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We survey the literature on the effects of increased transparency of gender segregated wages on the pay gap between men and women in comparable jobs. Pay transparency is promoted by countries and supra‐national institutions and we categorize reforms according to their content and coverage. A growing number of papers have used variations of difference‐in‐difference estimation methods to analyze the impact of reforms on the gender pay gap (GPG), and from these we extract four main findings: First, reform‐based studies find that pay transparency reforms reduce the GPG in all countries but one, which finds no effect. Second, in Canada, Denmark and the UK, the reduction in the GPG from transparency reforms originate from a reduction in the growth rate of male income and less from an increase in women's pay. Third, there is fragmented evidence for the impact of transparency reforms on other labor outcomes and firm productivity. Fourth, the monetary implementation cost of transparency reforms is, in general, small both for individual firms and public administration. These finding are consistent with the notion that gender wage transparency reforms are an effective policy tool to reduce the GPG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines three dimensions influencing the gender wage gap: rural employment, type of occupation, and workers' career stage. The findings suggest that (1) rural workplaces are associated with lower wages; (2) women face a higher wage penalty than men in rural, low‐paying jobs; (3) wage determinants differ between low‐ and high‐paying jobs, leading to variable impacts on the gender wage gap; (4) gender wage gaps are significantly narrower for early‐career workers than for older workers; and (5) even minor annual wage disparities contribute to significant wealth gaps by the end of the working life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the welfare ramifications of international outsourcing in the presence of foreign investment initiated by outsourcing‐induced interest effect. Utilizing the Heckscher‐Ohlin model of general equilibrium, we show that unlike the common view that outsourcing renders negative effects on domestic employment, but positive effect on the welfare, (a) the output and employment effects of outsourcing are ultra‐biased such that it always increases (decreases) those of the outsourcing (nonoutsourcing) sector; (b) the effects of outsourcing on factor‐intensities and factor‐prices depend on the factor intensity ranking such that outsourcing occurring in the capital‐intensive (labor‐intensive) sector lowers (raises) the capital‐labor ratio of both the outsourcing and the nonoutsourcing sectors, lowers (raises) the real wage rate and raises (lowers) the real interest rate, and hence worsens (improves) income distribution; (c) in the presence of foreign investment, outsourcing in the capital‐intensive (labor‐intensive) sector may be welfare‐reducing (is always welfare‐increasing) due to increase (decrease) in the outsourcing‐induced interest payments for the foreign capital stock. Noting that international outsourcing nowadays serves as a key driving force for production fragmentation and supply chain formation, this paper discovers an important, but previously unnoticed feature in international outsourcing, namely, the outsourcing‐induced an interest rate effect on foreign capital movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduces the May 2003 issue of the journal 'Meteroeconomica.' Influence of market power on employment, wage inequality and growth; Reasons for convergence in per capita income; Impact of environmental degradation on the growth performance of a developing economy.

This paper investigates how labour market regulations alter the adverse impact of rising import competition from China in European local labour markets between 1997 and 2006. The paper constructs measures of regional exposure to Chinese imports based on previous literature and on regional labour market frictions exploiting involuntary labour reallocations. Taking into account the endogeneity of import competition and its interaction with labour market regulations, the paper finds that regions more exposed to the rise of China have suffered from a reduction in manufacturing employment shares. This shock grows larger with regional labour market frictions; hence, it exacerbates the impact of trade shock on employment. Moreover, the paper finds that employment in public services, and not in construction or private services sector, absorbed the negative shock to the manufacturing sector. The unemployment rate, the labour force participation rate and wages in all sectors are unresponsive to import competition from China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual‐gate amorphous indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (a‐IGZO) thin‐film transistor (TFT) has been proposed and designed in this work. Based on this specific structure, a technologically advanced external Vth compensation system, where Vth can be controllable by an external DC signal source, has been developed for gate driver on array (GOA). Subsequently, the working mode of this circuit was introduced. Moreover, detailed simulation has been performed to study the appropriate process window. Finally, the proposed GOA circuit exhibited stable high‐voltage output pulse, meanwhile, the lifetime showed an significant improvement with the utilization of the external Vth compensation system. It should be also mentioned that a wide pulse of 3.6ms has been obtained to sense Vth of driving TFTs in pixel circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: As governments grapple with ageing populations, there is a need to understand more about the aged care workforce and how it is managed. Methods: We undertook a scoping review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR) guidelines. Scopus and PubMed were used to identify papers published between 2010 and 2020. We mapped the breadth and scale of the evidence base according to the QuInnE indicators of job quality. Results: Out of 642 titles and abstracts that were screened, 122 were selected. Outcomes were measured across a range of domains, including wages, employment quality, education and training, working conditions, work/life balance and consultative participation and collective representation. These were distributed unevenly, revealing evidence gaps. Conclusions: We identified significant knowledge gaps regarding Australia's aged care workforce at a time when the sector is coming under fresh scrutiny and projections indicate that it will face critical labour