSN plasma polymer films progressively into SiOx‐like films. However, the underlying mechanism of the etching of CxHy groups and the condensation of intermediate Si‐OH groups leads to highly porous films. The studies show that the differences in the chemical structure and nanoporosity as measured by spectroscopic techniques could be correlated with the resulting up‐take of electrolytes in the open pores of the films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study took Henan Wufeng New Energy Science Technology Co. Ltd as an example to investigate a large‐scale steam heating system with biomass briquette fuel in Henan, China. Drawn on several months of field research, the economic cost and greenhouse gas emissions for peanut shell straw collection, transportation, storage and burning at Henan Wufeng New Energy Science Technology Co. Ltd were analyzed in 2021. Moreover, the economic cost and greenhouse gas emissions were used as evaluation indicators to evaluate the biomass molding fuel supply system systemically. Economic analysis shows that the steam heating system can make a profit of 1.72 × 106 yuan per year, and the input–output ratio (ROI) is 93.87%, which is much higher than the benchmark input–output ratio (30%). The very high ROI indicates that the system is difficult to operate in an economically feasible manner. Greenhouse gas emission analysis demonstrates that at the same heating level, the system can save 4.42 × 107 kg of standard coal and reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases to the environment by 1.25 × 105 tCO2eq, which has significant environmental benefits. Taken together, the government should adopt effective economic policies to promote the efficient use of biomass straw and support biomass straw recycling and heating enterprises. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuromodulation is a key therapeutic tool for clinicians managing patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy. Multiple devices are available with long‐term follow‐up and real‐world experience. The aim of this review is to give a practical summary of available neuromodulation techniques to guide the selection of modalities, focusing on patient selection for devices, common approaches and techniques for initiation of programming, and outpatient management issues. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), deep brain stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (DBS‐ANT), and responsive neurostimulation (RNS) are all supported by randomized controlled trials that show safety and a significant impact on seizure reduction, as well as a suggestion of reduction in the risk of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Significant seizure reductions are observed after 3 months for DBS, RNS, and VNS in randomized controlled trials, and efficacy appears to improve with time out to 7 to 10 years of follow‐up for all modalities, albeit in uncontrolled follow‐up or retrospective studies. A significant number of patients experience seizure‐free intervals of 6 months or more with all three modalities. Number and location of epileptogenic foci are important factors affecting efficacy, and together with comorbidities such as severe mood or sleep disorders, may influence the choice of modality. Programming has evolved—DBS is typically initiated at lower current/voltage than used in the pivotal trial, whereas target charge density is lower with RNS, however generalizable optimal parameters are yet to be defined. Noninvasive brain stimulation is an emerging stimulation modality, although it is currently not used widely. In summary, clinical practice has evolved from those established in pivotal trials. Guidance is now available for clinicians who wish to expand their approach, and choice of neuromodulation technique may be tailored to individual patients based on their epilepsy characteristics, risk tolerance, and preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional Immunity is one of the most ancient innate immune responses, during which the body can restrict nutrients availability to pathogens and restricts their uptake by the gut mucosa (mucosal block). Though this can be a beneficial strategy during infection, it also is associated with non-communicable diseases-where the pathogen is missing; leading to increased morbidity and mortality as micronutritional uptake and distribution in the body is hindered. Here, we discuss the acute immune response in respect to nutrients, the opposing nutritional demands of regulatory and inflammatory cells and particularly focus on some nutrients linked with inflammation such as iron, vitamins A, Bs, C, and other antioxidants. We propose that while the absorption of certain micronutrients is hindered during inflammation, the dietary lymph path remains available. As such, several clinical trials investigated the role of the lymphatic system during protein absorption, following a ketogenic diet and an increased intake of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, in reducing inflammation and ameliorating disease., (© 2023 The Authors. Allergy published by European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Gastric cancer (GC) is a gastric epithelium-derived malignancy insensitive to post-surgical radiotherapy. Paclitaxel, an anti-microtubule drug, has been proven to induce apoptosis of GC cells; however, its exact mechanism of action is unclear. Therefore, the molecular mechanism by which paclitaxel inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of GC cells was investigated in this study. First off, SNU-719 cells were co-cultured with paclitaxel and/or Caspase1 inhibitor VX765. Then the proliferation ability of the cells was detected by MTT after paclitaxel treatment (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 nM), the migration ability by scratch assay, and the invasion ability by Transwell assay. Next, the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 in cell culture supernatant were detected by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). And the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the supernatant was measured by a corresponding kit. Finally, western blot was performed to detect the concentrations of Gasdermin E (GSDME), GSDME-N, nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1, cleaved caspase-1 protein in GC cells. As a result, paclitaxel inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of SNU-719 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, it induced the pyroptosis of SNU-719 cells. After cell co-culture with VX765 paclitaxel showed decreased inhibitory effect on the migration and invasion of SNU-719 cells. VX765, additionally, suppressed the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDME mediated pyroptosis pathway activated by paclitaxel. In a nutshell, paclitaxel may inhibit the migration and invasion of GC cells SNU-719 through the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDME mediated pyroptosis pathway., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons A/S.)

