Search

Tablet‐based technology has become a conduit for the administration of curriculum‐based measurement (CBM) tools. Using tablets to administer CBM probes has many advantages; however, little is known about how students perform on CBMs when administered via a tablet. The current investigation compared digits correct per minute obtained from 44 third‐grade students on CBM addition fluency probes administered via three different modalities. Students completed the probes using traditional paper and pencil, a tablet using their fingers to write the answer, or a tablet application using a keyboard to type the answer. A within‐subjects group design showed students performed significantly better on the tablet when using their finger to write the answer, even though most students (58%) indicated this was their least preferred modality. The discussion focuses on the implications for educators and the use of different CBM modalities for interindividual and intraindividual comparisons. Practitioner points: Third‐grade students responded to math facts faster when writing with their fingers on an iPad, even compared to paper and pencil.The results are inconsistent with other studies that found students were faster when using paper and pencil.Finally, most third‐grade students preferred answering addition facts with a pencil on paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a commentary on the modal supervenience argument against coincident entities. The author renders his views on coincidentalism and its relation to modality. According to the author, coincident entities can be consistent in maintaining the supervenience of the non-modal and modal entities through the non-existing monadic modal properties.

The aim of this paper is to relate the debate about the status of S4 and S5 as modal logics for metaphysical modality to the debate about the identity of propositions. The necessary truth of the characteristic axioms of S4 and S5 (when interpreted in terms of metaphysical modality) is derived from a view about the identity of propositions, the view that necessarily equivalent propositions are identical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his recent book Thin Objects, Øystein Linnebo (2018) argues for the existence of a hierarchy of abstract objects, sufficient to model ZFC, via a novel and highly interesting argument that relies on a process called dynamic abstraction. This paper presents a way for a nominalist, someone opposed to the existence of abstract objects, to avoid Linnebo's conclusion by rejecting his claim that certain abstraction principles are sufficient for reference (RBA). Section 1 of the paper explains Linnebo's argument for RBA. It offers a reading of Linnebo's work upon which he has two arguments for RBA: one deductive and one abductive, and argues that whilst the deductive argument is unsound the abductive one is prima facie plausible. The nominalist must therefore find a way to respond to the abductive argument. Section 2 outlines just such a response, by offering an alternative explanation of the cases Linnebo wishes to argue from. Most interestingly, it shows that abstraction in Linnebo's most difficult case (the "reference to ordinary bodies" case) can be achieved using mereological means, rather than relying on RBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of Heinrich Hertz's The Principles of Mechanics on Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico‐Philosophicus has been studied for decades, but it has never become a mainstream topic in the Wittgensteinian literature. This paper focusses on Tractarian notions of objects, elementary facts and elementary sentences and discusses their similarities with Hertz's concepts of mass, its constituents and their mechanistic images. As the paper demonstrates, the Hertzian context provides some fruitful interpretational leads concerning several controversial ideas endorsed by early Wittgenstein, namely propositional analysis, logical independence of elementary facts, logical independence of elementary sentences, and modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of Heinrich Hertz's The Principles of Mechanics on Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico‐Philosophicus has been studied for decades, but it has never become a mainstream topic in the Wittgensteinian literature. This paper focusses on Tractarian notions of objects, elementary facts and elementary sentences and discusses their similarities with Hertz's concepts of mass, its constituents and their mechanistic images. As the paper demonstrates, the Hertzian context provides some fruitful interpretational leads concerning several controversial ideas endorsed by early Wittgenstein, namely propositional analysis, logical independence of elementary facts, logical independence of elementary sentences, and modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some tools introduced by Linnebo to show that mathematical entities are thin objects can also be applied to non‐mathematical entities, which have been thought to be thin as well for a variety of reasons. In this paper, I discuss some difficulties and opportunities concerning the application of abstraction and interpretational modalities to mereological sums. In particular, I show that on one hand some prima facie attractive candidates for the role of an explanatory plural abstraction principle for mereological sums (in terms of pluralities of summed entities) are not really explanatory; on the other hand, singular abstraction principles (in terms of single summed entities) are materially inadequate. Nonetheless, explanatory criteria of identity and conditions of existence for mereological sums are provided by classical extensional mereology independent of abstraction principles. Thus, given classical extensional mereology, the reasons why, according to Linnebo, mathematical abstracted entities are thin also hold for mereological sums. Finally, I contend that interpretational modalities can be used to characterise the process by which a subject adds sums of previously admitted entities to the domain of quantification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semantic action recognition aims to classify actions based on the associated semantics, which can be applied in video captioning and human‐machine interaction. In this paper the problem is addressed by jointly learning multiple pose lexicons based on multiple body parts. Specifically, multiple visual pose models are learnt, and one visual pose model is associated with one body part, which characterises the likelihood of an observed video frame being generated from hidden visual poses. Moreover, multiple pose lexicon models are simultaneously learnt along with visual pose models. One pose lexicon model is associated with one body part that establishes a probabilistic mapping between the hidden visual poses and semantic poses parsed from textual instructions. To capture the temporal relations among body parts, a transition model is also learnt to measure the probability of the alignment transitioned from one position to another position. The body part‐based pose lexicon learning provides a novel method of cross‐modality semantic correlation, which can be applied in other spatial and temporal data. Action classification is finally formulated as the problem of finding the maximum posterior probability that a given multiple sequences of visual frames follow multiple sequences of semantic poses, subject to the most likely visual pose sequences and alignment sequences. Experiments were