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In this work, we have proposed a new approach to study the mechanism of crystal violet (CV) photodegradation on TiO2 surface using kinetic Monte Carlo simulation. The TiO2 surface was considered as a set of reactive centers, which is essential in dye photodegradation. A new variable "the effective photon concentration" (Ieff) is defined. A detailed chemical understanding of the photocatalytic reaction is provided. This approach provides a simple and effective method to find the optimal conditions of the studied system. This goal was achieved by investigating the effects of some operational parameters, including initial concentration of CV, pH, loading TiO2, light intensity and volume, on the degradation percent, and also, on the effective photon concentration. The perfect agreements between the experimental and simulated data at different conditions confirmed the proposed approach for describing the CV photodestruction. Also, the simulation results indicated that: (1) a significant fraction of the scattered UV irradiation into the reaction vessel does not lead to charge carrier generation; (2) the generation and recombination of charge carriers have crucial roles in the photodegradation. This is the first time that a method based on the reactive centers is employed to investigate the dye degradation by a photocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is motivated by the following question: how can animated satire constitute a tool of resistance against terrorist groups and their extremist narratives? To answer this question, I examine an Iraqi animated satirical show produced from late 2015 to 2017 to support the military campaign against Islamic State (IS) by turning the self‐proclaimed caliph and other IS terrorists into objects of derision, detached from Iraq and Islam. Engaging with critical approaches to satire and counter/alternative narratives, I argue that the case under analysis has possibilities and limitations. On the one hand, the show attempted to alienate IS from Iraqis and Muslims and unite them in one front in the fight against the group by highlighting the Iraqi identity and exposing contradictions in its narratives. On the other hand, it reinforced problematic conspiracy theory discourses about IS's origin, as well as racial and gender stereotypes, ironically producing another set of contradictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section offers news briefs related to politics in Libya. Former National Transitional Council Chairman Mustafa Abdel Jalil was accused of abusing his power during an inquiry into the 2011 assassination of General Abdel Fatah Yunes. A Libyan court has started the trial of Prime Ministr Al-Baghdadi al-Mahmudi, who was accused of aiding the state to kill civilians and financial crimes, in December 2012.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including photogrammetry, remote sensing, and spatial information sciences.

The article explores hermeneutics as an applicable and participatory process within the study of Islam and investigates the translation of Islamic literature within the U.S. Among the historical works on Islam translated are "History of the Caliphs" in 1881, "Ta'rīkh al-Hind" in 1888 and "Rihlab" in 1929. In the field of theology, works of heresiography and kalam or speculative theology were translated. Translated heresiographical works include "al-Farq bayna al-firaq" by Abd al-Qahir al-Baghdadi, "Milal wa'l-nihal and "Bayān al-sunnab wa'l jamaah." Philosophical translations include "Tahafut al-tahafut" and Ibn Tufayl's parable "Hayy ibn Yaqzān. Muslim discourse works and Sunni hadīth collections were also translated.

Fatty acids (FAs) synthesis mechanism has various regulators such as fatty acid synthase (FASN), AMP-regulated protein kinase (AMPK), or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which are aberrantly dysregulated in various pancreatic cancer cells. In this study, we aim to understand the regulatory role of palbociclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, on the cellular energy metabolism through regulation of AMPK/mTOR signaling by modulation of intracellular miR-33a levels in Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells. Palbociclib downregulated FAs metabolism more effectively in MiaPaCa-2 cells than Panc-1 cells. Moreover, palbociclib treatment increased the levels of miR-33a in each cell line albeit a higher increase was evident in MiaPaCa-2 cells. Stress-mediated activation of mTOR signaling axis was found associated with palbociclib-mediated AMPKα activation and miR33a upregulation. These findings provided that a deeper understanding about possible interactions of cell cycle activity and reduction of FAs synthesis may facilitate the enhancement of cell death mechanisms in pancreatic cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Little is known about the management experiences, needs and preferences of individuals seeking care for persistent intra‐articular temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Investigating these experiences may improve understanding of the impact management has on individuals, and factors that shape these experiences. This information may advance current practice and guide future management of individuals with intra‐articular TMD. Objectives: To investigate the management experiences, needs and preferences of individuals with persistent intra‐articular TMD. Methods: A qualitative study was performed. Thirteen eligible participants (mean age 32.7 years, 12 female) were recruited via purposive sampling, and interviewed using a semi‐structured framework. Data were analysed using a thematic analysis approach. Results: Four themes were established from interview data: (i) searching for help; (ii) wanting answers; (iii) wanting to regain control; and (iv) meeting needs, preferences and expectations, and the implications on care. Numerous factors influenced the experiences of those seeking care, including the ability to navigate care and management expectations. Specific to intra‐articular TMD, the absence of pain made seeking care harder, and often, patients perceived neglect of mechanical symptoms by healthcare practitioners, which negatively impacted care. Often, those wanting management expressed the need for answers and to regain control over their jaw symptoms. Conclusions: Strategies to improve healthcare navigation are needed for those wanting help for intra‐articular TMD. Within management, a person‐centred approach is encouraged. Practitioners should respect individuals' specific needs and preferences, and address underlying management expectations, to facilitate positive care experiences. Consideration of symptoms other than pain in intra‐articular TMD populations is paramount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of thermal barrier coating (TBC) and diesel‐ethanol mixture fuel on carcinogenic and greenhouse‐causing harmful emissions from diesel engines were experimentally investigated. In the first stage, the combustion chamber parts of the single cylinder diesel engine were coated with ceramic Al2O3TiO2 material with low thermal conductivity. Plasma spray method was used as the coating method. Then, coated and uncoated engines were run on diesel fuel. In the second stage, ethanol‐diesel mixture containing 5% ethanol E5 (v/v) was used in both engines. In both stages, the engines were operated at full load and at different engine speeds and compared in terms of emissions and performance. Combustion improved as the effect of the increased in‐cylinder temperature thanks to the low heat transfer with TBC. Therefore, an increase in engine power occurred. However, when E5 fuel was used in the TBC engine, the engine power decreased slightly. In the coated engine, HC and CO emissions have been significantly reduced. NOx emission increased with the effect of the thermal barrier coating, but decreased by 18% with the addition of ethanol in the TBC engine due to lower calorific value of ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on allegations against Twelver Shiites concerning their perceptions about the integrity of the Koranic text. Accusations about the inaccuracy of the tabdil which refers in the present context to Sunnite accusations against Shi'ites of having produced 'additions' to the text of the Koran; Accuracy of such allegations.