The hummingbird family (Trochilidae) includes the smallest and most metabolically active vertebrates. They have a high energy demand because of their extraordinarily high metabolic rates during hovering while looking for food. The morphology of the digestive apparatus is related to the feeding habits of the species. The anatomy and histology of the digestive apparatus in these birds have not been thoroughly described except for their tongue. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the gross anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal and adnexal glands in four species from the hummingbird family: Amazilia tzacatl (n = 2), Amazilia saucerottei (n = 1), Amazilia amabilis (n = 1) and Anthracothorax nigricollis (n = 1). The alimentary canal was found to be very short. The epithelium of the oesophagus and crop showed variable degrees of keratinization and parakeratotic areas as normal conditions. A dorsal crop was observed as a differential characteristic of these birds. Like other birds, the ventricular mucosa in hummingbirds was covered and protected by the cuticle and showed a tunica muscularis constituted by three muscle layers. There was no isthmus between the proventriculus and ventriculus. The intestine presents a well-differentiated duodenum and jejunum. However, no ileum nor caeca were identified. The intestinal villi length, base width, crypt depth and area showed differences among the specimens studied among the small and large intestines. In addition, variations in thickness were observed in the smooth muscle tunica along the intestine. In all the studied species, the liver was composed of two lobes (right and left), and no gall bladder was observed during gross inspection or in histological sections. Finally, the pancreas was observed as a diffused organ forming islets related to all the small intestines. Some anatomical differences were observed among the studied species, mainly concerning Anthracothorax nigricollis. Hummingbirds showed very interesting and distinctive morphological characteristics. Hummingbirds possess unique and intriguing morphological characteristics. Future comparative studies related to the anatomy, histology and function of the digestive apparatus of hummingbirds are required. Expanding our understanding of the digestive morphophysiology in these bird species is crucial. However, it is necessary to conduct more comprehensive studies encompassing a wider range of hummingbird species and including a larger number of individuals to obtain more conclusive findings., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The existence of shocklets, a kind of solitary structure, has been demonstrated in the Earth's foreshock regions for decades. Their formation and evolution are believed to be controlled by ions. However, the detailed behavior of ions at them has not been well investigated observationally yet. Here, we investigate a shocklet observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission in the Earth's foreshock. Analysis of ion observations reveals that the solar wind (SW) ions are bunched in gyrophase space when interacting with the whistler precursor of the shocklet, suggesting the occurrence of cyclotron resonance between them. A more detailed examination suggests that the cyclotron resonance induces a net energy flow from the whistler precursor to the SW ions. Thus, the observations presented here indicate that the cyclotron resonance between shocklet whistler precursors and the SW ions could provide a mechanism for shocklet dissipation and SW ion energization. Plain Language Summary: Shocklets, a kind of solitary structure, are thought to play a crucial role in the reformation processes of quasi‐parallel shocks. They are also suggested to be able to efficiently decelerate and heat the solar wind ions and electrons. Their formation and evolution are believed to be controlled by ion dynamics. However, the detailed behavior of ions at them has not been well investigated yet. In this paper, we study in detail a shocklet event observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission in the Earth's foreshock. We especially focus on ion observations. Analysis of the data reveals that the solar wind ions are bunched in gyrophase space when interacting with the shocklet whistler precursor, indicating the occurrence of cyclotron resonance between them. Resulting from this interaction, the solar wind ions exchange energy with the whistler precursor. Viewed in the rest frame of the plasma, this energy flow is directed from the whistler precursor to the solar wind ions. Thus, the observations presented here indicate the cyclotron resonance between shocklet whistler precursors and the solar wind ions could provide a mechanism for shocklet dissipation and solar wind ion energization. Key Points: A shocklet observed by Magnetospheric Multiscale is examined in great detail to reveal the behavior of ions at shockletsGyrophase bunching indicative of cyclotron resonance is observed in the velocity distributions of the solar wind ionsCyclotron resonance could provide a mechanism for shocklet dissipation and solar wind ion energization [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we fabricated an optically transparent and flexible SiNx/SiOF/SiNx (NFN) moisture barrier film using a highly hygroscopic fluorine‐doped silicon