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Along with the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics, the toxicity equivalent of luminescent bacteria and the contribution of PAHs to the toxicity were evaluated. Figure 1 GLO:5JI/01nov22:etc5468-fig-0001.jpg PHOTO (COLOR): 1 In this composite image you can see the Three Gorges Dam in the Hubei Province, China, imaged by the Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) aboard the European Space Agency's Sentinel-2A satellite. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the concentrations of 16 types of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which were proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. [Extracted from the article]

With growing concerns over environmental degradation and climate change, the shipping industry is under increasing pressure to reduce its environmental impact. This has led to the development of green port initiatives in the field of maritime transport and logistics, which aim to promote sustainable practices and reduce the environmental footprint of ports and their operations. One of the key strategies for achieving this goal is the use of renewable energy technologies (RETs). This paper summarizes the potentials, challenges, and economic analysis of RETs applications in green ports, emphasizing those that require aquatic environments for operation, including floating photovoltaic systems, offshore wind turbines, and ocean energy. The paper investigates the concept of green ports and explores the feasibility of integrating RETs into these facilities. Also, the potential of the various RETs is presented in terms of technical and economic aspects and installed capacity. Additionally, due to high flexibility in electrical systems and compatibility with maritime transportation, the use of fuel cells in green ports has been discussed as a feasible solution for supplying power to ports (either as the primary or backup source). The findings of this study show that RETs can significantly contribute to achieving sustainable goals in the maritime industry and pave the way for the creation of more efficient and environmentally friendly ports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper proposes a three‐level three port isolated converter (3L3PIC), which can be employed as an intermediate power conversion circuit for connecting different DC bus voltages in a DC microgrid. This topology utilize half bridge multilevel structure to reduce voltage stress across the transformer windings and the semiconductor switches. Conventionally the power transfer between the ports of a 3PIC were attained by traditional phase‐shift modulation (TPM), but this will impose increased current stress and associated losses in the converter at wide change in voltage conversion ratio. To minimize these losses, this paper introduces a 3L3PIC, that is, by employing dual phase‐shift modulation (DPM) in 3PIC. Steady state analysis of 3L3PIC are presented and derived the power transfer equations between the ports. The current equations through each port are determined at different combinations of voltage conversion ratios. Procedure for obtaining optimized phase‐shift values for both TPM and DPM techniques in 3PIC are explained. A comparison between the modulation schemes in 3PIC is performed and found better results for the DPM technique in terms of reduced current stress, reduced circulating power flow, and extended soft switching region. This in turn leads to a reduction in conduction losses and transformer losses in the converter. A hardware prototype of 1.5 kW 3PIC has been implemented and tested. The experimental results obtained validates with the theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to withstand and recover from disruptions is essential for seaport energy systems, and in light of the growing push for decarbonization, incorporating clean energy sources has become increasingly imperative to ensure resilience. This paper proposes a resilience enhancement planning strategy for a seaport multi‐energy system that integrates various energy modalities and sources, including heating, cooling, hydrogen, solar, and wind power. The planning strategy aims to ensure the reliable operation of the system during contingency events, such as power outages, equipment failures, or extreme weather incidents. The proposed optimization model is designed as a mixed‐integer nonlinear programming formulation, in which McCormick inequalities and other linearization techniques are utilized to tackle the model nonlinearities. The model allocates fuel cell electric trucks (FCETs), renewable energy sources, hydrogen refueling stations, and remote control switches such that the system resilience is enhanced while incorporating natural‐gas‐powered combined cooling, heating, and power system to minimize the operation and unserved demand costs. The model considers various factors such as the availability of renewable energy sources, the demand for heating, cooling, electricity, and hydrogen, the operation of remote control switches to help system reconfiguration, the travel behaviour of FCETs, and the power output of FCETs via vehicle‐to‐grid interface. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can significantly improve the resilience of the seaport multi‐energy system and reduce the risk of service disruptions during contingency scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper numerically investigates mixed convective heat transfer in a vented square cavity incorporated with a baffle that is subjected to external non‐Newtonian fluids (NNFs). Adiabatic conditions are imposed on the top and bottom walls, while cold temperature conditions are applied to the right and left solid boundaries. Heated NNF enters the cavity through the inlet and goes out through the outlet at three different locations, and it passes on a vertical baffle fixed at the base placed at different lengths. To examine the impact of the inlet and outlet positions, three different shapes of the outlet port located on the right wall and the inlet port on the left bottom wall were investigated. The impacts of Reynolds number (Re) of 100 ≤ Re ≤ 1000, Richardson number (Ri) of 0.1 ≤ Ri ≤ 3, power law index (n) of 0.6 ≤ n ≤ 1.4, length of baffle (Lb) of 0.2 ≤ Lb ≤ 0.6 and the outlet hole positions (S) of 0≤S≤0.9 $0\le S\le 0.9$ on the thermal and flow distributions in the cavity are taken into consideration in this paper. The results demonstrated that the flow's intensity and heat transfer increase with improvement in the Re and n at any baffle length. When the Ri increased from 0.1 to 