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The article aims to present a theoretical framework for constructive citizenship beyond Europe by drawing on several developments in citizenship in the European Union. The author discusses the failures and inadequacies of the nationality model of European citizenship while identifying the problems that should be addressed by an alternative citizenship paradigm. She presents seven propositions on which European constructive citizenship can be based. She proposes that the theory of constructive citizenship should focus on the issue of social membership and must be accompanied by social justice.

Focuses on the publication of privacy-invasive material. Concept of privacy; Freedom of information law; Data protection law; Complexity of societal norms; Bifurcation between public law and private law; Problem of atomism.

Assesses the future of the local contracting state in Great Britain. Boundaries between private and public law; Quality of the multi-party relationships involved in service provision; Definition of responsive law, reflexive law and responsive governance; Distinction between the concepts of law and governance.

The article provides an overview of the Children Act 1989 in Great Britain. This Act contains major changes of direction and emphasis for various people involved in children's welfare. It has become the law about children, except for educational legislation and the one that concerns with juvenile delinquency and employment. Several principles form the basis of this law including the integration of private and public law, the balance of parents' and children's rights, principle of non-intervention and partnership with families.

Advocates of mediation and arbitration claim their superiority to adjudication in three areas: reduction of court caseloads and costs; increase in accessibility of justice; and improvement in the quality of justice. Available evidence shows that mediation and arbitration neither lower court costs (though they increase court capacity), nor substantially expand access to justice. By some measures, however, mediation provides fairer outcomes and, in civil cases, higher rates of compliance than does adjudication. Though less effective than often claimed in reducing problems of administering justice, mediation and arbitration--in their distinctive ways--do thus offer modestly effective alternatives to court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions in cases relating to the size and unanimity of juries as an example of the use (and abuse) of social science by the Court in the realm of policy analysis. The four cases reviewed "cast an unflattering light on the U.S. Supreme Court's ability to integrate social science findings into public law." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to suggest why there has been so little Labour material on the subject, and, secondly, to analyze the differences in perspective of the two major parliamentary parties. Compared to the Right, the Left have shown very little interest in the topic of crime and punishment over the last 20 years. The one major document which has appeared is "Crime: A Challenge to Us All." It was the report of a "study group" appointed by Harold Wilson, which included most of the Labour spokesmen on penal policy and legal matters in Parliament.

The article presents information of F. Armand Bland and the 50 years of service of Australian Journal of Public Administration in Australia. Bland is considered as the first academician of the Public administration. He is an excellent debator in the field of governing the Australia's public sector. Rooted on his visions, He has asserted the effective framework in administering the government. Moreover, his utmost and primary concern is the reformation of Australian government. Meanwhile, his publication of AJPA has contributed several information with regards to governing the public.