shortfalls going forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Gang Canal region of Rajasthan, the cropping pattern changed from a labour intensive crop, cotton, to a mechanized crop, cluster beans. The shift in cropping pattern not only displaced workers from farm wage work but also brought changes in labour hiring contracts with large scale conversion of daily wage rate contracts to piece‐rate contracts. Drawing on a primary survey in a village from Gang Canal region, the paper examines the change in the agrarian relations in rural Rajasthan by analysing the emerging development in the rural labour relations. For piece‐rate work in farm wage work in some parts of Rajasthan, the wage rate is unilaterally decided by the landlords and large capitalist farmers and is denoted as the 'village rate'. The manual workers have negligible bargaining power vis‐à‐vis the village rate. The conversion of daily wage rate contracts to piece‐rate contracts has enhanced the duration of working day that involves a rise in the rate of surplus value. Access and availability of low wage labour facilitates the accumulation of capital. With the limited availability of employment in the non‐farm sector (in both public and private sectors), workers are compelled to sell their labour power at wages that do not exceed the level of subsistence. The paper concludes with a brief examination of continuum of coercion and varied degree of unfreedom among worker in the village. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Social and organisational changes in businesses have led to the appearance of "emergent risks" which affect workers but are less evident and hard to quantify such as psychosocial risks. Linked to psychosocial risks, issues such as work‐related stress and workplace violence are major challenges to occupational health and safety. This paper analyses the trends in the concerns expressed by wage‐earners in Spain regarding psychosocial factors that may affect them in the workplace. Methods. A causal analysis based on the application of binary logistic regression is presented, covering certain social and occupational characteristics of survey respondents and the psychosocial factors included in the Spanish National Surveys of Working Conditions for 2007 and for 2011‐2012. Binary logistic regression is a multivariate statistical tool that serves as a classification technique, identifying the variables that affect the probability of the event to be studied (dichotomous variable). This technique has the advantage that it does not require that the explanatory variables follow a normal distribution. The aim is to estimate the influence of the explanatory variables on the probability of the occurrence of the event under study, represented by the explained variable. Results. During the economic crisis of 2008, workers became more concerned about losing their jobs and about factors related to personnel cutbacks and decreases in investment in the prevention of occupational risks. Downsizing due to the crisis led to increased workloads for many of those still in work. Thus, in 2011, the likelihood of workers being concerned about working hours was greater, especially among respondents aged 25–34 and those working in commerce and transport. Workload was found to be a particular concern among respondents aged 25–34 and among workers in transport, communication, financial, professional, and administrative activities; health‐related activities; and industry. Conclusions. Policy should also be directed towards improving the structural aspects of psychosocial variations, in terms of work conditions, employment protection, and employment security to protect workers against income fluctuations as a result of job loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy PointsDemand for behavioral health services outpaces the capacity of the existing workforce, and the unmet need for behavioral health services is expected to grow.This paper summarizes research and policy evidence demonstrating that the long‐standing challenges that impede behavioral health workforce development and retention (i.e., low wages, high workloads, training gaps) are being replicated by growing efforts to expand the workforce through task‐sharing delivery to nonspecialist behavioral health providers (e.g., peer specialists, promotores de salud).In this paper, we describe policy opportunities to sustain behavioral health workforce growth to meet demand while supporting fair wages, labor protections, and rigorous training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates hysteresis in South Africa's unemployment. First, we test the presence of hysteresis in unemployment using traditional stationarity tests and non‐linear transformation methods to identify two further characteristics of hysteresis, namely, remanence and selective memory. In the second part of the paper, we estimate a simple insider–outsider model using a Bayesian vector autoregression methodology to identify the shocks driving unemployment dynamics. The main finding is that mark‐up shocks and negative productivity shocks are the main drivers of unemployment, with demand shocks playing a secondary role. Nominal wages are not responsive to real shocks and are an important component of inflation. These results point to the difficulty of absorbing the current level of unemployment without a significant increase in the flexibility of goods and labour markets. At the same time, the evidence suggests that, if reforms are being implemented, demand policies can play a significant role in improving employment and growth, reversing the structural unemployment evident in the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Phillips curve began life in 1958 as a simple curve‐fitted relationship between the rates of wage inflation and unemployment and went on to play a crucial role in the broader development of macroeconomics, giving rise to several controversies about its interpretation and role in policy‐making. Recently, the traditional narrative about its theoretical underpinnings has been called into question as a sequence of 'stories' to provide support for particular theoretical perspectives on macroeconomics. The primary aim of this paper is to challenge the conventional wisdom relating to the Phillips curve being an attested empirical relationship, by showing that the empirical evidence of the most influential papers that helped to frame the traditional narrative is untrustworthy, in the sense that the probabilistic assumptions invoked by their inferences are invalid. That is, not only the traditional theory‐driven narrative is misleading, but the empirical evidence used to