oxide (SiOF) thin film and a low moisture permeable silicon nitride (SiNx) thin film. The NFN three‐layered moisture barrier with SiOF (SiF4/N2O gas ratio, R = 1) was deposited in an in‐situ process to eliminate contamination in the atmosphere between the SiNx and SiOF thin films. The NFN moisture barrier achieved a water‐vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of approximately 3.94 × 10−4 g m−2 day−1 at R = 1. Additionally, the NFN three‐layered thin film showed a very high visible light transmittance of approximately 93.32% that is can be used in optical applications like display, solar cells, and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global magnetohydrodynamic models predict that plasma velocities vary almost linearly from 0 km s−1 at the nose of the stationary magnetopause on the stagnation streamline to a limiting value of 0.25 VSW for high solar wind Alfvénic Mach numbers at the nose of the bow shock, where VSW is the solar wind velocity. This paper presents a proof‐of‐concept study showing how two‐point measurements of the plasma velocity in the subsolar magnetosheath can be used to determine gradients in the plasma velocity and consequently the steady‐state or slowly moving locations of both the nose of the magnetopause and the nose of the bow shock. The results may be of use to those binning magnetosheath observations to develop empirical models, those testing models for magnetopause erosion or deposition in response to magnetic reconnection, and those determining the stand‐off distance of the bow shock as a function of solar wind conditions. Plain Language Summary: We employ dual‐spacecraft observations to determine the radial gradient in plasma velocity through the subsolar magnetosheath. Relying upon results from global magnetohydrodynamic simulations indicating that this gradient is linear, we use it to determine the locations of the bow shock and magnetopause positions. Key Points: Plasma velocities vary almost linearly along the stagnation streamline from the nose of the magnetopause to the nose of the bow shockMagnetohydrodynamic theory and models predict magnetosheath plasma velocities at the noses of the bow shock and magnetopauseRadial gradients in the plasma velocity define the locations of the stationary or slow‐moving subsolar magnetopause and bow shock [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almost all processed food comes packaged in either plastic, glass, metal, or paper and paperboard materials, and many packaging materials are disposed of after a single use (linear economy). Based on the concept of a circular economy, the recycling of food packaging materials has become one of the main targets for industries and regulators around the world. However, recycling presents particular challenges, mainly related to the recycled material composition, which determines its reusability, application, functionality, and chemical safety. In this latter matter, it has been demonstrated that the use of recycled food packaging materials increases the number and possible sources of substances that could be present in the packaging material, which is of concern as substances that can migrate into food and cause health hazards upon consumption. This review compiles information regarding substances detected in non‐permanent food packaging materials, focusing mainly on plastics, paper, and paperboards. The compilation of literature studies (110 research articles) on the presence of intentionally added substances (IAS) and non‐intentionally added substances (NIAS) in food packaging materials, their migration, toxicity, and dietary exposure has been summarized, evaluated, and discussed. In addition, current sustainable food packaging trends have been mentioned. Finally, approaches to reduce the presence, migration, and potential exposure to substances that have migrated from packaging materials into food have been reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocrystals of a zirconium‐based metal‐organic framework (MOF), UiO‐66, are grown on the surface of the carboxylic acid‐functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) at room temperature to synthesize the UiO‐66‐CNT nanocomposites with tunable MOF‐to‐CNT ratios. The porosity, crystallinity, morphology, and electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite are characterized. Spatially dispersed iridium sites are thereafter installed on the defect sites presented within the entire UiO‐66 crystals in these nanocomposites by a self‐limiting solution‐phase approach. The resulting Ir‐functionalized UiO‐66, CNT, and UiO‐66‐CNT nanocomposites are served as the electrocatalysts for water oxidation in acidic aqueous solutions. By utilizing the redox‐hopping pathways to transport electrons within the Ir‐functionalized MOF crystals as well as the electronic conduction between MOF crystals provided by CNT, the nanocomposite with the optimal MOF‐to‐CNT ratio can outperform both the Ir‐functionalized UiO‐66 and CNT. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is utilized to probe the reaction kinetics occurring on the decorated iridium sites and the transporting behaviors of electrons/ions within these catalytic thin films. For the first time, the electrocatalytic kinetics and the transporting limitations within the MOF‐based thin film can be decoupled with the help of EIS technique. Post‐electrocatalysis characterizations of the nanocomposite after water oxidation are also performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To summarize the feasibility of computer‐assisted quantification of joint pathologies on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with inflammatory arthritis by evaluating the published data on reliability, validity, and feasibility. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed for original articles published from January 1, 1985, to January 1, 2021. We selected studies in which patients with inflammatory arthritis were enrolled, and arthritis‐related structural damage/synovitis in peripheral joints was assessed on non‐contrast‐enhanced, contrast‐enhanced (CE), or dynamic CE (DCE)‐MRI using (semi)automated methods. Data were pooled using random‐effects model. Results: Twenty‐eight studies consisting of 1342 MRIs were included (mean age, 54.8 years; 66.7% female; duration of arthritis, 3.6 years). Among clinical/laboratory factors, synovial membrane volume (SV) was moderately correlated with erthrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) level (P < 0.01). Pooled analysis showed an overall excellent intra‐ and inter‐reader reliability for computer‐aided quantification of bone erosion volume (BEV; r = 0.97 [95% CI: 0.92‐0.99], 0.93 [0.87‐0.97]), SV (r = 0.98 [95% CI: 0.90‐0.99], 0.86 [0.78‐0.91]), and DCE‐MRI perfusion parameters (r = 0.96‐0.99). Meta‐regression showed that computer‐aided and manual methods provide comparable reliability (P > 0.05). Computer‐aided measurement of BEV (r = 0.92), SV (r = 0.82), and DCE‐MRI biomarkers (r = 0.72 N‐total; r = 0.74 N‐plateau; r = 0.64 N‐washout) were significantly correlated with the Rheumatoid Arthritis Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (RAMRIS; P < 0.01), allowing for earlier assessment of drug efficacy. On average, (semi)automated analysis of BEV/SV took 17 minutes (vs. 9 minutes for the RAMRIS) and DCE‐MRI took 4 minutes (vs. 33 minutes for manual assessment). Conclusion: Computer‐aided image quantification technologies demonstrate excellent reliability and validity when used to quantify MRI pathologies of peripheral joints in patients with inflammatory arthritis. Computer‐aided evaluation of inflammatory arthritis is an emerging field and should be considered as a viable complement to conventional observer‐based scoring methods for clinical trials application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors present a concurrent Monte Carlo (MC)–molecular dynamics (MD) approach to modeling matter response to excitation of its electronic system at nanometric scales. The two methods are combined on‐the‐fly at each time step in one code, TREKIS‐4. The MC model describes the arrival of irradiation (a photon, an electron, or a fast ion). It traces induced cascades of secondary electrons and holes, and their energy exchange with atoms due to scattering. The excited atomic system is simulated with an MD model. An efficient way is proposed to account for nonthermal effects in the electron‐atom energy transfer in covalent materials via the conversion of the potential energy of the electronic ensemble into the kinetic energy of atoms. Such a combined MC–MD approach enables a time‐resolved tracing of the excitation kinetics of both, the electronic and atomic systems, and their simultaneous response to a deposited dose. As a proof‐of‐principle, it is shown that the proposed method describes atomic dynamics after X‐ray irradiation in good agreement with tight‐binding MD. The model also allows gaining insights into the atomic system behavior during the energy deposition from a nonequilibrium electronic system excited by an ion impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions which can be life‐threatening, affecting both children and adults. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the two main forms of IBD. The pathogenesis of IBD is complex and involves genetic background, environmental factors, alteration in gut microbiota, aberrant immune responses (innate and adaptive), and their interactions, all of which provide clues to the identification of innovative diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and the development of novel treatments. Gut microbiota provide significant benefits to its host, most notably via maintaining immunological homeostasis. Furthermore, changes in gut microbial populations may promote immunological dysregulation, resulting in autoimmune diseases, including IBD. Investigating the interaction between gut microbiota and immune system of the host may lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of IBD as well as the development of innovative immune‐ or microbe‐based therapeutics. In this review we summarized the most recent findings on innovative therapeutics for IBD, including microbiome‐based therapies such as fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, live biotherapeutic products, short‐chain fatty acids, bile acids, and urolithin A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhanced visual cortex activation by negative compared to neutral stimuli is often attributed to modulating feedback from the amygdala, but evidence from lesion studies is scarce, particularly regarding differential effects of left and right amygdala lesions. Therefore, we compared visual cortex activation by negative and neutral complex scenes in an event‐related fMRI study between 40 patients with unilateral temporal lobe resection (TLR; 19 left [lTLR], 21 right [rTLR]), including the amygdala, and 20 healthy controls. We found preserved hemodynamic emotion modulation of visual cortex in rTLR patients and only subtle reductions in lTLR patients. In contrast, rTLR patients showed a significant decrease in visual cortex activation irrespective of picture content. In line with this, healthy controls showed small emotional modulation of the left amygdala only, while their right amygdala was activated equally by negative and neutral pictures. Correlations of activation in amygdala and visual cortex were observed for both negative and neutral pictures in the controls. In both patient groups, this relationship was attenuated ipsilateral to the TLR. Our results support the notion of reentrant mechanisms between amygdala and visual cortex and suggest laterality differences in their emotion‐specificity. While right medial temporal lobe structures including the amygdala seem to influence visual processing in general, the left medial temporal lobe appears to contribute specifically to emotion processing. Still, effects of left TLR on visual emotion processing were relatively subtle. Therefore, hemodynamic correlates of visual emotion processing are likely supported by a distributed cerebral network, challenging an amygdalocentric view of emotion processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a mixed-method recovery intervention (MMR) consisting of active recovery, stretching, cold-water immersion, and massage on physical, technical, physiological, and perceptual recovery