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Emphasizes the disjuncture between images of traditional practice and commercial reality in North Thailand in the context of community forestry legislation. Adoption of different approaches to production of commodities by smallholder; Development of common identity among customary landowners; Details on the nature of capitalism.

This paper explores how speakers’ understandings of the conduct of social relationships mediate changing and socially distinctive syncretic language practices in a Northern Thai community. Although a shift away from vernacular (Kam Muang) speech styles to Standard Thai was emblematically tied to young and urban speakers in nostalgic discourses, syncretic speech styles and metalinguistic discourses also reflected local and socially positioned understandings of institutional roles and social relationships. I argue that scholars of language change and shift should foreground the mediating role of social relationships in speakers’ uses and understandings of their communicative repertoires across multiple timescales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging post-development literatures consider how post-structural and post-colonial critiques of development could form the basis for new kinds of development practices. Much of the search for such post-development possibilities draws on new theories of discourse. This paper considers the challenges of bringing together empirical research and the experience of doing development with the often ethereal and deeply speculative work of discourse theorists. I reflect on the course taken by my own research in Northern Thailand, and discuss the possibilities that can emerge as theory confronts empirics, and conceptual frameworks are transformed through the daily politics of fieldwork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article adds to current research on mobile transnational online workers (digital nomads) who travel the world in search of a holistic lifestyle that balances work and leisure. Using Kannisto's (2014) and D'Andrea's (2007) work on 'global nomads' as a theoretical lens and Nowicka's (2007) research on mobile professionals as a guide, I discuss the multiple meanings of 'home' for digital nomads who stayed in Chiang Mai, Thailand, in 2019. I will show that people feel at home when travelling with a loved one or by surrounding themselves with objects of emotional value. Furthermore, digital nomads create a feeling of being at home by connecting with their family via social media and video calling apps, while at the same time keeping them at a comfortable distance. Finally, some digital nomads envision an idealized 'home base' that is defined by social relations and not necessarily by the geography or amenities of a place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how globalization reshapes moral development in northern Thailand. Employing a cultural‐developmental approach to examine interview data gathered over the course of one year, the article discusses variations in Divinity‐based moral reasoning among adolescents residing in variously globalized Thai communities. Quantitative analysis shows that moral reasoning diverges across contexts of globalization, with rural adolescents reasoning more in terms of the Ethic of Divinity than urban adolescents. Qualitative analysis shows how the meaning of Divinity diverges, with the Ethic of Divinity co‐occurring alongside the Ethic of Community among rural adolescents, and the Ethic of Divinity co‐occurring alongside the Ethic of Autonomy among urban adolescents. Analyses further indicate that rural and urban adolescents invoke distinct Divinity principles altogether. Findings suggest that in urban settings, Divinity is decontextualized from traditional community‐driven Thai Buddhism and recontextualized to align with values that are adaptive in a globalized society. This article contributes to, and offers suggestions for, the empirical study of the moral psychology of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discovered two new taxa of A chnanthidium and E ncyonema occurring with high abundance in the upstream of the Yom River, which is one of four major rivers in Northern Thailand. A chnanthidium pseudoconspicuum var. yomensis var. nov. closely resembles A chnanthidium pseudoconspicuum var. pseudoconspicuum in scanning electron microscopy ( SEM), but has clearly different valve morphometry under the light microscopy ( LM). A chnanthidium pseudoconspicuum var. yomensis is also similar to A. japonicum in valve morphology under LM, but differs to this species based on SEM observation. E ncyonema yuwadeeanum sp. nov. shows similarities to E ncyonema leei and E ncyonema subkukenanum, but differs in valve shape and/or polar fissure shape. We discuss the possible valve ontogenetic relationship between A chnanthidium and Cymbellales based on the detailed areolae structures of these two new taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2007, Hmong farmers growing litchi in the mountainous region of Northern Thailand started to dry the fruit in response to its declining market price. However, the locally available dryer, although affordable and of a size appropriate for smallholder farmers' cooperatives, showed excessive gas consumption, and