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Background The acute surgical unit ( ASU) model of care is a new paradigm shift in the provision of emergency surgery. Clinical and non-clinical outcomes have been described after the introduction of the ASU model in Australia and New Zealand. This paper reviews and analyses the current published literature and methods of implementation of contemporary ASU models. Method We conducted a comprehensive database search to identify all relevant published papers pertaining to the ASU. Included papers compared ASU models to emergency surgery's traditional model of care. Relevant clinical and non-clinical end points were extracted for analysis. Results Seven papers and two abstracts published data assessing clinical and non-clinical end points within the ASU. Four out of six studies reported a reduction in hospital length of stay. Two out of three studies showed reduction in mean time to emergency department review and two out of four studies reported a reduction in time to surgery. Additionally, four out of five studies showed a reduction in after hours operating with an ASU model. Conclusion Trends in clinical outcomes are seen including reduced length of stay, time to emergency department assessment and surgery, supplemented by non-clinical outcomes including reduced after hours operating and the potential for increased training opportunities. The published data presents certain weaknesses and further information is required to appreciate the applicability of certain aspects of the ASU model to smaller centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the importance of boundaries in the control of animal disease. On the one hand, establishing geographical and disciplinary boundaries is seen to be vital to the control of disease. In practice, however, boundaries are unstable, disrupted and frequently transgressed. Disease and its diagnosis vary in space, while disciplinary boundaries between epidemiology, laboratory and clinical practices can collapse from the non-coherence of disease. Drawing on the concepts of 'disciplinary borderlands' and fluid space, the paper analyses how uncertainty over disease diagnosis establishes a veterinary borderland in which disciplines are merged and combined and difficult to tell apart. From archival research and interviews of key informants, the paper describes the history of the control of bovine tuberculosis ( bTB) in New Zealand. Focusing on disputes around the diagnosis of bTB in the West Coast region, the paper shows how the problem of non-specificity (locally referred to as 'heiferlumps') undermined attempts to impose a universal version of disease and control policy. In this new veterinary borderland, attempts to manage the non-coherence of disease shifted from denial to viewing disease as a moral problem in which farmers' own knowledges were central to the definition and management of disease. In doing so, boundaries between traditional disease disciplines were broken down, and new hybrid veterinary practices established to create geographically variable disease control rules and procedures. In conclusion, the paper considers the wider consequences for the management of animal disease arising from greater farmer involvement in animal disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogeographers use the language of islands to theorise insular communities, extending the term beyond coastal environments to include so-called 'mainland' islands. This paper suggests a similar approach is needed within cultural geography to account for places that are connected to archipelagos despite being unenclosed by water. The paper begins with a critique of materialist definitions of islands and the methodological assumptions underpinning them. It then speculates on an alternative theory of islands, which views them as autonomous objects and dynamic systems for reordering times and spaces within and beyond their watery margins. Auckland's Waitākere Ranges are considered as an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I use the idea of a 'take' to indicate that I have looked again at previous moments in a long-term participatory video for research project to 'rethink' them from a different perspective now. My aims in doing this are to acknowledge the recent increase in critical engagements with participatory video, to raise concerns about uncritical uses of Western realist film production conventions and to call for renewed scrutiny of our methodological practice as researchers. I look at the conventions of 'white balancing' and 'framing the horizon' within a wider suite of film production techniques to argue that even when applied within a participatory epistemology, they inevitably develop a particular way of looking for participants and researchers that is ambivalent, rather than feminist, in its effects. The paper concludes by suggesting that as geographers (and other social scientists), we would do well to be more cautious of participatory video, and more circumspect in the claims we make about its empowering effects, including its ability to enable a feminist practice of looking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the highlights of the 37th Annual General Meeting of the British Ecological Society held in the University of Oxford in Oxford, England on January 5 to 7, 1956. A soirée was held at the university's Department of Botany at which exhibits illustrating the ecological work in progress at Oxford were shown. A series of coloured slides of New Zealand vegetation were shown by professor Gordon of New Zealand. Some of the topics of the papers read at the meeting, include field populations of Calliphorine flies.

Non‐generally accepted accounting practice (non‐GAAP) earnings provoke mixed opinions on their usefulness. We provide evidence over a 15‐year period that captures changes to accounting standards, economic conditions and regulatory guidance notes on non‐GAAP earnings. First, many firms do not use non‐GAAP earnings measures, with its popularity peaking at almost 59% in 2012 compared to below 33% in 2004, before decreasing to under 48% by 2018. The most common adjustments are tax, interest and depreciation, consistent with the preference for operating performance metrics. We document an improvement in the frequency of 'Unknown' adjustments (those that cannot be reconciled), reaching 32% in 2007, but it was not until 2013 that a significant improvement occurred. As this coincides with the timing of a Financial Markets Authority (FMA) guidance note requiring non‐GAAP earnings reconciliations, implying greater disclosure transparency needs clear regulatory guidelines. Second, we find an elevated use of asset impairment, restructuring and fair value adjustments around the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), which suggests managers perceive GAAP earnings have to be supplemented during major economic shocks. This paper describes non‐GAAP earnings disclosures in New Zealand. While they are not generally used by the majority of firms, their usage peaked at the time of the global financial crisis. Greater disclosure transparency may have been encouraged by clear regulatory guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By its very nature, radiation oncology is a complex, multi-profession dynamic modality of cancer