Background: Pegaspargase (PEG‐ASP) is an integral component of therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) but is associated with hepatotoxicity that may delay or limit future therapy. Obese and adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients are at high risk. Levocarnitine has been described as potentially beneficial for the treatment or prevention of PEG‐ASP‐associated hepatotoxicity. Methods: We collected data for patients age ≥10 years who received levocarnitine during induction therapy for ALL, compared to a similar patient cohort who did not receive levocarnitine. The primary endpoint was conjugated bilirubin (c.bili) >3 mg/dl. Secondary endpoints were transaminases >10× the upper limit of normal and any Grade ≥3 hepatotoxicity. Results: Fifty‐two patients received levocarnitine for prophylaxis (n = 29) or rescue (n = 32) of hepatotoxicity. Compared to 109 patients without levocarnitine, more patients receiving levocarnitine were obese and/or older and had significantly higher values for some hepatotoxicity markers at diagnosis and after PEG‐ASP. Levocarnitine regimens varied widely; no adverse effects of levocarnitine were identified. Obesity and AYA status were associated with an increased risk of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia and severe transaminitis. Multivariable analysis identified a protective effect of levocarnitine on the development of c.bili >3 mg/dl (OR 0.12, p = 0.029). There was no difference between groups in CTCAE Grade ≥3 hepatotoxicity. C.bili >3 mg/dl during induction was associated with lower event‐free survival. Conclusions: This real‐world data on levocarnitine supplementation during ALL induction highlights the risk of PEG‐ASP‐associated hepatotoxicity in obese and AYA patients, and hepatotoxicity's potential impact on survival. Levocarnitine supplementation may be protective, but prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are a promising replacement for the fossil fuel–dependent automotive and energy sectors. They have become increasingly commercialized in the last decade; however, significant limitations on durability and performance limit their commercial uptake. Catalyst layer (CL) design is commonly reported to impact device power density and durability; although, a consensus is rarely reached due to differences in testing conditions, experimental design, and types of data reported. This is further exacerbated by aspects of CL design such as catalyst support, proton conduction, catalyst, fabrication, and morphology, being significantly interdependent; hence, a wider appreciation is required in order to optimize performance, improve durability, and reduce costs. Here, the cutting‐edge research within the field of PEFCs is reviewed, investigating the effect of different manufacturing techniques, electrolyte distribution, support materials, surface chemistries, and total porosity on power density and durability. These are critically appraised from an applied perspective to inform the most relevant and promising pathways to make and test commercially viable cells. This holistic view of the competing aspects of CL design and preparation will facilitate the development of optimized CLs, especially the incorporation of novel catalyst support materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) appears to be more challenging than for other dental conditions. This study aimed to explore the decision‐making process in TMD management, and thereby to conceptualize the decision‐making process in dentistry. Individual semi‐structured interviews were conducted during 2018 and 2019 with a purposive sample of 22 general dental practitioners from the Public Dental Healthcare Services and private practices in the Region of Västerbotten, Northern Sweden. The interviews were analysed using the Grounded Theory approach of Charmaz. Data analysis resulted in the core category 'Combining own competence and others' expectations in the desire to do the right thing'. The dentists showed interest in and a desire to apply professional knowledge, but also reflected on challenges and complexity in the decision‐making process for TMD. The challenges were primarily related to organisational factors and lack of self‐confidence. This identifies a need for re‐organisation of daily clinical management in dentistry, and a need for more postgraduate training to improve self‐confidence. The complexity of the decision‐making process for TMD makes the study findings applicable in other dental situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past two decades, Iran has gained a prominent position in the Middle East. Its influence in Iraq has gradually increased following the US invasion in 2003, and in Syria after the Arab Spring uprisings in 2011. Many scholars and political analysts frame Iran's actions in the region as driven by the country's desire for expansionism. This article, however, demonstrates that Tehran's foreign policy rationale for exercising regional influence, especially in Iraq and Syria, has mainly been oriented around guaranteeing Iran's national security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complement receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily (CRIg, encoded by the VSIG4 gene) is a macrophage receptor involved in the clearance of immune complexes and autologous cells. Our results suggest that the VSIG4 rs1044165T allele is a risk factor for severe functional status of rheumatoid arthritis in women, possibly by affecting VSIG4 gene expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion is a phenomenon that devastatingly affects innovative, industrial, and mechanical applications, especially in the oil and gas industries. The corrosion conceivably influences industrial equipment; it deteriorates the environment and lessens the equipment/infrastructure's lifetime. Considering the significant impact of corrosion in our daily lives, this review article aims to briefly discuss the significance of corrosion and different control methods with special attention on corrosion inhibitors. The classification of corrosion inhibitors based on types and their advantage/limitations, and heterocyclic compounds as potential corrosion inhibitors, mainly nitrogen‐based compounds (pyridine (1N), pyrimidine (2N), and triazines (3N) fused ring benzimidazole, etc.), and their biological significance has been discussed in detail. The mechanism, challenges, and applications of heterocyclic compounds as corrosion inhibitors in various industrial relevant corrosive environments such as acid pickling, descaling operation in the desalination plant, oil gas industry, etc., have also been highlighted in the review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflecting on the rise of jihadist groups across the world, the burgeoning literature has focused on the threat posed by such groups to their non‐jihadist adversaries, while paying less attention to the widespread incidents of jihadist infighting. According to various estimates, thousands of jihadists have been killed in inter‐jihadist civil wars since 2014 alone. While the