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Background: Social annotation (SA) allows users to collaboratively highlight important texts, make comments and discuss with each other on the same online document. This would not only accelerate and deepen learners' cognitive understanding of information, but also help build a sense of rapport, which is critical especially because of the worldwide shift from face‐to‐face class to remote education as a response to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Objective: To provide a systematic review of empirical SA studies, so that current development as well as issues in SA practices and research are identified. Methods: A total of 32 studies were identified and bibliometrical, instructional, and methodological analysis were conducted. Results and Conclusions: The United States has published the most SA research and technology‐related journals are most receptive of SA research; one‐shot quantitative designs with a sample size between 30 and 100 have been adopted most often; there is a lack of theoretical support for SA studies; higher education settings have been more frequently researched than other educational levels; SA technological features and activities have focused more on student uses and outcomes than on those of instructors; self‐designed technologies were more preferred than commercial ones; both cognitive and affective outcomes were emphasized and nearly all studies reported positive findings. Implications: Future SA studies may conduct blended designs with larger sample sizes that is grounded upon solid theoretical frameworks; more customized and affordable SA technologies that support both students and teachers should be developed. Learning analytics and emotional design may be capitalized more to meet the demand of remote education during the pandemic. Lay Description: What is Already Known About this Topic: The behaviour of annotating often helps learners obtain deeper understanding and retain longer memorization of learning content.Social annotation, which capitalizes the advantage of digital tools and collaboration, allows learners to annotate on the same document, and view each other's annotations to ignite discussion and maximize their individual learning.Social annotation has been widely used in educational settings amongst all ages of learners. What this Paper Adds: Provides a systematic review of empirical social annotation studies between 2000 and 2020, highlighting the analysis of bibliometrics, research designs, and learning outcomes and effects.Proposes a conceptual framework (the WIRE model) to guide the design and assessment of social annotation activities.Identifies challenges and gaps in existing research designs as well as instructional practices. Implications for Practice: Instructors can use the results to locate desirable social annotation technologies and design effective activities.Researchers may utilize the trend and research gaps to design future social annotation studies.Programmers can use WIRE to make an initial assessment of social annotation tool designs, and develop more customized products for formal education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using 2021 data and information related to COVID‐19, this paper discusses the contribution of colonization, medical mistrust and racism to vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy is defined as 'delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability'. Colonization is described as the 'way the extractive economic system of capitalism came to the United States, supported by systems of supremacy and domination, which are a necessary part of keeping the wealth and power accumulated in the hands of the colonizers and ultimately their financiers'. The system of colonization results in policies and practices, including those related to health, that continue to create oppression and support racism. Persons experience trauma as the byproduct of colonization. Chronic stress and trauma create chronic inflammation and all diseases, whether genetic or lifestyle, have a common pathogenesis that is a component of inflammation. Medical mistrust is the absence of trust that healthcare providers and organizations genuinely care for patients' interests, are honest, practice confidentiality and have the competence to produce the best possible results. Finally, racism is described as everyday racism and perceived racism in healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article requests submissions for the 2020 William M. Jones Best Graduate Student Paper in American Culture Studies, presented at the annual meeting of the Popular Culture Association/American Culture Association.