treatment. There are multiple steps with many handovers of work and many opportunities for patient safety to be compromised. Patient safety events can manifest as either actual incidents or near miss/close call events. Reporting and learning from these events is key to quality improvement and patient safety. In this paper, we aim to provide an overview of radiation oncology incident reporting and learning systems. We review the importance of the use of a standardized taxonomy and classification that is specific to radiation oncology workflow, the international systems in current use and the current reporting requirements in Australia and New Zealand. Equally important is the culture that exists alongside the incident learning system. A just culture, where support for reporting exists and there is an adaptive responsive environment to learn and improve patient safety. The incident learning and patient safety system requires constant effort to make it a success. We describe potential measures of safety culture and of relative patient safety and recommend their routine use. We offer this review to stimulate the effort towards a binational voluntary incident learning system, a key pillar for the improvement in patient safety in radiation oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of strong ground shaking on hillslope stability can persist for many years after a large earthquake, leading to an increase in the rates of post earthquake land sliding. The factors that control the rate of post‐earthquake land sliding are poorly constrained, hindering our ability to reliably forecast how landscapes and landslide hazards and risk evolve. To address this, we use a unique data set comprising high‐resolution terrestrial laser scans and airborne lidar captured during and after the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence, New Zealand. This earthquake sequence triggered thousands of rock falls, and rock and debris avalanches (collectively referred to as "rockfall"), resulting in loss‐of‐life and damage to residential dwellings, commercial buildings and other infrastructure in the Port Hills of Christchurch, New Zealand. This unique data set spans 5 years and includes five significant earthquakes. We used these data to (a) quantify the regional‐scale "rockfall" rates in response to these earthquakes and the postearthquake decay in rockfall rates with time; and (b) investigate the site‐specific factors controlling the location of seismic and nonseismic rockfalls using frequency ratios and logistic regression techniques. We found that rockfall rates increased significantly in response to the initial earthquake that generated the strongest shaking in the sequence—The MW 6.2 22 February 2011 event—Compared to the long‐term background rates derived from the dating of pre‐2010 talus piles at the toe of the slopes. Non seismic rockfall rates also increased immediately after the 22 February 2011 earthquake and decayed with time following a power‐law trend. About 50% of the decay back to the pre‐earthquake rockfall rates occurred within 1–5 years after the 22 February 2011 earthquake. Our results show that the short‐term decay in rockfall rates over time, after the initial earthquake, was attributed to the subsequent erosion of seismically damaged rock mass materials caused by environmental processes such as rain. For earthquake‐induced rockfall at the regional‐scale, the peak ground accelerations is the most significant variable in forecasting rockfall volume, followed by the relative height above the base of the slope. For both earthquake and non‐seismic conditions at the site‐specific scale, the probability of rockfall increases when the adjacent areas have failed previously, indicating that accrued damage preconditions localized areas of the slope for subsequent failure. Such preconditioning is a crucial factor driving subsequent rockfalls; that is, future rockfalls are likely to cluster near areas that failed in the past. Plain Language Summary: Evidence from previous earthquakes suggests that the frequency of land sliding after a large earthquake is significantly higher than before it. Strong earthquakes cause slope cracking and generate landslide debris, which can be more readily remobilized post earthquake, creating new hazards, including further landslides and landslide dams. These hazards may persist for years and decades and represent a prolonged risk that the impacted communities must consider. Currently, the relative increase in land sliding and rate of decay during and after a major earthquake is rarely quantified, thus posing a knowledge gap for those rebuilding after a major earthquake. This paper explores high‐resolution terrestrial laser scan models of slope surfaces and how these surfaces changed during and after strong earthquake shaking during the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence (CES) in New Zealand. These surface "change" models were used to quantify the volumes of debris–rock and soil–that fell from these slopes during and after the CES. These data were used to establish a regional‐scale, physical relationship between the volume of debris falling from the cliffs per earthquake or unit of time, per unit area of slope. Using the change models, we investigated the factors that control the temporal and spatial distribution of the rockfalls at the regional‐ and site‐specific scales. At the regional scale, we found that the size of the slope and the relative increase in rockfall rates above pre‐CES rates controlled the subsequent non‐seismic rockfall decay time. At the site‐specific scale, the main conclusions from this study are: (a) for earthquake triggers, the peak ground acceleration (a measure of earthquake ground shaking) was the most important variable in forecasting the probability of failure, followed by the relative elevation or height above the base of the slope; and (b) for both earthquake and nonseismic triggers, the probability of failure increases when the adjacent areas have failed previously, indicating that preconditioning of the slope to failure is a key factor driving subsequent rockfalls. Key Points: We quantify rock slope changes during and after a major earthquake sequence through repeat high‐resolution terrestrial laser scan surveysWe analyze landslide rates over 5 years, during and after the earthquakes at the regional‐ and site‐specific scalesNon seismic landslide rates are heightened immediately after the initial earthquake and decayed with time (1–5 years) following a power‐law trend [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will explore the clinical application of tracking sequences in family therapy with a particular focus on Bowen family systems theory. It considers how sequences can be used to track the emotional process occurring in relationship interactions, and the similarities and differences of a Bowen theory‐informed approach compared with dialectical behaviour therapy and both classic and contemporary family therapy models. Case examples are utilised from the author's clinical practice to raise ideas about the therapist joining the client as a co‐researcher in this exercise and facilitating a process that helps assist the client develop their own self‐awareness and problem‐solving resources in the context of their relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Highly