this, along with rising fuel costs, imposed a threat to the drying operation. The objective of this study was to test low-cost, easy-to-implement modifications to a locally available convection dryer, to improve its energy efficiency. Experiments were conducted in cooperation with a Hmong farmers' cooperative in Northern Thailand. Insulation of the air ducts and control of the air recirculation rate led to energy cost savings of US$2.45 per dryer-load. With the modifications required being simple, the investment needed was recovered after only approximately 20 loads, while the energy efficiency of the dryer increased from 33% to 39%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parameter sensitivity of the Distributed Hydrology-Soil-Vegetation Model (DHSVM) was studied in two contrasting environments: (1) Pang Khum Experimental Watershed (PKEW) in tropical northern Thailand; and (2) Cedar River basin (CRB) in Washington State of the temperate US Pacific Northwest. The analysis shows that for both basins, the most sensitive soil parameters were porosity, lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity, and the exponential decrease rate of lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity with soil depth. The most sensitive vegetation parameters were leaf area index, vegetation height, vapour pressure deficit, minimum stomatal resistance (for both grassland and forest scenarios), hemisphere fractional coverage, overstory fractional coverage, and trunk space (for the forest scenario only). Parameter sensitivity was basin-specific, with the humid, temperate CRB being more influenced by vegetation parameters, while tropical PKEW was more influenced by soil properties. Increases and decreases in parameter values resulted in opposite and unequal changes in bias and root mean square error (RMSE), indicating the non-linearity of physical process represented in the hydrological model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chiang Khong segment of the Chiang Khong–Lampang–Tak Volcanic Belt is composed of three broadly meridional sub-belts of mafic to felsic volcanic, volcaniclastic, and associated intrusive rocks. Associated sedimentary rocks are largely non-marine red beds and conglomerates. Three representative Chiang Khong lavas have Late Triassic (223–220 Ma) laser ablation inductively coupled mass-spectroscopy U–Pb zircon ages. Felsic-dominated sequences in the Chiang Khong Western and Central Sub-belts are high-K calc–alkaline rocks that range from basaltic to dominant felsic lavas with rare mafic dykes. The Western Sub-belt lavas have slightly lower high field strength element contents at all fractionation levels than equivalent rocks from the Central Sub-belt. In contrast, the Eastern Sub-belt is dominated by mafic lavas and dykes with compositions transitional between E-mid-oceanic ridge basalt and back-arc basin basalts. The Eastern Sub-belt rocks have higher FeO* and TiO2 and less light rare earth element enrichment than basalts in the high-K sequences. Basaltic and doleritic dykes in the Western and Central sub-belts match the composition of the Eastern Sub-belt lavas and dykes. A recent geochemical study of the Chiang Khong rocks concluded that they were erupted in a continental margin volcanic arc setting. However, based on the dominance of felsic lavas and the mainly non-marine associated sediments, we propose an alternative origin, in a post-collisional extensional setting. A major late Middle to early Late Triassic collisional orogenic event is well documented in northern Thailand and Yunnan. We believe that the paucity of radiometric dates for arc-like lavas in the Chiang Khong–Lampang–Tak Volcanic Belt that precede this orogenic event, coupled with the geochemistry of the Chiang Khong rocks, and strong compositional analogies with other post-collisional magmatic suites, are features that are more typical of volcanic belts formed in a rapidly evolving post-collisional, basin-and range-type extensional setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource conflicts often intensify ethnic violence and vice versa. However, in specific cases situations can be more complex than they appear. To understand this phenomenon, this chapter takes incidents of violence in Northern Thailand as a point of departure to explain how the historical construction of ethnic identification is tied to the spatial division of highlands and lowlands. I argue that these incidents of violence are not just about resource scarcity but also about notions of forests and highlands as places of wildness and lowlands as the source of civilisation. The current adoption of a nature conservation discourse among Thais puts forests and hills into a battlefield of perceived resource degradation. Some situations have been aggravated to the point that violence has been perpetuated against ethnic highlanders by lowlanders who have adopted orthodox science and nationalist sentiments drawn from a history and geography of ethnic identification. Taking a political ecology approach, this article highlights the interplay among resources, access rights, identity, history, polity, and space to unveil the complexity and specificity of ethnic violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Inter-mountain Peoples Education and Culture in Thailand Association (IMPECT), as an indigenous organisation based in Chiang Mai, is engaged in the recognition of the rights of the mountain peoples of northern Thailand to live decently on their land, to speak and learn their own language, and to maintain their own cultures. With its educational programmes directed to pre-school, school, and youth, IMPECT is supporting the future capacity of indigenous leadership to keep the cultures and indigenous knowledge alive. IMPECT is also host of the indigenous knowledge and peoples network for capacity building (IKAP) network, which supports indigenous topic networks in six countries in mainland montane South-East Asia. IMPECT is the leading support for the ethnic networks of Thailand, who take part in the activities of IKAP. IKAP has implemented the ACBC approach (the affirmation of cultures and biodiversity conservation) as a critical response to the stereotyped assumption of outsiders about the destructiveness of traditional mountain cultures. ACBC revives the testimonies of indigenous practitioners about their knowledge and wisdom and promotes the cultural and practical values of mountain societies as stewards of the environment. This approach does not come from a romantic love for something already lost: it deals with the core of human life, of identity, of a group's desire to survive and give a meaning to its own life which cannot be replaced by outside cultures or languages. IKAP's networking efforts address the issue of indigenous knowledge: indigenous peoples' intellectual heritage and practices that guarantee and protect local environments and the wealth of biodiversity, not only for the local communities but also for the survival of humanity as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eighty-seven HIV-infected patients in a provincial hospital in Northern Thailand were examined for oral manifestations of HIV disease and AIDS. The median age was 31.3 years. Seventy-four of the patients were women, 13 were men. 96.6% had a history of heterosexual transmission. Sixty-one patients were CDC-category A, 20 were category B and 6 were category C (AIDS). Thirty-eight percent of the patients revealed oral lesions; 23% had one oral lesion and 13.8% had two oral lesions. Common lesions were oral candidiasis (10.3% pseudomembranous candidiasis, 6.9% erythematous candidiasis and 3.4% both forms), oral hairy leukoplakia (11.5%) and exfoliative cheilitis (6.9%). Gingival linear erythema was seen in 8% of the patients; periodontal lesions and necrotising ulcerative gingivitis were not observed. Men were more commonly affected by oral manifestations than women (P < 0.004). The spectrum of oral lesions is comparable to other studies from the region, although most of these reported more men than women. Also, the degree of immunosuppression was more marked (AIDS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northern Thai single female migratory labourers, who represent the majority of migratory workers in Chiang Mai City, the largest urban area in the north, are vulnerable to HIV infection. Youth are exposed to new urban values and peer relationships that put pressure on them to engage in risk behaviour. Insecure and stressful labour conditions promote risk as well. This study describes formative research about sex, sexuality, and sexual relationships of these women. Methodologies included focus group discussions, observation, and in-depth individual interviews. Research of the target group revealed that they were sexually active, although the actual number of girls who were or had been sexually active could not be determined. Serial partners were much more common than multiple partner relationships. These young women did not practise safe sex, as the potential social consequences of negotiating safe sex often outweigh health consequences. Respondents reported that condoms were "men's business" and that there are irreconcilable social costs if a single woman talks about condoms or AIDS. Les migrantes celibataires du nord de la Thailande, qui representent la majorite des migrants vers Chiang Mai, la plus grande ville du nord, risquent de devenir seropositives. Les jeunes sont exposes aux nouvelles valeurs urbaines et aux relations avec les pairs qui les incitent a se lancer dans descomportements a risques. L'insecurite et les conditions de travail stressantes accroissent le danger. Cette etude presente une recherche sur une formation concernant le sexe, la sexualite et les relations sexuelles de ces femmes. Les methodes comprenaient des groupes de discussion centres sur ce theme, des observations et des entretiens individuels en profondeur. L'etude de l'echantillon a montre que ces jeunes femmes etaient sexuellement actives bien qu'il fut impossible de preciser le nombre reel d'entre elles qui etaient ou avaient ete sexuellement actives. Les partenaires successifs etaient beaucoup plus courants que les relations a partenaires multiples. Elles ne pratiquaient pas le safe sex, car les consequences sociales probables de la negociation du safe sex l'emportaient souvent sur les risques sanitaires. Les repondantes disaient que le preservatif etait une ''affaire d'homme'' et qu'il y avait un cout social excessif si une celibataire abordait la question du preservatif ou du SIDA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]