Medication abortion with pills (mifepristone and misoprostol) challenges the spatiality of abortion provision because it creates the possibility for safe, self‐managed abortion outside of clinical infrastructure. This possibility has been contested by pro‐ and anti‐abortion actors for as long as medication abortion has been in existence. In this paper, I offer a legal geography account of medication abortion technology that examines how medication abortion has been regulated in the United States. Conceptually, the paper uses a legal geography methodology to probe the social spatialities that abortion laws construct. Empirically, the paper analyses trends in legislation to restrict medication abortion and two significant court challenges where abortion providers brought suit against medication abortion restrictions. Drawing on legislation and litigation over mifepristone, I demonstrate that restrictions on it function by anchoring mifepristone inside the clinical spaces and regulatory frameworks established for surgical abortion. In this way, mifepristone regulations circumscribe its availability in order to prevent the creation of alternative models for abortion provision that could re‐arrange its geography and expand abortion access. Medication abortion pills challenge the spatiality of abortion provision because they create the possibility for safe, self‐managed abortion outside of clinical infrastructures. This paper offers a legal geography account of medication abortion technology that examines how medication abortion has been regulated in the United States. The paper analyses trends in legislation to restrict medication abortion and two significant court challenges where abortion providers brought suit against medication abortion restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emphasis on research evaluation has brought scrutiny to the role of self‐citations in the scholarly communication process. While author self‐citations have been studied at length, little is known on national‐level self‐references (SRs). This paper analyses the citation context of national SRs, using the full‐text of 184,859 papers published in PLOS journals. It investigates the differences between national SRs and nonself‐references (NSRs) in terms of their in‐text mention, presence in enumerations, and location features. For all countries, national SRs exhibit a higher level of engagement than NSRs. NSRs are more often found in enumerative citances than SRs, which suggests that researchers pay more attention to domestic than foreign studies. There are more mentions of national research in the methods section, which provides evidence that methodologies developed in a nation are more likely to be used by other researchers from the same nation. Publications from the United States are cited at a higher rate in each of the sections, indicating that the country still maintains a dominant position in science. On the whole, this paper contributes to a better understanding of the role of national SRs in the scholarly communication system, and how it varies across countries and over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Priority for solid organ transplant generally does not consider the underlying cause of the need for transplantation. This paper argues that a distinctive set of factors justify assigning lower priority to willfully unvaccinated individuals who require transplant as a result of suffering from COVID‐19. These factors include the personal responsibility of the patients for their own condition and the public outrage likely to ensue if willfully unvaccinated patients receive organs at the expense of vaccinated ones. The paper then proposes a three‐prong test for similar deviations from the current allocation standard that incorporates patient responsibility, foreseeability and avoidability, and the frequency of the occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The United States has been unsuccessful in containing the rapid spread of COVID‐19. The complex epidemiology of the disease and the fragmented response to it has resulted in thousands of ways in which spread has occurred, creating a situation where each community needs to create its own local, context‐specific learning model while remaining compliant to county or state mandates. Methods: In this paper, we demonstrate how cross sector collaborations can use the Cynefin Framework, a tool for decision‐making in complex systems, to guide community response to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Results: We explore circumstances under which communities can inhabit each of the four domains of systems complexity represented in the Cynefin framework: simple, complicated, chaotic, and complex, and describe the decision‐making process in each domain that balances health, economic, and social well‐being. Conclusion: This paper serves as a call to action for the creation of community learning systems to improve community resilience and capacity to make better‐informed decisions to address complex public health problems during the pandemic and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores an increase in the discussion about extended producer responsibility (EPR) for packaging and printed paper (PPP) in the U.S. It attributes the trend to the effectiveness of EPR in increasing the country's recycling rates. The use of EPR by non-alcoholic beverage company Nestlé Waters North America in its operations is cited. The role of local governments and consumers in the success of the implementation of EPR is also discussed.