extant research has interpreted these clashes as a consequence of power outbidding, sectarian splits, and political competition, the driving incentive behind jihadist infighting has so far escaped scholarly attention. This article is the first in the literature to explain jihadist infighting as a consequence of deeply embedded sociocultural norms, namely, of the custom of vendetta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rate of caesarean section (CS) was 44.76% and instrumental delivery rate was 22% as compared to 33% (CS rate) and 8% (instrumental delivery) in general population during the study period. The objectives of the audit are to assess the outcome of trial of vaginal delivery in women with one previous CS and to generate local data to help guide the counselling of such women, support patients' decision making and increase VBAC uptake and improve patient care B Method b A retrospective audit of four hundred and sixty-five patients with one previous CS who delivered between 1st March to 30th September, 2019 in the Al Wakra Hospital, Qatar was done to establish local success rate and uptake rate. B Case report b The patient was a 23 year old, with 2 previous caesareans who had undergone an emergency caesarean at 27 weeks for preterm labour with premature rupture of membranes. 1622 Audit of vaginal birth after one caesarean in a Middle Eastern population B Akinola Shittu, S; Koujah, F; Kassim, S; Ramanunny, M; Alloub, M b Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar B Objectives b There are widespread public and professional concerns about the increasing proportion of birth by caesarean sections (CS). B Results b There were 38 patients who attended pregnancy assessment and had PlGF test. 29 patients had PlGF once and 4 patients had repeat PlGF test. 25 Patients delivered between 37-40 weeks, a patient at 40 weeks and only 3 patients between 32-37 weeks. [Extracted from the article]

Summary: Obesity and obesogenic comorbidities have been associated with COVID‐19 susceptibility and mortality. However, the mechanism of such correlations requires an in‐depth understanding. Overnutrition/excess serum amino acid profile during obesity has been linked with inflammation and reprogramming of translational machinery through hyperactivation of amino acid sensor mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is exploited by SARS‐CoV‐2 for its replication. Conversely, we have shown that the activation of general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2)‐dependent amino acid starvation sensing pathway suppresses intestinal inflammation by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β). While activation of GCN2 has shown to mitigate susceptibility to dengue infection, GCN2 deficiency increases viremia and inflammation‐associated pathologies. These findings reveal that the amino acid sensing pathway plays a significant role in controlling inflammation and viral infections. The current fact is that obesity/excess amino acids/mTOR activation aggravates COVID‐19, and it might be possible that activation of amino acid starvation sensor GCN2 has an opposite effect. This article focuses on the amino acid sensing pathways through which host cells sense the availability of amino acids and reprogram the host translation machinery to mount an effective antiviral response. Besides, how SARS‐CoV‐2 hijack and exploit amino acid sensing pathway for its replication and pathogenesis is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dentists stand in an optimal position to prevent and manage patients suffering from chronic orofacial pain (OFP) disorders, such as temporomandibular disorders, burning mouth syndrome, trigeminal neuralgia, persistent idiopathic dentoalveolar pain, among others. However, there are consistent reports highlighting a lack of knowledge and confidence in diagnosing and treating OFP among dental students, recent graduates, and trained dentists, which leads to misdiagnosis, unnecessary costs, delay in appropriate care and possible harm to patients. Education in OFP is necessary to improve the quality of general dental care and reduce individual and societal burden of chronic pain through prevention and improved quality of life for OFP patients. Our aims are to emphasize the goals of OFP education, to identify barriers for its implementation, and to suggest possible avenues to improve OFP education in general, postgraduate, and continuing dental education levels, including proposed minimum OFP competencies for all dentists. Moreover, patient perspectives are also incorporated, including a testimony from a person with OFP. General dentists, OFP experts, educators, researchers, patients, and policy makers need to combine efforts in order to successfully address the urgent need for quality OFP education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy with an overall 5-year survival rate of <6% due to therapeutic resistance and late-stage diagnosis. These statistics have not changed despite 50 years of research and therapeutic development. Pancreatic cancer is predicted to become the second leading cause of cancer mortality by the year 2030. Currently, the treatment options for pancreatic cancer are limited. This disease is usually diagnosed at a late stage, which prevents curative surgical resection. Chemotherapy is the most frequently used approach for pancreatic cancer treatment and has limited effects. In many other cancer types, targeted therapy and immunotherapy have made great progress and have been shown to be very promising prospects; these treatments also provide hope for pancreatic cancer. The need for research on targeted therapy and immunotherapy is pressing due to the poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer, and in recent years, there have been some breakthroughs for targeted therapy and immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. This review summarizes the current preclinical and clinical studies of targeted therapy and immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer and ends by describing the challenges and outlook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To develop a beta version of a preliminary set of empirically derived research diagnostic criteria (RDC) for burning mouth syndrome (BMS) through expert consensus, which can then be taken into a test period before publication of a final RDC/BMS. Design: A 6 round Delphi process with twelve experts in the field of BMS was used. The first round formed a focus group during which the purpose of the RDC and the definition of BMS was agreed upon, as well as the structure and contents. The remaining rounds were carried out virtually via email to achieve a consensus of the beta version of the RDC/BMS. Results: The definition of BMS was agreed to be 'an intraoral burning or dysaesthetic sensation, recurring daily for more than 2 hours per day over more than 3 months, without evident causative lesions on clinical examination and investigation'. The RDC was based upon the already developed and validated RDC/TMD and formed three main parts: patient self‐report; examination; and