publicised cases of homicide in a psychiatric hospital have raised concerns about the safety of such hospitals. Aims: To identify individual case reports of homicides by inpatients within psychiatric hospitals in order to update a 2011 study. Methods: A systematic search of the academic literature between 2010 and 2020, information seeking from service leaders in each state and territory of Australia and in New Zealand, and a search of public records in Australia and New Zealand. Results: The literature search revealed only one recent paper describing a homicide by a patient in a psychiatric ward. Contact with forensic psychiatrists across Australia and New Zealand yielded four cases of inpatient homicide that took place between 2010 and 2017 in Australia, and none in New Zealand. Public record searching did not add to this count. This compares to 11 inpatient homicides by 10 patients between 1985 and 2011. Conclusions: Homicides in psychiatric hospitals seem to remain rare, however, there is no consistent central documentation of these events in Australasia so it is hard to be confident about the figures. Internationally, there is similarly little centralisation of evidence. Standardised methods of recording and reporting such deaths might assist the understanding and prevention of homicides in psychiatric hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Regular tumour‐specific peer review meetings (TPRMs) were established by our group during 2016. A dedicated Quality Assurance Radiation Therapist (QART) was employed in 2018 to co‐ordinate the meetings and for each patient, complete the Peer Review Audit Tool (PRAT) of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists (RANZCR). The aim of the current quality assurance study was to investigate the impact of the TPRMs and appointment of the QART on compliance to relevant RANZCR Radiation Oncology Practice Standards (ROPS). Methods: Tumour‐specific peer review meetings for eight tumour sites were assessed across our group's three hospitals from January 2017 to December 2019. Data from meetings were collected using the PRAT or from paper‐based minutes and assessed against four ROPS (ROPS 3, 4, 8 and 9). Compliance with each of the four standards was measured by presence of the required documentation and presentation at TPRM, as recorded by the PRAT. Results: There was an increase in the overall number of peer review cases audited from 173 in the 2017 calendar year to 469 in 2018 and 619 in 2019, representing 7%, 18% and 22% of all treatment courses started during these years, respectively. Staging was the most incompletely documented item across all years for audited patients. The request for radiation treatment plan modifications increased year‐on‐year: modifications were requested for 5% of plans in 2017 (8/172), 18% in 2018 (81/452) and 19% (119/619) in 2019. Conclusion: This study has shown that an increase in the number of cases for peer‐review audit corresponded to the QART‐facilitated TPRMs. Application of the PRAT has identified radiation treatment plan modifications that would otherwise go undetected and without opportunity to improve the quality of patients' treatment or avoid harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper examines competition in the print newspaper advertising market in New Zealand, which involves paid daily and free weekly titles. This is the first study to explore how different ownership structures across two newspaper segments affect the competitive forces in local geographic markets. We do so by constructing an original dataset of advertising rates. Our analysis has particular relevance in light of the Commerce Commission's recent rejection of the proposed NZME–Fairfax merger, and Fairfax's subsequent closure of 15 newspaper titles. We find strong evidence for competition between overlapping free weekly suburban titles. It is associated with an 11 per cent decrease in the tabloid full‐page display advertising rate. We also find evidence of joint profit maximisation between co‐owned free weeklies and paid dailies. Our results support the Commission's decision and crucially imply that small and large display advertisements in free weekly titles constitute two separate markets with different clients. The large display ad market also includes advertising in paid daily titles. This market is competitive and would probably have suffered had the merger been permitted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops two state‐of‐the‐art uncertainty indices for New Zealand by exploiting two separate data‐rich environments. The first index follows the methodology outlined in Jurado, Ludvigson and Ng (2015) to construct an estimate of uncertainty based on a large New Zealand macro dataset. The second index is constructed based on freely accessible and real time Google Trends data to provide a real‐time and freely‐accessible measure of uncertainty as in Castelnuovo and Tran (2017) and Shields and Tran (2018). Both indices do a reasonable job measuring uncertainty in New Zealand. VAR evidence documents significant impacts of uncertainty shocks on GDP in New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Zealand has a long, continuous record of annual measurements of the altitude of end‐of‐summer‐snowline for a set of 50 Southern Alps "index glaciers." The record begins for the 1976–1977 glacier year and continues to the present. These are equivalent to equilibrium line altitude (ELA) data. An earlier paper used these to estimate annual mass balance and ice volume for all glaciers up to 2008 and showed a steady decline in ice volume, but with considerable inter‐annual fluctuations. These results are updated to 2018 for the more than 3,000 small and medium‐size glaciers of the Southern Alps. The inclusion of the latter year enabled assessment of the impacts on ice volume of these glaciers from an unprecedented coupled ocean‐atmosphere heatwave in the New Zealand region during the austral summer (DJF) 2017/18. The main purpose of this paper is to examine how these changes in ice volume relate to variability and trends in atmospheric circulation and weather types over four decades. Years with ice volume gains are characterized by below average temperature anomalies, enhanced southwest flow and a tendency for trough weather types over New Zealand. Years with ice volume losses have above average temperature, reduced southwest flow, and increased blocking weather types, with more anticyclones east of New Zealand. Largest annual ice volume loss of 3.6 ± 0.6 km3 (−13.5%) occurred during the 2017/18 summer heatwave for which the main atmospheric anomalies are discussed. Total ice volume of the Southern Alps for the small and medium glaciers has decreased from 26.6 km3 in 1977 to 17.9 km3 in 2018 (a loss of 8.6 km3 or 33%) at a rate of 0.21 km3 a−1. From 1977 to 1997 there was an annual ice gain of +0.30 km3 a−1 but was followed by an accelerating ice loss of −0.67 km3 a−1 for the period 1998–2018. There are significant correlations between ice volume changes and the Trenberth regional circulation indices Z1, Z3 and MZ3. Strongest relationships are with the Southern Annular Mode: a trend towards more positive values coincides with a general loss of ice volume. The Inter‐decadal Pacific Oscillation and El Niño/Southern Oscillation relate to ice volume changes