This paper challenges resilience literature, which often strips grassroots actors of their political agency and reduces their resilient actions to no more than adapting, mitigating or recovering from an exogenous hazard. I apply an everyday resistance framework to unpack Puerto Ricans' responses to the impacts of Hurricane Maria, which devastated the Caribbean Island in 2017. This methodological approach situates acts of resilience within the colonial relations that characterise the United States−Puerto Rico relationship. First, people's acts of resilience are shown to signify acts of resistance to pursue self‐determination and relinquish their dependency on the United States for their everyday lives and disaster recovery. Second, the paper demonstrates how resistance is enacted by women in the domestic space, which challenges masculinist and patriarchal notions of resistance. Third, exploring resilience "from below" is suggested to expose how state‐centric conceptualisations of resilience do not fit neatly with how disaster‐affected people define and intuitively enact resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Recruitment through Facebook is gaining favor as an approach for research, including clinical trials, because of the platform's ability to reach broad and diverse populations. As older adults increase their social media use, recruitment through Facebook has become a viable option. The purposes of this paper are to report the methodological process and lessons learned from recruiting custodial grandmothers (CGMs) for a cross‐sectional study examining parenting self‐efficacy and psychological well‐being. Participants: A total of 113 people consented and accessed the survey online, with 40 (35.4%) completing surveys. The final sample comprised 68 grandmothers, with 59% recruited via Facebook. Methods: Facebook recruitment for the online survey included creating a dedicated Facebook study page, accessing existing Facebook pages for custodial grandparents, and using paid advertising. Face‐to‐face recruitment strategies also were used with paper surveys. Results: We compared the characteristics of those completing online surveys versus paper surveys. CGMs completing the survey online were significantly younger and more likely to be Caucasian than those completing the paper survey. Conclusions: Findings indicated online recruitment via Facebook is an advantageous method to reach CGMs. However, additional research is needed to determine if other online and social media platforms would be useful in recruiting this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The differential impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on communities of color in the United States along with the civil unrest taking place in 2020 in response to the killing of unarmed Black men and women by the police have increased awareness of the structural racism pervading US society. These developments have reraised the issue of reparations for Black Americans, usually proposed in the context of providing financial compensation for the injustices of slavery to the descendants of those who were enslaved. This paper will discuss the systematic racial inequality and structural racism in US society that have significantly disadvantaged racial and ethnic minorities while giving advantages to white Americans, which most recently have resulted in significantly higher mortality and morbidity among Black, Hispanic, and Native Americans during the pandemic. The paper will conceptualize reparations within the context of theories of reparative justice. It will also consider whether reparations are owed, and if so, by whom, to whom, and in what form. The final section will offer a proposal for collective reparations to the Black community and other people of color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops the concept of policy regime decay to examine what happens when the political foundations of public policies break down. Policy regime decay consists of an erosion of consensus over policy goals, an unraveling of support coalitions, and an exhaustion of institutional capacity to structure the policy process. These elements of decay have observable implications and they inform an empirical strategy for a case study of U.S. food and agriculture policy. Using content analysis of congressional hearings, analysis of legislative roll calls, and policy agenda measures, the paper finds evidence of elite disagreement over nutrition programs, a partisan divide on Farm Bill votes, and a diffusion of committee jurisdiction over food and agriculture issues in Congress. These findings have implications for understanding the policy consequences of polarization, policy feedback effects, and the dynamics of policy regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The emergent field of learning health systems (LHSs) has been rapidly evolving as the concept continues to be embraced by researchers, managers, and clinicians. This paper reports on a scoping review and bibliometric analysis of the LHS literature to identify key topic areas and examine the influence and spread of recent research. Methods: We conducted a scoping review of LHS literature published between January 2016 and May 2020. The authors extracted publication data (eg, journal, country, authors, citation count, keywords) and reviewed full‐texts to identify: type of study (empirical, non‐empirical, or review), degree of focus (general or specific), and the reference used when defining LHSs. Results: A total of 272 publications were included in this review. Almost two thirds (65.1%) of the included articles were non‐empirical and over two‐thirds (68.4%) were from authors in the United States. More than half of the publications focused on specific areas, for example: oncology, cardiovascular care, and genomic medicine. Other key topic areas included: ethics, research, quality improvement, and electronic health records. We identified that definitions of the LHS concept are converging; however, many papers focused on data platforms and analytical processes rather than organisational and behavioural factors to support change and learning activities. Conclusions: The literature on LHSs remains largely theoretical with definitions of LHSs focusing on technical processes to reuse data collected during the clinical process and embedding analysed data back into the system. A shift in the literature to empirical LHS studies with consideration of organisational and human factors is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With one‐third of rural areas in the United States living in persistently high poverty, churches are some of the most prolific—and often only—sources of resource‐provision in rural places. This paper qualitatively examines the complex role that churches play as resource providers in rural areas. Further, we examine the ways churches are helpful and/or harmful in meeting the needs of those experiencing vulnerability. We fuse hegemonic Christianity with social exclusion and neoliberalism to argue that rural people may not only experience ostracization and othering, but can also lose access to already‐limited resources in rural areas as a result. Using community‐based action research, ethnography, 47 semi‐structured interviews, and research participant‐driven photography from a town we call Gordon, we find that while churches are important resource‐providers, they perpetuate hegemonic Christianity, hold exclusionary power, and act as critical gatekeepers for resources. This often results in ostracization and jeopardizes resource provision for those most vulnerable. This is a critical finding that demonstrates the complexity of resource provision, church influence, and rurality. We highlight participants' suggestions for ways to expand services in rural places without solely relying on religious organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, inspired by Gloria Anzaldúa, we draw upon our embodied experiences as non‐white scholars from different parts of the South to examine our complicity and responsibility for inclusion in performing a Western, neoliberal, diversity‐oriented, globalizing academia such as the United States' Academy of Management. We refer to the dominating practice of inclusion as universalist inclusion (uni‐inclusion), where a