3, Nuavg $N{u}_{\mathrm{avg}}$ increased by 23.3% at n=0.6 $n=0.6$, and 13.8% at n=1.2 $n=1.2$. Also, the Ri increment results in the augmentation of the average heat transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In multi‐input and multi‐output (MIMO) wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, the destructive interference between multiple transmitters and receivers brings a serious impact on power transmission efficiency. This paper proposes a voltage control strategy to maximize the transmission efficiency of a MIMO WPT system by controlling the amplitude and phase of the transmitter voltages. However, the complexity of the realistic WPT circuit topology and the uncertainty in the related parameters obstruct the establishment of an accurate closed‐form description of the WPT model to optimize the transmission efficiency of the system. In this paper, a simple multi‐port network model is introduced to simulate a MIMO system to avoid the complex circuit topology and a large number of circuit elements. To determine the parameters of the proposed model, a simple yet efficient methodology, by sequentially changing the excitations of the input ports and sampling the responses at the out ports, is proposed. A voltage control methodology to optimize the transmission efficiency of a MIMO wireless power transfer system is finally developed. To validate the proposed model and voltage control methodology, a three‐input and three‐output WPT prototype is designed and fabricated and used as the experimental platform. The performances of the proposed voltage control methodology are compared to both the experimental ones and those without the proposed voltage control methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The memristor is added to the port‐Hamiltonian systems to improve the disturbance suppression performance in this paper. The concepts of locally fixed‐time stability and locally fixed‐time H∞$H_{\infty }$ control of port‐Hamiltonian systems are presented. From this starting point, two novel memristor‐based locally fixed‐time controllers are designed to suppress the external disturbance of port‐Hamiltonian systems via the interconnection and damping assignment passivity‐based control technique. Comparing with the classical interconnection and damping assignment passivity‐based control methodology without memristor, there are some advantages. First, the settling‐time related to the memristor‐based controllers in stabilizing the same port‐Hamiltonian systems are shorter. Second, the memristor‐based controllers can make the oscillation in the case of the strong periodic disturbance be better suppressed. Theoretical analysis shows that the memristor‐based controller possesses good disturbance rejection performance owing to it can make the system states in a neighbourhood accelerate convergence to the desired equilibrium point. Two illustrative examples show that the theoretical results and the controllers designed in this paper work very well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: For ameliorating the energy pick‐up capability of wireless charging during the movement of automatic vehicles, this paper proposes an input‐parallel output‐series wireless power transfer (WPT) scheme with modular extension and misalignment tolerance. Dual inductor‐capacitor‐capacitor (LCC) and series capacitor compensated WPT channels are included in this scheme. Input ports at the transmitter (Tx) side are in parallel, which shares an identical voltage source, and output ports at the receiver (Rx) side are in series for modular expansion of output capacity. Asymmetrical coupling coils based on the magnetic field distribution optimization of Tx coils are employed in this design for the tolerance performance under Rx misalignments. An output voltage control method at the Tx side is implemented to regulate the output voltage of each channel without communication. The phase and amplitude of each channel's output are actively consistent through the control, thereby improving the WPT efficiency and avoiding channel damage due to excessive output. Finally, a scaled‐down WPT prototype is established, and the performance of the proposed scheme is verified by experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliability, availability, and maintainability (RAM) of quay cranes (QCs) are essential for an effective port operation. This study estimates operational RAM of QCs using the Stochastic Petri Net (SPN) modelling. Asset Performance Assessment (APA) was performed to conduct the study by a SPN model. Based on the operation and maintenance data, probability distributions of Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) and Mean Time to Repair (MTTR) is determined by Goodness of Fit Test of Anderson Darling. Subsequently, these distributions are applied in APA to determine the frequencies of failure/breakdowns, duration of downtimes, availability, and reliability with the assistance of the SPN model and Monte Carlo Simulation. The availability of the analysed QC is 0.97 or 97%. The results of this work are verified by the comparison with historical data. The outcomes of this paper contribute to reliability, availability, maintainability, and risk management of QCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an empirical estimate of the effect that upgrading of roads along the two main transit routes in the East African Community (EAC) had on the total bilateral trade costs facing manufacturing industries. The transit routes are the Northern Corridor and the Central Corridor, which link the capital cities of Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda to the seaports of Mombasa in Kenya and Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. This paper exploits information on the condition of roads along these routes, which is published by government and donor agencies. The reports pertain to road projects that were completed in the period 2004–2010, and indicate that the share of paved roads in good condition along the Corridors doubled between 2003 and 2010. This study estimates that the increase in the quality of transit roads lowered both domestic and cross‐border trade costs, and that the latter effect is larger than the former. The study also finds that the increase in trade volumes due to better transit roads is attributable to industries producing output with above median weight. These industries dominate the EAC manufacturing sector, suggesting that a compositional change in cross‐border trade flows arising from better transit roads is unlikely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the impact of the