on decadal to inter‐annual time scales. Positive phases of the Inter‐decadal Pacific Oscillation and El Niño years favour ice volume growth as they are cooler, with more precipitation, troughs and southwest flow over New Zealand. Negative phases of the Inter‐decadal Pacific Oscillation and La Niña years favour ice volume loss as they are warmer with less precipitation, more anticyclones and east or northeast flow. The dominant driver for 2017/18 was the positive Southern Annular Mode, and a smaller contribution from La Niña on a background of regional warming. Climate scenarios suggest that such conditions will be rather frequent by the 2,080–2,100 decades, with consequent large reductions in ice volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a growing appreciation that the processes generating urban residential segregation operate at multiple scales, stimulating innovations into the measurement of their outcomes. This paper applies a multi‐level modelling approach to that issue to the situation in Auckland, where multiple migration streams from both Pacific Island and Asian origins have created a complex multi‐ethnic city. We identify two distinct trends. For the larger ethnic groups segregation remained static despite rapid growth over a recent twelve‐year period. For the smaller groups growth has been combined with considerable change; they initially clustered in a few localities and areas within them but then experienced considerable reduction in the intensity of that segregation. By spatially decomposing the segregation levels, this paper extends our appreciation of its underpinning processes when they apply to migration streams that differ in their nature from those on which traditional residential location‐decision theory has been based. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic and family violence is a key area of concern for all professionals who work with families, with recent years seeing an expansion in the availability of intervention programs for men who perpetrate violence against women and children. This paper considers current approaches to the regulation of professional practice in this area, providing information about the changing context in which interventions are offered. The purpose of the paper is to encourage ongoing discussion about the setting of men's behaviour change program standards of practice in Australasia and to identify some key issues that require consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of recent moves to develop a shared history of Australia and New Zealand (Australasia), this paper identifies a religious dimension in the re-emerging shared history that is connected with other dimensions of the relationship. Building on this recent work, it uncovers the interconnectedness of Presbyterians, Methodists, Congregationalists and Baptists on opposite sides of the Tasman and finds some strength and consistency in the connections over the last 150 years. Starting with an examination of the denominations' attempts at institutional connection and cooperation, the paper moves onto an analysis of the exchange of personnel and ideas between them. It will also argue that these “religious” links strongly imply the existence of substantial “secular” links at both institutional and grass-roots levels. Finally, other areas for future research into trans-Tasman Christian linkages are briefly proposed and introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author comments on an issues paper titled 'Reform of New Zealand's Liquor Laws" released by the New Zealand Law Commission on July 30, 2009. The Issues Paper discusses the options available to the government to deal with liquor related problems. He suggests that to reduce alcohol consumption the commission should reduce tax on low-alcohol beer contrary to its policy of increasing excise tax. He also criticize the commission's preference for a split age for alcohol purchase.

Tobacco use is a global problem and the health consequences are far reaching. Systemic approaches are needed to help investigate policies to reduce the adverse health effects of tobacco use. This paper provides an overview of the system dynamics model that has been developed to assist the Ministry of Health to evaluate the dynamic consequences of tobacco control policies in New Zealand. The model consists of six sectors: population; smoking prevalences; tobacco consumption; second hand smoke; relative risks and tobacco attributable deaths. The model is simulated for 20–30 years into the future. The simulation package used is 'iThink', and a user interface is presented for policy analysis. A range of illustrative scenarios are provided, including: business as usual; fiscal strategies involving less affordable cigarettes; harm minimization strategies involving either less addictive cigarettes or less toxic cigarettes and combinations of the above policies. The main output variables (performance measures) include current smoking prevalence, tobacco consumption and tobacco attributable mortality. Finally some areas for future model enhancement are identified. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents announcements and information related to the field of economic history. The 2010 Asia-Pacific Economic and Business History Conference will be held on February 17-19, 2010 in Wellington, New Zealand. The Blackwell Publishing Conference Paper Prize presented at the 2009 Asia-Pacific Economic and Business History Conference was given to Eugene K. Choi from the Institute of Economic Research at Hitotsubashi University. Information regarding the S. J. Butlin Prize sponsored by Economic History Society of Australia and New Zealand is presented.

Governments across the world are thinking about their expatriate populations in new ways. These new understandings of expatriates emerged as the problem of ‘human capital’ became central to development strategies premised on increased participation in the globalising economy. The ‘expertise’ of expatriates has also been re-imagined through a series of interlinked ideas relating to knowledge, brokerage and leadership. This paper examines recent attempts to link expatriate experts to national economic development projects through a case study of the New Zealand diaspora strategy. Drawing on literature reviews, internet searches, key informant interviews and participation in London-based New Zealand expatriate initiatives, the paper shows how the interaction of governmental strategies and individual mobilities is bringing globalising spaces and subjects into being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper briefly outlines the many achievements of Professor Maureen Brunt, who was elected Distinguished Fellow of the Economic Society of Australia in 2006. It describes both her academic career, and her major contributions to competition law in Australia and New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented on the education in and for the rural and remote workforce which is critical to ensuring that people living in those regions have equitable access to sustainable high-quality health care. The article discusses that the accumulating evidence for rural and remote workforce retention emphasizes the importance of locally available educational options for initial training and ongoing career pathway opportunities.