during and after a five-day simulated tennis tournament. Nine competitive male tennis players (age, 24.6±4.2 years) with national ranking positions (German Tennis Federation) and Universal Tennis Ratings between approximately 11–13 participated in two singles tennis tournaments, which were separated by a three-month washout period. During the tournaments, participants played five two-and-a-half-hour competitive singles tennis match on five consecutive days. For the assignment to one of two groups, athletes were matched into homogeneous pairs according to their ranking. Then, within each pair, the players were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The first group performed MMR during the first tournament, whereas the other group used passive recovery (PAS). During the second tournament, recovery conditions were interchanged. Measures of physical and technical performance as well as physiological and perceptual responses (heart rate, blood lactate concentration, perceived exertion) were recorded during match-play sessions. Furthermore, muscle soreness, perceived recovery state, blood markers, countermovement jump height (CMJ), and repeated sprint ability (RSA) were determined before, during, and after the five-day tournament periods. Results showed significant changes over time (P < 0.05) in muscle soreness, perceived recovery state, creatine kinase, c-reactive protein, insulin-like growth factor 1, and countermovement jump height. However, no significant differences or recovery strategy x time interactions were noted either for tennis-specific performance (e.g. number of total points won) or any other of the measured parameters between MMR and PAS (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the repeated use of MMR during and after a five-day tennis tournament did not affect match performance, match load, or recovery from repeated days of tennis match play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) is a widely performed and successful intervention for drug‐resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, up to one third of patients experience seizure recurrence within 1 year after ATL. Despite the extensive literature on presurgical electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities to prognosticate seizure freedom following ATL, the value of quantitative analysis of visually reviewed normal interictal EEG in such prognostication remains unclear. In this retrospective multicenter study, we investigate whether machine learning analysis of normal interictal scalp EEG studies can inform the prediction of postoperative seizure freedom outcomes in patients who have undergone ATL. Methods: We analyzed normal presurgical scalp EEG recordings from 41 Mayo Clinic (MC) and 23 Cleveland Clinic (CC) patients. We used an unbiased automated algorithm to extract eyes closed awake epochs from scalp EEG studies that were free of any epileptiform activity and then extracted spectral EEG features representing (a) spectral power and (b) interhemispheric spectral coherence in frequencies between 1 and 25 Hz across several brain regions. We analyzed the differences between the seizure‐free and non–seizure‐free patients and employed a Naïve Bayes classifier using multiple spectral features to predict surgery outcomes. We trained the classifier using a leave‐one‐patient‐out cross‐validation scheme within the MC data set and then tested using the out‐of‐sample CC data set. Finally, we compared the predictive performance of normal scalp EEG‐derived features against MRI abnormalities. Results: We found that several spectral power and coherence features showed significant differences correlated with surgical outcomes and that they were most pronounced in the 10–25 Hz range. The Naïve Bayes classification based on those features predicted 1‐year seizure freedom following ATL with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.78 and 0.76 for the MC and CC data sets, respectively. Subsequent analyses revealed that (a) interhemispheric spectral coherence features in the 10–25 Hz range provided better predictability than other combinations and (b) normal scalp EEG‐derived features provided superior and potentially distinct predictive value when compared with MRI abnormalities (>10% higher F1 score). Significance: These results support that quantitative analysis of even a normal presurgical scalp EEG may help prognosticate seizure freedom following ATL in patients with drug‐resistant TLE. Although the mechanism for this result is not known, the scalp EEG spectral and coherence properties predicting seizure freedom may represent activity arising from the neocortex or the networks responsible for temporal lobe seizure generation within vs outside the margins of an ATL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internal surface of food and beverage cans is generally covered with polymeric coatings to preserve food and protect metal substrate from corrosion. Coating materials are complex formulations that contain different starting substances (e.g., monomers, prepolymers, additives, etc.) and in addition during the manufacture of the material several compounds can be formed (e.g., reaction products, degradation products, etc.). These substances have the potential to migrate into the food. Many of them have not been identified and only some have been toxicologically evaluated. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on the analytical methods used for the identification of potential migrants in can coatings. The migration and exposure to chemicals migrating from can coatings are also reviewed and discussed so far, which is essential for risk assessment. Moreover, a brief section on the current status of the legislation on varnishes and coatings for food contact in Europe is also presented. Liquid chromatography coupled to diode array and fluorescence detectors and particularly to mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry seem to be the techniques of choice for the identification of potential migrants in can coatings. Some studies have reported migration levels of BPA (bisphenol A) and BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether) and derivatives exceeding the specific migration limits set in the European legislation. On the whole, low dietary exposure to migrants from can coatings has been reported. However, it is interesting to highlight that in these studies the combined exposure to multiple chemicals has not been considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Customers' online value co‐creation activities can occur the whole management domain (i.e., product design, marketing, and customer relationship management) of a product. Previous studies have researched value co‐creation from different angles, customers' online value co‐creation activities are more complex and its formation mechanism still worth exploring. Online communities need to create different environments according to different management fields to stimulate customers to participate in Online Value Co‐creation activities. Existing research confuses different value co‐creation activities in the entire management field without considering the different antecedents of Online Value Co‐creation activities in different situations and different management domains. The purpose of this paper is to explore the formation mechanism behind customers' online value co‐creation activities during the whole management domain. Drawing on social learning theory, this study examines the influential role of environmental factors (i.e., innovation climate and social climate) of online communities and personal need factors (i.e., brand passion, satisfaction, dissatisfaction, and desire for control) on customers' value co‐creation activities in the three fields of the management domain. Empirical analyses in this study reveal that these factors play different roles in shaping value co‐creation activities in the three fields. The findings enrich our understanding of customers' value co‐creation activities in online communities and offer a broadened view of the value co‐creation framework and climate theory. Understanding the factors that motivate consumers to engage in co‐creation activities in different management domain enables firms to strategically manage their co‐creation relationships and innovation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similarities and differences between figure of merits (FOMs) for the assessment of transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) are discussed. This article is a response to C. P. Muzzillo's comment on the introduction of the novel FOM (the so‐called exact FOM or Anand's FOM) and it deals with questions about how implicit and how exact the different approaches really are and whether specific application cases can be covered or not. While the exact FOM has been introduced to provide an upper limit of photovoltaic power conversion efficiency for the whole range of possible transmittance and sheet resistance values of transparent conductive oxides, Muzzillo's comment points out specific application cases, that have to be treated with more individual modeling. In this work, the authors adopt these application cases into the exact FOM to demonstrate its applicability. Furthermore, the FOM approximation given by Muzzillo is used and slightly refined, yielding an even better agreement with the exact FOM. In the end, it is concluded that both approaches are justified: Muzzillo's FOM for very practical applications and Anand's (exact) FOM for fundamental assessment. In this work, both approaches have been harmonized to yield an ultimate tool for the future development of TCEs for photovoltaics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Untethered stimuli‐responsive soft materials with programmed sequential self‐folding are of great interest due to their ability to achieve task‐specific shape transformation with complex final configuration. Here, reversible and sequential self‐folding soft actuators are demonstrated by utilizing a temperature‐responsive nanocomposite hydrogel with different folding speeds but the same chemical composition. By varying the UV light intensity during the photo‐crosslinking of the nanocomposite hydrogel, different types of microstructures can be realized via phase separation mechanisms, which allow to control the folding speeds. The self‐folding structures are fabricated by integrating two dissimilar materials (i.e., a nanocomposite hydrogel and an elastomer) into hinge‐based bilayer structures via extrusion‐based 3D printing. It has been demonstrated that the folding kinetics can be accelerated by more than one order of magnitude due to the phase‐separated microstructure formed by the relatively weaker UV intensity (≈10 mW cm‐2) compared to the one formed by stronger UV intensity (≈100 mW cm‐2). 3D structures with sequential self‐folding capabilities are realized by prescribing actuation speeds and folding angles to specific hinges of the nanocomposite hydrogel. Sequential folding box and self‐locking latch structures are fabricated to demonstrate the ability to capture and hold objects underwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observations at the reconnection site from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission are used to examine the occurrence of magnetic reconnection along the magnetopause in relation to both the upstream interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation and local magnetosheath variations. While there is a statistically larger number of reconnection intervals observed downstream of the quasi‐parallel bow shock than is accounted for based on the histogram of overall IMF orientations, it is surmised that increased fluctuations downstream of the quasi‐parallel bow shock cause greater large‐scale motion of the magnetopause surface; but do not preferentially enhance the occurrence of steady magnetic reconnection. An examination of the locations of observed reconnection sites relative to model predictions also suggest that enhanced magnetosheath fluctuations do not result in steady reconnection occurring at random locations at the magnetopause. Key Points: Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) encounters the magnetopause reconnection site over a wide range of external conditionsThe occurrence of reconnection region encounters is consistent with that of large‐scale magnetopause