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In 1902, professor Bashford Dean, of Columbia University, New York City, most kindly sent the author a single head of chlamydoselachus, and it was given to the author's assistant, Jujiro Nomura for dissection. It was, however, soon found that this one head would not suffice for the work contemplated, and, at the author's request, professor Dean had several other heads from Japan. The dissection of these heads was later begun and although frequently interrupted by other work that was under way, was completed in so far as the skeleton and muscles are concerned when Nomura died, in 1920. The neurocranium of chlamydoselachus is broad and flat in its width in its widest portion being, about two thirds its length and more than twice its height in dorsal view it greatly resembles the neurocranium, but its dorsal surface is even flatter than that of fish, and the large grooves that mark the positions of the latero-sensory canals are less curved and more nearly longitudinal in position.

This article focuses on certain events related to sociology which are to be held. The American Documentation Institute has been incorporated on behalf of leading national scholarly, scientific and informational societies to develop and operate facilities that are expected to promote research and knowledge in various intellectual fields. First objective of the new organization will be to develop and apply the new technique of microphotography to library, scholarly, scientific and other material. It will be able to direct scholarly publication by various methods as required by co-operating organizations. The Japanese Sociological Society is now compiling a book in English on the development of sociology in Japan, which is to be presented to the members of the International Congress of Educationists who meet in Tokyo, Japan this Summer. It will contain a section on rural sociology prepared by professor Eitaro Suzuki. Professor Read Bain of Miami University, Oxford, Ohio will be the lecturer during 1937-38 in the department of sociology.

The article presents the author's views regarding the atomic bombs which laid waste Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan. The bombs shook the thinking of men and women, especially in the U.S. which made the bombs, beyond precedent. The author admits to being an example who have led the quiet and unspectacular life of teachers of science who find themselves in the grip of a sobering responsibility. According to the author it is the moral responsibility of science teachers to tell what the bombs means to the public at large.

The application of interview surveys as a tool of public administration is a recent development in the U.S. Although the technique has been accepted for many years as a useful device for large-scale management in the field of private industry, question as to the propriety of its sponsorship by government is still sometimes raised. There are those who praise it as a basic line of attack on the great problem of democratizing administrative policy-making. And there are those who condemn it as an instrument for destroying the American two-party system. This article presents the study of public attitudes and opinions being carried on both in the U.S. and in the totalitarian states of Germany and Japan during the war. It compares the methods used, the purposes served, and the results achieved in the three countries which demonstrate the fundamentally democratic character of the technique and emphasize certain traits of totalitarian governments which are commonly suspected but seldom documented.

One of the most striking aspects of the first phase of the American occupation in Japan was the friendly and courteous behavior of the Japanese civilians toward the occupation forces. This article talks about the friendliness of the Japanese that was not merely superficial, subservient, or correct behavior. It manifested itself in numerous ways, from the many casual, unsolicited kindnesses toward Americans to the smiling crowds of little brown Japanese children who waved their hands to the passing Americans and followed them wherever they went. In a survey done in Japan between November and December 1945, seventy percent of the respondents expressed themselves as satisfied with the occupation. This friendliness of a beaten people for their conquerors, toward an army that had spread destruction and death among their cities, requires explanation as a psychological phenomenon. But even more, it demands statesmanship in order that it may be preserved and used to rebuild a democratic Japan that will continue to be friendly to the U.S.

The article discusses about Soviet Russia's plans to capture Korea. It was agreed that Russia, if she entered into the war with Japan, would occupy temporarily the northern part of Korea and the United States the southern part including the capital, Seoul. It was not foreseen, how the interallied control was to be organized in order to protect Korea and to let her prepare herself for self-government. It was not anticipated that the proposed division of Korea into two parts could become a lasting one nor that it would be too difficult to consolidate the zones under a unified government, even after the Moscow agreement on Korea of December, 1945 and the establishment of the Joint Commission in Seoul. The northern part of Korea since the establishment of the Soviet control would become impenetrable for Americans. Japan seemed to be the only competitor of Russia in Korea and any discord between Russia and the United States in Korea looked improbable to many observers since Japan, once defeated, was to be driven out of the Korean peninsula.