psychosocial self‐report. A fourth additional part was also developed listing aspirational biomarkers which could be used as part of the BMS diagnosis where available, or to inform future research. Conclusion: This Delphi process has created a beta version of an RDC for use with BMS. This will allow future clinical research within BMS to be carried out to a higher standard, ensuring only patients with true BMS are included. Further validation studies will be required alongside refinement of the RDC as trialling progresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants have been used for years as a source of food, spices, and, in traditional medicine, as a remedy to numerous diseases. Piper nigrum, belonging to the family Piperaceae is one of the most widely used spices all over the world. It has a distinct sharp flavor attributed to the presence of the phytochemical, piperine. Apart from its use as a spice, P. nigrum is frequently used for medicinal, preservation, and perfumery purposes. Black pepper contains 2–7.4% of piperine, varying in content is associated with the pepper plant. Piperine displays numerous pharmacological effects such as antiproliferative, antitumor, antiangiogenesis, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti‐obesity, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, antiaging, and immunomodulatory effects in various in vitro and in vivo experimental trials. Furthermore, piperine has also been documented for its hepatoprotective, anti‐allergic, anti‐inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. This review highlights and discusses the medicinal and health‐promoting effects of piperine, along with possible mechanisms of its action in health promotion and disease prevention. In addition, the present review summarizes the recent literature related to piperine as a therapeutic agent against several diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autosomal dominant hereditary polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited kidney disease that causes end‐stage renal disease and kidney failure. Preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic (PGT‐M) can effectively prevent the transmission of genetic diseases from parents to the offspring before pregnancy. However, PGT‐M currently adopts the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) linkage analysis for embryo's pathogenic gene carrying status and linkage analysis requires proband of the family. Here we report a new PGT‐M strategy using single sperm SNP linkage analysis for male patient with sporadic ADPKD caused by de novo PKD1 mutation. We recruited five couples with male patient with ADPKD caused by de novo PKD1 mutation, and 39 embryos from six PGT‐M cycles were detected. The five couples had at least one embryo that does not carry the PKD1 mutation. Within these five couples, the accuracy of carrier status of embryos was confirmed by amniotic fluid gene detection of two couples and two couples successfully delivered healthy fetuses. Therefore, the new PGT‐M strategy of using single sperm SNP linkage analysis was proved to be feasible and effective for male patient with ADPKD caused by de novo PKD1 mutation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the influence of clinical, psychological, and psychophysical variables on treatment outcomes after application of exercise combined with education with/without manual therapy in people with tinnitus associated with temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Methods: A secondary analysis of a clinical trial was performed investigating the effectiveness of including cervico‐mandibular manual therapy into an exercise combined with education program in 61 subjects with TMD‐related tinnitus. Clinical outcomes including tinnitus severity and tinnitus‐related handicap were assessed at 3 and 6 months post‐intervention. Patients were assessed at baseline for clinical (tinnitus severity, tinnitus‐related handicap, quality of life), physical (range of motion), psychological (depression), and psychophysical (pressure pain thresholds [PPTs]) variables that were included as predictors. Results: The regression models indicated that higher scores of tinnitus severity at baseline predicted better outcomes 3 and 6 months post‐intervention (explaining 13% to 41% of the variance) in both groups. Higher scores of tinnitus‐related handicap at baseline predicted better outcome of tinnitus‐related handicap (45% variance) in the manual therapy with exercise/education group. Lower PPTs over the temporalis muscle at baseline predicted poorer clinical outcomes (10.5% to 41% of the variance) in both groups. Other predictors were sex and quality of life (6.7% variance) in the manual therapy group and PPTs over the masseter muscle (5.8% variance) in the exercise/education group. Conclusion: This study found that baseline tinnitus severity and localized PPT over the temporalis muscle were predictive of clinical outcomes in individuals with TMD‐related tinnitus following physical therapy. Other predictors (eg, sex, quality of life) were less influential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This case report aimed to discuss the multifactorial etiology and also the management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) by addressing important associated psychosocial and biological factors, emphasizing the interaction between these factors and a probable genetic predisposition. Methods and results: A 21‐year‐old female patient was evaluated according to Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD and diagnosed with arthralgia, myofascial pain, disc displacement without reduction, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) degenerative disease. TMJ alterations were confirmed through magnetic resonance imaging and cone‐beam computed tomography. Pressure pain threshold of masticatory structures was evaluated using a pressure algometer. Sleep bruxism, poor sleep quality, migraine with aura, mild anxiety, and history of facial trauma were also identified through anamnesis and clinical examination. Following this, genetic analysis was performed to evaluate the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) already associated with TMD: SNP COMT Val158Met (rs4680), MMP1‐1607 (rs1799750), and tumor necrosis factor alpha‐308 (rs1800629), which were all present. A personalized treatment for TMD management was performed, and it included self‐management programs, occlusal appliance therapy, pharmacotherapy, anxiety management, and stress control. An 8‐year follow‐up demonstrated long‐term stabilization of TMJ degenerative disease. Conclusion: Genetic evaluation, added to anamnesis and clinical examination, could be useful for TMD prognosis and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that Abu Abdalla, member of militant group al-Shabaab, warned his members that he will cut the throat of his members for joining terrorist group Islamic State (ISIS), and mentions a video from ISIS regarding Shabaab fighters pledging allegiance to ISIS head Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi.

