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The article presents information on various governmental or parliamentary publication often referred to as "Grey Papers". Such documents are part of the common currency of conversation. However, in practice it is very difficult to define these terms and one finds that in much of governmental publishing the color of the covers of the document is less significant than the greyness over the meaning attached to the various forms of publication. One believes that one knows the difference between White Papers, Green Papers and their kin, but under close examination they often tend to merge to a uniform grey. A White Paper, indicates the broad lines of legislation the Government intend to introduce and, very often, of executive action that will be taken. A Green paper is a white paper that is not ripe yet. Green Papers announce tentative proposals for discussion.

The content of 'O' and 'A' level papers on modern British and European History set by two GCE Examination Boards was analysed to find out what particular aspects of the past were emphasised and thus to throw light on the experience of history as a subject which was gained by the candidates. These papers, which are taken by the great majority of the candidates, were found to be dominated by political history, up to 77% of the questions being devoted to the affairs of governments and political leaders. Foreign politics was especially important in papers on European history reaching as high as 44% of the questions set and domestic politics was central to papers on British history attaining means in different groups of papers between 40 and 50%. At the end of the article the wisdom of the approach to school history evident in these papers is questioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on options for reforming European governance. White Paper of the European Commission.

It is a great privilege to publish Estela Welldon's remarkable meditation on living and dying, a paper she has worked on over many years. The Estela Welldon Prize will complement our established Rozsika Parker Prize, which, as readers know, focuses on a critical engagement with questions of creativity in clinical or applied analytic work. Please contact Joan Fogel and Sue Hirst, BJP Editorial Boardjoan@fogel.co.ukhirstsuem@gmail.com ESTELA WELLDON PRIZE The I British Journal of Psychotherapy i is delighted to announce the establishment of the Estela Welldon Prize. [Extracted from the article]

Describes the response of American states to federal energy legislation. Discussion of the energy conservation programs that was mandated by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act for the state; Explanation of considerable variation in the extent to which states have been able to absorb federal energy; Determinants of state energy policy.

The article reports England Politics page: white page, ‘Opportunity for All', which sets out Government proposals for schools through to 2030. Topic discussed includes The paper division into four broad chapters such as ‘An excellent teacher for every child'; ‘Delivering high standards of curriculum, behavior and attendance'; ‘Targeted support for every child who needs it'; and ‘A stronger and fairer school system'.

Copyright of Public Administration is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Provides an overview of the research on the implementation of the new public management in developing countries. Purpose of the research; Modes of organizational reform; List of papers published in the research program.

The article lists several books on politics, including "The Canadian Political Tradition: Basic Readings," edited by R.S. Blair and J.T. McLeod, "Social Policy in the 1990s: Agenda for Reform," by Thomas J. Courchene, and "The Decline of Urban Politics: Political Theory and the Crisis of the Local State," M. Gottdiener.

The article lists the books received in Canada including "America: History and Life Part D. Annual, "International Issues in Taxation: The Canadian Perspective" and Leadership in the British Civil Service."

This article presents a list of papers related to political science which were discussed at meetings of American Political Science Association, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management, and the Evaluation Network-Evaluation Research Society. Some of the papers were Regulatory Delay as Political Strategy presented by Richard Barke, Social Movements as Policy Entrepreneurs: The Family Protection Act and Family Impact Analysis by Janet Boles, Cops and the Local State: Policy Perspectives and Perspectives on Police by Harvey Boulay and Stephen Coleman.

The article provides information on policy studies paper from regional political science convention. Various papers are listed in the article on policy studies subjects that were presented at the 1980 annual meetings of the Midwest, New England, Northeastern, Southern, and Western Political Science Associations. Papers are arranged in alphabetical order by association and then by author.

The article focuses on various papers on policy studies subjects that were presented at the 1979 annual meetings of various national associations which have an interest in policy studies matters but which are not political science, public policy or evaluation associations. These include national annual meetings in general science, law practice, economics, decision sciences, psychology, public administration, sociology, statistics, management science, operations research, international studies, public choice and related subjects.

This article presents a list of various papers on policy studies subjects that were presented at the 1979 annual meetings of the Midwest, New England, Southern, Southwestern, and Western Political Science Associations. The papers include "Policy Termination and Policy Modification: The Case of the Capitation Grant Program," by Robert Behn, "Decisional Styles in American Foreign Policy Making: Secretaries of State and Their Belief Systems," by Albert Eldridge and "Affirmative Action and Minority Employment in Michigan Law Enforcement Agencies," by Barbara Green and William Pane.