motion, and depends on interplanetary magnetic field orientationDistributions of MMS locations with respect to model reconnection line predictions are independent of region downstream of the bow shock [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: 18F‐Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) is widely used in presurgical assessment in patients with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (DRE) if magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and scalp electroencephalography (EEG) do not localize the seizure onset zone or are discordant. Methods: In this multicenter, retrospective observational cohort study, we included consecutive patients with DRE who had undergone FDG‐PET as part of their presurgical workup. We assessed the utility of FDG‐PET, which was defined as contributing to the decision‐making process to refer for resection or intracranial EEG (iEEG) or to conclude surgery was not feasible. Results: We included 951 patients in this study; 479 had temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), 219 extratemporal epilepsy (ETLE), and 253 epilepsy of uncertain lobar origin. FDG‐PET showed a distinct hypometabolism in 62% and was concordant with ictal EEG in 74% in TLE and in 56% in ETLE (p <.001). FDG‐PET was useful in presurgical decision‐making in 396 patients (47%) and most beneficial in TLE compared to ETLE (58% vs. 44%, p =.001). Overall, FDG‐PET contributed to recommending resection in 78 cases (20%) and iEEG in 187 cases (47%); in 131 patients (33%), FDG‐PET resulted in a conclusion that resection was not feasible. In TLE, seizure‐freedom 1 year after surgery did not differ significantly (p =.48) between patients with negative MRI and EEG‐PET concordance (n = 30, 65%) and those with positive MRI and concordant EEG (n = 46, 68%). In ETLE, half of patients with negative MRI and EEG‐PET concordance and three quarters with positive MRI and concordant EEG were seizure‐free postsurgery (n = 5 vs. n = 6, p =.28). Significance: This is the largest reported cohort of patients with DRE who received presurgical FDG‐PET, showing that FDG‐PET is a useful diagnostic tool. MRI‐negative and MRI‐positive cases with concordant FDG‐PET results (with either EEG or MRI) had a comparable outcome after surgery. These findings confirm the significance of FDG‐PET in presurgical epilepsy diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Which dimension of a set of objects is more salient to young children: number or size? The 'Build‐A‐Train' task was developed and used to examine whether children spontaneously use a number or physical size approach on an un‐cued matching task. In the Build‐A‐Train task, an experimenter assembles a train using one to five blocks of a particular length and asks the child to build the same train. The child's blocks differ in length from the experimenter's blocks, causing the child to build a train that matches based on either the number of blocks or length of the train, as it is not possible to match on both. One hundred and nineteen children between 2 years 2 months and 6 years 0 months of age (M = 4.05, SD = 0.84) completed the Build‐A‐Train task, and the Give‐a‐Number task, a classic task used to assess children's conceptual knowledge of verbal number words. Across train lengths and verbal number knowledge levels, children used a number approach more than a size approach on the Build‐A‐Train task. However, children were especially likely to use a number approach over a size approach when they knew the verbal number word that corresponded to the quantity of blocks in the train, particularly for quantities smaller than four. Therefore, children's attention to number relates to their knowledge of verbal number words. The Build‐A‐Train task and findings from the current study set a foundation for future longitudinal research to investigate the causal relationship between children's acquisition of symbolic mathematical concepts and attention to number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whistler waves are thought to play an essential role in the dynamics of collisionless shocks. We use the magnetospheric multiscale spacecraft to study whistler waves around the lower hybrid frequency, upstream of 11 quasi‐perpendicular supercritical shocks. We apply the 4‐spacecraft timing method to unambiguously determine the wave vector k of whistler waves. We find that the waves are oblique to the background magnetic field with a wave‐normal angle between 20° and 42°, and a wavelength of around 100 km, which is close to the ion inertial length. We also find that k is predominantly in the same plane as the magnetic field and the normal to the shock. By combining this precise knowledge of k with high‐resolution measurements of the 3D ion velocity distribution, we show that a reflected ion beam is in resonance with the waves, opening up the possibility for wave‐particle interaction between the reflected ions and the observed whistlers. The linear stability analysis of a system mimicking the observed distribution suggests that such a system can produce the observed waves. Plain Language Summary: The interaction between waves and particles is proposed to be one of the main mechanisms for energy dissipation at collisionless plasma shock waves. Of particular interest are a type of wave called whistlers, they fall in a frequency range that allows interactions with both electrons and ions, making them important for energy transfer between the two species. Their mechanism of generation is still not fully understood. We use data from the 4 magnetospheric multiscale spacecraft to unambiguously characterize whistler waves upstream of quasi‐perpendicular supercritical shocks. We find that the waves are oblique to the background magnetic field with a wavelength around the width of the shock and a frequency around the lower hybrid frequency. We also find that the shock‐reflected ions are at a velocity that allows them to exchange energy with the waves, making them a likely source. We confirm this conclusion by using a computer code to model the system and study its stability. Key Points: Using the magnetospheric multiscale spacecraft, we characterize whistler waves upstream of