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is a collective term for a group of musculoskeletal conditions involving pain and/or dysfunction in the masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joints (TMJ) and associated structures. It is the most common type of non‐odontogenic orofacial pain and patients can present with pain affecting the face/head, TMJ and/or teeth, limitations in jaw movement and sounds in the TMJ during jaw movements. Comorbid painful and non‐painful conditions are also common among individuals with TMD. The diagnosis of TMD have significantly improved over time with the recent Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) being reliable and valid for most common diagnoses, and an efficient way to communicate in multidisciplinary settings. This classification covers 12 most common TMD, including painful (myalgia, arthralgia and headache attributed to TMD) as well as the non‐painful (disc displacements, degenerative joint disease and subluxation) TMD diagnoses. Recent studies have demonstrated that the pathophysiology of common painful TMD is biopsychosocial and multifactorial, where no one factor is responsible for its development. Importantly, research has suggested different predisposing, initiating and perpetuating factors, including both peripheral and central mechanisms. This is an active field of investigation and future studies will not only seek to clarify specific causal pathways but translate this knowledge into mechanism‐directed diagnosis and treatment. In accordance with this complex aetiology, current evidence supports primarily conservative multidisciplinary treatment including self‐management strategies, behavioural therapy, physical therapy and pharmacotherapy. The aim of this review is to present an overview of most recent developments in aetiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of TMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this experimental study, we aimed to determine whether guided music listening (GML) – a music intervention based on models of mood mediation and attention modulation – modulates masticatory muscle activity and awake bruxism in subjects with chronic painful muscular temporomandibular disorders (TMD myalgia, mTMD), a condition causing a significant burden to patients, their families, and healthcare systems. Background: Awake bruxism – a stress behavior characterized by clenching of the teeth – is a strong contributor to chronic mTMD. GML modulates psychological stress and motor responses and could thus reduce muscle activity in chronic musculoskeletal conditions, including mTMD. Methods: We recorded the electromyographic (EMG) activity in the right masseter of 14 women with chronic (>6 months) mTMD (median [IQR] = 39.5.3 [24.3] years) and 15 pain‐free women (median [IQR] = 30.0 [3.5] years) during a GML session, including 3 music (stressful, relaxing, and participants' favorite music) and a no‐music (pink noise) control blocks, each lasting 15 minutes. We measured the motor effort of the right masseter relative to the participants' maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), the muscular effort to maintain mandibular posture (EMGposture), and to produce spontaneous awake bruxism episodes (EMGbruxism), and the duration and frequency of spontaneous awake bruxism episodes. We tested between‐group and within‐group (between blocks) differences, as well as the effect of the interaction group by experimental block on these outcome measures. Results: In both groups, EMGposture was significantly affected by the interaction group by experimental block (P <.001). Compared to pink noise [mean (95% CI); mTMD: 2.2 (1.6‐2.8) %MVC; Controls: 1.1 (0.5‐1.7) %MVC], EMGposture increased during the stressful music block [contrast estimate (95% CI); mTMD: +0.8 (0.7‐0.8) %MVC; Controls: +0.3 (0.3‐0.4) %MVC; both P <.001], and decreased during the relaxing [mTMD: −0.4 (−0.5 to −0.4) %MVC; Controls: −0.3 (−0.4 to −0.3) %MVC; both P <.001] and favorite [mTMD: −0.5 (−0.6 to −0.5) %MVC; Controls: −0.5 (−0.5 to −0.4) %MVC; both P <.001] music blocks. EMGposture was greater in mTMD individuals than controls during the favorite music [contrast estimate (95% CI): +1.1 (0.2‐1.9) %MVC; P =.019] and the pink noise [+1.1 (0.2‐2.0) %MVC; P =.014] blocks. EMGbruxism was significantly affected by the interaction group by experimental block (P <.001). In mTMD participants, compared to the pink noise block [mean (95% CI); 23.8 (16.0‐31.6) %MVC], EMGbruxism increased during the stressful music block [contrast estimate (95% CI); +10.2 (8.6‐11.8) %MVC], and decreased during the relaxing [−6.2 (−8.1 to −4.3) %MVC; P <.001] and favorite [−10.2 (−12.2 to −9.1) %MVC; P <.001] music blocks. These effects were not observed in the control group [mean (95% CI); pink noise: 19.3 (10.9‐27.6); stressful: 21.2 (12.9‐29.4) %MVC; relaxing: 21.6 (13.3‐29.9) %MVC; favorite: 24.2 (15.8‐32.7) %MVC; all P >.05]. EMGbruxism was significantly greater in mTMD participants than controls during the stressful music block [contrast estimate (95% CI): +12.9 (1.6‐24.2) %MVC; P =.026). GML did not affect the duration or the frequency of awake bruxism in either group (median [IQR], mTMD: 23.5 [96.7] s, range 1‐1300 seconds; Controls: 5.5 [22.5], range 0‐246 seconds; P =.108). The frequency of awake bruxism episodes was greater in the mTMD group compared to controls only during the pink noise block (median [IQR], mTMD: 5 [15.3] episodes, range 0‐62 episodes; Controls: 1 [3] episode, range 0‐27 episodes; P =.046). No significant between‐group differences were found in either the overall time spent engaging in awake bruxism (median [IQR], mTMD: 23.5 [96.7] s, range 1‐1300 seconds; Controls: 5.5 [22.5], range 0‐246 seconds; P =.108), or during each block (all P >.05). Conclusions: In subjects with chronic mTMD, relaxing music and the individual's favorite music decreased the muscular effort during spontaneous awake bruxism episodes by 26% and 44% (relative changes), respectively. In contrast, stressful music increases it by about 43%. Because of its positive effects on awake bruxism, GML with selected music could be a promising and non‐invasive