The article lists various papers on policy studies subjects that were presented at the 1975-76 annual meetings of the Midwest, Northeastern, Southern, Southwestern and Western Political Science Associations. Papers are arranged in alphabetical order by association and then by author. Persons interested in obtaining copies of these papers can generally do so by writing to the authors. The Midwest Political Science Association involved an unusually large number of policy studies papers, partly because of the work of Lou Masotti as the program chairperson, John Gardiner as the coordinator of the section on public law and public policy, Fred Wirt as the coordinator of the section on public policy processes and Donald Van Meter as the coordinator of the section on the politics of policy implementation.

This article presents a list of various papers on policy studies subjects that were presented at the 1978 annual meetings of the Midwest, New England, Northeastern, Southern, Southwestern and Western Political Science Associations. Some of them are: "Response to Judicial Decisions by Public Policy Making," by Lawrence Baum; "The New Equal Protection: A Study in the Link between Political Philosophy and Public Policy," by Bette Evans and "The Use of Social Science Data in the Death Penalty Cases," by Stephen Daniels.

This article lists various papers on policy studies subjects that were presented at the 1974-75 annual meetings of the Midwest, Southern, Northeastern, Southwestern and Western political science associations. The Midwest Political Science Association presented "Problems of Policy Analysis and Evaluation," by Peter Aranson and "The Utility of Policy Analysis," by Duncan MacRae Jr. The Southern Political Science Association presented "Elite Participation in Policy-Making: The Case of Citizens Crime Commissions," by David Brodsky.

The article focuses on the invitation of "Polar" magazine for anthropologists to submit articles and essays regarding issues of state administration and bureaucracies. It explores the important roles of the anthropologists and social scientists in investigating the implications of a bureaucratic administration and its effects of to the state. Moreover, the magazine invites scholars to express their views on how citizens should represent the state and about the functions of states agencies.

The article discusses the interpretation on the concept of "The White Paper on the Nationalized Industries." The Paper declares the governmental policy of the nationalized industries following the investigation into the role of the nationalized industries and the corresponding relationship with government undertaken at the Government's bid. The Paper also provides the Government's response to the recommendation in the report published on November 18, 1976. The discussion includes the drawing of attention towards the important aspects in the Paper, to remark major departures from the last White Paper and to comment upon the probable effectiveness of the new proposal.