conducted on five action datasets to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the recent rise of the use of alternative medicine in Western countries, and it offers a novel explanation of that phenomenon in terms of cognitive and economic factors related to the free‐market and patient‐centric approach to medicine that is currently in place in those countries, in contrast to some alternative explanations of this phenomenon. Moreover, the paper addresses this troubling trend in terms of the serious harms associated with the use of alternative medical modalities. The explanatory theory defended here is then predicated on the idea that serious and avoidable harms predictably result from an extreme patient‐centric model of medical practice that treats largely ignorant patients as consumers of medical products and services, when they are endowed with an essentially unrestricted power of freedom to choose treatments. Some important moral and epistemological consequences of this model are then articulated, and corrective measures are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the publication of Kit Fine's "Essence and Modality", there has been lively debate over how best to think of essence in relation to necessity. The present aim is to draw attention to a definition of essence in terms of modality that has not been given sufficient attention. This neglect is perhaps unsurprising, since it is not a proposal made in response to Fine's 1994 paper and ensuing discussion, but harks back to Ruth Barcan Marcus's earlier work in the 1960s and 1970s on essentialist claims. At the core of Barcan Marcus's account is Minimal Essentialism, of which there are several extensions, in particular, for cases of referential predicates (such as "x is identical to Socrates"), Individuating Essentialism, and Aristotelian Essentialism. I argue that Minimal Essentialism fares favourably against a host of familiar examples. I close with some historical observations, that the distinction between essence and necessity was already commonplace in the early days of quantified modal logic and its philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many sexually selected traits exhibit phenotypic plasticity. Despite a growing appreciation for the ecological context in which sexual selection occurs, and for the role of plasticity in shaping traits associated with local adaptation and divergence, there is an important gap in knowledge about the onset and duration of plasticity in sexual trait expression. Integrating this temporal dimension of plasticity into models of sexual selection informs our understanding of the information conveyed by sexual traits and our predictions related to trait evolution, and is critical in this time of unprecedented and rapid environmental change. We conducted a systematic review of 869 studies to ask how trait modalities (e.g., visual and chemical) relate to the onset and duration of plasticity in vertebrate sexual signals. We show that this literature is dominated by studies of coloration in birds and fish, and most studies take place during the breeding season. Where possible, we integrate results across studies to link physiology of specific trait modalities with the life stage (e.g., juvenile, breeding, or nonbreeding) during which plasticity occurs in well‐studied traits. Limitations of our review included a lack of replication in our dataset, which precluded formal analysis. We argue that the timing of trait plasticity, in addition to environmental context, is critical for determining whether and how various communication signals are associated with ecological context, because plasticity may be ongoing or occur at only one point in an individual's lifetime, and determining a fixed trajectory of trait expression. We advocate for careful consideration of the onset and duration of plasticity when analyzing how environmental variation affects sexual trait expression and associated evolutionary outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Analytical Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The variety of weak Heyting algebras was introduced in 2005 by Celani and Jansana. This corresponds to the strict implication fragment of the normal modal logic K$K$ which is also known as the subintuitionistic local consequence of the class of all Kripke models. Subresiduated lattices are a generalization of Heyting algebras and particular cases of weak Heyting algebras. They were introduced during the 1970s by Epstein and Horn as an algebraic counterpart of some logics with strong implication previously studied by Lewy and Hacking. In this paper we study the class of implicative‐infimum subreducts of weak Heyting algebras. In particular, we prove that this class is a variety by giving an equational base for it. We also present a topological duality for the algebraic category whose objects are the implicative‐infimum subreducts of subresiduated lattices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multimodal data arise in various applications where information about the same phenomenon is acquired from multiple sensors and across different imaging modalities. Learning from multimodal data is of great interest in machine learning and statistics research as this offers the possibility of capturing complementary information among modalities. Multimodal modeling helps to explain the interdependence between heterogeneous data sources, discovers new insights that may not be available from a single modality, and improves decision‐making. Recently, coupled matrix–tensor factorization has been introduced for multimodal data fusion to jointly estimate latent factors and identify complex interdependence among the latent factors. However, most of the prior work on coupled matrix–tensor factors focuses on unsupervised learning and there is little work on supervised learning using the jointly estimated latent factors. This paper considers the multimodal tensor data classification problem. A coupled support tensor machine (C‐STM) built upon the latent factors jointly estimated from the advanced coupled matrix–tensor factorization is proposed. C‐STM combines individual and shared latent factors with multiple kernels and estimates a maximal‐margin classifier for coupled matrix–tensor data. The classification risk of C‐STM is shown to converge to the optimal Bayes risk, making it a statistically consistent rule. C‐STM is validated through simulation studies as well as a simultaneous analysis on electroencephalography with functional magnetic resonance imaging data. The empirical evidence shows that C‐STM can utilize information from multiple sources and provide a better classification performance than traditional single‐mode classifiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a new semantic challenge to the moral error theory. Its first component calls upon moral error theorists to deliver a deontic semantics that is consistent with the error‐theoretic denial of moral truths by returning the truth‐value false to all moral deontic sentences. We call this the 'consistency challenge' to the moral error theory. Its second component demands that error theorists explain in which way moral deontic assertions can be seen to differ in meaning despite necessarily sharing the same intension. We call this the 'triviality challenge' to the moral error theory. Error theorists can either meet the consistency challenge or the triviality challenge, we argue, but are hard pressed to meet both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of a critical successor [5] in relational semantics has been central to most classic modal completeness proofs in interpretability logics. In this paper we shall work with a more general notion, that of an assuring successor. This will enable more concisely formulated completeness proofs, both with respect to ordinary and generalised Veltman semantics. Due to their interesting theoretical properties, we will devote some space to the study of a particular kind of assuring labels, the so‐called full labels and maximal labels. After a general treatment of assuringness, we shall apply it to obtain a completeness result for the modal logic ILP$\mathsf {ILP}$ w.r.t. generalised semantics for a restricted class of frames. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formalization of rough sets is a key issue in rough set theory. When rough sets are formalized by propositional logic, predicate logic, or modal propositional logic, it easily suffers from some problems. For instance, an incomplete system is obtained. The concepts of "precise" or "rough" of rough sets cannot be described. To tackle these issues, a new noncontingency axiomatic system is proposed for formalizing rough sets in this paper. First, a new concise accessibility relation is defined for the axiomatic system; then, two simpler axiom schemas of the axiomatic system are designed to replace the axiom schema K. This is helpful to prove the soundness and completeness theorems for the axiomatic system. Finally, rough sets can be perfectly formalized by our proposed axiomatic system. Theoretical analysis proves that a complete formal system is achieved. In addition, the concepts of "precise" or "rough" of rough sets can be described without the help of semantics functions of metalanguage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supervaluationism is a well known theory of vagueness. Subvaluationism is a less well known theory of vagueness. But these theories cannot be taken apart, for they are in a relation of duality that can be made precise. This paper provides an introduction to the subvaluationist theory of vagueness in connection to its dual, supervaluationism. A survey on the supervaluationist theory can be found in the Compass paper of Keefe (2008); our presentation of the theory in this paper will be short to get rapidly into the logical issues. This paper is relatively self-contained. A modest background on propositional modal logic is, though not strictly necessary, advisable. The reader might find useful the Compass papers Kracht (2011) and Negri (2011) (though these papers cover issues of more complexity than what is demanded to follow this paper). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As images are attractive and contained in plenty of posts, some studies show that combining multimodal information helps to represent posts effectively, while these approaches (1) simply concatenated unimodal features without considering inter-modality relations, which failed to improve the prediction performance and generalization ability; (2) lacked careful consideration of the social network data composition structure, assuming that social network data was composed of image-text pairs, cannot process the data composed of multi-images, and cannot operate when one of the modalities is missing. To address these issues, a novel framework named multitask multimodal rumor detection framework (MMRDF) is proposed, comprising three sub-networks, which is available to generate joint multimodal representation through merging different levels of features in multi-modalities and can deal with all types of tweets (pure text, pure image, image-text pair and text with multi-images) flexibly. Since the framework does not take the data that causes extra time delay as inputs, such as propagation structures and response content, it can be applied as soon as the tweets are posted up and decrease the time delays of rumor debunking. Experiments on two real-world datasets demonstrate the framework significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art by the accuracy of 6.5% and 7.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sartre emphasizes how group I praxis i reinforces individual I praxis i : the conditions that were previously lived as an untranscendable destiny become objects that can be instrumentalized and surpassed in a new totalization. Sartre's forceful response in the I Critique i refers back to I need i , as the originary impetus for totalizing I praxis i (Sartre, 2004, p. 190). This paper argues that Sartre's analysis of the complex dialectic between I praxis i and matter is the crucial starting point for renewing our conception of depoliticization. The phenomenon of depoliticization has been a central cause of concern within contemporary political philosophy (Lefort, 1986, 1988; Marchart, 2007; Mouffe, 2006, 2009; Rancière, 2006; Schmitt, 2007). [Extracted from the article]

In this paper we use data from Michigan and Washington on COVID case rates at the county level linked to information on the instructional modality offered by local public school districts during the 2020/2021 school year to assess the relationship between modality and COVID spread. We focus primarily on COVID case rates, but also provide estimates for hospitalizations (in Washington only) and deaths. District and month fixed effects models that exploit within‐district (over time) variation in instructional modality and account for time‐invariant district factors show that, in both states, in‐person/hybrid schooling relative to remote instruction can lead to increases in COVID spread in communities with moderate to high levels of preexisting COVID cases. Event study estimates show sharp increases in Michigan case rates after a district opens for in‐person or hybrid schooling, but these largely fade out over two months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Philosophers of science have recently taken care to highlight different modeling practices where scientific models primarily contribute modal information, in the form of for example possibility claims, how‐possibly explanations, or counterfactual conditionals. While examples abound, comparatively little attention is being paid to the question of under what conditions, and in virtue of what, models can perform this epistemic function. In this paper, we firstly delineate modal modeling from other modeling practices, and secondly review attempts to spell out and explain the epistemic success conditions of modal modeling. The aim is to more clearly expose the respective justificatory strategies of these accounts, and secondly, to identify lacunae where further work is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an earlier paper by the author, Åqvist (1999), I presented an approach to the logic of historical necessity, or inevitability, in the sense of a 'two-dimensional' combination of tense and modal logic for worlds, or histories, with the same time order, known as T × W logic. Distinctive features of that approach were, apart from its two-dimensionality, its being based on discrete and finite time, and its use of so-called systematic frame constants in order to enable us to indicate longitudes ( x-values) and latitudes ( y-values) of any points in the co-ordinate systems under consideration. This led us to study and axiomatize an infinite hierarchy HTW xy of two-dimensional modal tense logics with the characteristic operators for historical necessity and possibility added to the original basic vocabulary. The main purpose of the present paper is then twofold: (A) to extend the logics HTW xy to the interesting branch of philosophical logic constituted by deontic logic as combined with tense (or temporal) logic; and (B) to deal with a curious puzzle known as the so-called epistemic obligation paradox - a well known stumbling-block in this area of research in philosophical logic. We argue for a solution to both these problems, which appeals to a new infinite hierarchy DHTW xym of extensions of the HTW xy in the sense of logics combining dyadic deontic modalities with temporal ones such as those for historical necessity and other two-dimensional modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let α be an arbitrary infinite ordinal, and 2