corroborate it is untrustworthy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the influence and predictive effects of knowledge management on job satisfaction. The aim of this paper is to develop a model based on the effects of knowledge management on job satisfaction. The data were obtained by interviewing 520 managers of all levels from manufacturing enterprises in Serbia. The results showed that knowledge management has a complex influence on job satisfaction. It negatively affects the dimensions of Salary, Promotion, and Supervision and positively influences the Additional Benefits dimension, while having combined effects on the other dimensions. In a working environment where knowledge management levels are high, employees may perceive their salaries, rewards, and promotion opportunities as inadequate. This is because they feel they deserve more due to their knowledge, ability, engagement, and the enterprise's success. Serbian enterprises are often unable to pay their employees higher salaries. The theoretical importance of the results is precisely in the fact that the individual relations of the observed dimensions are determined and that the desired model is developed. The practical significance of the work is that leaders and managers, based on these relations, can see the possibilities and ways to improve certain aspects of knowledge management and job satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lot of literature on policy advisory systems (PASs) is based on Western liberal democracies, with scant attention paid to policymaking systems in authoritarian regimes. This paper examines the Iran's PAS and how it has changed between 1989 and 2023. The paper documents four distinctive phases in Iran's PAS: in‐house 'institutionalisation', transitional 'politicisation', technocratic 'externalisation', and 'technicisation'. We examine 16 representative advisory organisations (1989–2023) and show that while the Iranian PAS is well institutionalised and increasingly becoming externalised, there is still a tradition of centralisation and limited bureaucratic openness. Further, Iran's PAS has become less political due to constitutional preferences preventing advisory organisations from dealing with politically sensitive issues, as well as the decline of political party traditions and institutions. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of the emerging 'technicisation' of Iran's PAS, indicating an expansion of and reliance on technology‐assisted tools and instruments by advisory organisations. Points for practitioners: Regardless of differences in political systems, policy advisory systems are an indispensable part of public policymaking machinery.To enhance the quality of public policies, policymakers should support a diversified and competent advisory system.To keep externalised organisations alive and effective, they must be supported by public measures and protected by a legal framework.A form of technocratic‐political balance in PAS is necessary. A well‐developed policy advisory system not only includes non‐partisan and technocratic advisory institutions, it also consists of politicised institutions providing political advice for policymakers too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a rich sample of firms in 14 EU countries from 2000 to 2016, we confirm increases in productivity dispersion, wage dispersion and superstar firms. Beyond reaffirming an incomplete pass‐through from productivity to wages, we present novel empirical evidence of an even weaker pass‐through in industries dominated by superstar firms. This effect is observed in both the lower and upper parts of the productivity and wage distributions, and is stronger for tradable (versus non‐tradable) sectors and markets with low (versus high) collective bargaining power. These findings point to different mechanisms, consistent with theoretical work and various underlying structural changes in the economy. This paper is part of the Economica 100 Series. Economica, the LSE "house journal" is now 100 years old. To commemorate this achievement, we are publishing 100 papers by former students, as well as current and former faculty. Angelos Theodorakopoulos graduated from the LSE with an MSc in 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investing in nursing and its leadership has been a key global priority in achieving world health. This paper aims to explore what it means to invest in nursing and its leadership and whether we are progressing in its endeavour. Consideration is given to whose responsibility it is to invest, the importance of education to support strategic nurse leaders and enable them to have a voice to lead as well as create a culture in which their staff wish to stay. Further, the paper explores the importance of each country accepting responsibility for developing and funding its strategic workforce plan and paying nurse professionals fairly and taking steps to reduce workforce shortages. Finally, the paper examines the progress the United Kingdom is making and concludes that investment in nursing is everyone's business, the government, healthcare organisations, society and above all nurses themselves. Collectively, we must step up to influence change and have nursing voices heard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Emerging debates on the contemporary reconfigurations of work question previous understandings of the relationships among and between waged, unwaged, and reproductive labour, situated processes of value formation and/or enclosure, and the constitution and limits of contemporary capitalism. Taking Cindi Katz's notion of countertopographies and Gillian Hart's notion of relational comparison as inspirations, this Symposium draws attention to new and existing conceptual frames and modes of analysis to situate contemporary permutations of work within the shifting dynamics of uneven development in specific state, local, and institutional contexts. This Introduction summarises the interrelated and overlapping contributions that papers in this Symposium offer methodologically, analytically, and politically. The open‐ended aspiration that emerges from these contributions is that close attention to heterogeneous formations of work outside the wage might help to multiply forms of vigilance and critical praxis necessary to resist the co‐optation and enclosure of people's creative energies, and move toward realising the latent liberatory potentials that several of the contributions suggest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy PointsHospital executives posit a number of rationales for system mergers which lack any basis in academic evidence. Decades