This and the next two issues of LegisIative Studies Quarterly will publish a group of articles based on papers presented at the 1988 G. E. Hendricks Symposium on the United States Senate. Held on the campus of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in October 1988, this symposium brought together leading students of the U.S. Congress. Their articles fall into three large categories, and these categories will be used to divide the articles among the three issues (see Appendix). Following this introduction, three historically oriented articles will appear in this issue. The August issue d l contain five articles on the organization and operation of the Senate, and the November issue will present six articles relating to Senate elections. Collectively, these articles constitute an impressive portrait of current research on the Senate. Why is it important to obtain such a portrait? Of what value was our symposium and the papers it produced? What did we hope to accomplish, and did we do it? In this brief introduction to the Hendricks Symposium studies, we address these and related questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Law tradition of a country is associated with its institutional quality. Countries with a French Civil code tradition display a negative link with bureaucratic development, lack of corruption, credibility of governments and others. Results are maintained even after controlling for regional and colonial variables and, in general, appear robust. Countries with a Common Law tradition show a positive relationship with institutional quality, though not as robust when testing a broad range of specifications. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of Scully, Posner and others, that link origin of laws and economic behaviour. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Policy Insight paper places the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the context of good governance. It explores what constitutes Good Governance, from a public administration perspective, and charts the manner in which SDGs and good governance are linked, before suggesting ways in which governments may achieve the aims of the SDGs. It argues none of the other 15 SDGs can be achieved without the coordination and delivery of SDGs 16 and 17. These are at the core of effective public administration and the provision of good governance. Without sufficient numbers of appropriately trained, competent and incorrupt public administrators, working at the local level, none of the other SDGs are widely achievable. We need to recognise, however, important political issues and definitions of good governance are socially constructed and culturally bound; to seek to impose one version on all others risks failure. The paper discusses some of the criteria used by different stakeholders to judge standards of public services. There is a short discussion about how actual and desired levels of performance are set and by whom and to what extent improvement can be measured by a rise or fall in service standards. In other words, whether perceptions of improvement can be objectively measured. The paper draws on cases from the UN's annual public service innovation awards as examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By drawing, among others, on the ideas of the Bakhtin Circle and Judith Butler, this paper explores spatial struggles over the right to free speech at Hyde Park, London, 1861–1962. From the 1860s to the early 20th century, the state gradually constructed a "monologic" discourse about an ideal‐typical "indecent" speaker who would "trespass" on Hyde Park through their "excitable speech" against a legally sanctioned right to give a "public address" in the park. This discourse gave the state some room to evict those it claimed to be transgressing "public address". However, different "heteroglossic coalitions" of regulars ensured that Hyde Park remained not only a "political assembly" to discuss political issues, but also a "social assembly" to exercise free speech on a range of social topics. Indeed, by the 1950s, these coalitions used a nearby road scheme to successfully argue it was the state that was potentially trespassing, or "encroaching", on free speech at Hyde Park. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using microdata from 17 OECD countries, this paper documents a negative cross‐country correlation between gender gaps in market hours and wages. We find that the cross‐country differences in market hours are mostly accounted for by female market hours and the size of the sector that produces close substitutes to home production. We quantify the role played by taxes and family care subsidies on the two gender gaps in a multi‐sector model with home production. Higher taxes and lower subsidies reduce the marketization of home production, leading to lower market hours. The effect is largely on women because both home production and the production of its market substitutes are female‐intensive. The larger fall in female market hours reduces relative female labour supply, contributing to a higher female to male wage ratio. This paper is part of the Economica 100 Series. Economica, the LSE "house journal" is now 100 years old. To commemorate this achievement, we are publishing 100 papers by former students, as well as current and former faculty. Rachel Ngai is an Associate Professor of Economics at the London School of Economics and Political Science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How should the government support small and medium‐sized enterprises amid a pandemic crisis while balancing the trade‐off between short‐run stabilization and long‐run allocative efficiency? We develop a two‐sector equilibrium model featuring small businesses with private information on their likely future success and a screening contract. Businesses in the sector adversely affected by a pandemic can apply for government loans to stay afloat. A pro‐allocation government sets a harsh default sanction to deter entrepreneurs with poorer projects, thereby improving long‐run productivity at the cost of persistent unemployment, whereas a pro‐stabilization government sets a lenient default sanction. Interest rate effective lower bound leads to involuntary unemployment in the other open sector and shifts the optimal default sanction to a lenient stance. The rise in firm markups exerts the opposite effect. A high creative destruction wedge polarizes the government's hawkish and dovish stances, and optimal default sanction is more lenient, exacerbating resource misallocation. The model illuminates how credit guarantees might be structured in future crises. This paper is part of the Economica 100 Series. Economica, the LSE "house journal" is now 100 years old. To commemorate this achievement, we are publishing 100 papers by former students, as well as current and former faculty. Charles Goodhart, CBE, FBA was the Norman Sosnow Professor of Banking and Finance at the London School of Economics and Political Science until 2002. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article lists books related to political science which includes "Restructuring and Ontario County: The Oxford Achievement," by Eric Beecroft, "Timing and Income Taxation: The Principles of Income Measurement for Tax Purposes," by B. J. Arnold, and "Implementing Governmental Change," by Charles E. Gilbert.

The article offers information on the 2007 SOG Conference titled "Governance Crisis in Comparative Perspective" to be held in Seoul, Korea, on October 11-12, 2007.