This paper addresses the value of fieldwork compared with desk-based teaching using student questionnaire and focus group approaches applied to two contrasting field trips in the Geography programme at Massey University. Student views on the relative value of an 8-day residential alpine physical geography field trip to Fox Glacier and a day's ‘tour’ of Manawatu fluvial and coastal landforms indicated in both instances that the fieldwork was highly valued. The value of fieldwork lies particularly in providing students with a better sense of real-world environments and processes, an enhanced understanding of their subject and affords opportunities for social interaction that cannot be duplicated in class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarises a system dynamics pilot study analysing the relationship of New Zealand Customs Service (NZCS) outputs to desired government outcomes, in relation to the collection of tobacco excise duties and cigarette smoking in New Zealand. The study was done to demonstrate the utility of system dynamics in answering some questions of a type common in the New Zealand public sector during policy development and review. Group model-building workshops addressed the organising question: “How does price influence the use and consequences of tobacco in New Zealand?” A prototype system dynamics simulation model using the ithink dynamic simulation software was developed, consisting of seven sectors: NZCS air and marine sector; duty-paid cigarette imports; duty-free cigarettes; New Zealand tobacco manufacturing sector; NZCS duty collection (from air passengers); New Zealand tobacco products market; and a health sector. The model simulates values of the model variables on an annual basis from 2000 to 2010. Policy experiments with the model include examining the effects of changes in excise duties. The model can be further developed to examine tobacco-related public policy issues in New Zealand and complement modelling done in other countries. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines changes in the commercial cleaning industry in Australasia which are occurring against a backdrop of significant transformation in the mode of labour market regulation in both countries. Specifically, whereas for most of the twentieth century both Aotearoa/New Zealand and Australia had systems of labour market regulation in which the state provided minimum wage and work protections through the interventions of arbitration courts, in the past few years these courts have either been abolished (in the case of New Zealand) or severely restricted in their ambit (in the case of Australia), all as part of a neoliberal effort to introduce “flexibility” into labour markets. The result has been an erosion of wages and a worsening of conditions of employment for cleaners and many other groups of workers. At the same time, this transformation in the architecture of labour market regulation poses significant challenges to unions seeking to represent cleaners and other low-paid service sector workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of homogamy on the distribution of household income in New Zealand at the national level and across different sized cities. We focus on homogamy by age, education, hours worked, employment status, and migration status. We present a new index of homogamy that takes account of maximum potential homogamy. Our index is less sensitive to categories with small population shares than the commonly used concentration ratios. We compare the inequality impact of actual matching with that of randomized matching by means of the additional randomization method. Contrary to public perception, homogamy of the highly educated has declined relative to random matching. Nonetheless, homogamy has had an inequality‐increasing impact on the distribution of income and this effect has grown over time: from around 5% of the mean log deviation (MLD) measure of income inequality in 1986 to 16% in 2013. Allowing for simulated labor supply responses reduces this effect by less than 1%. Spatially, the effect of homogamy is larger and increases more in metropolitan areas than in other urban areas. In Auckland, New Zealand's largest city (around a third of the population), homogamy accounted for a fifth of MLD inequality by 2013, up from 6% in 1986. Educational homogamy plays the biggest role in this process, but the effects of hours worked, employment status and migration status are relatively important too. Homogamy by age has little effect on income inequality. Using the Gini index as an alternative inequality measure yields similar results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of Ribes (Rosaceae) in temperate regions in Europe, Asia and New Zealand is severely constrained by damages of Cecidophyopsis mites (Acari: Eriophyidae) and blackcurrant reversion virus (BRV) (Nepovirus, Secoviridae). The infestation of Ribes plants with Cecidophyopsis mites and BRV infection is a complex tripartite system. This paper reviews scientific progress and knowledge gaps on the Cecidophyopsis‐BRV‐Ribes complex emphasising Cecidophyopsis mites as a pest and natural vector of BRV, BRV as a pathogen, and Ribes as a host plant with horticultural significance. Cecidophyopsis species occurring on Ribes, their host range, geographic distribution and the role in BRV transmission is reviewed. Blackcurrant reversion disease symptoms and BRV hosts are analysed. Resistance of Ribes to Cecidophyopsis and BRV, and resistance breeding aspects are discussed. Discrepancies in research data, controversies and problems are highlighted, and further research is suggested to clarify some of the controversial aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To assess New Zealand's research productivity in the area of ophthalmology and vision science over the decade 1993-2002. Methods: New Zealand-based researchers involved in ophthalmology or vision science research, including ophthalmologists, optometrists and vision scientists were identified via professional colleges, universities and electronic databases Peer-reviewed publications by these authors were identified by both searching electronic databases (MEDLINE/Pubmed) and personal communication with individual researchers. Results: Eighty-live New Zealand-based researchers involved in ophthalmology or vision science research published 446 articles in 84 scientific journals during the I 0-year period. The cohort consisted of 59 ophthalmologists and 26 other researchers based in a diverse range of ophthalmology, optometry and university departments. Significant collaboration was observed between groups within New Zealand and with international institutions Comparing ophthalmologists and 'other' researchers, ophthalmologists produced 69% of all ophthalmology and vision science research publications and those classified as 'active ophthamologist researchers' published an average of I I (range 5-55) papers each during this decade, compared to eight (range 5-25) for the group `other active researchers'. This was also reflected in the high productivity rate by ophthalmologists of 277 publications per I 000. Publications were identified in a wide range of journals with the majority in top 20-ranked ophthalmology journals The trend over the decade highlighted an increase in number of scientific publications, from 43 per annum in I 993, to 68 per annum in 2002. Conclusions: Despite a relatively small and geographically isolated population, New Zealand ophthalmology and vision science research is highly active and collaborative, with significantly increased research productivity during the period 1993-2002. The present study is the first to document these trends and provides strong evidence to justify continued support for ophthalmology and vision science research in New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food price elasticities (PEs) are essential for evaluating the impacts of food pricing interventions to improve dietary and health outcomes. This paper innovates the use of experimental purchasing data from a recent New Zealand virtual supermarket experiment to estimate PEs for a large set of disaggregated foods across major food groups relevant for food policies in a Bayesian multistage demand framework. We propose the use of available prior information to elicit prior demand parameter assumptions that are consistent with published PEs and economic assumptions and are weighted according to expert knowledge, increasing precision