component of a multimodal approach for the management of chronic mTMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Symptomatic disc displacement (DD) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) may cause pain and limited mouth opening. The aetiopathogenesis is obscure and probably complex, which makes the diagnostic classification crude and mainly based on clinical criteria rather than disease mechanisms, and tissue characteristics. Objectives: The study aim was to characterise and quantify synovial tissue in DD, where specific cytokine patterns might serve as potential biomarkers. Methods: An observational cohort study was performed harvesting synovial tissue from 63 patients: 44 with DD without reduction (DDwoR) and 19 with DD with reduction (DDwR). DDwoR was subdivided depending on type of onset (sudden, n = 17; delayed, n = 27), and DDwR served as the control group. Proteins were extracted from tissue samples and investigated in a multi‐analytic profiling system. Results: DDwoR patients had significantly higher concentrations in 12 out of 28 analysed cytokines compared to DDwR. In the same statistical model, significantly lower concentrations of interferon gamma‐induced protein (IP) 10, osteoprotegerin (OPG) and RANTES were detected in DDwoR patients. Women showed significantly higher concentrations of epidermal growth factor and interleukin (IL) 1ra compared to men. DDwoR with sudden onset had significant higher concentrations of bone morphogenetic protein 4, eotaxin and IL‐8 compared to DDwoR with delayed onset. Conclusions: Characterising the biomarker panel for TMJ conditions may serve as suggestible targets for disease classification and novel treatment options. The significantly lower concentrations of IP‐10, OPG and RANTES could be proposed as putative markers for the separation of the studied conditions to other TMJ diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adipose tissue is recognized as a major source of systemic inflammation with age, driving age‐related tissue dysfunction and pathogenesis. Macrophages (Mφ) are central to these changes yet adipose tissue Mφ (ATMs) from aged mice remain poorly characterized. To identify biomarkers underlying changes in aged adipose tissue, we performed an unbiased RNA‐seq analysis of ATMs from young (8‐week‐old) and healthy aged (80‐week‐old) mice. One of the genes identified, V‐set immunoglobulin‐domain‐containing 4 (VSIG4/CRIg), encodes a Mφ‐associated complement receptor and B7 family‐related immune checkpoint protein. Here, we demonstrate that Vsig4 expression is highly upregulated with age in perigonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) in two mouse strains (inbred C57BL/6J and outbred NIH Swiss) independent of gender. The accumulation of VSIG4 was mainly attributed to a fourfold increase in the proportion of VSIG4+ ATMs (13%–52%). In a longitudinal study, VSIG4 expression in gWAT showed a strong correlation with age within a cohort of male and female mice and correlated strongly with physiological frailty index (PFI, a multi‐parameter assessment of health) in male mice. Our results indicate that VSIG4 is a novel biomarker of aged murine ATMs. VSIG4 expression was also found to be elevated in other aging tissues (e.g., thymus) and was strongly induced in tumor‐adjacent stroma in cases of spontaneous and xenograft lung cancer models. VSIG4 expression was recently associated with cancer and several inflammatory diseases with diagnostic and prognostic potential in both mice and humans. Further investigation is required to determine whether VSIG4‐positive Mφ contribute to immunosenescence and/or systemic age‐related deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drop-on-demand inkjet printing is an easily upscalable, rapid, and digital deposition technique that allows thin film formation with a high material utilization rate as ideally needed for solar cell production. Herein, a method is reported to prepare inkjet-printed compact TiO2 thin films that are further assessed as an electron transport layer (ETL) for perovskite solar cells and compared to reference dip-coated TiO2 layers. Through ink formula engineering and adjustment of the printing parameters, reliable process control is achieved, leading to a homogeneous TiO2 coating of the fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate. Perovskite solar cells with an inkjet-printed TiO2 ETL yields efficiencies of up to 13.7%, outperforming the efficiency and the process repeatability of devices prepared with the dip-coated TiO2 reference. Together with other recent contributions on inkjet-printed perovskite solar cells, this work contributes to highlight the processability of thin film solar cells using digital inkjet printing for next-generation photovoltaic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies suggest that the mainstream Indonesian Islamic organizations, Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), hold a centrist position in their views and attitudes toward other religions and religious minorities with some variation among the scholars and disparity of viewpoints between the elites and the ordinary people. The I fatwa i considers it prohibited ( I haram i ) for Muslim parents to send their children to schools that harm their faith, prevent them from studying Islam, and do not teach them the religion of Islam, and it is prohibited for them to allow their children to get non-Islamic education and subject matters. This historical precedent has been used by contemporary Muhammadiyah scholars and activists to allow Muslims and non-Muslims to attend either Islamic private schools or non-Islamic private schools beside public schools. 31 "Syeikh Qardawi: Islam tidak membenci Yahudi (Sheikh Qardawi: Islam is not hostile to Judaism)", May 6, 2008. https://islam.nu.or.id/post/read/12276/syeikh-qardawi--islam-tak-membenci-yahudi 32 "Umat Islam Harus Pelajari Kisah Bangsa Yahudi (the Muslims Should Learn from the Jewish People)", May 20, 2009. https://islam.nu.or.id/post/read/17240/umat-islam-harus-pelajari-kisah-bangsa-yahudi 33 "Saat Nabi Perintahkan Zaid ibn Tsabit Mempelajari Bahasa Yahudi (When the Prophet Muhammad Instructed Zaid ibn Tsabit to Study the Jewish Language)", September 26, 2019. https://islam.nu.or.id/post/read/111417/saat-nabi-perintahkan-zaid-bin-tsabit-mempelajari-bahasa-yahudi 34 Nadirsyah Hosen, "Tafsir Al-Baqarah 120: Yahudi dan Nasrani Tidak Rela dengan Islam?. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a military analysis of the anti-ISIS campaign under U.S. presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump. Topics discussed include an assessment of the maps Trump displayed to highlight his claim that his administration was the one which defeated ISIS, a close monitoring of the course of Operation Inherent Resolve from August to October 2014, and advances against ISIS under the Obama and Trump administrations.