Assemblage theory has made a significant impact on the theoretical landscape of human geography over the past decade, providing the discipline with a "radically constructivist" account of social and cultural life that is no longer anchored to the process of human meaning‐making. Despite this growing popularity, however, geographers have recently voiced concerns about the critical efficacy of contemporary assemblage approaches, which often rely on the application of scientific terms like emergence and complexity to social and cultural processes. This temptation to overemphasise the physics of assemblage is problematic, I argue, because it tends to obfuscate the concept's political significance and leads to accusations of a lack of criticality. In this paper I revisit the philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari with the aim of bringing the political implications of the assemblage concept into sharper focus. While more commonly associated with A thousand plateaus, I trace the conceptual genealogy of Deleuze and Guattari's assemblage concept through to their earlier collaboration Anti‐Oedipus, where the two philosophers develop a novel framework for political theory based on a radically constructivist model of desire. In doing so, I show how Deleuze and Guattari's political commitment to re‐think desire in machinic terms is what makes assemblage theory both a critique of capitalist subjectivity and a provocation to think the conditions of social and cultural life beyond the human. While the concept of assemblage has made a significant impact on recent debates in human geography, questions remain regarding the political significance of assemblage thinking. This paper returns to the philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari, tracing the relationship between the concept of assemblage that emerges in A thousand plateaus and the political theory of desire developed in their earlier collaboration Anti‐Oedipus. In doing so, I shed light on the significance of assemblage thinking as a framework for re‐thinking the stakes of radical politics in human geography today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is general agreement that mass political parties emerged during the Jacksonian era, but there is no consensus about their precise origins. Institutional theorists within political science contend that political parties trace their beginnings to elite who nurtured them within the civil service bureaucracy, whereas theorists in political science who rely on microlevel explanations consider that parties developed to solve problems of social choice and collective action. Historians, in contrast, indicate that newspaper patronage in Washington, DC, beginning with Jefferson, was critical for the emergence of federal political parties. This study systematically examines the empirical implications of that assumption and considers both the organizational and political processes that underlie establishment of newspapers in the Capital, contributing to the understanding that newspapers provided a model both for the civil service and for political parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Normative political theorists working in the field of linguistic justice generally believe that participation in democratic life in linguistically diverse societies requires a shared lingua franca (e.g., Patten 2009; Van Parijs 2011). Even when a shared lingua franca is present, however, there is likely to be a variety of ways in which people speak it, due to variations in accent, pitch, register, and lexicon. This paper examines the implications of intra‐linguistic diversity for democracy and political representation. More specifically, by drawing on Andrew Rehfeld's (2010) work and on relevant sociolinguistics research, the paper argues that widespread unconscious linguistic prejudice constitutes a constraint on some citizens' right to run for political office that is incompatible with democratic equality. The argument is illustrated via a number of examples concerning Australian politicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the legendary total solar eclipse of 29 May 1919. Two British teams confirmed the light bending prediction by Albert Einstein: Charles R. Davidson and Andrew C. C. Crommelin in Sobral, Brazil and Arthur S. Eddington and Edwin T. Cottingham on the African island of Príncipe, then part of the Portuguese empire. By jointly analyzing the two astronomical expeditions supported by written and visual sources, I show how, despite extensive scholarship on this famous historical episode and the historiographical emphasis on the plural dimensions of knowledge construction, many human and non‐human actors have been kept in the shadow of the eclipse. I do so by focusing on what I call knowledge from the periphery together with knowledge from below, grounded literally on how localities (sites) affect choices and events, and growing outward to encompass a wide range of participants. I show how the geopolitical status of the two nations where the observational sites were located, and specifically Portugal's condition of colonial power, affected main decisions and events, while highlighting the active role of participants, ranging from experts from the peripheries and those involved in the travels to local elites and anonymous peoples, some of whom contributed to the observation of totality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a study on the efforts made by Iranian government to carry out the Kyoto protocol obligations (reducing pollution by about 54% by 2030). However, the