in PE inference and policy predictions, and yielding somewhat stronger price effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the relationship between temporary migration and regional development in the context of the Covid‐19 global pandemic. Focusing specifically on Invercargill and Queenstown in Aotearoa New Zealand, I outline how temporary migration has become central to population growth and economic prosperity and how this relationship has been disrupted by the onset of border controls in response to Covid‐19. The paper outlines how the pandemic has revealed several challenges associated with temporary migration, including mismatches between the national management of migration and the local impacts, the availability of suitable data to understand migration, and the path dependency associated with population growth reliant on temporary migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Perry disease (or Perry syndrome) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by parkinsonism, neuropsychiatric symptoms, central hypoventilation, weight loss and distinct TDP‐43 pathology. It is caused by mutations of the DCTN1 gene encoding an essential component of axonal transport. The objectives were to provide the current state of knowledge on clinical, pathological and genetic aspects of Perry disease, as well as practical suggestions for the management of the disease. Methods: Data on new patients from New Zealand, Poland and Colombia were collected, including autopsy report. Also all of the published papers since the original work by Perry in 1975 were gathered and analyzed. Results: Parkinsonism was symmetrical, progressed rapidly and was poorly responsive to L‐Dopa; nonetheless, a trial with high doses of L‐Dopa is warranted. Depression was severe, associated with suicidal ideations, and benefited from antidepressants and L‐Dopa. Respiratory symptoms were the leading cause of death, and artificial ventilation or a diaphragm pacemaker prolonged survival. Weight loss occurred in most patients and was of multifactorial etiology. Autonomic dysfunction was frequent but underdiagnosed. There was a clinical overlap with other neurodegenerative disorders. An autopsy showed distinctive pallidonigral degeneration with TDP‐43 pathology. Genetic testing provided evidence of a common founder for two families. There was striking phenotypic variability in DCTN1‐related disorders. It is hypothesized that oligogenic or polygenic inheritance is at play. Conclusions: Perry disease and other DCTN1‐related diseases are increasingly diagnosed worldwide. Relatively effective symptomatic treatments are available. Further studies are needed to pave the way toward curative/gene therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the impacts of the 2015 New Zealand (NZ) All Black rugby test match with Manu Samoa in Samoa: the 'Game that stopped two nations' (henceforth referred to as 'the Game'). Outlining key concepts as well as events and experiences surrounding the Game, this paper reflects on how the Game aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals as well as NZ's current Pacific Reset Agenda, an agenda which aims to increase understanding, friendship, mutual benefit, collective ambition and sustainability (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2017). A Likert‐styled questionnaire, a 15‐category ranking exercise, semi‐structured interviews, analysis of relevant media and other sources, informal discussions and participant observation help to provide insights into how sport for diplomacy and development functions. The Game was viewed as providing an opportunity for income generation, most participants felt excited to have shared in the experience, and many were hopeful as to what this might mean for future NZ/Samoan relations. However, we argue that, overall, this event represented a missed opportunity. If sport diplomacy events are to authentically contribute to diplomatic and development goals, more needs to be done to create meaningful and enduring engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Rural‐urban health inequities, exacerbated by deprivation and ethnicity, have been clearly described in the international literature. To date, the same inequities have not been as clearly demonstrated in Aotearoa New Zealand despite the lower socioeconomic status and higher proportion of Māori living in rural towns. This is ascribed by many health practitioners, academics and other informed stakeholders to be the result of the definitions of 'rural' used to produce statistics. Aims: To outline a protocol to produce a 'fit‐for‐health purpose' rural‐urban classification for analysing national health data. The classification will be designed to determine the magnitude of health inequities that have been obscured by use of inappropriate rural‐urban taxonomies. Methods: This protocol paper outlines our proposed mixed‐methods approach to developing a novel Geographic Classification for Health. In phase 1, an agreed set of community attributes will be used to modify the new Statistics New Zealand Urban Accessibility Classification into a more appropriate classification of rurality for health contexts. The Geographic Classification for Health will then be further developed in an iterative process with stakeholders including rural health researchers and members of the National Rural Health Advisory Group, who have a comprehensive 'on the ground' understanding of Aotearoa New Zealand's rural communities and their attendant health services. This protocol also proposes validating the Geographic Classification for Health using general practice enrolment data. In phase 2, the resulting Geographic Classification for Health will be applied to routinely collected data from the Ministry of Health. This will enable current levels of rural‐urban inequity in health service access and outcomes to be accurately assessed and give an indication of the extent to which older classifications were masking inequities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The literature regarding nurses' experiences of caring for chronically critically ill (CCI) patients is scant, however, there are subtleties within the literature, identifying nurses are often challenged providing care to this patient group. This can lead to feeling frustrated, lack of control, and distress. Aims and objectives: As part of a larger study, this paper reports nurses' experiences of caring for patients during a prolonged critical illness in the intensive care unit (ICU). Design A longitudinal, qualitative, instrumental, multi‐case study consisting of six cases from four New Zealand ICUs was conducted. Theoretical underpinnings were informed by the Chronic Illness Trajectory Framework. The principles of consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research were applied in reporting the methods and findings. Methods: Patients, family members, nurses, and other health care professionals constituted the participant groups in the larger body of work. Data were collected from observations, conversations, interviews, and document review. Data were analysed by identifying themes, developing vignettes, and trajectory mapping. Results: Nurses' experiences of caring for CCI patients in the ICU can be framed by a prolonged critical illness trajectory that is unpredictable, problematic, and prolonged. Nurses experienced distress in one of the phases in the trajectory because of uncertainty about a positive outcome for the patient related to multiple complications, with anxiety, delirium, and the suffering they witnessed. Nurses were frustrated and challenged to meet all the patient's needs because of the many tasks they needed to complete over the shift. Conclusion: Understanding the trajectory of a prolonged critical illness from the perspective of nurses, allows for challenges to be identified and is the first step in improving practice through the education of nurses. Relevance to clinical practice: Understanding the challenges posed by caring for CCI patients will assist in improving their interactions and prioritizing their care for nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is overwhelming evidence that human lifestyles have impacted the earth's planetary boundaries, with profound impacts for generations to come. Without concerted action to shape a better future, children will bear the burden on their health and well-being throughout their lifetimes. Yet government priorities are frequently dominated