hegemonic includer includes diverse subaltern others while blind to colonial differences. We argue that uni‐inclusion has a dark shadow that perpetuates a "you are with us or against us" sentiment of white male superiority and violence, even as it elides the deep connectedness of epistemic, bodily, and material practices in the praxis of performing academia. Drawing upon our embodied and enacted experiences of tenures at Academy of Management as borderland scholars with relational reflexivity, we propose phronetic border thinking/doing praxis for trans‐inclusion as a non‐essentialist possibility of decolonizing inclusion. We share our understanding of how we have enacted border thinking/doing praxis so that it may provide pointers to pluriversalizing academia. Trans‐inclusion is a neologism we suggest to indicate a liberating praxis for all in an era of decolonization and empire where diverse includers beyond self/other dehumanizing binarism engage within an ethics of caring and co‐existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we theorize the intersectional gendered impacts of COVID‐19 on faculty labor, with a particular focus on how institutions of higher education in the United States evaluate faculty labor amidst the COVID‐19 transition and beyond. The pandemic has disrupted faculty research, teaching, and service in differential ways, having larger impacts on women faculty, faculty of color, and caregiving faculty in ways that further reflect the intersections of these groups. Universities have had to reconsider how evaluation occurs, given the impact of these disruptions on faculty careers. Through a case study of university pandemic responses in the United States, we summarize key components of how colleges and universities shifted evaluations of faculty labor in response to COVID‐19, including suspending teaching evaluations, implementing tenure delays, and allowing for impact statements in faculty reviews. While most institutional responses recenter neoliberal principles of the ideal academic worker that is both gendered and racialized, a few universities have taken more innovative approaches to better attend to equity concerns. We conclude by suggesting a recalibration of the faculty evaluation system – one that maintains systematic faculty reviews and allows for academic freedom, but requires universities to take a more contextualized approach to evaluation in ways that center equity and inclusion for women faculty and faculty of color for the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical action—behaviours aimed at dismantling systems of oppression—must be examined within youths' racialized experiences and should incorporate cultural and sociohistorical factors. We considered an expansive list of items capturing youth behaviours to create a novel four‐factor (service, community change, expression, and care) measure of critical action for Asian and Hispanic/Latinx youth. Multiple distinct profiles of critical action were identified within both racial‐ethnic groups, and associations between the profiles and sociodemographic and contextual support variables were explored. Gender differences in the type of critical action were found in both racial‐ethnic groups, pointing to the potential influence of gender roles on critical action among these populations. Differences in critical action patterns were also found between those born in the U.S. versus those born outside the U.S.; access to critical action may differ within racial‐ethnic groups depending on birthplace and associated nuances in familial and cultural contexts. This paper demonstrated a need for attending to variation between and within groups in the study of critical action in order to effectively support racialized youth's coping within and resistance against systems of oppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, college has often served as an incubator for social change agents in the form of student activism and participation in broader social movements. Historically Black colleges and university (HBCUs) have played a pivotal role in social justice movements since their inception with the most notable example being the central role of HBCUs in the Civil Rights Movement. The role of HBCUs in cultivating exemplary leaders provides invaluable examples and frameworks for tackling the dual pandemics of COVID‐19 and the latest racial reckoning. The purpose of this paper is to provide a case study of how an all‐male HBCU contributes to the development of moral leadership and how that tradition has evolved with the current dual pandemics. We provide a historical overview of Morehouse's leadership models and provide a case study from students currently enrolled at Morehouse College, the only all‐male, historically Black college in the United States. Student participants described how leadership has evolved from previous generations, the impact of social media, and what it means to be a moral leader and how the HBCU tradition, shapes leadership. Highlights: Moral leadership is a cornerstone of many historically Black colleges and universities.The dual pandemics of COVID‐19 and the racial reckoning fueled public service amongst students.In the United States, college has often served as an incubator for social change agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As of 2017, American Indian/Alaska Natives (AI/AN) had the highest prevalence of illicit drug use of any ethnic group in the United States, with 17.6% of the population aged 12 and older reporting using illicit drugs in the last month. Studies have shown the positive correlation between a history of trauma and substance use disorder. In fact, the majority of youth in treatment for substance misuse reported a history of trauma. Intergenerational trauma, systematic discrimination, and displacement are downstream effects of colonization, and experiences of racism often define the life experiences of AI/ANs who use substances. This paper describes the process of designing a developmentally and culturally appropriate primary prevention supplement for an evidence‐based program to prevent substance use and increase cultural identity among AI/AN youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Low nursing home staffing in the United States is a growing safety concern. Socioeconomic deprivation in the local areas surrounding a nursing home may be a barrier to improving staffing rates but has been poorly studied. Thus, the objective of this paper was to assess the relationship between neighborhood deprivation and nursing home staffing in the United States. Methods: This cross-sectional study used 2018 daily payroll-based staffing records and address data for 12,609 nursing homes in the United States linked with resident assessment data. Our primary exposure of interest was severe economic deprivation at the census block group (neighborhood) level, defined as an area deprivation index score ≥85/100. The primary outcome was hours worked per resident-day among nursing home employees providing direct resident care. Marginal linear regression models and generalized estimating equations with robust sandwich-type standard errors were used to estimate associations between severe neighborhood deprivation and staffing rates. Results: Compared to less deprived neighborhoods, unadjusted staffing rates in facilities located within severely deprived neighborhoods were 38% lower for physical and occupational therapists, 30% lower for registered nurses (RNs), and 5% lower for certified nursing assistants. No disparities in licensed practical nurse (LPN) staffing were observed. In models with state-level and rurality fixed effects and clustered on the county, a similar pattern of disparities was observed. Specifically, RN staffing per 100 resident-days was significantly lower in facilities located within severely deprived neighborhoods as compared to those in less deprived areas (mean difference: 5.6 fewer hours, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.2–6.9). Disparities of lower magnitude were observed for other clinical disciplines except for LPNs. Conclusions: Significant staffing disparities were observed within facilities located in severely deprived neighborhoods. Targeted interventions, including workforce recruitment and retention efforts, may be needed to improve