of academic research question whether system combinations confer public benefits. Antitrust authorities need to continue to closely scrutinize these transactions.Recently, mergers of hospital systems that span different geographic markets are on the rise. Economists have alerted policymakers about the potential impacts such cross‐market mergers may have on hospital prices. We suggest there are other reasons for concern that scholars have not often confonted. Cross‐market mergers may be conducted for purely self‐serving reasons of organizational growth that increases executive compensation. Combinations of sellers should have clear advantages to consumers. System executives and their boards should bear the burden of proof.Federal regulators and state attorney generals should be cognizant that rationales for cross‐market systems advanced by merging parties are unlikely to be operative or dominant in merger decision making.Policymakers should be careful about passing legislation that encourages hospitals to consolidate. Context: There is a growing trend of combinations among hospital systems that operate in different geographic markets known as cross‐market mergers. Economists have analyzed these broader systems in terms of their anticompetitive behavior and pricing power over insurers. This paper evaluates the benefits advanced by these new hospital systems that speak to a different set of issues not usually studied: increased efficiencies, new capabilities, operating synergies, and addressing health inequities. The paper thus "looks under the hood" of these emerging, cross‐market systems to assess what value they might bestow and upon whom. Methods: The paper examines recently announced cross‐market mergers in terms of their supposed benefits, as expressed by the systems' executives as well as by industry consultants. These presumed benefits are then evaluated against existing evidence regarding hospital system outcomes. Findings: Advocates of cross‐market hospital mergers cite a host of benefits. Research suggests these benefits are nonexistent. Additional evidence suggests other motives may be at play in the formation of cross‐market mergers that have nothing to do with efficiencies, synergies, or community benefits. Instead these mergers may be self‐serving efforts by system chief executive officers (CEOs) to boost their compensation. Conclusions: Cross‐market hospital mergers may yield no benefits to the hospitals involved or the communities in which they operate. The boards of hospital systems that engage in these cross‐market mergers need to exercise greater diligence over the actions of their CEOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on both wages and job quality is needed in order to understand the occupational dispersion of wellbeing. We analyse subjective wellbeing in a large UK sample to construct a measure of 'overall reward', the sum of wages and the value of job quality, in 90 different occupations. If only wages are included, then labour market inequality is underestimated: the dispersion of overall rewards is one‐third larger than the dispersion of wages. Our findings are similar, and stronger, in data on US workers. We find a positive correlation between job quality and wages in all specifications, both between individuals in the cross‐section and within individuals in panel data. The gender and ethnic gaps in the labour market are larger than those in wages alone, and the overall rewards to education on the labour market are underestimated by earnings differentials alone. This paper is part of the Economica 100 Series. Economica, the LSE "house journal" is now 100 years old. To commemorate this achievement, we are publishing 100 papers by former students, as well as current and former faculty. Maria Cotofan is a research Associate at the CEP. Andrew E. Clark obtained his mSc and PhD from the LSE and is a research Associate at the CEP. Richard layard is the Founder‐Director at the CEP and is the co‐Director of the Centre's programme on Community Wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most economists maintain that the labour market in the USA (and elsewhere) is 'tight' because unemployment rates are low, and the Beveridge curve (the vacancies‐to‐unemployment ratio) is high. They infer from this that there is potential for wage‐push inflation. However, real wages fell rapidly in 2022, and prior to that, real wages had been stagnant for some time. We show that unemployment is not key to understanding wage formation in the USA, and has not been since the Great Recession. Instead, we show that rates of underemployment (the percentage of workers with part‐time hours who would prefer more hours) and the rate of inactivity (the percentage of the civilian adult population who are out of the labour force) reduce wage pressure in the USA. This finding holds in panel data with state and year fixed effects in both annual and quarterly data for the period 1980–2022, and is supportive of a wage curve that fits the data much better than a Phillips curve. The unemployment rate no longer enters significantly negative in wage equations, however specified, in the years since 2008. This paper is part of the Economica 100 Series. Economica, the LSE "house journal" is now 100 years old. To commemorate this achievement, we are publishing 100 papers by former students, as well as current and former faculty. Alex Bryson obtained his MSc from the LSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In periods of distress, observed and perceived income risk tends to rise. Does this heightened income risk affect monetary transmission? This paper first shows that in partial equilibrium, heightened income risk dampens the substitution effect of interest rate changes but amplifies the indirect income effect of wage changes. The effects are sizable in partial equilibrium. An increase in income risk consistent with heightened risk during recessions affects interest rate and wage responses by around one‐third. However, because income risk dampens the effects of interest rate changes but amplifies the effects of wage changes, its effect is weaker in general equilibrium, dampening monetary transmissions to consumption by around 11 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the present paper is to examine how the expansion of the economy from 2000 has affected rural off‐farm labor market participation. Specifically, we seek to determine whether off‐farm labor increased after 2000, what forms of employment are driving trends in off‐farm labor and whether gender differences can be observed in off‐farm employment trends. Using a nationally representative dataset that consist