devaluation of the national currency because of sanctions, prohibition of transactions, and a decrease in oil revenues and derivatives has caused problems in achieving this goal. Hence, on 15 November, 2019, Iranian Government decided to increase the fuel price by about 300% to simultaneously reduce environmental pollution and fuel smuggling. The final results show that smuggling is decreased by about 15%. Also, quotas and increased fuel prices caused daily fuel consumption to decrease significantly from 94 to 74 million litres per day. Despite the reduction in fuel consumption, little change is taking place as most pollution is due to diesel and worn‐out vehicles. The increase in fuel prices increases the producer and consumer price index by 1.54% and 2.62%, respectively. Inflation in consumer prices also reaches 15.92%. However, the currency exchange rate and its impact on import products can shift this to 102.15%. Also, because of the shortage of people's income, domestic automakers' weaknesses, high tax cost of imported cars, and sanctions, most people prefer compressed natural gas (CNG) and public transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social contract has long been used to describe the advantages of individual submission to the body politic. Although a considerable focus has been dedicated to the individual affordances of the social contract, less attention has been paid to the factors that condition individuals' willingness to sacrifice for the collective. For scholars of political science, it is useful to understand the social contract's enabling factors, those conditions which motivate constituent support for public policies and influence citizens' willingness to limit individual freedoms in exchange for greater social security and assurances of collective wellbeing. In this paper, it is theorized that citizens lend their trust to public institutions to enable a social contract. Further, it is hypothesized that individuals who exhibit stronger enabling factors are more likely to contribute to a global conceptualization of the social contract that is committed to international climate policy objectives. Toward that end, an exploratory and descriptive analysis of several existing data sets examines the relationship between the enabling factors of public trust and the outcomes of environmental policy to survey the strength of variable associations that condition support for international climate policy commitments necessary to maintaining a contemporary social contract (CSC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies a conjoint experiment to assess the sources of contemporary social status hierarchies in Western Europe. Social status has become a popular concept in political science to explain resentment against economic and cultural transformations. However, we do not know whether cultural sources like race and gender have an independent causal effect on social status perceptions. Furthermore, these characteristics may be more contested between societal subgroups and thus have a weaker stratifying effect than income or occupation. This study employs an innovative conjoint experiment, conducted in Switzerland, to systematically assess the multidimensional sources of status. The design asks respondents to place profiles with randomized criteria and thus captures intersubjective status perceptions. In contrast to evaluating one's own placement on the social status hierarchy, placing others provides more accurate insights about the structural force of social status. The results show that both economic and cultural sources strongly shape social status, with occupation, race/ethnicity and income being most important. Furthermore, different subgroups agree on the hierarchy no matter their own status. This study helps to understand the structural roots of political resentment by showing that both cultural and economic inequalities are recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of research in farm animal welfare governance is noticeable given how political science traditionally describes the agricultural field as politicized, i.e., subject to private and public regulations and governance. This paper shows how this issue is making its way into social and political science by using a scoping review methodology to map and analyze what exists in the research literature on farm animal welfare governance from 2000 to 2021. In evaluating drivers in farm animal governance, the literature points to increasing public concern. This is not necessarily because it changes the public's actions, but rather give legitimacy to actors to drive change in other domains such as research and the market. This review identifies retailers and animal welfare organizations as key actors in private farm animal welfare governance. Public government and political parties are perceived as "slower drivers," thus leaving room for private governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'With so many uses of the words "start" and "deliver", in the patient's speech ... one cannot help but think about the patient's early birth experiences and whether this woman's mother actually wished to "deliver" and permit her daughter to "start" her life' (Brett Kahr). We are delighted to be resuming publication of Clinical Commentaries following the appointment of our new editor for the section, Katya Orrell. The therapist reports "an overwhelming sense of stagnation" in the work, "a sense of monotony and repetition", while for the patient there is "emptiness, coldness and rejection" during any silence. [Extracted from the article]