staffing levels for nursing homes in deprived neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human trafficking is a compelling and persistent problem that has attracted a great amount of attention among political leaders, government institutions, NGOs, and nonprofit organizations. While there is consensus that trafficking necessitates a multipronged policy response commonly known as the "3Ps" (prosecution, protection, and prevention), anti‐trafficking policies diffused across U.S. states in a piecemeal fashion. In this paper, we explore the fragmented diffusion of the different types of anti‐trafficking laws. Drawing from social constructivist approaches, we posit that the differential diffusion rates depend on the social construction of the target population and policy intention of the law. Using event history analysis, we examine the diffusion of 14 types of human trafficking laws throughout the U.S. during 2003–2013. We find strong support for our hypotheses and show substantial differences in the rates at which prosecution, protection, and prevention‐related laws diffuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on ideas about how narratives focus attention, this paper develops a "narrative policy image" using the Punctuated Equilibrium Theory and Narrative Policy Framework explanations of the policy process. The concept of a narrative policy image is applied to test partisan expectations about presidential environmental policy stories in State of the Union Addresses over 73 years. This research finds that Democratic stories focus on problems like climate change and victims and Republican stories emphasize solutions like new programs and upholding the status quo. These trends point to potential story types and suggest a narrative policy image, including both narrative components and valence, may be a useful concept for understanding narrative attention in macropolitics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence is a vulnerable period for the development of eating disorders, but there are disparities in eating disorder risk among adolescents. One population that may be at increased risk but is vastly understudied, is adolescents residing in rural regions within the United States. Rural communities face many mental and physical health disparities; however, the literature on rural adolescent eating disorder risk is nearly nonexistent. In this paper we summarize the scant literature on disordered eating and eating disorder risk and prevalence among rural US adolescents. We also detail eating disorder risk factors that may have unique influence in this population, including socioeconomic status, food insecurity, healthcare access, body image, and weight stigma. Given the presence of numerous eating disorder risk factors, we speculate that rural adolescents may be a particularly vulnerable population for eating disorders and we propose critical next steps in research for understanding eating disorder risk among the understudied population of rural adolescents. Public Significance: Rural adolescents may be at increased risk for eating disorders due to disproportionate burden of known risk factors, though this relationship remains understudied. We present a summary of the literature on prevalence and unique risk factors, proposing that this may be a high‐risk population. We detail next steps for research to understand eating disorder risk in this population to inform future prevention, identification, and treatment efforts needed in this community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress features, particularly local stress field and earthquake stress drops, are important to understand mechanism of induced earthquakes. Since shale gas exploitations in 2015, the Weiyuan shale gas block has experienced frequent earthquakes. In this paper, we determine focal mechanisms of 257 events with ML > 1.5 by fitting three‐component waveforms, invert for direction of maximum horizontal stress for two dense earthquake clusters, and then calculate stress drops for 17 earthquakes with moment magnitudes between 2.2 and 2.75 through the spectral ratio method. The focal mechanisms of all earthquakes are reverse faulting. The orientation of local maximum horizontal compressive stress is in the ESE direction, consistent with crustal movement indicated by GPS measurements. Both the focal mechanisms and microseismicity locations suggest the existence of steeply dipping faults with dip angles of ∼70°, which are relatively rare and difficult to slip under usual conditions, unlike major induced earthquakes with strike‐slip or low‐angle thrusting faults in the midwestern United States and western Canada. However, the steeply dipping reverse events can be induced by large pore pressure from hydraulic fracturing. The stress drops range from 2.5 to 54.7 MPa, comparable to those of potentially induced earthquakes in the midwestern United States. Our results imply earthquakes in the Weiyuan area are controlled by local tectonic stress and induced by large pore pressure from hydraulic fracturing, which advances our knowledge of reactivation of steeply dipping reverse faults. Plain Language Summary: Earthquakes in the Weiyuan area in southwestern China are thought to be induced by hydraulic fracturing due to shale gas production. Local stress field and earthquake stress drops provide crucial information to understanding their physical mechanisms. Here we determine source parameters of 257 events with magnitude greater than 1.5, invert for direction of maximum horizontal stress, and calculate stress drops for 17 representative events. The results suggested that all the earthquakes occurred on reverse faults and the inferred maximum horizontal stress orientations agree with local GPS measurements. Surprisingly, we find some steeply dipping faults with dip angle of ∼70°, which are assumed to be stable under usual stress conditions. The stress drops range from 2.5 to 54.7 MPa, which are comparable to those of potentially induced earthquakes in the midwestern United States. We infer that the steeply dipping reverse events are induced by high pore pressure from hydraulic fracturing. Our results imply earthquakes in the Weiyuan area are controlled by local tectonic stress and induced by hydraulic fracturing with high‐pressure fluid injection. Key Points: Focal mechanisms of 257 ML > 1.5 earthquakes suggest consistent maximum horizontal stress with local tectonic settingsSteeply dipping reverse faults may be reactivated by high pore pressure fluid during hydraulic fracturingStress drops of the induced earthquakes range from 2.5 to 54.7 MPa [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sub‐national governments across the United States implement a variety of policies to address large societal problems and needs. Many policies are picked up or adopted in other states. This process is called policy diffusion and allows researchers to analyse and compare the social, political, and contextual characteristics that lead to adopting certain policies, as well as the efficacy of these policies once adopted. In this paper, we introduce PDViz, a visual analytics approach that allows social scientists to dynamically analyse the policy diffusion history and underlying patterns. It is designed for analysing and answering a list of research questions and tasks posed by social scientists in prior work. To evaluate our system, we present two usage scenarios and conduct interviews with domain experts in political science. The interviews highlight that PDViz provides the result of policy diffusion patterns that align with their domain knowledge as well as the potential to be a learning tool for students to understand the concept of policy diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the major quality assurance strategies, accreditation and licensure, in health professions education. It explores the nature of these regulatory processes using Brazil and the United States as examples because these large systems are at different ends of the developmental continuum. For each, it describes the tensions that arise, offers a critical synthesis of the evidence and maps out future directions. Results: Given wide variability among operating medical schools in curricular design, length of study, resources and facilities for clinical training