of two waves of surveys conducted in 2000 and 2008 in six provinces, this paper finds that off‐farm labor market participation continued to rise steadily in the early 2000s. However, there is a clear difference in the trends associated with occupational choice before and after 2000. In addition, we find that rural off‐farm employment trends are different for men and women. Our analysis also shows that the rise of wage‐earning employment corresponds with an increasing unskilled wage for both men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A minimum wage increase could lead to adverse employment effects for certain subgroups of minimum wage workers, while leaving others unaffected. This heterogeneity could be overlooked in studies that examine the overall population of minimum wage workers. In this paper, we test for heterogeneous effects of a minimum wage increase on the hours worked of minimum wage employees in Ireland. For all minimum wage workers, we find that a 10% increase in the minimum wage leads to a one‐hour reduction in weekly hours worked, equating to an hours elasticity of approximately −0.3. However, for industry workers and those in the accommodation & food sector, the impact is larger, with elasticity −0.8. We also find a negative impact on the hours worked among men on minimum wage, with no significant effect for women. This is due to the disproportionate number of men working in sectors that show the greatest impact on hours. In line with suggestions from the recent literature, we attempt to identify directly those in receipt of minimum wage using hourly wage data, while also studying the dynamic impact on hours worked over multiple time periods using a fully flexible difference‐in‐differences estimator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the quasi‐random assignment of IRS Revenue Officers to tax debtors' cases as an instrumental variable to identify the causal effects of suspending debt collection on tax compliance and future income. In contrast to uninstrumented estimates, we find no statistically significant evidence that putting off attempts to collect debt reduces compliance with future tax obligations or future reported income. Among marginal hardship cases, pausing collection instead increases future income, specifically wage earnings by the taxpayer's spouse. In addition, we address concerns about potential non‐random assignment of Revenue Officers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Norway, games were introduced into the 2020 English curriculum; acknowledging games as language learning resources alongside other text‐based material. However, little is known about the type of games selected by English teachers, reasons for doing so, or how games are actually used in teaching. This is particularly relevant in gendered vocational classes, with mainly girls or boys respectively in different programmes, as national surveys show that while most teenage boys play digital games, comparatively few girls do. Objectives: The primary aim was to investigate how the digital commercial game Adventures with Anxiety was used during naturally occurring English teaching in four gendered vocational classes: one Technological and Industrial Production class (boys only) and three Healthcare, Childhood and Youth development classes (girls mainly). Methods: Participants involved 36 students (aged 16–17) and two English teachers. Using a mixed methods design (Brevik, 2022), we combined quantitative and qualitative analyses of classroom video recordings (5.5 h), student screen recordings during gameplay (8 h) and retrospective teacher interviews (1.5 h). Analyses relied on the validated PLATO observation protocol (Grossman, 2015) and reflexive thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2022). Results and Conclusions: English teachers expressed a dual aim in using the game for teaching English; to improve students' language skills and provide experiences of how to live with anxiety. Although the game offered relevant vocabulary and virtual experiences with anxiety; anxiety emerged as a professional component of caring professions in the girls‐mainly classes, while being used to help boys acknowledge anxiety in their own lives. Lay Summary: What is currently known about this topic: There is an increased emphasis on promoting digital games for classroom useDigital games used for classroom teaching are mainly researcher‐initiated interventionsDigital games in teaching are often educational and used to develop vocabularyA digital divide exists; boys play more digital games and more often than girls do What this paper adds: A commercial game was used in naturally occurring English teaching about mental healthWe identified gender bias in how the game was implemented differently in gendered vocational classesIn girls‐mainly classes, the game was used as a doorway into professional caring professionsIn boys‐only classes, the game was used as a doorway into a personal mental health sphere Implications for practitioners: Using a commercial game as a resource in English classes is relevant for teaching about mental healthIt is important to consciously consider potential gender bias when using the same game across gendered classesTeachers who consider using digital games for teaching English might face gendered equality challenges [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies a generalized oligopolistic equilibrium model with labor rigidity under strategic competition between heterogeneous firms, explaining the trade between two similar countries for the declining wage and labor share, the common experiences of many countries worldwide. The specialization effect for the labor movement from a high to less labor‐intensive sector arising from the heterogeneous productivity distribution of firms between trading partners dampens the wage more than the joint effect of market size and competition working favorably on it. Despite the wage drop, the trade ambiguously affects employment but unambiguously reduces their distributive share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the relationship between global value chain (GVC) participation, worker‐level routine task intensity (RTI) and wage inequality within countries. Using survey data from 34 countries and instrumenting for GVC participation, we find that higher GVC participation contributes to higher wage inequality in high‐income countries and lower wage inequality in middle‐ and low‐income countries. We distinguish between two opposite‐working channels. First, participation in GVCs directly reduces wage inequality, suppressing wages in offshorable occupations that tend to earn above the