Jeremy Corbyn MP was elected as leader of the Labour Party in the United Kingdom on 12 September 2015, in a landslide victory. This paper explores the affective nature of the "Corbyn phenomenon" and the myriad reasons behind its emergence. Through adopting a lens that is attentive to the affective dimension of politics, the paper highlights how affect, in its diverse forms, mobilises people into political action. The paper aims to expand affective political thought by developing a new conceptual dimension, that of "hotspots," as a way of considering the affective geographies of political movements. The main hypothesis is that "hotspots" – where political events take place – were integral to the production of affective atmospheres that fuelled the momentum of the Corbyn phenomenon. This argument is made in three parts. First, the paper explores how Corbyn triggered a "tipping point," whereby negative affects – such as anger, frustration and despair – which had accumulated during a post‐political era, erupted and crystallised in support for Corbyn. It then addresses the core contribution of this paper, the role of "hotspots" – where the affective atmospheres of the Corbyn phenomenon were produced, which were characterised by hope, optimism and excitement – in galvanising Corbyn support. It concludes with a discussion of the figure of Jeremy Corbyn, himself, and alludes to how (1) his personality and (2) his politics moulded him into the symbolic leader of the grassroots movement, which maintains a populist logic. The paper thus contributes to ongoing discussions about the role of affect in politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Medication errors pose a significant risk perioperatively. In the perioperative environment, common medication administration processes are not typically performed. Given the common administration of potentially harmful medications and the potential for medication errors, patient risk is substantial. Specifically, intravenous acetaminophen has been used more frequently in the perioperative period which yielded an increase in medication administration errors reported. Aims: This project was initiated by Cincinnati Children's Hospital after an increase in perioperative acetaminophen dosing errors was reported. After mapping the administration process of perioperative acetaminophen, we sought to reduce medication errors by the use of a safety checklist. Acetaminophen was used as a surrogate for other perioperative medications in this quality improvement project. Methods: Use of a failure mode effects analysis assisted the team in understanding the failures of the process of safe medication administration. Subsequently, key drivers of this process were designed to include accurate understanding and documentation of medication history, consistent communication between perioperative caregivers, and an efficient checklist process. A multidisciplinary team conducted a series of tests to modify key drivers. Data were collected by utilizing data from a paper checklist, prior to the electronic medical record change that was prompted by this study. A total of 633 checklists and electronic medical records were analyzed during a 6‐month period; data were analyzed using control charts and statistical process control methods. Results/Analysis: The percentage of compliance with the safe administration checklist for acetaminophen in the preoperative period increased to 97%. Use of the paper checklist likely prompted the appropriate increase in compliance with safe administration. Additionally, provider‐specific feedback produced a significant increase in compliance with the use of the checklist. Conclusion: Application of quality improvement methods, specifically a safety checklist, were utilized to improve the safe administration of acetaminophen during the perioperative period. Increasing reliability of accurate delivery and administration of medication to patients are crucial in optimizing patient safety. Use of a medication safety checklist may be beneficial in reducing potential administration errors, specifically for high‐risk medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to spell out the Commission's present position on the following set of questions: according to which normative criteria can European integration, European governance and the Commission's own roles in the two processes be considered legitimate? Taking the 2001 White Paper on Governance as a reference point, it is argued that the Commission is trapped between two sets of claims to legitimacy: one set of claims coming from the Monnet tradition of thought, where the stress is on unity, efficiency, responsibility and impartiality; and a second set of claims coming from the post-Maastricht critique of the Union, which highlight diversity, clarity and democracy. The result has been that the European Commission entered the recent constitutional debate with a set of proposals that did not do much to strengthen its own position in the Union, or to contribute innovative ideas to the debate, which was meant to deal with the great challenges that lie ahead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verbal derogation is not only a linguistic but also, and perhaps more importantly, a political phenomenon. In this paper, I argue that to do justice to the political relevance of derogatory terms, we must not neglect the social practices and structures in which the use of these terms is embedded. I aim to show that inferentialist semantics is especially helpful to account for this social embeddedness and, consequently, the political relevance of derogatory terms. I am concerned with specifying the linguistic and political aspects of terms that are at the core of derogatory language use. I explain them with the help of Brandomian inferentialism, which tends to be quickly dismissed or ignored in discussions about the meaning of derogatory terms. My inferentialist account is in line with Lynne Tirrell's broader inferentialist framework for understanding derogatory communicative practices. I provide the semantic details of her broader inferentialist view and thereby aim to show that inferentialist semantics is a promising theory which cannot be neglected in further discussion of meaning and politics in derogatory language use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This helps to see why fully identifying the I demos i with the citizenry fails to yield a I demos i properly: in such a framework, there simply is no I demos i ; there is only a I polis i and a citizenry. It should be noted that, while acknowledging conceptualisations of the I polis i in which it cannot be easily dissociated from citizens or the I demos i , I use the word I polis i throughout this paper merely as a convenient terminological opposition to I demos i , indicating state institutions as opposed to the agents in whose collective name they supposedly operate. Due to the conflation of citizenry and I demos i , it has appeared unproblematic to prioritise the I polis i , since if the I demos i is taken to be identical with the citizenry it is taken to be an institution, in which case it is proper to the I polis i . As the concept of the I demos i is one of the primary concerns of this paper, a more precise definition of the I demos i will become clear below, but as a basic point of departure I take I demos i to be analogous to what Claude Lefort calls "indeterminable" (Lefort, 1986, pp. 257-258). To deny that any I demos i is a political artefact is to depoliticise the I demos i as such; in the final instance, to depoliticise the I demos i is to divest it of what renders it a I demos i . [Extracted from the article]

Scholars and commentators increasingly wonder whether governments' failure to address socio‐economic inequalities is the result of unequal representation. Recent literature on policy responsiveness in the United States and Europe finds evidence that party and parliamentary policy proposals and actual policy outcomes are closer to the preferences of the rich than of the poor. However, the extent and character of such unequal representation remains thinly understood. Among the most thinly understood mechanisms are the political conditions that link socio‐economic inequalities to unequal representation. This paper thickens our understanding of (unequal) representation by investigating the class composition of parliamentary cabinets and its effect on social welfare policy. With the aid of a new dataset on cabinet ministers' social class, the paper shows that responsiveness to the social welfare preferences of poorer voters varies by cabinet ministers' professional backgrounds, above and beyond the partisan orientation of the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]