Commodity Container Assistance Program on containerized agricultural exports from US ports. The program responded to logistical disruptions related to agricultural shipments from the ports of Oakland, Seattle, and Tacoma. Relying on counterfactual event study methods and detailed trade data, we find limited evidence of positive treatment effects after the program implementation. The average post‐event trade effect is 1.0%, leading to limited agricultural export gains of about $18.6 million per month between March and September 2022. These findings suggest that while the program was cost‐effective, it had limited success in facilitating US containerized agricultural exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a compact 5G band N77 bandpass filter (BPF) with multiple zeros is designed based on GaAs integrated passive device (IPD) process. The BPF consists of lumped capacitors and inductors. Hybrid resonator technology which consists of a combination of shunt and series resonant tanks are proposed to produce six transmission zeros in the stopband and significantly improve the filter selectivity. In addition, a series resonator at the output port of the filter was introduced to produce another transmission zero at the upper stopband and further improve the stopband suppression. Meanwhile, to reduce the area and insertion loss of the filter, a stacked inductor is designed by using IPD technology, which can greatly reduce the area and size of the filter. The minimum insertion loss is 1.782 dB. The size of the entire BPF is 1.3 mm × 0.7 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel broadband circularly polarized (CP) electromagnetic band‐gap (EBG) antenna array was proposed in this paper. The antenna's radiating element is utilized by a microstrip‐fed circular patch, radial slot, and three rectangular notches. The proposed antenna elements are fed by feeding network comprised form four hybrid couplers and microstrip lines with appropriate lengths to support desired phase difference at output ports. Radiating patches are sequentially rotated to enhance CP property and form a 4 × 4 array. Finally, the novel scheme of electromagnetic structure (EBG) was inserted among radiating elements to decrease the mutual coupling. Using these structures results in the improvement of antenna bandwidth to cover the entire C‐band. In addition, CP purity is increased at the implicational band. Measured results indicate that the array has an impedance bandwidth of 4 GHz covering the C‐band totally and 3 dB axial‐ratio bandwidth of 2.6 GHz that is between 4.9 and 7.5 GHz (~42%). The antenna array has a peak gain of 8dBi at 6 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on 23 greening measures, this paper systematically compares the greening efforts of the busiest container and cargo ports in the United States (US) and the European Union (EU). We move beyond accounts for general environmental differences between the EU and the US to examine how specific environmental decisions are shaped by the effects of regulatory characteristics in each region. We identify systematic variation in number and type of port greening measures adopted in the two regions. We demonstrate that differences in the number and type of measures adopted reflect the level of policy making with local policy making playing a more important role in the US compared to the EU, thus proposing a pathway through which the form of regulatory approach could influence content and extent of regulation. The EU adopts regulation that is broader in scope while US ports are more likely to address problems affecting local populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a deep neural network (DNN)‐based model to recognize fishing vessels. In Taiwan, the vast majority of small fishing vessels are not equipped with an automatic identification system (AIS). As a consequence, the staff in a fishing port administration become heavily loaded when monitoring and managing the fishing vessels accessing a port. The workload is expected to be eased using this work. For the first time in the literature, a captured fishing vessel image was converted to a 128‐dimensional embedding for recognition purposes. The presented model gave a false positive rate (FPR) as low as 1.13% and an accuracy up to 99.47% at threshold = 0.772379. Finally, all the performance metrics, namely, the true positive rate (TPR), the FPR, precision and accuracy, are actually functions of the threshold which can be specified by users to meet specific requirements. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel low‐cost dual port dual rotor‐field excited flux switching generator (DPDR‐FEFSG) is proposed for low power rooftop wind turbine integrated with DC‐micro‐grids. The proposed DPDR‐FEFSG incorporated inner/outer machine to design a dual rotor structure with dual output port. Due to the existence of field excitation in DPDR‐FEFSG, overall machine cost is reduced and offered excellent flux regulation capabilities. Furthermore, single tooth non‐overlapped armature winding and toroidally wounded field winding significantly shorten end winding that reduces copper losses. Additionally, compared with the existing single‐bus DC‐micro grids system, the proposed DPDR‐FEFSG exhibits two‐port output which makes it feasible for low‐voltage (12–24 V) and high‐voltage (48 V) applications connected to the DC micro‐grids without the requirements of extra power electronics circuitry. The proposed DPDR‐FEFSG is investigated under variable field excitation and variable rotor speed. In order to achieve the desired voltage level at low and high port without frequency variation, AC–DC rectification is employed. Analysis reveals that proposed DPDR‐FEFSG offers dual output port from inner and outer machines. This dual port makes it feasible for wind turbine integrated to multi‐port DC micro‐grids. Due to availability of different voltages at various ports, different load classes are incorporated without the requirements of extra power electronics circuitry and thus reduce overall cost. Finally, a prototype is built and tested to confirm the validity of the proposed concept and finite element analysis (FEA) results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis in real time of space data variability is essential for scientists and space mission controllers. Automated tools designed to extract key descriptors of variability are needed and solutions to adapt such algorithms for on‐board computers are rare. This paper describes the design of an automated system for detecting directional discontinuities of a physical quantity and its implementation