by short-term concerns, and an over-reliance on economic indicators as a measure of human progress. To give today's - and tomorrow's - children the best chance of leading flourishing lives, a new approach is needed, which overcomes the 'presentist' bias in political decision-making and values measures of well-being beyond gross domestic product (GDP). The potential building blocks of such an approach can be seen in the promising early steps being taken by several countries, including Wales and New Zealand. This paper provides an overview of these efforts in the context of the recommendations of the WHO-UNICEF-Lancet Commission report 'A future for the world's children'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: New Zealand has recently legalized medicinal cannabis and has explored the possibility of legalizing large‐scale recreational cannabis supply. In the process, concerns have emerged regarding whether corporations involved in the large‐scale production and sale of legalized cannabis will invest in tactics of influence with policymakers and the public. This paper aimed to examine the various ways a legalized cannabis industry could seek to influence governments and the public in the New Zealand reform context. Method: Based on the study of industry tactics with alcohol, tobacco and gambling, we applied a three‐chain model of industry influence that breaks tactics into the 'public good', 'knowledge' and 'political' chains. Results: Exploratory analysis of the nascent cannabis industry's activity in New Zealand provided signs of industry influence strategies related to all three chains. The medicinal cannabis industry has associated the establishment of a legal cannabis sector with regional economic development and employment, supported lobbying for recreational law reform, funded NGOs involved in lobbying for law reform, established research partnerships with universities, invited ex‐politicians on advisory boards, and participated in government public sector partnerships. Conclusion: There is emerging evidence that the legal cannabis industry is using strategies to influence the regulatory environment in New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper surveys significant contributions made by Australian and New Zealand ( ANZ) agricultural and trade economists to our understanding of the extent to which price- and trade-distorting policies affect domestic and international prices and markets for agricultural products and economic welfare. It begins with the theory of policy impacts on producer and consumer prices and value added by farmers. It then surveys efforts to measure the extent of distortions due to such policies, first in Australia and New Zealand and then in other regions of the world. ANZ economists' efforts to use models to estimate the market and welfare effects of policies nationally and globally are then assessed, before attention turns to their ex ante estimates of the effects of trade agreements. The paper's Supporting Information includes a brief survey of attempts to understand the political economy forces behind those various policies and their recent reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taiwan and New Zealand are both located in the Pacific Rim where 81 per cent of the world's largest earthquakes occur. Effective programmes for increasing people's preparedness for these hazards are essential. This paper tests the applicability of the community engagement theory of hazard preparedness in two distinct cultural contexts. Structural equation modelling analysis provides support for this theory. The paper suggests that the close fit between theory and data that is achieved by excluding trust supports the theoretical prediction that familiarity with a hazard negates the need to trust external sources. The results demonstrate that the hazard preparedness theory is applicable to communities that have previously experienced earthquakes and are therefore familiar with the associated hazards and the need for earthquake preparedness. The paper also argues that cross-cultural comparisons provide opportunities for collaborative research and learning as well as access to a wider range of potential earthquake risk management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we use the behavioural and permanent equilibrium exchange rate approaches to produce long–run equilibrium exchange rates for the effective real exchange rates of the New Zealand dollar. We demonstrate that a well founded measure of the equilibrium value of the dollar may be recovered from a relatively small set of fundamental variables and that this can be used to produce an assessment of the dollar in terms of periods of misalignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the ways in which beliefs about cervical cancer became contested within the medical profession in New Zealand from the late 1960s to the late 1980s. Medical dissenters who contested orthodox beliefs about cervical cancer during this period challenged the medical profession in a number of ways. In particular, professional unity and authority were called into question and threatened to turn professional uncertainties into public anxieties. Professional strategies were employed to cope with knowledge claims that threatened existing medical beliefs. The work of Ludwik Fleck forms the basis of a discussion of the ways in which medical knowledge is located and negotiated within a social context. This case study shows that closure of disputes over knowledge claims about cervical cancer occurred largely as a result of an inquiry into medical practice presided over by the laity and through an appeal to the moral as well as the scientific-technical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk‐targeted seismic design framework is used to set design intensities, based on achieving a target risk level (e.g., collapse or fatality risk) with respect to an assumed building collapse response. This paper assesses the distribution of fatality risk associated with the risk‐targeted design intensity, considering uncertainty in both the hazard and the variety of buildings that can satisfy the minimum design requirement. The randomness among buildings and their response is due to other design decisions (aleatory variability with respect to the design intensity) and can be represented by a distribution of fragility curves that quantify the collapse probabilities of as‐built, code‐conforming buildings. First, a single design intensity is calculated based on a "design fragility," the mean hazard curve, and a risk target. The design fragility is taken as a conservative estimate from the distribution of collapse fragilities and the selected risk target approximates the risk associated with New Zealand's previous (non‐risk‐targeted) criteria for design intensities. Then the risk distribution is assessed, considering the aleatory variability in as‐built fragilities and the epistemic uncertainty in the new National Seismic Hazard Model. Accounting for variability in design decisions and uncertainty in the hazard model produces a risk distribution that more fully represents the potential risk associated with a given design intensity. This distribution can be compared to guidance on tolerable risk ranges, which suggest that risk can be variable among buildings but should fall within acceptable bounds. Sensitivity studies consider epistemic uncertainty in the assumed model for the distribution of as‐built fragilities. This inclusion of uncertainty to assess the risk distribution offers a powerful extension to the risk‐targeted framework. While this extension would not affect engineering practice (as the output is still a single design intensity), it allows building code developers to better understand and consider the risk implications associated with the selected design intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Australian rural and remote areas are faced with the double burden of an ageing population paired with inequitable access to health resources due to the paradigm of major city centred health care. This complicates fall management within this space. Paramedics are a registered health profession, which provides mobile, equitable health care. However, this resource is not being effectively utilised in rural and remote areas where primary care access barriers may cause patient needs to go unmet. Objective: To describe the existing literature and describe the international scope of current paramedicine