country‐specific median, and increasing wages of non‐offshorable occupations. Second, it indirectly widens within‐country wage inequality by increasing the gap in RTI, which is negatively associated with wages, between offshorable and non‐offshorable occupations. The direct effect prevails in most low‐ and middle‐income countries that receive offshored jobs, and the indirect effect prevails in high‐income countries that offshore jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A popular interpretation of "evidence‐based" decision‐making is "rely (only) on the rigorous evidence" (RORE) via "systematic" reviews that: use objective protocols to generating the potentially relevant papers from the literature; then filter those to retain only the small subset that provide impact estimates regarded as "rigorous"; and summarize only those estimates. I use two sets of cross‐country impact estimates—on wage gains for migrants and private school learning gains—to illustrate this seemingly attractive approach is both empirically and conceptually unsound. First, the cross‐country variation in the rigorous estimates of impact is very large, which implies the average(s) from a systematic review is of little predictive use. In both empirical examples the "systematic review of the rigorous estimates" approach leads to worse predictions of impact across countries than the naïve use of country‐specific ordinary least squares estimates. Second, I contrast a systematic review—RORE approach with an "understanding" approach—which seeks to encompass all of the available evidence into coherent understandings in forming judgments. In both examples the notion that the impact effects are constant across countries—"external validity"—is easily rejected. Insisting on privileged reliance on "rigorous" estimates in making context‐specific decisions is logically incoherent and deeply anti‐scientific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effect of hearing impairments on annual wage earnings. A standard Heckman‐style selection model suggests that hearing impairments reduce earnings by approximately 14 per cent, with no evidence of selection bias. The paper then relaxes the assumption of bivariate normality using a copula specification, and the paper allows for potentially nonlinear links between nonbinary covariates and earnings using smooth spline functions. By incorporating those two deviations, not only does the model appear to provide a better fit to the data, but hearing impairments appear to reduce earnings by 19 per cent, an effect 36 per cent larger than what is suggested by the standard selection setup. The model also uncovers evidence of statistically significant selection bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper aims to unpack the concept of "skill mix" into its constituent parts to achieve a better understanding and reduce confusion associated with the term. Background: Skill mix is a topic that is widely debated and is foremost on the health policy agenda due to specific local pressures within international health services. At present, however, there is large variation in terms of what is understood by the concept of "skill mix" and there is a paucity of research that attempts to analyse this concept. Evaluation: Using Rodgers' evolutionary method of concept analysis, this paper provides an analysis of definitions of skill mix, its attributes and associated terms in the literature. Key issue: Definitions of skill mix are often vague and ambiguous and may refer to one or more attributes of skill mix. Conclusion: A lack of understanding of the concept can lead to an ad hoc interpretation of policy recommendations related to skill mix at local level. Implications for Nursing Management: A better understanding of the concept of "skill mix" and its attributes can assist both policy makers and stakeholders, including nurse management, to ensure that the potential of skill mix is maximized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the state of Punjab, the heart of the green revolution in India, a large fraction of agricultural labour is expended by migrant workers. The unplanned lockdown imposed by the Indian government affected paddy transplantation, a labour‐intensive activity in Punjab primarily due to interstate restrictions on movement. Drawing on a primary survey in a village from the Malwa region of Punjab, the paper examines the changes in agrarian relations in rural Punjab due to the Covid‐19 pandemic by critically analysing the dynamics of capital labour relations. The restriction on labour movement and unilateral imposition of transplantation wage rates by a few Panchayats in Punjab (dominated by capitalist landlords and rich peasants) has intensified class conflict in the state. The Punjab government's policies, which are driven by the capitalist landlords and rich peasants, have played a significant role in the increased exploitation of workers. The paper concludes with a brief evaluation of the changes induced by Covid‐19 in the agrarian political economy of Punjab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food production and trade have become inseparable from requirements about product quality and safety, as well as social and environmental aspects of production processes. To demonstrate compliance with these requirements, firms adopt voluntary private certifiable management standards (CMS). How these affect trade, organizational performance, and employee outcomes has become an area of active research in the last decade. This paper analyses how standards affect labor productivity and wages using a 3‐year panel of small and medium firms from the food sector in Vietnam covering the period 2010–2014. Even though the prevalence of CMS in the sample is low, the results show that standards improve both labor productivity and wages. However, the difference in the size of the productivity and wage premiums attributable to standards is not significant. This implies that CMS can be a useful management practice for improving firm productivity when combined with a fair compensation of human resources. The findings are important for lower‐income countries facing low rates of adoption of private CMS and the evolving consumer preferences increasingly attuned to the issues of product quality, food safety, and environmental risks. The results are robust to several specification changes and estimation methods, including firm fixed effects, control function, and instrumental variable approach, which take endogeneity of certification into account. [EconLit Citations: L66, D22, J4, J81, O12]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper builds and explores in detail a