in Field‐Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The system is currently adapted for solar wind or terrestrial magnetosheath magnetic field directional discontinuities, that is, sharp changes of the magnetic field directionality. Our detection algorithm uses analysis windows of adjustable width and averaging procedures in order to reduce the effects of random fluctuations. A sliding‐window approach is designed for continuous monitoring and detection of magnetic directional discontinuities. A software implementation of the algorithm was tested using in‐situ magnetic field measurements, and emphasized improvements of performance when using analysis windows of adjustable width. The FPGA implementation of the detection algorithm is built on DILIGENT Nexys 4 DDR featuring a commercial Xilinx Artix‐7 device and is designed to be ported to space qualified infrastructure. The FPGA system was tested with synthetic and laboratory signals, and provides results in very good agreement with the software implementation. The FPGA system provides an efficient real‐time monitoring solution using minimal computational and energy resources, and reducing the main on‐board computer utilization. Key Points: We designed an algorithm to detect directional discontinuities from in‐situ space measurements, suitable for automated applicationA Field‐Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) implementation of the algorithm, designed to be adapted for on‐board operations, is providedTests with laboratory and space measurements of the FPGA and software implementations of the detection algorithm give excellent results [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel dual‐band coupler with arbitrary power division ratios using coupled‐microstrip‐slotlines (CMSLs) is proposed. It consists of only four CMSL sections and occupies a small circuit area due to the centric arrangement of the excitation ports. Different from the microstrip implemented edge‐coupled‐line, the odd and even modes of the CMSL are physically separated, this feature enables the compensation of their phase velocities, facilitates the control of their characteristic impedances, and reduces the design complexity of the dual‐band coupler. Explicit design formula for the proposed coupler is developed. To verify the proposed concept, a dual‐band CMSL coupler with an unequal power division ratio is designed and characterized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper explores the broader setting of urban and economic development that links ports and cities in Europe and aims at enhancing our understanding of the port‐city interface. A relational view is taken for linking local developments and policies with overarching, more remote spheres of influence and impact, which can be considered both beneficial and critical for the port and the city. In order to illustrate the argument, a framework of three issues is applied to discuss the port‐city interface: first, the role of ports as economic engines of their wider region; second, the cruise ship industry as a market segment that re‐connects port and city; third, semi‐political bodies and institutions that play key roles as intermediaries and knowledge brokers. The paper finally discusses the implications of relationality for governing the port‐city interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple‐Input‐Multiple‐Output (MIMO) systems are widely used to enhance the system capacity in wireless communications systems. The complexity and the cost for implementing the multiple radio frequency‐chain (RF‐chain) increases proportional to the number of signal streams. Therefore, so‐called load modulating single‐RF MIMO system is one promising technology in the practical aspects. Load modulating single‐RF MIMO can utilize two‐port network for controlling the load and the desired signal can be generate by loading proper set of impedance. In this paper, the optimization method for choosing the two‐port network impedance solution that is robust to the impedance noise is proposed and the simulations are conducted to verify the robustness. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A complete small‐signal model of dual‐gate HEMT is proposed, considering the parasitic element effects. To extract the intrinsic elements accurately, the parasitic elements are eliminated by using a new method in this paper. It is realized by constructing two simple three‐port matrices and eliminating them with the features of π‐type and T‐type networks. This method is fast and accurate. Dual‐gate HEMTs could be regarded as a cascode connection of two single‐gate HMETs. A dual‐gate HEMT is fabricated on a commercial 0.25 μm GaAs technology to verify the proposed the extraction method. The result shows a good agreement between measured and simulated data over a wide frequency range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a multi‐port DC–DC converter consisting of three input ports and two output ports extendable to three. The converter is designed based on quadratic boost converter, a technique for bidirectional port, an auxiliary source and two output ports with opposite polarities. Designed method of the configuration makes it suitable for multi‐applications with flexible operations. Connection of the converter to a bipolar system is possible due to opposite polarities of output ports. In addition, output voltage can be doubled by series connection between the two out ports and it is introduced as the third output port of the converter. The other advantages of the converter are its appropriate voltage gain, performance in stand‐alone mode with storage port and possibility of boosting voltage with similar voltage gains in different operation modes. To validate feasibility of the converter and investigate coordination of its performance with theory, a prototype is prepared for 120 W output power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the effect of tidal changes on minor flooding in most lagoonal estuaries, often due to a paucity of historical records that predate landscape changes. In this contribution, we recover and apply archival tidal range data to show that the mean tidal range in Miami, Florida, has almost doubled since 1900, from 0.32 to 0.61 m today. A likely cause is the dredging of a ∼15 m deep, 150 m wide harbor entrance channel beginning in the early 20th century, which changed northern Biscayne Bay from a choked inlet system to one with a tidal range close to coastal conditions. To investigate the implications for high‐tide flooding, we develop and validate a tidal‐inference based methodology that leverages estimates