The article discusses fiscal policy in Japan. After summarizing Japanese economic developments from the early 1930s through World War II, the author discusses the worsening economic circumstances that prompted the U.S. government to dispatch Joseph Dodge to Japan as a Minister charged with stabilizing Japan's economy. The objectives and actions of Dodge's mission are discussed, as well as its achievements. The author also examines the work of a Tax Mission that arrived in Japan at around the time of Dodge's departure, headed by Professor Carl S. Shoup.

As a result of recent reforms in Japan, some important changes are taking place in village life. Ownership of farm land has become much more widespread, farmer cooperatives have replaced the earlier centrally controlled farm organization, the village heads are now elected by popular vote rather than by village assembly, women have been given the ballot, and the public educational system has been improved. Changes at the village level toward more democratic ways of living are of special significance, for the village is the all-important locality and functioning group in Japan, as in most of the Orient. The land reform program and the establishment of farmer cooperatives have had the greatest effects of all on village life. The land reform, in creating new landowners, increased the number of people who take an active part in village affairs. The village committees through which the land reform program was carried out proved a valuable experience in leadership training for the tx-tenants. The farm cooperatives are affording the farmers, including the new owners, an opportunity to have a larger control than heretofore in the purchase of supplies and in the sale of farm products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information related to the article "Abstracting Services in Japan," by H. Isiwara. In Review of Documentation the article describes several abstracting services in the Japanese language covering fields of science and technology.

In a situation of great population concentration and few resources, the Japanese rural community must exploit every feature of the environment—natural and man-made—which might offer possibilities of economic return. The case of a typical Japanese coastal community is analyzed, to show how the economic base of the community is highly varied, and how the people respond quickly and efficiently—with modified social and technical procedures—to changing ecological conditions, in order to keep income levels adequate at least for subsistence needs. The case also illustrates how the general linkage in American attitudes between poverty and lack of desire to produce does not apply in the Japanese case, where poverty is accompanied by extremely active, energetic, and efficient economic processes. It is also shown how rural Japanese concepts of welfare and the role of the family are adjusted to this particular combination of dense and high population, poverty, and efficient economic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents a study that examines the ecological distribution of epiphytic mosses on the trees of Fagus crenata in the beech forest of Mt. Hiko in Japan. The distribution of epiphytic mosses on F. crenata was analyzed with regard to the water relations between plants and their environments. Among the species of mosses used in the study are Ulota crispula, Boulaya mittenii and Thamnium sandei. The osmotic value and resistance to desiccation of the epiphytic moss species were also analyzed. A detailed discussion about the methodology and results of the investigation is offered.

The article presents a study which assesses the interaction of the daily compensation period (DCP) of mosses and lichens and the ecological ranges of tree species in Japan. It states that some of the species were not able to reach the compensation point due to the negative level of carbon dioxide on cloudy and rainy days. It reveals that mosses and lichens require two and four hours to reach the compensation point. It concludes that the species could not grow below their ordinary habitats because their vitality may be impaired.

The article focuses on the preparations for economic growth in Japan. The author remarks that while the main outlines of Japanese economic development during the period since the Restoration are now rather firmly blocked out, current interest in comparative development during the pre-take-off period of the growth process makes it worthwhile to re-examine the previous era, the Japanese Tokugawa period. According to him the recognition of the preparatory role of Tokugawa is seldom perceived and certainly not stressed in previous studies. Some notion of the importance of Tokugawa glimmered in the literature for years. In this article the author seeks to move away from the ambivalent treatment of Tokugawa and to assemble some of the more important factors indicating the high economic levels attained by Japan in the Tokugawa period which prepared her for the take-off of 1868. He focuses on the covering materials on population, agriculture, production, institutional changes effecting savings and growth potentials, manufacturing and trade, both internal and external.

This article focuses on scientific and technical information services in Japan. Although hitherto scientific information activities have not been effectively organized, recent developments certainly promise a prosperous future, and the establishment of a centralized organization will greatly promote progress. As in many other countries, libraries constitute a major part of the scientific information resources. First, the language and orthography of Japan differ greatly from those of the Western countries, and uniform treatment of information is difficult. Second, though the need for Western information predominates, it is difficult to handle completely the huge volume of information originating in Western countries. The role of union catalogs is of the greatest importance in Japan, because the collection of foreign materials is severely limited by geographical and economic conditions.