and supervision, the nature of regulatory bodies varies considerably. Nonetheless, they share tensions related purpose and process including quality assurance versus quality improvement, outcomes versus process and continuous versus episodic evaluations and assessments. Clear evidence of effectiveness, especially for accreditation, is scarce and difficult to obtain, particularly as it relates to health outcomes. Conclusions: Regulatory processes need to be built around clear definitions of the goals for each stage of professional development, the current movement towards competency‐based education and the variable durations of medical education. These changes must motivate revisions in the content and process of programmes for accreditation and licensure, complimentary efforts towards quality of care, and stimulate a significant research effort. The authors use Brazil and the US as case studies to provide an overview of procedures and tensions related to accreditation, licensure and certification for quality assurance in health profession education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As universities around the world have begun to use learning management systems (LMSs), more learning data have become available to gain deeper insights into students' learning processes and make data‐driven decisions to improve student learning. With the availability of rich data extracted from the LMS, researchers have turned much of their attention to learning analytics (LA) applications using educational data mining techniques. Numerous LA models have been proposed to predict student achievement in university courses. To design predictive LA models, researchers often follow a data‐driven approach that prioritizes prediction accuracy while sacrificing theoretical links to learning theory and its pedagogical implications. In this study, we argue that instead of complex variables (e.g., event logs, clickstream data, timestamps of learning activities), data extracted from online formative assessments should be the starting point for building predictive LA models. Using the LMS data from multiple offerings of an asynchronous undergraduate course, we analysed the utility of online formative assessments in predicting students' final course performance. Our findings showed that the features extracted from online formative assessments (e.g., completion, timestamps and scores) served as strong and significant predictors of students' final course performance. Scores from online formative assessments were consistently the strongest predictor of student performance across the three sections of the course. The number of clicks in the LMS and the time difference between first access and due dates of formative assessments were also significant predictors. Overall, our findings emphasize the need for online formative assessments to build predictive LA models informed by theory and learning design. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Higher education institutions often use learning analytics for the early identification of low‐performing students or students at risk of dropping out.Most predictive models in learning analytics rely on immutable student characteristics (e.g., gender, race and socioeconomic status) and complex variables extracted from log data within a learning management system.Prioritizing prediction accuracy without theory orientation often yields "black‐box" models that fail to inform educators on what remedies need to be taken to improve student learning.What this paper adds Predictive models in learning analytics should consider learning theory, pedagogy and learning design to identify key predictors of student learning.Online formative assessments can be a starting point for building predictive models that are not only accurate but also provide educators with actionable insights on how student learning can be improved.Time‐related and score‐related features extracted from online formative assessments are particularly useful for predicting students' course performance.Implications for practice and/or policy This study provides strong evidence for using online formative assessments as the foundation for predictive models in learning analytics.Student data from online formative assessments can help educators provide students with feedback while informing future formative assessment cycles.Higher education institutions should avoid the hype around complex data from learning management systems and instead rely on effective learning tools such as online formative assessments to revolutionize the use of learning analytics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of immigration law on US citizens' understanding of legal status categories. Prior research on legal consciousness has uncovered the ways in which undocumented persons make sense of and navigate their legal position in society. Less is known, however, about the paradox of US citizen children who are legally protected by their citizenship yet grow up in the context of their parents' precarious immigration statuses. Drawing on interviews with US citizen youth and undocumented parents, I conceptualize the phenomenon of undocumented consciousness to explain how US citizens make sense of parental legal status vulnerability. By witnessing their parents' blocked opportunities from work, travel, and other aspects of life, youth begin to attach meaning to citizenship and its protections, all the while forming an understanding of what it means, practically, to live in the United States with and without legal status. Findings reveal the mechanisms by which it is possible for functions of immigration law to have adverse impacts on the lives of US citizens themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Alcohol consumption increased in the early phases of the COVID‐19 pandemic in the United States. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and risky drinking are linked to harmful health effects. This paper aimed to project future health and cost impacts of shifts in alcohol consumption during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Design: An individual‐level simulation model of the long‐term drinking patterns for people with life‐time AUD was used to simulate 10 000 individuals and project model outcomes to the estimated 25.9 million current drinkers with life‐time AUD in the United States. The model considered three scenarios: (1) no change (counterfactual for comparison); (2) increased drinking levels persist for 1 year ('increase‐1') and (3) increased drinking levels persist for 5 years ('increase‐5'). Setting: United States. Participants: Current drinkers with life‐time AUD. Measurements: Life expectancy [life‐years (LYs)], quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs), alcohol‐related hospitalizations and associated hospitalization costs and alcohol‐related deaths, during a 5‐year period. Findings Short‐term increases in alcohol consumption (increase‐1 scenario) resulted in a loss of 79 000 [95% uncertainty interval (UI]) 26 000–201 000] LYs, a loss of 332 000 (104 000–604 000) QALYs and 295 000 (82 000–501 000) more alcohol‐related hospitalizations, costing an additional $5.4 billion ($1.5–9.3 billion) over 5 years. Hospitalizations for cirrhosis of the liver accounted for approximately $3.0 billion ($0.9–4.8 billion) in hospitalization costs, more than half the increase across all alcohol‐related conditions. Health and cost impacts were more pronounced for older age groups (51+), women and non‐Hispanic black individuals. Increasing the duration of pandemic‐driven increases in alcohol consumption in the increase‐5 scenario resulted in larger impacts. Conclusions: Simulations show that if the increase in alcohol consumption observed in the United States in the first year of the pandemic continues, alcohol‐related mortality, morbidity and associated costs will increase substantially over the next 5 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors announce the creation of a new feature and the call for papers to be included in a future issue of the periodical. The initial theme selected entails the improvement of efficiency and value in health care which is set to improve the quality of American Healthcare System. This theme issue is supported by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).