of pre‐1900 tidal range to obtain historical tidal predictions and constituents. Next, water level predictions that represent historical and modern water level variations are projected forward in time using different sea level rise scenarios. Results show that the historical increase in tidal range hastened the occurrence of present‐day flooding, and that the total integrated number of days with high‐tide floods in the 2020–2100 period will be approximately O(103) more under present day tides compared to pre‐development conditions. These results suggest that tidal change may be a previously under‐appreciated factor in the increasing prevalence of high‐tide flooding in lagoonal estuaries, and our methods open the door to improving our understanding of other heavily‐altered systems. Plain Language Summary: Tabulations of historical tidal range indicate that tidal range in Miami (Florida) has approximately doubled since the 19th century, from 0.32 to 0.61 m. The likely cause appears to be the construction and dredging of the shipping channel to the Port of Miami, though historical land‐reclamation may also play a role. In this paper, we show that the increase in tidal range significantly exacerbates the number of minor flood events that are occurring throughout the Biscayne Bay region. As sea‐level rise continues, tidal changes will cause high‐tide flood impacts to be felt about a decade earlier than would have occurred under historical tidal conditions. Key Points: Tidal range in the Miami downtown area almost doubled over the past century due to human‐induced bathymetric change and wetland reclamationPre‐1900 tidal predictions are estimated from historical tidal range using a tidal‐constituent inference based methodIncreased tidal range increases the probability of high‐tide flooding and shortens the time to when sea‐level rise will cause chronic flooding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a three‐port DC‐DC converter for photovoltaic (PV)/battery stand‐alone systems. The converter is designed by an effective combination of quadratic boost converter and a bidirectional port with low number of components. The converter performance consists of four operation modes with similar voltage gains, which improve reliability of the converter in comparison with the reviewed converters. Battery‐alone mode is performed in the proposed configuration for the times input power of PV is equal to zero. Main advantages of the converter include its common grounded ports, operation with high voltage gain, current continuous of the input ports, utilizing low number of switch to perform four essential operation modes, and its high‐efficiency performance due to low number of used components. Three switches of the structure enable it to control input power of main source and output voltage with two duty cycles per the modes. This number of switches in a three‐port converter requires simpler driving and control systems in comparison with some of the previous presented three‐port converters. The converter is analyzed, and its main equations are obtained. To validate feasibility of the converter and investigate coordination of its performance with theory, a prototype is prepared for 120 W output power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Researchers are increasingly turning to relational approaches to island geography, with special emphasis being placed on archipelagos and land–sea interactions. Islands nevertheless continue to be associated with isolation, peripherality and/or disconnectedness, and fixed links such as bridges and causeways continue to be regarded as factors that decrease the quality of islandness. This does not, however, take into account the diversity of island spatialities and islands' various positions within centre–periphery relationships. This paper sheds light on the complexity of island and archipelago connectivities by considering the transport infrastructure (bridges, boats, channels, harbours, canals, roadways) and relationships between, within and among the numerous islands of Venice Lagoon, Italy. The paper argues that island communities face diverse sets of challenges, and there is no single connectivity‐enhancing solution that is applicable to all islands. It furthermore argues that instead of seeing fixed links and intense connectivity as reducing a place's islandness, we should see them as altering the way in which a place's islandness is practised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquiring seismic data with multichannel, multiple‐streamer and even multi‐componentsystems at sea provides excellent images of the Earth. However, the cost and complexity of operations prevent their use in busy areas such as ports or in sensitive environments such as lagoons. In the latter cases, mono‐channel Chirp or Boomer systems are the most viable instruments for marine surveys. The lack of multiple offsets prevents the use of standard tools for amplitude‐versus‐offset and velocity analysis, which are necessary for the lithological characterization of rocks, especially for the shallow sediments in offshore engineering. In this paper, we present a few recent techniques that exploit the traveltime and amplitude of multiple reflections to compensate for the offset limitation, including a new algorithm for the joint tomographic inversion of direct arrivals, primaries and multiples. We have developed a cost‐effective workflow for mono‐channel surveys based on a data‐driven, physically consistent philosophy that attempts to approximately extract lithological parameters, such as P velocity, anelastic absorption, acoustic impedance and even density. We applied the proposed workflow to a real field experiment and obtained a semi‐quantitative estimate for shallow sediments that can be used by offshore engineers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane proteins play a critically important role, especially in molecular and cellular transport processes, which makes them the most prevalent drug targets and also to be a good sensing element for biosensing applications. However, the skill‐dependent and manual fashion to form bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) has limited their use for application purposes. Here, we introduce a fabrication technique of SU‐8 microchannel suitable for microfluidic‐based BLM formation and show a preliminary step of our ISFET‐based BLM sensor. Making notches on the corners of a rectangular through‐wafer hole etched in a silicon carrier substrate reduced the gap width between an embedded chip and the carrier as close as possible, leading to the gap depth of 4 μm. SU‐8 