My aim in this paper is to assess the viability of a perceptual epistemology based on what Anil Gupta calls the "hypothetical given". On this account, experience alone yields no unconditional entitlement to perceptual beliefs. Experience functions instead to establish relations of rational support between what Gupta calls "views" and perceptual beliefs. I argue that the hypothetical given is a genuine alternative to the prevailing theories of perceptual justification but that the account faces a dilemma: on a natural assumption about the epistemic significance of support relations, any perceptual epistemology based on the hypothetical given results in either rationalism or skepticism. I conclude by examining the prospects for avoiding the dilemma. One option is to combine the hypothetical given with a form of holism. Another is to combine the view with a form of hinge epistemology. But neither offers a simple fix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a modal epistemology that centers on inference to the best explanation (i.e. abduction). In introducing this abduction-centered modal epistemology, the paper has two main goals. First, it seeks to provide reasons for pursuing an abduction-centered modal epistemology by showing that this epistemology aids a popular stance on the mind-body problem and allows an appealing approach to modality. Second, the paper seeks to show that an abduction-centered modal epistemology can work by showing that abduction can establish claims about necessity/possibility (i.e. modal claims)-where 'necessity' and 'possibility' denote metaphysical necessity and possibility, ways things may or may not have been given how they actually are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This guide accompanies the following articles: Sonia Roca-Royes, 'Essentialism vis-à-vis Possibilia, Modal Logic, and Necessitism.' Philosophy Compass 6/1 (2011): 54-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-9991.2010.00363.x. Sonia Roca-Royes, 'Essential Properties and Individual Essences.' Philosophy Compass 6/1 (2011): 65-77. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-9991.2010.00364.x. Author's Introduction Intuitively, George Clooney could lose a finger and he would still be him. Also intuitively, he could not lose his humanity without ceasing to be altogether. So while he could have one less finger, he could not be other than human. These intuitions suggest that there are two kinds of properties: on the one hand, there are essential properties and, on the other, there are accidental properties. Essentialism is the view that captures those intuitions and claims that some of an object's properties are essential and some are accidental. Essential properties are often appealed to in metaphysical arguments. Consider the famous Goliath-Lumpl example. Goliath is a clay-statue, and Lumpl is the piece of clay from which Goliath is made. Are Goliath and Lumpl the same entity, or are they distinct, despite coinciding in the same spatial region (at least for a period of time)? An argument in favour of their distinctness appeals to essential properties. Let s be Goliath's shape. Lumpl's current shape is therefore also s. It seems that Lumpl could lose its current shape and still exist. Yet, if Goliath - the statue - were melted, for instance, it would cease to exist. Behind this reasoning is the belief that having shape s is essential to Goliath but not to Lumpl. Goliath and Lumpl can therefore be distinguished by their essential properties. Consequently, and by Leibniz's Indiscernibility of Identicals- according to which identicals cannot be distinguished - Goliath and Lumpl are distinct objects. The essentialist intuition appealed to in this argument is that shapes are essential to statues but not to pieces of clay. Of course, this particular argument - like any other - can be resisted. It is all the same a good illustration of how essentialism is put to work in metaphysics. A good understanding of the broad phenomenon of essentialism is therefore an unavoidable task, since the credit of a lot of metaphysical arguments partially depends on it. Although the topic has been studied for millenniums, the two papers that this guide accompanies are focused on contemporary issues in essentialism, and so will do this guide too. Author Recommends Fine, Kit. 'Essence and Modality.' Philosophical Perspectives 8 (1994): 1-16. One of the most cited and influential papers against the modal account of the notion of essence and in favour of what has subsequently been referred to in the literature as 'the Finean account of the notion of essence'. Forbes, Graeme. The Metaphysics of Modality. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985. A foundational work in modality and essentialism. The first two chapters provide a valuable introduction to propositional and first order modal logic. Chapters 5-8 constitute a comprehensive essentialist theory and contain some of the most cited arguments for individual essences. Kripke, Saul. Naming and Necessity, Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1972/1980. Another foundational work. With this book - which is, among other things, a defence of a Direct Theory of Reference - Kripke rescues, after Quine's powerful attacks against it, and using the semantic rigidity of proper names, (Aristotelian) essentialism. Mackie, Penelope. How Things Might Have Been: Individuals, Kinds and Essential Properties. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006. An extremely valuable recent contribution to the field. Here, Mackie defends that, although essentialism is a real phenomenon, there are much fewer essential properties than is standardly believed, and labels this view 'Minimalist Essentialism'. Beyond the intrinsic interest of the defence of Minimalist Essentialism, the book is also highly recommended for its clear reconstructions - and discussions - of some of the most influential essentialist arguments. In addition, the book's bibliography is very comprehensive and updated, and it might be a useful resource for students. Plantinga, Alvin. The Nature of Necessity. Oxford: OUP, 1974. Yet another foundational work. Here, Plantinga offers his essentialist theory which, like Forbes', also incorporates individual essences although of a very different sort from Forbes'. Plantinga believes in purely non-qualitative individual essences, whereas Forbes' aims at purely qualitative ones. The book is also excellent to provide a solid background to those unfamiliar with the topic. Roca-Royes. 'Essentialism vis-à-vis Possibilia, Modal Logic and Necessitism.' Philosophy Compass, 6/1 (2011): 54-64, doi: 10.1111/j.1747-9991.2010.00363.x. This is one of the two papers this guide accompanies. It contains a comparative examination of two opposed responses to the problem of possibilia. One solution crucially appeals to individual essences and another - compatible with them, but not dependent on them - makes existence a necessary-whenever-possible property. Salmon, Nathan. Reference and Essence. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1981. Against what Kripke's Naming and Necessity might have induced us to believe, Salmon's Reference and Essence argues that essentialism cannot be derived from the Direct Theory of Reference. Our commitments to essentialism should therefore come from somewhere else. It also contains one of the most cited and influential arguments against the transitivity of the accessibility relation between worlds, which relies on flexible essential properties. Online Materials The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy publishes extremely valuable entries on a vast variety of topics which are conveniently updated and revised. On essentialism, the following are to be highlighted: Teresa Robertson, 'Essential vs. Accidental Properties': <> Takashi Yagisawa, 'Possible Objects': <> Penelope Mackie, 'Transworld Identity': <> PhilPapers is an interactive directory of online philosophical publications to which one can subscribe, and which allows authors to submit their latest work. One might find it useful to check this on a regular basis, since contents are constantly updated. The following link is to the site's resources on essentialism: <>. Sample Syllabus Because the phenomenon of essentialism is very broad, one can design an entire course on it, thereby having enough time to see some of the issues in considerable depth. The sample syllabus suggested here is of one such course, focusing exclusively on contemporary issues in essentialism. Less deeply, the topic of essentialism can also be introduced in a general course on metaphysics or on modality. To this effect, focusing on some of the topics suggested in weeks 1-6 below would perhaps be more appropriate than focusing on the more complex issues suggested for weeks 7-10. Week 1. Introduction to Essentialism. Two Notions of Essential Property: The Modal Account and the Finean Account Fine, Kit. 'Essence and Modality.' Philosophical Perspectives 8 (1994): 1-16. Robertson, Teresa. 'Essential vs. Accidental Properties.' Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosphy (Fall 2008 Edition). Ed. Edward N. Zalta. URL: <>. Roca-Royes, Sonia. 'Essential Properties and Individual Essences.' Philosophy Compass, 6/1 (2011): 65-77. Sections 1-2. Week 2. Essentialist Principles, I: Three Arguments for the Essentiality of Origin Kripke, Saul. Naming and Necessity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1972/1980. Lecture III. Mackie, Penelope. 'Identity, Time and Necessity.' Proceedings for the Aristotelian Society 98 (1998): 59-78. Rohbraugh, Guy and deRosset, Louis. 'A New Route to the Necessity of Origin.' Mind 133 (2004): 705-25. Week 3. Essentialist Principles, II: Essentiality of Kind Brody, Baruch. 'Natural Kinds and Real Essences.' Journal of Philosophy 64 (1967): 431-46. Mackie, Penelope. How Things Might Have Been: Individuals, Kinds and Essential Properties. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006. Chapters 7 and 8. Wiggins, David. Sameness and Substance Renewed. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001. Chapter 3. Week 4. Essentialist Principles, III: Natural Kind Essentialism Kripke, Saul. 'Identity and Necessity.' Identity and Individuation, Ed. M. K. Munitz. New York: New York University Press, 1971. 135-64. Kripke, Saul. Naming and Necessity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1972/1980. Lecture III. Putnam, Hilary. 'The Meaning of 'Meaning'.' Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science 7 (1975): 215-71. Week 5. Sufficient-for-Existence Properties ( and Cross-World Identification Principles) Chisholm, Roderick. 'Identity through Possible Worlds: Some Questions.' Noûs 1.1 (1967): 1-8. Mackie, Penelope. How Things Might Have Been: Individuals, Kinds and Essential Properties. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006. Chapter 3. Salmon, Nathan. Reference and Essence. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1981. Chapter 7. Week 6. Individual Essences Mackie, Penelope. 'Transworld Identity.' The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition). Ed. Edward N. Zalta. URL: <>. Section 4. Roca-Royes, Sonia. 'Essential Properties and Individual Essences.' Philosophy Compass 6/1 (2011): 65-77. Sections 3-4. Week 7. Flexible Essential Properties and S4 Roca-Royes, Sonia. 'Essentialism vis-à-vis Possibilia, Modal Logic, and Necessitism.' Philosophy Compass 6/1 (2011): 54-64. Section 3. Salmon, Nathan. Reference and Essence. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1981. Appendix 1. Week 8. Individual Essences and Possibilia Peacocke, Christopher. 'Principles for Possibilia.' Noûs 36.3 (2002): 486-508. Roca-Royes, Sonia. 'Essentialism vis-à-vis Possibilia, Modal Logic, and Necessitism.' Philosophy Compass 6/1 (2011): 54-64. Section 2. Week 9. Necessitism and Essentialism: A Third Notion of Essential Property Linsky, Bernard and Zalta, Edward. 'In Defense of the Contingently Nonconcrete.' Philosophical Studies 84 (1996): 283-94. Roca-Royes, Sonia. 'Essentialism vis-à-vis Possibilia, Modal Logic, and Necessitism.' Philosophy Compass 6/1 (2011): 54-64. Section 5. Williamson, Timothy. 'Bare Possibilia.' Erkenntnis 48 (1998): 257-73. Week 10. Essentialism and Modal Logic: The Barcan Formula Menzel, Christopher. 'Actualism.' The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2010 Edition). Ed. Edward N. Zalta. URL: <>. Section 2. Roca-Royes, Sonia. 'Essentialism vis-à-vis Possibilia, Modal Logic, and Necessitism.' Philosophy Compass 6/1 (2011): 54-64. Section 4. Focus Questions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many types of medical images must be fused, as single‐modality medical images can only provide limited information due to the imaging principles and the complexity of human organ structures. In this paper, a multimodal medical image fusion method that combines the advantages of nonsubsampling contourlet transform (NSCT) and fuzzy entropy is proposed to provide a basis for clinical diagnosis and improve the accuracy of target recognition and the quality of fused images. An image is initially decomposed into low‐ and high‐frequency subbands through NSCT. The corresponding fusion rules are adopted in accordance with the different characteristics of the low‐ and high‐frequency components. The membership degree of low‐frequency coefficients is calculated. The fuzzy entropy is also computed and subsequently used to guide the fusion of coefficients to preserve image details. High‐frequency components are fused by maximizing the regional energy. The final fused image is obtained by inverse transformation. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves good fusion effect based on the subjective visual effect and objective evaluation criteria. This method can also obtain high average gradient, SD, and edge preservation and effectively retain the details of the fused image. The results of the proposed algorithm can provide effective reference for doctors to assess patient condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hardcore actualism (HA) grounds all modal truths in the concrete constituents of the actual world (see, e.g., Borghini and Williams (2008), Jacobs (2010), Vetter (2015)). I bolster HA, and elucidate the very nature of possibility (and necessity) according to HA, by considering if it can validate S5 modal logic. Interestingly, different considerations pull in different directions on this issue. To resolve the tension, we are forced to think hard about the nature of the hardcore actualist's modal reality and how radically this departs from possible worlds orthodoxy. Once we achieve this departure, the prospects of a hardcore actualist validation of S5 look considerably brighter. This paper thus strengthens hardcore actualism by arguing that it can indeed validate S5–arguably the most popular logic of metaphysical modality–and, in the process, it elucidates the very nature of modality according to this revisionary, but very attractive, modal metaphysics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although a modality effect indicating better learning from an animation with spoken learning guidance than from an animation with written learning guidance has often been found in research on learning from animation, the effect has hardly been investigated for learning from computer simulation. This study examined the interaction effects between the multimedia types of animation and computer simulation, and the presentation modes of written and spoken learning guidance. Based on cognitive load theory and the specific characteristics of the multimedia types it was hypothesized that a modality effect would be replicated in the animation condition and a reverse modality effect would be found in the simulation condition. Results partially supported the hypotheses, indicating that participants learned more from animation when it was accompanied with spoken text, and from a simulation when it was accompanied with written text. However, no effect was found for cognitive load. Based on the results, spoken text is recommended to be used to guide learners in animations assisted learning environments, and written text is recommended to be used to guide learners in simulations assisted learning environments. Practitioner NotesWhat is already known about this topic Animation and computer simulation have been widely used in different learning fields.Modality effect means that students learn more from graphical representations when they are accompanied with spoken text instead of written text.The modality effect has been verified in different learning environments.What this paper adds Examined the interaction effects between the multimedia types of animation and computer simulation, and the presentation modes of written and spoken text in a learning guide.Provided recommendations for designing the leaning guide of animation and simulation based on cognitive load theory.Implications for practice and/or policy Modality effect was verified in animation, and thus, spoken text is more suitable for learning from animation.Reversed modality effect was found in simulation condition, and thus, written text is more suitable for learning from simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modal Security is a proposed necessary condition for undermining defeat. It has been widely discussed of late. The principal is of interest because it seems to entail that influential epistemological arguments, including Evolutionary Debunking Arguments against moral realism and the Benacerraf‐Field Challenge for mathematical realism, are unsound. Modal Security says, roughly, that if evidence undermines (rather than rebuts) one's belief, then one gets reason to doubt the belief's safety or sensitivity. The purpose of this paper is to critically examine Modal Security in detail. We begin by presenting the principle and its motivations as well as the role it plays in the debunking arguments debate. We then develop and discuss what we take to be the strongest objections to the principle, and see what can be said in response. Six such arguments, as well as a worry that epistemic justification requires a "connection" between the beliefs and the facts, are developed, discussed and criticized. The article reveals how the debate surrounding Modal Security interacts with core problems in epistemology—including the generality problem and the distinction between direct and indirect evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross‐modal retrieval aims to do flexible retrieval among different modals, whose main issue is how to measure the semantic similarities among multimodal data. Though many existing methods have been proposed to enable cross‐modal retrieval, they rarely consider the preservation of content information among multimodal data. In this paper, we present a three‐stage cross‐modal retrieval method, named MMCA‐CMR. To reduce the discrepancy among multimodal data, we first attempt to embed multimodal data into a common representation space. We then combine the feature vectors with the content information into the semantic‐aware feature vectors. We finally obtain the feature‐aware and content‐aware projections via multimodal semantic autoencoders. With semantic deep autoencoders, MMCA‐CMR promotes a more reliable cross‐modal retrieval by learning feature vectors from different modalities and content information simultaneously. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is valid in cross‐modal retrieval, which significantly outperforms state‐of‐the‐art on four widely‐used benchmark datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the psychoanalytic school there has been substantial and ongoing debate about the efficacy of teleanalysis. However, as a result of the current COVID‐19 pandemic and the online work with which the Jungian analytic community has now had to engage, this paper initially focuses on analysts' actual experiences of working by teleanalysis. These experiences highlight a range of issues like "Zoom fatigue", "online disinhibition", dissonance, confidentiality, the frame and working with new patients. Alongside these issues, there were ample experiences by analysts of both productive psychotherapy apace with analytic work involving transference and countertransference phenomena, all indicating that a genuine and good enough analytic process can occur with teleanalysis. An overview of the research and literature both prior to the pandemic and as a result of it, confirms the validity of these experiences so long as analysts are cognizant of the specifics of such an online modality. Conclusions to do with the question, "what have we learned?", alongside training, ethics and supervision issues are subsequently discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the cognitive value of the concept of truth? What epistemic difference does the concept of truth make to those who grasp it? This paper employs a new perspective for thinking about the concept of truth and recent debates concerning it, organized around the question of the cognitive value of the concept of truth. The paper aims to defend a substantively correct and dialectically optimal account of the cognitive value of the concept of truth. This perspective is employed in understanding the critical discussion around what Hartry Field (2001 a) has called 'the incorporation model' for extending a deflationary view of truth to foreign sentences. Field's original intentions in discussing the incorporation model were to defend the deflationary view from some counterintuitive consequences concerning the understanding of truth attributions to foreign sentences. However, more recently, philosophers unencumbered by deflationary commitments have taken over the incorporation model for their own inflationary purposes. In particular, and in my terms, these philosophers can be understood as making what I argue is the ultimately too radical suggestion that the cognitive value of the concept of truth is to allow the incorporation not only of the linguistically foreign, but also of the conceptually alien. I clarify this dialectic en route to explaining and arguing for the cognitive inflationary view, according to which the cognitive value of the concept of truth is is to make possible the proprietary kind and quality of knowledge allowed by reflective clarity over the concepts and thoughts that one already has. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of traffic tunnel accidents have been reported in China since the 21th century. However, few studies have been reported to analyze traffic accidents that have occurred in urban road tunnels. This study aims to examine the characteristics of the temporal, spatial, and modality distributions of traffic in Shanghai river crossing tunnels using statistical analysis and comparative analysis. Employing these techniques tunnel accident data obtained from Shanghai center 110 was analyzed to determine temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of traffic accidents in river crossing tunnels in Shanghai. The results of this analysis are discussed and summarized in this paper. Identification of the characteristics of tunnel traffic accidents can provide valuable information for development of effective countermeasures to improve tunnel safety in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a dilemma for both epistemic and non-epistemic versions of conceivability-based accounts of modal knowledge. On the one horn, non-epistemic accounts do not elucidate the essentialist knowledge they would be committed to. On the other, epistemic accounts do not elucidate everyday life de re modal knowledge. In neither case, therefore, do conceivability accounts elucidate de re modal knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a method to test for multimodality of an estimated kernel density of derivative estimates from a nonparametric regression. The test is included in a study of nonparametric growth regressions. The results show that in the estimation of unconditional β-convergence the distribution of the partial effects is multimodal, with one mode in the negative region (primarily OECD economies) and possibly two modes in the positive region (primarily non-OECD economies) of the estimates. The results for conditional β-convergence show that the density is predominantly negative and there is mixed evidence that the distribution is unimodal. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current standards on agent communication languages explain communication by changes in the mental states of agents. It is rather a striking issue that none of the popular agent middleware adheres to this semantics in a formal way. Therefore, this paper tries to close the gap between agent communication theory and practice by implementing a logic that is capable of representing agents' beliefs and intentions. An interesting property of this language, named , is that it is a hybrid of modal and description logics. Due to its description logic foundation, it can also be used as an ontology definition language. Thus, it is well suited for agents working on the semantic web. In this paper, a sound and complete decision algorithm as well as other reasoning services for the logic are presented. Finally, the application of the language in a multi-agent development framework is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the rise of social networking technology as instances of mediated communities. A dialectic between collectivity and place, resulting in the grounding of a shared sense of the past in a particular place, is at the base of all communities. In this sense, community is, by its very definition, inherently ‘mediated’. We reformulate the notion of a ‘virtual community’ to examine the particular modalities of mediation across interactions occurring on Myspace. Data from two separate conversational exchanges are taken from open access Myspace profiles. Drawing on an approach broadly informed by the principles of Discursive Psychology (DP), we examine how identity is constituted within interaction by drawing on symbolic resources. The significance of place and of establishing a delicate relationship between the on-line and off-line accomplishments is underlined. The paper develops the arguments of Benwell & Stokoe (2006) and Dixon & Durrheim (2000) to arrive at an account of ‘place identity’ as the central dynamic in mediated community. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay seeks to explore the extent to which the haka can be seen as an unparalleled source for approaching Māori understandings of the world and their relationship with the Earth. Taking into account the growing interest in the ontological turn and post-humanist phenomenologies, the main focus of this paper is to examine how the haka could be a way of demonstrating Māori ontology. One of the merits of the ontological turn has been to destabilise colonial forms of thinking. After discussing the need for decolonising research related to Indigenous issues, the haka is regarded as a discourse of the earthly human experience in which the meaning of places for Māori plays an important part in the construction of the message. Later, the narrative of the body is re-contextualised in terms of its spatiality. Three interlocked spatial scales of analysis reveal different aspects of the ontological significance of the haka. Beyond its first aim of intimidating enemies, the haka is addressed as a performative experience of the relationship between Māori and the natural environment. Non-human and inanimate things in the surrounding environment are regarded as relatives by Māori, and as with songs and stories, the dance renews the strong bonds of kinship that exist between Māori and the natural world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different versions of the A-theory of time (according to which some instant of time is absolutely, objectively present) are traditionally defined in terms of whether everything is present, or whether there are also past and future things. In this paper I argue that the traditional way of defining A-theories should be abandoned. I focus on the traditional definition of presentism, according to which always, everything is present (§2). First, I argue that there are good reasons to reject all the most plausible interpretations of the predicate 'is present' as it appears in the traditional definition of presentism (§3). It follows that there are also good reasons to reject the most plausible interpretations of the traditional definitions of the other A-theories. I then argue that there is a better way of defining the A-theories, in terms of the question of whether existence has a beginning and an end (§4). Finally, I argue that what goes for the traditional definition of presentism goes for the traditional definition of its modal analogue actualism, according to which necessarily, everything is actual (§5): there are good reasons to reject the traditional definition of actualism in favour of a definition in terms of contingent existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author critiques philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine's views on modal logic. Topics discusses include Quine's argument that a quantified modal logic is impossible, Quine's opinion on the objectionable features of essentialism, distinction between the pure and the applied semantics of a formal system of modal logic and some distinct forms of Quine's criticisms of modal logic.