Background and Objective: The aim of this single‐centre, two‐arm, parallel‐group, double‐blinded, randomised controlled trial was to investigate the disputed specific effectiveness of acupuncture by comparing acupuncture on specific and non‐specific points among patients with non‐chronic, painful TMDs. Methods: Following predefined eligibility criteria, 49 consecutive patients of both sexes were recruited to the study. All subjects were diagnosed with a non‐chronic (Graded Chronic Pain Scale grade <3) painful TMD, as assessed using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). Patients were randomly assigned to group A (acupuncture on specific points) or group B (acupuncture on non‐specific points) after the initial examination (T0). Both acupuncture treatment sessions were conducted by a trained dentist once a week for four weeks. The examination was repeated five weeks (T5) after T0 by one calibrated examiner who was unaware of the study groups. Characteristic pain intensity (CPI) was evaluated as the main outcome criterion and compared between times and treatment groups by means of non‐parametric tests (significance level set at P =.05). Secondary outcomes comprised the maximum corrected active mouth‐opening without pain (MAO); patients' expectations regarding acupuncture treatment and pain development; depressivity; and oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL). Results: A total of 41 patients (38 female) successfully completed the study (mean age: 40.17 ± 16.61). The two groups did not differ significantly at any time in terms of age and CPI. However, CPI was significantly (P <.05) lower at T5 than at T0 for both groups (29.66 and 30.35% lower in group A and group B, respectively). An increase in MAO was observed at T5 for both groups but was significant for group B only (P =.016). All patients had positive expectations of acupuncture therapy, and the two groups did not differ significantly at T5 with regard to the extent to which their expectations had been fulfilled by the treatment (P =.717). Comparison of T0 and T5 showed a statistically significant reduction of depressivity for group A (P =.0205), but no significant change for group B (P =.329). At T5, OHRQoL had improved significantly for both groups (group A, P =.018; group B, P <.001) compared with at T0. Conclusions: Acupuncture on both specific and non‐specific points reduces the non‐dysfunctional pain of TMD patients. The effect of acupuncture on painful TMD cannot be attributed to the specific point selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the lens of Benedict Anderson's Imagined Community concept, this paper examines how the selected community‐building theories are useful in understanding the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and its imagined community. Using four factors—language, education, power and history—derived from Anderson's Imagined Community concept, this paper applies theories of Modernism, Primordialism and Insurgency Governance to explain ISIL's imagined community. Specifically, our argument is threefold: (a) Anderson's Imagined Community concept and alternate theories of community building, although insightful, does an imperfect job at describing ISIL's Caliphate; (b) ISIL's group structure appears to transcend traditional and accepted notions of nations, nationalism and nation states; and (c) based on this reasoning, ISIL's Caliphate can be considered an outlier in community‐building literature analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qualitative interviews were conducted with nine members of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and Al‐Qaeda currently incarcerated in Kuwait's Central Prison. The semistructured interviews attempted to understand psychosocial factors in Kuwait that contributed to their decision to join extremist organizations. Interviews were analyzed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) and the emergent themes identified the following core themes explaining their involvement: (1) religious identity development; (2) personal connections; (3) propaganda; (4) defense of Islam; and (5) social marginalization. Participants described a process whereby their religion became a central part of their personal identity. As their religious identity developed, they became involved in Islamic organizations where they met people involved with ISIS or Al‐Qaeda. These social connections exposed them to jihadi propaganda which, in addition to increased military conflict in the Middle East, crystallized their beliefs that Islam is under attack, and they were religiously obligated to defend it. The results also identified societal factors that increased the probability of engaging in terrorism including relatively low levels of education, coming from low socioeconomic groups in Kuwait, and feeling socially marginalized by broader Kuwaiti society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article offers information on the Turkish Incursion into Kurdish Syria. Topics include Syria in an attempt to establish a "safe zone" to end what it claimed to be an existential Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) threat to its territorial integrity; and the concept of the Kurds in Syria could only become meaningful after the French mandate had been created and, even later, after failed Kurdish uprisings during the 1920s in Turkey had forced many Kurds to leave for Syria.