Presents abstracts from papers presented during the 2004 Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Geriatrics Society.

The article presents abstracts of "Duel in Dermatopathology," papers presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Dermatopathology. It was held in Fair Mouth Hotel in Chicago, Illinois, from October 9-12, 2003. Titles of some of those abstracts are "Acquired Progressive Lymphangioma," by S. Murphy and W. Lee, "Cutaneous Reaction to Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor," by P. Bhanot and A. Armin "Carcinoma Ex Cylindroma-Spiradenoma" and "Oral Solitary Fibrous Tumor," by J. Lee.

Provides several abstracts presented at the plenary paper session of the American Geriatrics Society in the U.S. Research on organ specific diseases and biology of aging; Ethics; Epidemiology.

Presents the abstracts of papers presented at the 40th annual meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological research slated in San Diego, California. Speakers; Symposia abstracts; Authors and topics.

A call for papers on the topic of Collecting and Collectibles in American Culture is presented for the periodical "Journal of American Culture."

We compile an original database of 130,000 American clergy across 40 denominations, which we link to public voter registration data. We then link these data to mass surveys and a survey of pastors' own churches. This paper has two purposes. First, it introduces a new methodology for learning about religious communities by scraping information from denominational find‐a‐church websites. Second, the paper presents several short analyses that focus on the political affiliations of pastors and how they relate to congregants. We demonstrate that denominational affiliation is highly informative of a pastor's party registration but not a congregant's. Yet, the weak relationship for congregants masks a stronger underlying relationship between denominational affiliation and issue positions. We also demonstrate that many congregants, particularly in conservative churches, are politically unaligned with their pastor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Philanthropic foundations play a major role in supporting community organizing efforts around the country. Even as they provide millions of dollars each year to enable organizing, they have also come under significant criticism for investment approaches that sometimes hinder and even undermine the core goals of organizing itself. This paper focuses on reflections from a funder seeking to support community organizing and the challenges of doing so within the structures of the philanthropic community. In particular the paper examines the way notions of power, theories of change used to justify philanthropic investments, and entrenched assumptions about social change shape the ability of funders to leverage their perch to support organizing. The paper also contextualizes these reflections in a broader debate about the appropriate relationship between funders and grassroots organizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critiques philosophical efforts to biologize race as racial projects (Omi and Winant, Racial Formation in the United States). The paper argues that the deeply social phenomenon of race defies the analytic schema employed by biologizing philosophers. The very (social) act of theorizing race is already in an involuted relationship with its target concept: analyzing race must be seen as a racial project, in that it simultaneously helps to manage how race is represented in society and helps organize society's resources along particular racial lines. Such biologizing projects are rife with moral and political dimensions and have a depoliticizing effect that has the potential to camouflage, defuse, or explain away the social‐structural reproduction of white power/privilege. The paper begins by considering two recent philosophic‐scientific biologizations of race, showing how they conform to the analytic schema, reviewing received critical points, and offering several novel ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Poarch Band of Creek Indians provides a complex look into the negotiation of heritage from a tribal nation. While Poarch operates a successful gaming business, Alabama has not been supportive of this exertion of sovereignty, particularly given its location in the Bible Belt. While Poarch has always operated legally under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988), Alabama has often attempted to deny the Poarch Creeks the rights to gaming that it may freely grant business owners with relationships to state government officials. Given that scholars have argued that there is a shift toward heritage "as a discourse and system of values" (Geismar 78), this paper explores how Poarch has differentiated their system of values from others seeking to operate gaming facilities in Alabama. Through the examination of the PR campaigns put forth by the tribe this paper will consider how each of these examples has contributed to showcasing Poarch Creek heritage and the Poarch Creek system of values to the larger Alabama public. I argue that the Poarch Creeks have been forced to present a type of heritage and values that are palatable in larger Alabamian politics and able to sway public opinion, particularly of the religious right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues for a new social contract in the United States which will establish the mutual expectations and obligations that workers, employers and their communities have regarding work and employment relationships. It reports suggestions by participants in a recent online MITx course on 'Shaping the Future of Work'. The participants in the course assigned high priority to business leaders working collaboratively with employees to improve organizational performance and provide workers with a significant voice in corporate governance. They urged unions to be effective in representing workers' interests, not in an adversarial but in a partnership manner. They advocated that government should balance power in society and reform labor laws to provide workers with a wider range of voice and representation. The paper suggests steps which the new Administration should take to achieve these goals, in order to establish a new social contract and heal deep divisions in American society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional regions capturing local socioeconomic dynamics are a framework for territorial statistics and policy‐making. The usefulness of such statistics and policies depends on the adequateness of the regions used in the analysis. Several authors have adopted the modularity quality function to drive their regionalization methods. This function, originally devised for non‐spatial data, has limitations particularly relevant in this context. The paper discusses these limitations and illustrate them using real data for the United States. The results warn against using standard modularity to assess or optimize the quality of a functional delineation, and advocate for available alternatives that consider the spatial nature of functional regionalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents abstracts of research papers presented at the thirty-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Society of Dermatopathology in San Francisco, California. Some of the topics discussed in these research papers are de-differentiated metastatic melanoma masquerading as a high grade pos, folliculocystic eccrine hamartoma, histologic features of lichen sclerosus in a surgical scar, necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, mixed merkel cell and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and melanoma in situ and tumor vascularity.