A distinction is drawn between equity-based penalties, whose primary purpose is to restore fairness, and deterrent-based penalties, whose primary purpose is to prevent deviance. Sports are offered as an example in which deviance is successfully encapsulated by the use of equity-based penalties. Current criminal law is seen as deterrent- based rather than equity-based. Advantages of an equity-based system of justice for criminals, for victims, and for society are outlined. An equity-based system could reconcile the generally incompatible goals of deterrence and rehabilitation. While it might require an imaginative reformation of our criminal justice system, the viability of equity-based justice has already been demonstrated through its use in familial, primitive, and civil proceedings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Randomization techniques entail sound methodological means to assign participants to groups for experimental purposes. However, prior to applying this technique to criminal justice research, several ethical and legal issues must be considered. For example, in a legal context, the objectivity afforded by the randomization process may be interpreted as "arbitrary." Similarly, depriving control group participants of the presumed benefits of a newly launched program may be regarded as unethical. It may be possible to adapt the randomization procedure to experimental contingencies. However, caution must then be taken in carrying out the adaptation, as the methodological rigor and hence the interpretability of the results may be affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have established a strong relationship between state policies and have documented the role of state politics in the recruitment of federal judges. This study uses indicators of the political, policy, and socioeconomic characteristics of the American states to explain variance in the severity of sentences rendered in 1970 cases involving violation of the Selective Service Act. The findings reveal that a substantial proportion of the sentencing variation in these cases is associated with the political, policy, and socioeconomic environments of the state in which the case is adjudicated. Consistent with most of the literature on state policy variance, it is found that the socioeconomic environment is a more effective predictor than either state politics or policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides information about the general law relating to privacy in ten countries which are Mexico, Venezuela, Argentina, Brazil, Federal Republic of Germany, Sweden, France, Switzerland, the United States of America and Great Britain. The right of privacy was recognized early in Mexican legislation, more particularly in Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution of the United States of Mexico, adopted on 5 February, 1917. These articles, which were largely inspired by the Constitution of the U.S., were already found in almost exactly the same terms in the earlier Mexican Constitution of 1857. There is no general definition of the right of privacy in Venezuelan law, nor is there any definition of the juridical nature of the rules protecting privacy. The right of privacy is proclaimed in general terms but receives no further elaboration. Argentine law contains no definition of the right to privacy as such, nor any definition of the legal nature of the rules protecting privacy. Brazilian law is influenced by several different legal systems such as Italian, German, French, Portuguese, American and Swiss. The right of privacy is recognized in the U.S., but its definition and application varies among the different states of the Union. Its development is founded on provisions in the American Constitution, the Bill of Rights and the later amendments to the United States' constitution. The subject of a right to privacy has received much less attention among both academic and practicing lawyers in Great Britain, therefore, the general definition of the right of privacy is not found in the British law.

This article describes the various efforts which have been made by penal administrators and research workers to assess the efficiency of different methods of treatment of offenders after conviction. There is growing recognition of the need for such evaluation studies, and some signs of serious research effort in this direction, but as yet little in the way of concrete results. The different kinds of evaluation studies are discussed under six heads: statistical studies based on bare reconviction figures; statistical studies using the follow-up method; .statistical studies of particular types of offence or offender; studies of particular types of disposition; comparative studies of different methods of disposition; experimental research studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two problems arise in adopting a clinical approach to delinquency: the method of studying the personality to reveal causes of delinquency, and the value of an examination only very approximately integrated into a therapeutic process. The contributions of De Greeff, Hesnard and Lagache are outlined and the analysis at different levels of data from clinical interviews is described. Criticism of clinical aetiology focused on delinquents' personalities is discussed, and the main preoccupations of the Lyons School of Criminology, as well as the contribution of certain sociologists to the field, are exposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the German literature to investigate the problems of European integration. The author states that the German study concentrates on the problems which European integration raises only in public and civil law and of economic policy and theory. It was the popular media of communication that articulates attitudes to the political problems of European integration. One literature suggests the need for European union of the basic consensus in favor of integration including the geographical delimitation and institutional form of communities.

The threat of punishment contained in criminal law does not only work through fear, but may also have moral or educative effects. This article analyzes these effects and assesses the scanty evidence regarding their importance; it also includes a discussion of the relevance of psychological theory and research for an evaluation of the deterrent effects of criminal law. Although psychological theory and experiment may give suggestions, concepts, and research methods of interest to the lawyer, there is little which can be of direct application. The questions confronting the lawyer are so specific that they ask for specific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Editorial. Introduces articles in the December 2003 issue of the "European Law Journal". Relations between the European Union (EU) and the member states; Development of European institutions and legal principles; Aspects of human rights.

Nonprofits seek to enhance their reputation for responsible management by joining voluntary regulation mechanisms such as accountability clubs. Because external stakeholders cannot fully observe nonprofits' compliance with club obligations, clubs incorporate mechanisms to monitor compliance and impose sanctions. Yet including monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms increases the cost of club membership for nonprofits. What factors account for the variation in the strength of monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms in voluntary accountability clubs? An analysis of 224 clubs suggests that stringent monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms are more likely in fund-raising-focused clubs, clubs that offer certification (as opposed to only outlining a code of conduct), and clubs with greater longevity. The macro context in which clubs function also shapes their institutional design: clubs in OECD countries and clubs with global membership are less likely to incorporate monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms than clubs in non- OECD countries and single-country clubs, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]