The modernization of Japan began with the Meiji Reform, a series of legal-political reforms starting in 1868. These brought to an end the feudal regime, which had lasted for more than seven centuries, and centralized political power in hands of the Emperor Meiji and his government. Administration was extremely centralized. The whole country was divided into prefectures, cities, towns and villages and prefecture governors were appointed by the minister responsible for internal affairs. City, town and village mayors were elected by members of the city, town and village council, who were elected by inhabitants of the respective area. After the surrender in 1945, the allied powers set out to democratize Japan on the theory that Japanese militarism was caused by the zaibatsu, which had manipulated state power for its personal pursuit of profit and by an undemocratic political regime and social system. The collapse of actual control by the government and the deep popular disillusionment and distrust of the government caused by the defeat destroyed its authority.

Japan's largest city, Tokyo, contains a significant land area under cultivation. The population of Tokyo who are engaged in agriculture are demographically rural, although administratively they are classified as urban. Not only is agriculture present in Tokyo, but the Japanese urban population as a whole reveals significant agrarian employment. The historical development of Japanese urban industrialism is explored for factors underlying the tenacity of employment and social organization elements which are still agrarian in character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article states that in 1958, H.C. Quay and D.R. Peterson reported a brief scale for the differentiation of delinquent and nondelinquent males. In several cross-validational samples of American boys, approximately 67 per cent of the subjects (Ss) were correctly identified by the measure. The applicability of such scales to other populations, however, is always open to question, and the present study was undertaken to determine whether similar differentiation could be achieved between delinquent and nondelinquent adolescents in Japan.

The article presents a discussion on creative and adaptive response in the Japanese Society and the social values of the Japanese people. In the traditional Japanese society the starting point of all activity is an individual's sense of indebtedness; to the past for all the ancestral experience of past ages, and to the present for all the personal responsibilities incurred in daily contact with others. The virtuous Japanese unlike the Westerner who claims he owes nothing to any man, does not discount his own or his ancestors' past experience. He recognizes his place in the great network of mutual indebtedness that embraces both one's forebears and one's contemporaries. In his system of ethics founded on the social contract, and not abstract value the highest virtue is loyalty to one's commitments. Where creative response was constrained, society tended to stagnate. Where creative entrepreneurship was strong, its disorganizing quality, together with the typical adaptive response of Japanese society, caused the transformation of Japan into a rapidly advancing modern economy.

The article presents influence of the ideas of Henry George, a land reformer of the U.S., upon modern Japan. The social ideas of Henry were introduced into Japan as one of the European and American systems of social thought which were imported during the early days of the Meiji period. Thus the social conditions in modern Japan were very favorable for the introduction of Henry George's ideas, and moreover, the importation and spread of the ideas of liberty and civil rights since the early part of the Meiji era facilitated the understanding of George's ideas. According to a learned, George's ideas are false both in theory and fact. The progress of civilization somewhat increases the demand for land, but it increases the demand for labor still more, and by means of improvements in transportation things are brought from distant lands. As his opinion of common ownership of land attempts realize its object by an indirect means, it is neither radical nor rough, and is more skillful and advantageous than socialism or communism.

The article focuses on trends in communication research in Japan. Communication research in its American sense was not known to Japanese social scientists until the end of World War II. The commercial media of mass communication in Japan showed an extraordinary development in penetration as a result of economic prosperity after World War I and the spread of high school education. At least four types of journalistic research can be distinguished among the works published in the 1930's. The first trend may be classified as the ideological approach, which is represented by Jun Tosaka, a philosopher. The second trend may be Called historical, and by historical, the author means the unique studies in communication by folklorist Kunio Yanagita. The third trend is characterized by its popular culture orientation. The fourth trend is essentially technical. Communication research in Japan has developed very rapidly since World War II and today even laymen often talk about Masu Komi, popularized Japanese abbreviation for mass communications. Another trend is the interest in popular culture materials. The most prosperous branch of communication research in Japan is the audience and effect research carried out by mass media industries, advertising agencies and other communication institutions.