microchannel on the chip‐carrier assembly was directly fabricated by UV exposure through a bonded quartz lid and developing SU‐8 through the fluidic ports drilled in the lid, without needing a sealing process typically causes an alignment mismatch or void formation. Finally, the capability to form BLMs was tested and proven by the successfully encapsulated fluorescent dye in microwells fabricated on the embedded chip. This paper is the first report of the successful formation of BLMs on a chip‐in‐carrier assembly by the microfluidic method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last decade has seen a significant upsurge of studies seeking to examine the impacts of port agents' strategic decisions. The outcome has been a wide range of results and conclusions. The aim of this work is to provide a review of this recent research in the port industry that uses strategic interaction approaches from industrial organization and game theory. The paper concentrates on five topics: ownership, relationship between ports and their hinterlands, port authorities and port operators' relations, capacity investment decisions, and port specialization. We present the objectives, methodologies and results of the papers reviewed, with special emphasis on how models are developed. The results are not always consistent between the works analyzed. On the one hand, this could be due to the complexity of the port industry and the high number of agents that intervene. Researchers need to simplify reality to build their models by imposing restrictive assumptions. On the other hand, results could be very sensitive to the techniques used or to the differences on the port environment of the countries of study. However, some conclusions can be extracted and they present a good starting point to develop more sophisticated models. Finally, we also propose avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observing trade flows at a Southern African border reveals that different commodities move differently, raising the question of why some commodities stop when others flow, and why some flows move faster when others experience speed reductions and stoppages. This paper is concerned with presenting a theoretical framework – the flow regime framework – to make sense of the uneven rhythms and manners of the flow of commodities. Building on a review of four economic geography trends (transport geography, logistics studies, thing‐following studies, and scalar analysis) and of the orderings and dichotomies they create, I argue that we need a non‐hierarchical way to understand the complexity and variability of trade flows and traders' strategies along different paces and rhythms. The flow regimes, defined as lasting socio‐technical agencements of practices, actors, infrastructure uses, and ideologies, comprise the proposed theoretical solution to make sense of the variability of commodities' paces. This theoretical framework is illustrated empirically through the examples of the three flow regimes identified in the Central African Copperbelt, based on 11 months of ethnographic fieldwork: the off‐road regime, characterised by modular and flexible rhythms; the spare‐wheel regime, whose flows are subjected to state‐induced accelerations and stoppages; and the power‐steering regime, based on costly public and private technologies allowing for fast and fluid commercial movements. Without attempting to describe a particular scale of action, the concept of regimes makes it possible to analyse head‐on activities that are usually studied separately (such as "small" border trade and flows driven by large logistics firms). I conclude by suggesting that the flow regimes framework allows to highlight how the globalisation of flows features irregularity and lumpiness. Why do some commodities flow fast when others stop? This paper aims to propose an alternative theoretical framework – the flow regime framework – to analyse trade flows without resorting to hierarchies and binaries that appear in the existing trends of economic geography. This view is supported by a case study of trade flows in the Central African Copperbelt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper estimates the impact of vessels turnaround time on Brazilian exports. To achieve this goal, we use a difference gravity equation in order to explore the time variation in port procedures for 16 Brazilian ports. This paper uses a unique database with local exports, taking into account the port used and products aggregated at the four‐digit Harmonized System (HS) level for the period between 2010 and 2012. The estimation results indicate that, in general, each additional hour of delay in port procedures represents costs to Brazilian exporters, which may lead to loss of competitiveness of domestic products abroad. According to the estimates, each additional relative hour of delay in the average port is equivalent to a reduction in relative local exports of ~2%. Moreover, a 10% relative reduction in vessel turnaround time can increase the proportional number of exported product categories by 1%. Therefore, our findings suggest that turnaround time has a statistically significant effect on the intensive and extensive margins of international trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The present paper describes a methodology for evaluating impacts of Superfund remedial alternatives on the regional economy in the context of a broader sustainability evaluation. Although economic impact methodology is well established, some applications to Superfund remedial evaluation have created confusion because of seemingly contradictory results. This confusion arises from failure to be explicit about 2 opposing impacts of remediation expenditures: 1) positive regional impacts of spending additional money in the region and 2) negative regional impacts of the need to pay for the expenditures (and thus forgo other expenditures in the region). The present paper provides a template for economic impact assessment that takes both positive and negative impacts into account, thus providing comprehensive estimates of net impacts. The paper also provides a strategy for identifying and estimating major uncertainties in the net impacts. The recommended methodology was applied at the Portland Harbor Superfund Site, located along the Lower Willamette River in Portland, Oregon, USA. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) developed remedial alternatives that it estimated would cost up to several billion dollars, with construction durations possibly lasting decades. The economic study estimated regional economic impacts-measured in terms of gross regional product (GRP), personal income, population, and employment-for 5 of the USEPA alternatives relative to the 'no further action' alternative. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:32-42. © 2017 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liner shipping network design problem (LSNDP) is an important problem within liner shipping because a good network can reduce costs and increase profits. Given sets of ports, vessel classes, and demands between the ports, the problem is to design a network of cyclic routes and assign a vessel class to each route so that all demands can flow through the network at minimal cost. In this paper, we analyze a new formulation of the LSNDP based on a two‐layer network structure. The formulation takes into account the cost of transshipment and allows for complex service structures. Valid inequalities and a novel approach of inner representations of low‐dimensional polyhedra are proposed. A new set of small instances with up to 12 ports has been developed and the formulation has been tested on these instances. Instances with up to 10 ports are solved to optimality, but the largest instances are not, confirming that the LSNDP is a very complex problem. The proposed improvements of the formulation are also shown to have a positive effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GSG‐PADs are mostly used structures in Integrated Circuits design. As the operating frequency increases, the coupling effect between the input and output GSG‐PADs is enhanced significantly. This causes signal energy leakage and impacts on the performance of adjacent devices in the system. Beyond microwave frequency, the coupling effect between the input and output of the GSG‐PADs is not only negligible but also varies in magnitude with respect to the connection methods of the GSG‐PADs in the circuit. Therefore, investigating the signal radiation properties of different GSG‐PADs connection methods is essential. Hence, three structures with different input and output ground PAD connection methods have been experimented. Based on the theoretical analysis of the electromagnetic field distribution between the pad network, a corresponding equivalent circuit model has been developed for the three structures. To validate the proposed model, the test structures were fabricated in 0.18 μm CMOS process and measured up to 67 GHz. The root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of the magnitude of return loss S11 and that of insertion loss S21 are less than 0.013 and 0.003, respectively, when the measurement result is compared with the performance results of the proposed model. Finally, establish the complete model of the DUT and test pads to further verify the accuracy of the proposed two‐port GSG‐PADs model. Hence, the findings of the investigation can provide a theoretical basis for optimizing related layout in integrated circuit design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the efficiency and implementation of in‐network cache in Named Data Network, an in‐network cache method based on the programmable data plane was proposed. Set the cache port on the programmable data plane, when the cache policy determined that the content needs to be cached, set the output port as the cache port and forward it to the cache unit for caching. According to the different requirements of different contents on Quality of Service, the request contents were classified. And the cache probability of classified contents was calculated based on the content popularity and the cache cooperation information between nodes. The cache threshold was dynamically set according to the state of cache space occupancy and compared with the cache probability to determine whether to cache the contents. Experimental results show that the proposed cache placement strategy can effectively improve the cache hit ratio and reduce the average transmission latency compared with the traditional cache placement strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the productivity of a representative sample of African seaports in Angola, Mozambique and Nigeria from 2004 to 2010, using a data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. The paper finds that Nigerian seaports are the most efficient, followed by those in Mozambique and Angola. A discussion of the results is provided, in addition to the related policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The costs of accessing and using a port/export hub should be high on the list of priorities for export promotion agencies in Africa. This conclusion emanates from this paper focusing on the geographical location of manufacturing export industries in South Africa. Here manufacturing export firms tend to be spatially concentrated with about 84 per cent of total manufacturing exports produced in only 6 per cent of magisterial districts. Distance from an export hub is negatively related to the density of manufactured exports. The largest volumes of manufactured exports are generated within 100 km of an export hub. For electronics, about 98 per cent of manufacturing takes place within 100 km of an export hub. Comparison over time showed that the number of locations from which manufacturing exports occur increased by 15 per cent over 1996–2004 and that manufacturing exports increased in the band between 200 and 400 km from the nearest hub. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has reported physicochemical features of mild steel's corrosion products and provided atmospheric corrosivity maps of Karachi harbor city, drafted on the basis of spatial distribution of corrosion data from July 2018 to June 2019 at 10 different urban, industrial, and marine test sites. Exposure tests have been performed to study atmospheric corrosivity, corrosion products, and corrodants including chloride, sulfur dioxide, time of wetness (TOW), and corrosion rate as per ISO and ASTM standards. Scanning electron microscope, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction have corroborated the presence of lepidocrocite, goethite, magnetite, and quartz phases at almost all the test sites, with slight variations in their morphologies and quantities. The data analysis has revealed that TOW is a major detrimental factor to accelerate corrosion of mild steel at Karachi city. The corrosivity category of all urban and marine test sites is found in C4–C5 range, whereas for industrial test sites, it is found in C3–C5 range. Resultant corrosivity maps have shown that the prevailing atmosphere is significantly corrosive at Karachi harbor city. This study has furnished a novel product of atmospheric