Background: Oral parafunctional activities such as daytime non‐functional tooth contact (nFTC) are considered aetiological factors for temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of an email‐based recording and reminding system for limiting daytime nFTC in patients with TMDs. Methods: Thirty patients with TMDs (mean age, 30.7 ± 8.7 years) were randomly assigned to three groups according to the intervention for limiting nFTC: cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with an email‐based recording and reminding system for 20 days (e‐CBT group, n = 10), CBT with a sticky note reminder for 20 days (s‐CBT group, n = 10) and simple verbal instructions to avoid nFTC that were provided before the experimental period (control group, n = 10). The frequency of nFTC, range of pain‐free unassisted mouth opening and pain intensity during painful unassisted maximum mouth opening was evaluated before and after the experimental period. Results: The frequency of nFTC significantly decreased after the intervention in the e‐CBT and s‐CBT groups. Among the three groups, the decrease in the nFTC frequency was the maximum in the e‐CBT group (P <.01). In addition, the range of pain‐free unassisted mouth opening showed a significant increase in all three groups, with the maximum improvement in the e‐CBT group (analysis of variance, P <.01). Conclusions: The present findings suggest that our email‐based recording and reminding system may have the potential to effectively control daytime nFTC and could be an effective strategy for the management of TMDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distress, suffering and care‐seeking behaviour are characteristics of pain‐related disease and illness. Pain that transitions from an acute to a chronic phase carries with it the potential of further effects: these include a worsening of the disease or illness; high‐impact chronic pain; and substantial personal, societal and economic burden. The biopsychosocial model directly addresses these multiple processes, yet clinical frameworks supporting this model are not universally implemented. This paper explores barriers to clinical implementation of a full biopsychosocial framework for temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and other oro‐facial pain (OFP) conditions. In June 2016, INfORM invited OFP researchers to a workshop designed to optimise the DC/TMD Axis‐II. Workshop groups identified five sources of implementation barriers: (1) cultures and societies, (2) levels‐of‐care settings, (3) health services, (4) cross‐cultural validity of self‐report instruments and (5) provider and patient health literacy. Three core problems emerged: (A) mental health aspects are seldom fully considered, thus impairing the recognition of illness, (B) training in use of validated multi‐axial assessment protocols is under‐rated and insufficiently used, and (C) clinical assessment often fails to recognise that sensory and emotional dimensions are fundamental aspects of pain. To improve patient care, these barriers and problems require action. Most importantly, TMD/OFP educators and researchers need to coordinate globally and (i) be educated in the biopsychosocial model, (ii) implement evidence‐based biopsychosocial guidelines for assessment and management of OFP conditions at their institutions, (iii) incorporate this model in undergraduate and postgraduate dental curricula and (iv) be responsive to stakeholders, including regulatory authorities and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a dynamic arc model of a polluted insulator based on the formulation of the Obenaus model and the Hampton criterion for discharge propagation. An experiment was conducted on a practical glass insulator installed in the Algerian network for the purpose of measuring the flashover voltage and estimating the arc parameters (A and N) using a genetic optimisation algorithm. The parameters used in the dynamic model were the arc current, arc length, and arc resistance calculated using MATLAB. Moreover, an attempt was made with finite element software to calculate the voltage and electric‐field throughout the insulator surface with and without the presence of contaminants. Finally, the obtained simulation and experimental results showed high performances under operational conditions and respect IEC 60060‐1 standard recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perception of Western governments' hostility to Islam is one of the indicating features of Islamic fundamentalism and, in some cases, is serving as a pull to join extremist groups. In this paper, using data from two waves of a cross‐national survey, we investigate what affects European Muslims' opinions about Western governments. We find that residential segregation is associated with perceived hostility of Western governments to Islam. Further, we find that Muslims living in segregated neighbourhoods and enclaves have a higher probability of believing that Western governments are hostile to Islam. National origins of Muslim immigrants have a significant impact, with people from African countries measuring less perceived hostility than others. We also find that education is associated with perceived hostility of Western governments to Islam in a non‐linear way. People with the highest and lowest levels of education tend to be less likely to believe that Western governments are hostile to Islam, relative to people with mid‐level education. This non‐linear effect is best explained by education's differential effects on perceptions of key world events. During the time between 2011 – before ISIS's announcement of its Caliphate in Iraq and Syria – and 2013, subsequent to that announcement, we see a sharp decrease in perception of Western governments' hostility to Islam, particularly among more educated European Muslims. We make the case that this decrease can be attributed, in some ways, to the emergence of ISIS. We discuss our findings in terms of theoretical and policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]