quasi‐perpendicular supercritical shocksShock‐reflected ions are found to be in resonance with the observed whistlers, indicating their importance for the generation of the wavesResults from a dispersion solver agree with the observations supporting the kinetic cross‐field streaming instability as a possible source [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the solar wind interaction with Mars in a global three‐dimensional hybrid model. A well‐developed, vast ion foreshock forms under a strongly flow‐aligned interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) configuration but otherwise nominal solar wind and solar minimum photon flux conditions. Large‐scale ultra‐low frequency (ULF) waves are excited in the foreshock by backstreaming ions. The foreshock ULF waves constitute two distinct regions in the analyzed solar wind and IMF situation: the near region where the wave period is 71–83 s and the far region where the wave period is 25–28 s. The near foreshock region waves transmit downstream through the bow shock and affect dynamics of the solar wind and planetary ion populations. Especially, ion precipitation rate into the exobase and planetary ion escape rates fluctuate at the ULF wave period corresponding to the near foreshock region. The peak‐to‐peak amplitude of the modulation is few percent or less. Interestingly, ionospheric oxygen ion escape fluxes show more than two orders of magnitude local modulations in the heavy plume at the same period. Finally, the escape rates of the ionospheric oxygen ion populations are enhanced by 60–70% under flow‐aligned IMF compared to nominal upstream conditions. Key Points: Two distinct foreshock ultra‐low frequency (ULF) wave regions form in a global Mars‐solar wind interaction hybrid simulationThe ULF waves modulate ion precipitation and escape at MarsIonospheric oxygen ion escape is enhanced by 60%–70% under radial interplanetary magnetic field [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nickel–zinc ferrite system, which is one of the well‐known versatile soft‐ferromagnetic oxides, was investigated in terms of magnetoelectric (ME) coupling at room temperature. Herein, we demonstrated that spin canting is manipulated through a composition‐induced structural transition from an inverse to a normal spinel structure, leading to modulation in the ME coupling. The ME coefficient was maximized at 60 at.% Zn substitution with a value of 0.1 mV/(Oe·cm), denoting ∼70% enhancement compared to that of the pure nickel ferrite. It was revealed that the interspin angle is enhanced along the octahedral site at up to ∼60 at.% Zn substitution, consistent with the composition level at the culmination of the ME coupling, evidenced by X‐ray diffraction profiles and magnetic hysteresis loops combined with density functional theory calculations. Given that this approach is based on a tractable fabrication method, this study is expected to be widely used in modulation of the ME coupling in spinel‐structured oxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microporosity, structure and permeability of SiOx thin films deposited by microwave plasma‐enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PE‐CVD) and plasma‐enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE‐ALD) on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates were investigated by positron annihilation spectroscopy and complementary technique, such as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, time of flight mass spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The SiOx films were deposited onto spin‐coated PDMS substrates, which were previously exposed to an oxygen plasma thus achieving the conversion of the top polymer layer into SiOx. The presence of this oxidised surface near the region led to an overall decrease in micropore density and to a shift towards smaller pore sizes within the deposited SiOx films. A correlation between the oxygen fluence during the oxygen plasma treatment and the microporosity of the PE‐CVD and PE‐ALD SiOx films could be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Postsurgical seizure outcome following laser interstitial thermal therapy (LiTT) for the management of drug‐resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) has been limited to 2 years. Furthermore, its impact on presurgical mood and anxiety disorders has not been investigated. The objectives of this study were (1) to identify seizure outcome changes over a period ranging from 18 to 81 months; (2) to investigate the seizure‐free rate in the last follow‐up year; (3) to identify the variables associated with seizure freedom; and (4) to identify the impact of LiTT on presurgical mood and anxiety disorders. Methods: Medical records of all patients who underwent LiTT for MTLE from 2013 to 2019 at the University of Miami Comprehensive Epilepsy Center were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic, epilepsy‐related, cognitive, psychiatric, and LiTT‐related data were compared between seizure‐free (Engel Class I) and non‐seizure‐free (Engel Class II + III + IV) patients. Statistical analyses included univariate and multivariate stepwise logistic regression analyses. Results: Forty‐eight patients (mean age = 43 ± 14.2 years, range = 21–78) were followed for a mean period of 50 ± 20.7 months (range = 18–81); 29 (60.4%) achieved an Engel Class I outcome, whereas 11 (22.9%) had one to three seizures/year. Seizure‐freedom rate decreased from 77.8% to 50% among patients with 24‐ and >61‐month follow‐up periods, respectively. In the last follow‐up year, 83% of all patients were seizure‐free. Seizure freedom was associated with having mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS), no presurgical focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures, and no psychopathology in the last follow‐up year. Presurgical mood and/or anxiety disorder were identified in 30 patients (62.5%) and remitted after LiTT in 19 (62%). Significance: LiTT appears to be a safe and effective surgical option for treatment‐resistant MTLE, particularly among patients with MTS. Remission of presurgical mood and anxiety disorders can also result from LiTT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]