The article focuses on communication among Japanese scientists domestically and with their counterparts abroad. Japanese sources are far more important as basic information for initiating research work. Russian literature is consulted in physics and chemistry, but the absolute percentage values are very low. In order to discover the habits of Japanese scientists in relation to the acquisition and assimilation of scientific information, questions about allocations of time at the disposal of researchers to these activities were asked. The English is very widely used by Japanese scientists; nevertheless "writing good English" is a difficult problem for most of them.

To begin with one should note that any study of change in the Japanese family must go back over three periods-the pre-Meiji period, the Meiji and post-Meiji period and the post-second world war period. And, in fact, recent sociological studies in Japanese family cover not only the latter stage but the others as well. It would hardly be possible to attempt a complete survey of the trends of these studies in this paper, since considerable background knowledge is needed of the peculiar characteristics of the Japanese family system and of the special concepts employed. Nevertheless, some of the more important aspects can be discussed here. As is well known, the family and the village are the two fields of Japanese sociology in which sociological research had already made a great deal of progress, even before the war. These two fields overlap to a large extent. With the possible exception of the first family sociologist, T. Toda, family sociologists who have made the most important contributions, such as K. Ariga and K. Kitano, are also the rural sociologists. Their studies of the Japanese family have been carried out in relation to the village, and particularly in relation to the "ie," or traditional family system, and the dozoku, which is a sort of special institutional group composed of several it.

The article focuses on the value system and economic development in the comprehensive theory of social change with special reference to Japan and Thailand. It supports the proposition that changes in political and social institutions will not bring about sustained economic development, unless the fundamental human values in the society are conducive to development. There are numerous similarities between Thailand and Japan. Both countries possess traditions of selective cultural borrowing over a long historical past, and both are within what might be loosely called the same general oriental culture area. In spite of these similarities, there was a wide disparity in the economic development of the two countries. The Japanese case represents an example of highly successful economic development involving a large part of the nation. In order for economic development to come about, it is essential that the value system fulfill two functions: it has to provide goals, either public or private, which can be promoted by increased production; and the value system must generate the propensities and the activities associated with them. The components of the value system may be identified primarily from religious and ethical teachings. The Thai value system centers around personal values as opposed to the Japanese emphasis on political values. It requires very little in terms of obligation or commitment to other individuals or institutions.

Japanese city incorporation policies, especially since World War II, have brought into the urban category a significant number of population agglomerations which show heavy agrarian occupational commitments. The unique interpenetration of agrarian and industrial activities in Japan's modern development presents a range of problems for census classification largely unknown in the West. This paper analyzes the extent of the agrarian commitment in Japanese urban structure and suggests means of evaluating official statistics relating to level of urban residence in contemporary Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a look at the pre-industrialization employment practices that can be observed in present-day industrial relations and management policy in the Japanese industry. According to the author, the nation is generally considered to be one of the world's six leading industrial nations. However, a melding of traditionalism and democracy can still be seen in Japanese industry. The practices include lifetime employment relationships, a wage and promotion system based on age and length of service and emphasis on intragroup harmony, among others.

Chromite from Hokkaido on the average contains about 50% of Cr[SUB2]O[SUB3]. The chromium content of heavy residues in the Quaternary sediments gradually decreases in a remarkably regular manner as their depositional area extends out from provenance. The chromium content of residues composed of detrital sand grains of more or less similar physical properties, such as chromite, ilmenite, magnetite, etc., is scarcely affected by the local selective sorting by gravity and flowing fluids which is largely obstructive for the quantitative investigation on estimating the distance from provenance. Such chromium content in coastal deposits is represented by a simple function of the distance: W = W[SUBo]e[SUP-ax] where W is Cr[SUB2]O[SUB3] percentage at any given point, W[SUBo] is the original content, x is the distance, and a is the coefficient of content decrease. The limit of the distance is obtainable from the chromium distribution diagram, when the chromium percentage of a heavy residue at any locality is given. The situation of serpentinite mass of hinterland in Hokkaido is inferred by the intersection of the circles, the radius of each one of them being the distance obtained. The chromium component of chromite grains in sediments is therefore the most suitable tracer element for the provenance, ie., serpentinite masses of hinterland. In applying the recent results to the past geologic formations, however, profound caution is needed in regard to the depositonal environments, time-interval, mode of occurrence of chromium minerals, and statistical restriction. A method to calculate an approximate chromium percentage from ordinary heavy-mineral analytical data has also been devised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents about the paper "Documentation in Japan," by Estuo Mizuta. It makes a survey of the most important state organization of scientific and technical information, reference and bibliography magazines, patent publications and indices.