practice in the out‐of‐hospital management of falls amongst older adults in rural and remote settings. Design: Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review methodology was employed. CINAHL (EBSCO), MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), SCOPUS (Elsevier), Google Scholar and These Global were searched and Australian, New Zealand and the UK ambulance service guidelines were sought. Findings: Two records met inclusion criteria. Currently, rural and remote paramedic fall management involves preventative health promotion through patient education, population‐based screening and referrals. Discussion: The use of paramedics to screen at‐risk populations and refer is vital, as many rural adults had screened positive to fall risks and other unmet needs. There is poor recollection of physically printed education material and low acceptance of further in‐home assessments following paramedic departure. Conclusion: This scoping review has highlighted a significant knowledge gap on this topic. Further research is needed to effectively utilise paramedicine within areas where access to primary care is not possible to achieve downstream, risk reducing care in the home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents new techniques for quantifying nonstationary spatial variations in strong ground motion, using data from recent well‐recorded earthquakes in New Zealand. The data set is unique in that many recording stations are relatively densely spaced, and multiple strong ground motions have been recorded at the same stations. This allows calculation of site‐specific and region‐specific correlations in ground‐motion amplitude for Wellington and Christchurch, and the results are compared to a model assuming stationary correlations at all locations. Strong nonstationarity in spatial correlation is observed in the Wellington and Christchurch regions. Heterogeneous geologic conditions appear to be associated with the nonstationary spatial correlation. Several factors influencing nonstationary spatial correlation were studied: (a) site‐specific residuals indicate deviation of correlation from a stationary model; (b) most earthquakes have no systematic effect on spatial correlations and there is no indication of a trend in correlations with magnitude; (c) rupture complexity is related to the variation of spatial correlations in ground‐motion residuals; (d) variation of site‐specific correlations cannot be resolved by using VS,30 terms in Ground‐Motion Models. The nonstationary correlation approach provides an opportunity to incorporate the site‐specific effects in future correlation models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID‐19 pandemic has resulted in global disruptions to the delivery of healthcare. The national responses of Australia and New Zealand has resulted in unprecedented changes to the care of colorectal cancer patients, amongst others. This paper aims to determine the impact of COVID‐19 on colorectal cancer diagnosis and management in Australia and New Zealand. Methods: This is a multicentre retrospective cohort study using the prospectively maintained Binational Colorectal Cancer Audit (BCCA) registry. Data is contributed by over 200 surgeons in Australia and New Zealand. Patients receiving colorectal cancer surgery during the pandemic were compared to averages from the same period over the preceding 3 years. Results: There were fewer operations in 2020 than the historical average. During April to June, patients were younger, more likely to have operations in public hospitals and more likely to have urgent or emergency operations. By October to December, proportionally less patients had Stage I disease, proportionally more had Stage II or III disease and there was no difference in Stage IV disease. Patients were less likely to have rectal cancer, were increasingly likely to have urgent or emergency surgery and more likely to have a stoma created. Conclusion: This study shows that the response to COVID‐19 has had measurably negative effects on the diagnosis and management of colorectal cancer in two countries that have had significantly fewer COVID‐19 cases than many other countries. The long‐term effects on survival and recurrence are yet to be known, but could be significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute childhood strabismus is often a clinical conundrum faced by ophthalmologists. Currently, there are no clear clinical guidelines on how to investigate a child presenting with acute strabismus. Furthermore, there is no consensus as to whether to initially perform neuroimaging of a child to rule out the small but serious risk of intracranial pathology, or to pursue a careful observational approach. This paper aims to outline a standardised approach to investigating acute strabismus in paediatric patients. Methods: A retrospective chart review of all paediatric patients that presented over a 10‐year period to the ophthalmology departments at two tertiary level hospitals in New Zealand was conducted. Patients under 18 years of age with an acute presentation of strabismus, who underwent neuroimaging, were included. Results: A total of 500 patient records were reviewed. Seventy patients met the study inclusion criteria. Of these patients, 17 (24.3%) had non‐isolated strabismus while 53 patients (75.7%) had isolated strabismus. Twelve patients (70.6%) who presented with a non‐isolated strabismus had abnormal neuroimaging. Of those who presented with an isolated strabismus, 4 (7.5%) had abnormal neuroimaging. Conclusions: Acute onset non‐isolated strabismus is a significant predictor of underlying neurological abnormality in children and requires urgent neuroimaging. However, a cautious approach in which there is close observation, along with general paediatric and/or paediatric neurology input, may be appropriate for children presenting acutely with an isolated strabismus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landscape archaeology is a relatively young subdiscipline that has grown in a multitude of directions, particularly in recent decades. It is strongly multidisciplinary and has borrowed tools from an array of fields, including the archaeological sciences, geology, geography, palaeoecology and geochronology; many landscape archaeologists have backgrounds beyond traditional archaeology sensu stricto. Landscape archaeology has become an important facet of most archaeological excavations and has shifted the focus of archaeological interpretation well beyond existing paradigms. In this paper, we report on a landscape reinterpretation of a single archaeological site in New Zealand. Waitore comprises an assemblage of artefacts, including wooden pieces (e.g., broken canoe fragments), oven stones, stone sinkers and fish bones but is not associated with an occupation site. The assemblage was originally studied in the 1970s—at a time when there was little understanding of tectonic processes in the region—and attributed to permanent ritual interment or temporary burial based largely on ethnographic analogies with contemporary Māori practices. By bringing together the physical and cultural components of landscape archaeology, we reinterpret these artefacts as being the scattered remnants of a reworked occupation site, possibly associated with a tsunami inundation dating to around the 15th century. We conclude that re‐examination of past archaeological work is as relevant now as undertaking new research. We also insist upon the importance of multidisciplinary dialogue, particularly between the social and physical sciences, in helping to move beyond current paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores poverty income dynamics in the form of income mobility by the poor and poverty persistence, making use of simple diagrams. It seeks to illustrate the extent to which income mobility is pro‐poor and when mobility is associated with persistence below, or movement across, a poverty line over a specified time period. While statistical measures can be used to examine detailed characteristics of income dynamics, two simple diagrams are shown to capture the extent of pro‐poor mobility and poverty persistence respectively in ways that allow convenient comparisons. These are referred to as a ‘three Is of mobility’ curve, and a ‘poverty persistence curve’, The curves are illustrated using anonymised Inland Revenue longitudinal individual income data for New Zealand over 2006–2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]