post‐Keynesian–Sraffian one‐country model of effective demand, which, on the one hand, extends the Kurz multiplier model to open–with state‐economies of single production and, on the other hand, is applicable to data from the National Input–Output Tables of the World Input–Output Database. Thus, it estimates the net output, import and employment matrix demand multipliers for the world's 10 largest economies. The overall findings provide general support for and new insights into Sraffian theoretical and policy arguments: (i) the multiplier effects depend heavily on the physical composition of autonomous demand; (ii) the incremental share of wages in net national income can move in either direction with an increase in the savings ratios out of wages and profits and/or the corresponding direct tax rates; (iii) there is, in general, no one‐to‐one correspondence between alternative tax–transfer policies and their multiplier effects; and (iv) there is not necessarily an inverse relationship between the overall level of the profit rate and the multiplier effects or the wage share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2009, economists are reconsidering the appropriate role of monetary policy towards equity bubbles. This paper contributes to these deliberations by estimating the response of the stock market to monetary policy tightening by using a Bayesian time‐varying VAR model. By introducing the cyclically adjusted price/earnings ratio, we propose a method that estimates its fundamental and bubble components. We find that asset prices will initially fall and eventually rise again but without the risk of feeding the bubble. Counterfactual policy experiments provide additional evidence that monetary policy can lean against equity and housing prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

German public sector wage restraint has been explained through the presence of a specific type of inter‐sectoral wage coordination in the industrial relations system—that is, export sector‐led pattern bargaining. First, as a literature‐assessing exercise, this paper reviews the literature in industrial relations and comparative political economy (CPE) and finds that (i) the origins and mechanics of inter‐sectoral wage coordination through pattern bargaining have never been laid out clearly; (ii) that the mechanisms of the pattern bargaining thesis have never been tested empirically; and (iii) that the CPE literature reveals an export‐sector bias. Second, as a theory‐testing exercise, hoop tests are performed to verify the pattern bargaining hypothesis. The key finding is that Germany cannot be considered a case of export sector‐driven pattern bargaining, opening a new research agenda for the study of public sector wage setting centred on public sector employment relations, public finance, public administrations and the politics of fiscal policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Family Process is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Theory suggests that the medical costs of obesity should be passed on to obese workers, in the form of lower wages, whenever health coverage is a part of employee compensation. In contrast to existing work on this topic, this paper illustrates that the medical expenditures caused by obesity among working adults are relatively small and that wage offsets should therefore be difficult to detect. The paper supports this claim by exploiting the variation provided by the Affordable Care Act's employer mandate. Findings suggest that obese workers tend to bear the approximate cost of their medical expenditures via lower wages. However, the observed effects are often insignificantly different from zero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper is part of a larger doctoral study that investigated the impact of nationality on the job satisfaction of nurses and their intentions to leave Saudi Arabian government hospitals. The paper aims to gain an understanding of the impact of expatriate status on nurses' perceptions, by comparing the factors that influence job satisfaction among Saudi nurses to those that affect nurses recruited from other countries. Background: Job satisfaction is a known predictor of nurse retention. Although there is a broad understanding of the factors that affect job satisfaction, little is known about how these vary between home and expatriate nurses working in countries which rely on a multicultural migrant workforce. Methods: A descriptive qualitative approach was taken, in which 26 semi‐structured interviews were conducted with nurses selected from different nationalities, all of whom were working in Saudi Arabian hospitals. Eight participants were Saudi Arabian, six Filipino, four Indian, four South African, two Jordanian and two Malaysian. Findings: Five themes were identified that differentiated the perceptions of expatriates regarding their job satisfaction from those of the home nurses: separation from family, language and communication, fairness of remuneration, moving into the future and professionalism. Conclusion: Focusing on the enhancement of job satisfaction experienced by expatriate nurses can result in a healthier work environment and greater retention of these nurses. Implications for nursing and nursing policy: To enhance nurse retention, policy makers in countries with migrant nurses should address their socio‐economic needs. This includes providing both greater access to their dependent family members, and language lessons and cultural orientation to reduce linguistic and cultural challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in the structure of work and families over the last four decades have increased many labour market inequalities. Growing earnings inequality, adverse labour market 'shocks' for the low‐educated, and geographically concentrated pockets of deprivation are among the most evident of these in Britain. The decade since the financial crisis has brought these inequalities into sharper focus, and the Covid‐19 pandemic has further exacerbated labour market inequality. The object of this paper is to highlight the key role played by poor wage progression for lower‐ and middle‐educated workers in understanding inequality in the labour market and for designing effective policy responses. It is unlikely that we can address all the concerns about low wages, wage progression and earnings inequality through the tax and welfare system alone. The challenge is how best to balance tax and welfare benefit policy with other policies, such as human capital policies, the minimum wage and labour market regulation. The results point to a mix of policies that aim to enhance wage progression