The article reports on Japan's entrance into the international financial community. A money economy although a primitive one, existed for several centuries before the post-1868 breakthrough into a modern economic society. Rice brokerage thus became an essential feature of this mixed economy--and here the merchants were in their glory, for by wielding the tremendous resources they had accumulated by catering to the needs of the free-spending upper classes they were able to profit from the wild speculative gyrations in the rice market, to the distress of the moneys income townspeople as prices went up and to the distress of the rice-income nobles and peasants as prices went down. Paper money came into wide circulation after the seventeenth century, when the daimyo, who were generally forbidden by the Shogunate to mint coins, began to resort to the printing presses to meet their expenses. Some issues had sound backing arid were accepted outside the territories of the issuing authorities, but the majority were issued recklessly and were thus practically worthless.

As a very novel form of life in Japan, apartment life has become the subject of much research by Japanese sociologists in recent years. This paper attempts to examine critically the findings of such research, especially concerning privacy and social life. Two types of apartment dwellers are identified: the ‘sociability type,’ who loves positive human relations resulting from physical propinquity, and the ‘privacy type,’ who recoils from such relations and prefers to be let alone. In a middle-class apartment house complex in the suburbs of Tokyo, the privacy type who, though not necessarily unsociable, does not want mere physical propinquity to determine the choice of his friends and the pattern of his social life, is found more frequently than the sociability type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies of the prestige of occupations have been conducted in the United States. In recent years considerable attention has been directed toward such research in non-Western societies, including Japan. One basic problem of these studies has been to explain why most available data appear to show that there are substantial similarities in the occupational prestige hierarchies of various societies. Several authors take for granted the notion that the prestige hierarchies of many different societies are similar, despite the fact that the evidence is not wholly convincing;then they go on to explain the similarities by means of what they call a "structural" hypothesis. Specifically, they hold that industrialization produces its own characteristic occupational prestige hierarchy, regardless of the cultural milieu in which it is located. Elsewhere it has been shown that industrialization per se cannot be responsible for much of the observed intersocietal similarity in prestige hierarchies; part of the observation is probably an artifact of the research design and part of it is probably due to "structural similarities" in social systems with complex divisions of labor, whether industrial or not.

The article presents information on a study related to the individual patterns in historical changes in Japan. In recent work with Japanese youth the author has attempted to study the living experience of historical change through intensive series of interviews with more than fifty young men and women between the ages of 18 and 25. He was thus able to observe, for periods of from several months to two years, intellectual and emotional fluctuations in a group particularly sensitive to historical change. Their sensitivity derived first, from their age group, since as young adults they were at a stage of life characterized by an urge to experiment with the ideologies and technologies which motor historical change; second, from their selection, as they were mostly undergraduates at leading universities in Tokyo and Kyoto, outstanding in theft intellectual, organizational, or creative abilities; and third, from their modem heritage--since recent generations of Japanese students and intellectuals have been unique in the impressive combination of eagerness, quick mastery, and inner resistance, with which they have embraced outside influences, not only during the years following World War II but from the time of the Meiji Restoration almost one hundred years ago.