This paper investigates the relationship between finiteness and clause size, taking Romance varieties with an irrealis subordinator as a case study: che/chi in upper southern Italian dialects (USIDs), cu in Salentino, mi/mu/ma in southern Calabrian, and să in Romanian. The last three of these, but not the first, also replace many uses of the infinitive. On a view of finiteness as the result of anchoring of Tense and Person (Groothuis 2020), these irrealis clauses constitute a different degree of finiteness when selected by a functional verb than when selected by a lexical verb. The question thus arises of whether a reduction in finiteness corresponds to a reduction in clause structure. Tests show that these irrealis subordinators form a non‐homogeneous category. Only USID che/chi and Romanian să can be analysed as regular complementisers. Salentino cu and southern Calabrian mu, in contrast, occupy a v‐related position when selected by aspectuals, a T‐related position when selected by modals, and FinP when selected by lexical verbs. The reduced degree of finiteness thus does not correspond to a reduced clause in all varieties. The conclusion is therefore that the same level of finiteness does not necessarily translate into the same amount of functional structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to one view of alethic modality, alethic modality is deontic modality with respect to thoughts or language. To say that something is necessary is to prescribe norms on how we must think or use language. This view has been argued to have many philosophical advantages over the traditional view that takes alethic modality to describe things in the world. In this article, I argue that the deontic view also enjoys a wide range of empirical support from linguistics and psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last half century, possible worlds have bled into almost every area of philosophy. In the metaphysics of modality, for example, philosophers have used possible worlds almost exclusively to illuminate discourse about metaphysical necessity and possibility. But recently, some have grown dissatisfied with possible worlds. Why are horses necessarily mammals? Because the property of being a horse bears a special relationship to the property of being a mammal, they say. Not because every horse is a mammal in every possible world. Some have recently begun to use properties to develop rivals to possible worlds semantics which may someday compare in formal power and capture the different systems of modal logic. In this paper, I do two things. I first offer a quick primer on possible worlds semantics. Then I discuss three rivals and the work they have left to do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One vexing strand of Spinozism asserts that God's nature is more expansive than traditionally conceived and includes properties like being extended. In this paper, I argue that prominent early moderns embrace metaphysical principles about causation, mental representation, and modality that pressure their advocates towards such an expansive account of God's nature in similar ways. I further argue that the main early modern escape route, captured in notions like 'eminent containment,' fails to adequately relieve the metaphysical pressures towards Spinozism. The upshot is that those sympathetic with these early modern projects must embrace a costlier option if they are to successfully escape the orbit of Spinoza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Possibility is one of the most common modalities in reasoning and argumentation. Various kinds of modal concepts have been identified in philosophical and logical discussion of the metaphysics of modality. We focus here on the concept of clinical possibility. A critical analysis of what is intended as clinical possibility has not yet received sufficient examination, although the concept is extensively used in clinical reasoning. We present arguments to emphasize some desirable features associated with the concept of clinical possibility. We argue that almost all clinical possibilities are potentialities, that is, possibilities that may be actualized by effective, appropriate and feasible interventions. However, in some limited cases, even mere possibilities - which may or may not be actualized, since we do not have the required knowledge - may be involved in clinical reasoning, and we present some examples in this paper. We then introduce some basic views on the nature of possibility showing their validity and limitations when applied to the concept of clinical possibility. Lastly, we conjecture that clinical possibility is a normative modality that can be formalized in a multimodal system with epistemic and deontic logical operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rehabilitating atrophied mandible with two-implant supported denture is a common treatment modality for implant retained removable overdenture in mandible. This paper aims to design a treatment modality where single implant reinforced overdenture is fabricated for a severely atrophied mandibular ridge with early loading protocol. Results of studies have shown that a single implant mandibular overdenture significantly increases the satisfaction and quality of life of patients with edentulism. Midline fracture of the prosthesis is the most common complication related to single implant and two-implant retained mandibular overdentures. To manage such complication, a thin metal mesh is used to reinforce the overdenture and also to make the prostheses lighter and cost effective as compared to conventional cast metal framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of group drawing to promote student‐generated representation is a common instructional strategy as it combines the benefits of using visual representation and collaborative talk. Although the affordances of group drawing have increasingly been emphasized in science education, few studies have investigated how drawing as a visual mode interacts with group discourse as a verbal mode as well as how that interaction facilitates the development of students' collective ideas. Informed by theories in classroom discourse and multimodality, this paper examines the interaction process between a verbal and visual mode of representation as groups of students engaged in collaborative drawing during guided science inquiry lessons. On the basis of the analysis of data from a science class that adopted group drawing, we found and documented a recurring pattern, Plan‐Draw‐Evaluate or PDE pattern, in how the interaction between the verbal and visual modes occurred during collaborative drawing. This PDE pattern consisted of a triad of moves that alternate between the two modes and fulfilled various discursive purposes, such as suggesting, requesting, recording, visualizing, elaborating, agreeing, and rejecting. The PDE pattern provided a basic social structure that facilitated the collaboration and progression of students' ideas. With illustrations of PDE patterns and its variations, we argue that the PDE pattern provides an insight into the dynamic organization of interactions involved in group drawing that takes into consideration the multimodal affordances of verbal and visual modes of representation and the progression of ideas developed through collaborative discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]