for the lower‐educated within a welfare system that supports low‐earning families and provides a minimum wage floor for hourly wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Africa's manufacturing sector experiences declining growth and labour demand, and increased imports of intermediate goods. The paper investigates the influence of offshoring on employment and wages for capital‐ and labour‐intensive industries and skilled and unskilled workers, using firm‐ and employer–employee‐level data. Unlike findings in developed countries, offshoring generally lowers employment in manufacturing firms and increases and decreases the percentage of unskilled workers and lower skilled workers, respectively. Increased narrow offshoring seemingly grows the cohort of unskilled workers, particularly in ultra‐labour‐intensive industries. As offshoring gains momentum, worker‐level earnings increase in capital‐ and labour‐intensive industries but decrease in ultra‐labour‐intensive industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines geographic differences in the effect of immigration on the wage distribution of native Italian workers. The results suggest an insignificant effect across the wage distribution in northern provinces, but large and significant effects in the lower and middle parts of the distribution in the south. This is entirely because immigration pushed up wages at the lower end of the female wage distribution in southern local areas. This result is consistent with increases in labor market participation of native women that went hand in hand with improvements of women's skills at the bottom of the wage distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In their seminal paper, Graetz and Michaels (2018) find that robots increase productivity, lower output prices, and adversely affect the share of low‐skilled labor. We demonstrate that these effects are partly driven by the sample composition and argue that focusing on manufacturing industries yields more credible results regarding the overall economic effects of robotization. The results show that focusing on robotizing industries leads to a sizable drop of the productivity effects, halving the effect size for labor productivity. Pronounced consequences from the sample choice occur for wage effects that are reversed from significantly positive into significantly negative. Controlling for demographic workforce characteristics proves to be essential for the significant labor productivity effects and leads to the reversal for wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows that a high‐wage country might reduce its unemployment by trading with a low‐wage economy, despite popular predictions to the contrary. We demonstrate this possibility in a Heckscher–Ohlin–Samuelson type of model with two countries, which differ only because one of them has a binding minimum‐wage constraint and a technological improvement that (despite the heightened wage) creates a comparative advantage in the labour‐intensive good. Under these circumstances, the minimum‐wage economy will experience an unemployment reduction when it trades with a low‐wage counterpart. This theoretical result is consistent with some recent empirical estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the impact of the Covid‐19 pandemic on technological knowledge, wage inequality, and economic growth, by proposing a Direct‐Technical‐Change model with two economies, an Innovative and other Follower. Six hypotheses are considered: (i) decrease in the unskilled‐labor supply, (ii) decrease in the absolute advantage of unskilled labor, (iii) decrease in the intensity of the unskilled sector, (iv) hypothesis (i) combined with a lower decrease in the skilled‐labor supply, (v) hypothesis (ii) combined with a lower decrease in the absolute advantage of skilled labor, (vi) all the variations previously considered. By comparing the steady states before and after the shock, we find an increase in the technological‐knowledge bias that favors the skill‐intensive sector, which positively affects the skill premium. However, in hypotheses (i) and (iv), the decrease in the relative supply of unskilled labor dominates the effect on the skill premium, which thus decreases. The economic growth rate is always penalized except for hypothesis (iii). Hypotheses (ii) and (iv) are undesirable because they increase wage inequality and penalize economic growth. Governments should support innovative activity, the engine of technological‐knowledge progress, and thus economic growth, but with caution not to exacerbate the skill premium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of a rise in oil prices on the wages of workers in the unorganized sector of a developing economy. The model economy is comprised of two non‐traded transport sectors, formal and informal, along with other sectors. The main results that we obtain are as follows. The informal transport sector contracts when fuel price rises and lowers the real income of the informal workers. The per‐unit return to land rises, and the factor readjustments even raise the output of other sectors in the economy. We also show why inclusion of non‐passenger transport services does not alter the main outcomes of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines optimal monetary policy in a two‐country model with staggered nominal prices and wages. We show that given home nominal wage stickiness, changes in the degree of foreign nominal wage stickiness substantially impact the worldwide welfare losses and gains from commitment policy. Specifically, the welfare gains from a commitment policy are greatest when nominal wages in both countries are perfectly flexible. However, when nominal wages in the foreign country are stickier, the gains from commitment decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the choice of a firm's delegate (either the owner or the manager) bargaining wages and employment with a union under a unionised duopoly. We show that if an owner delegates the task of bargaining to a manager, the owner always compensates the manager for profits by penalising sales, regardless of whether the rival owner delegates or not. Moreover, we show that an owner's decision to delegate the task of bargaining to a manager depends on the incremental benefit of delegating and the cost of hiring a manager. The asymmetric outcome (wherein one owner delegates but the other does not) can occur if there is a sufficiently large disparity of hiring costs between the owners. Finally, we show that the union in an owner-managed firm always earns more than the union in a managerial firm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]