The article presents an abstract of the paper "Individual Patterns in Historical Change: Imagery of Japanese Youth," by Robert Jay Lifton was published in the October 1964 of the periodical "Journal of Social Issues." This paper describes three patterns of time imagery encountered in contemporary Japanese youth. These are the mode of transformation, characterized by a vision of near-total remaking of social and individual existence, and by unconscious nostalgia for the past; the mode of restoration, characterized by a conscious urge to return to ennobling symbols of personal and cultural past, and by an unconscious fascination with modern symbols; and a mode of accommodation, a quest for a modus vivendi blending imagery closest to present experience, immediate future, and recent past. All three modes, in different fashions, promote historical change. They are frequently interchangeable, as they all share an emotional--symbolic substrate, which finds its individual model of unity in the mother-child relationship, and its cultural model in the stress upon social and racial harmony.

This article summarizes a study on the problems and challenges confronted by U.S. companies in Japan. The study starts with a review of Japanese industrial progress, its growth and especially its rapid progress in technology. This latter has had a notable effect on U.S. firms. Whereas a few years ago Japanese firms were ready to accept licensing deals for up to 15 years with royalties of 10 to 15% to get needed technology, today five years and 5% are more typical. The heart of the study is the review of the experience of U.S. companies. Author James C. Abegglen observes that not one large U.S. or foreign company outside the oil industry has established a major position since the end of World War II. The problem appears to lie in the inability of U.S. firms to deal with the complex situation created by nationalistic controls and Japanese business methods.

SUMMARY Power spectra and cross-spectra of Japanese economic annual series since 1879 or 1887 are estimated. The power spectral estimates suggest that long swings and business cycles are meaningful phenomena in many of the time series. Reference cycles of long swings and business cycles are determined separately from the remodulated series of the rate of change of the individual annual series at the frequencies of 1/25 cycle per year and of 1/6.5 cycle per year. They provide valuable information on Japanese economic fluctuations since the 1880's. The Rostowian stages of growth are considered in terms of these reference cycles. The cross-spectral estimates clarify the lead-lag relationships among the series. We find three key factors, loans and discounts of all banks, exports, and government consumption leading the other series and driving the rapid growth. Mechanisms of growth processes are explained by our lead-lag relationships. The transfer of labour forces among the industries and some characteristics of investment and private consumption are also considered by means of the cross-spectral estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the causes of the high rate of economic growth and national income in postwar Japan. There has been an upsurge in the fixed investment of private enterprise, the extent of which Japan never experienced before. According to official national income statistics, private fixed investment (excluding residential construction) increased from 7774 billion yen to 4,0504 billion yen for 1955-61, about a five-fold increase in only six years. Such an unprecedented increase in fixed investment brought about an annual real GNP growth rate of about ten per cent. A glance at the estimates for consumption expenditure in the official national income statistics gives rise to the doubt that the proportion of clothing expenditures to total consumption is too low. According to data analyzed by the authors, in 1955, inter-industry table, clothing expenditure amounted to 776.4 billion yen.

SUMMARY The rapidity of technological change within a country is functionally related to a nation's propensity to borrow technology. Japan, with a celebrated propensity to borrow western technology, has, in the post World War H period, again made impressive gains, based in large part, on borrowed technology. The United States military presence in Japan has been an important transmission belt making possible much of this technological transfer, and consequent structural change. This research points to basic conclusions that the impact of an external military is far from the negative image popularly conceived. A military presence endowed with a higher technical civilization can initiate a fillip to a recipient country's structural evolution. Moreover, military aid, contrary to the often made negative contrast with economic aid, has long-term dynamic effects in the transfer of higher level technology which can shift production functions significantly over time. Implications of the United States military presence also can obtain for other countries as well, but with varying levels of intensity depending on the country's national propensity to borrow technology, and other strategic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with the results of an income redistribution and social security survey carried out in Japan in November 1962. Analysis of the effects of the methods used in the survey on household incomes; Implications of the comparison between the original income for various income groups and the income as redistributed after payment of taxes and social security contributions and receipt of benefits.

Provides information on a study which reviewed the mutual interactions between socio-cultural forces and the development of management in Japan. Changes during the process of industrialization; Cultural changes which addressed issues of universalism and particularism in the process.

Reports on studies on alterations of Cenozoic and Mesozoic pyroclastic rocks of Japan, which contain several kinds of zeolites in abundance. Summary of zeolites in sedimentary rocks, with reference to the depositional environments and zonal distribution; Survey of the literature.