This article presents abstracts of several research papers presented at the 26th annual meeting of the American Society of Dermatopathology, held in Washington D.C. A research paper from the department of dermatology of General Hospital in Valencia, Spain reports two new cases of generalized eruptive histiocytoma. The disease was characterized by an asymptomatic, widespread, frequently symmetrical eruption of numerous small dark red or bluish red papules. The histology showed a monomorphic histiocytic infiltrate in papillary and mid portion of the dermis with a few lymphocytes.

This article presents abstracts of papers to be presented at the Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists, scheduled from August 18-22, 1993 in Sturbridge, Massachusetts. A paper studies the proximate mechanisms regulating reproductive success in female Marmosets. Another paper focuses on the causes , risks and consequences of dispersal in male Savannah Baboons in Amboseli National Park. Heterochrony and sexual dimorphism in the skull of the Liberian Chimpanzee are explored in yet another paper.

This article presents abstracts of papers presented at the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of The Society for Psychophysiological Research held in Cincinnati, Ohio on October 18-21, 1979. As in recent years, the majority of the research reports were given and discussed informally at two Science Fairs, on October 18 and 20. In addition, research reports were presented at two traditional paper sessions and others were included in the Display and Discussion poster session which ran in tandem with the meetings. Several symposia, invited addresses, and workshops were also included in this year's program.

The article presents a brief outline of papers presented at the thirteenth annual meeting of The Society for Psychophysiological Research that was held between October 25 and 28, 1973 at the Galvez Hotel and Motel in Galveston, Texas. Members of the program committee were professors Peter J. Lang, Hiram E. Fitzgerald and David T. Graham. Some of these papers include "Heart Rate Variability and Heart Rate Conditioning in Human Newborns," by L.E. Stamps, "Habituation and Dishabituation of Cardiac Orienting in Human Newborns," by C.D. Adkinson and W.K. Berg and "Developing Changes in Response Recovery," by E. Scott and M. Lewis.

The article presents information about abstracts for each presentation in the Symposia and for all the Paper and Poster Sessions which were presented at the Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research. The meeting was held in Atlanta, Georgia, from October 5-9, 1994. The majority of research reports were given and discussed informally at three Poster Sessions. Specific topics were addressed in the 11 Symposia. There were several Paper Sessions with papers on topical themes drawn from the abstracts.

The article presents abstracts of research papers that will be presented at the 29th Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research scheduled to be held in New Orleans, Louisiana between October 18-22, 1989. The article reports on research paper which examines if there is a non-motor contingent negative variation of the brain. A research paper reveals that long-duration event-related potentials are associated with sustained mental operation. The article informs that there will be a symposium that will examine if there is a future for physiological detection of deception.

This article presents abstracts of papers which will be presented at the twenty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research (SPR) to be held at the Marc Plaza Hotel in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from October 18-21, 1984. One of the central arguments of the paper on orienting response (OR) and information processing is that there are two frameworks within which questions concerning the relationship between the OR and information processing have been posed. The first involves questions about the role that the OR and its habituation might play when organisms attend, learn and memorize.