Focuses on a study which examined the participation by workers' and employers' organizations in economic planning in Japan. Sectors that have been well represented among members of the principal planning bodies; Influence of trade-unions in economic planning; Importance of the public sector in economic planning.

The stem family in Japan is seemingly not consonant with the idea of life cycle which has produced important contributions to the study of the conjugal family, but the life cycle pattern of the Japanese family can be described as having three distinct stages which are manifest in the sequence of the role complex unique to it. A similar analysis is attempted with regard to the Chinese joint family. A new set of cycle stages is developed in order to cope with the changing status of the contemporary Japanese family. Thus, extensive applicability of the developmental framework is demonstrated for a cross-cultural study of the family in world revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on science and technical information in Japan. The Ministry of Education was established as an integral part of the Japanese government in 1871. It exercises a profound influence upon the majority of Japanese agencies producing and using scientific information through those of its functions which affect all aspects of education, its control of personnel and policies and appropriations in almost all of the national universities. The Scientific Information Section launched its work by preparing a union catalog of foreign-language scientific books and periodicals in major Japanese collections.

The objective of this paper is to examine, through relevant literature, the extent to which changes in values and relational orientations are taking place in the Japanese family system, particularly in the area of child-rearing practices. It is postulated that lineal orientation rather than an individualistic or collateral principle has been, and still is, predominant in the parent-child relationship and that the shift toward individuality and independence of the child will yet take some time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to argue that the view is a product of deductive theorizing, conveniently suited to a general discussion of the rapid economic development of Japan, but hardly supportable when a closer examination is made of the behavior, decisions, and motivations of the leading Meiji entrepreneurs. To show that the "community-centered" entrepreneurs are a product of deductive theorizing, two closely connected points must be made. The first is that the practice of emphasizing the class origin of Meiji entrepreneurs is continued in order to support the current view of "community-centered" entrepreneurs, though it hinders rather than aids the understanding of the entrepreneurial function performed during the crucial years of Japan's economic transformation. The second is that the Meiji entrepreneurs are often revealed as unabashed profit-maximizers, regardless of their class origin, when one examines their deeds rather than their public utterances, and the results rather than the reasons given in the autobiographies for their business decisions.

Examines the characteristics of group training in Japan. Reason for its development; Recommendations.

The article discusses tradition, modernity and communalism in modernization of Japan. The terms, tradition and modernity like modernization and Westernization are bound up with value preferences and social ideology, and are consequently less than useful as analytical concepts in social science. Sociologist R. P. Dore has counseled against a special theory of modernization, and advises a study of the processes on the basis of standard concepts pertaining to social change in any historical context. This approach is especially appropriate in the case of Japan. Perhaps no other society modernized so effectively on the basis of deliberate effort, planned and carried out by sophisticated elites. The process was not an invention of the late 19th century, but represented an old Japanese proclivity. Japanese intellectuals, like the planners, have approached the change process with perspectives derived from a variety of past and present cultural sources. The most fundamental observation one can make of the Japanese modernizing outlook is that while a culturally conservative position has generally dominated, there also has existed an important liberal position throughout the history of the modern era.

The article focuses on some aspects of industrialization and the convergence of contemporary Japan. Thus, this paper examines some of the aspects of change in Japan since the end of the Pacific War, specifically; changes associated with the ways men are managed in the modern sector of the Japanese economy. More recently, some writers have developed the relationship between technology and change. Their examination of the problems of labor and management in economic growth is rooted in the relatively common effects of common technologies in all developing economies. They emerge with a "convergence hypothesis" which argues that almost everywhere the world is in the grip of industrialization. This study takes technology as central in industrialization. Japan remains the only nonwestern nation which can be said to be industrialized. The streets of Japan's major cities are almost as choked with motor traffic as any American city of comparable size. Television antennas obstruct and mar the beauty of Japanese architecture. Yet, by no means can it be said that Japan is a western nation since many vestiges of pre-industrial Japan are readily apparent. Japanese tend to view themselves and their institutions as unique, a view that appears to be shared by many western scholars.