corrosivity map, which is the first‐ever corrosivity map for Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of China's rapid economic development, its freight transportation system has grown to become one of China's high‐pollution‐emission sectors. However, there are few studies that pay close attention to measuring and improving the environmental performance of China's freight transportation system, especially in regard to seaports. In this paper, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is applied to measure the environmental performance of freight transportation seaports. In addition, we also provide benchmarking information to point the way to improving environmental performance effectively. Our proposed DEA model is based on the closest targets, which satisfies the strong monotonicity and can yield the most relevant solution for the inefficient seaports. An empirical study of 21 of China's primary freight transportation seaports shows that most of them have relatively good environmental performance. Among the five coastal port groups, the Bohai‐rim port group had the best environmental performance, whereas the Pearl River port group had the worst. Our data show significant differences between the best and worst performances, indicating that more measures should be taken to balance and coordinate the development between the five coastal port groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a set of models responsible for hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and morphological evolution are introduced with their theoretical backgrounds, and it is explained how they are fully connected through a two‐way coupling to yield an integrated sediment transport model applicable to tsunami cases. In particular, a fully nonlinear Boussinesq model with bottom shear‐induced rotational terms is chosen for the hydrodynamic model in order to provide a better physical approximation of tsunami‐related, near‐bed hydrodynamics in the nearshore. A finite‐volume scheme, stable and suitable for phase‐resolving model runs longer than 10 simulated hours, is adopted in the numerical discretization. The accuracy and applicability of the developed model are investigated through numerical tests on various sediment problems in the shallow region. Calculated results agree well with existing experimental records. Finally, an ocean‐wide, field‐scale simulation of the 2011 Tohoku‐oki tsunami is attempted, with a focus on the localized effects of tsunami‐induced morphological changes at Crescent City Harbor and Santa Cruz Harbor (USA). Consistent with the reported observations, strong and vortical velocity fields are generated through the model and result in significant changes in morphological configurations. Depth variations and areas of scouring and deposition are compared between modelled and observed records, and the results are discussed. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bank-based multiport memory is a better composition approach to realizing realistic chip area and high access bandwidth than a conventional N-port memory cell approach. However, this method is unsuitable for large numbers of ports and banks because the hardware resources of the crossbar network which connects the ports and banks increase in proportion to the product of the numbers of ports and banks. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a new bank-based multiport memory architecture using a blocking network instead of a crossbar network. Many blocking networks have been researched so far. However, these researches evaluated hardware resources based on the number of switches, but the compositions and circuit scale of the switches used in crossbar network and blocking network are different. Hence, this paper compares the number of transistors to show that the bank-based multiport memory using the blocking network achieves high access bandwidth with smaller hardware resources than the conventional approach. According to our results, our approach achieves the same access bandwidth with half the number of transistors, for 512 ports and 512 banks. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 89(6): 22–33, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www. interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20205 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores key critical factors of waterfront port development ( WPD) by applying analytic network process ( ANP) and analytic hierarchy process ( AHP) to the Incheon and Bangkok ports, drawing certain implications. The major findings of this paper show that the ANP draws more stable, comprehensive, and consistent results than the AHP, and the ANP ranking results of the three cases, showed four common key critical criteria of WPD exist among the top five (i.e., accessibility under community function; connectivity under port function; maritime clustering, and transformation of the port/city interface under economic function). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely recognised that there are strong relationships between containerisation and supply chains that are giving rise to significant clusters of logistics firms around the large gateway ports, which helps reinforce the status of many as global cities. Recent research, policy documents and regional development strategies suggest that transshipment hubs should be able to develop logistics businesses as well. In this paper, it is argued that the differences between gateway ports and transshipment hubs are very great, and that while the shipping lines have been eager to establish transshipment in many locations, logistics firms are reluctant to follow. A number of reasons for this to be the case are examined, including the long-term uncertainty of shipping services to transshipment hubs, the costs of stripping containers in hub ports with no scale advantages, the distance from major markets, and the limited volume of actual goods available in most hubs. Empirical evidence is presented to demonstrate the weakness of hubs as logistics centres, the major exception being Singapore. The evidence presented suggests that the economic development potential for cities developing as transshipment hubs is much more limited than suggested in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ports are under increasing pressure to become more sustainable. Although some ports have been including sustainability into their operations, this has been mainly done from economic and environmental perspectives and technological or policy‐related approaches, while there has been little research on organisational change management for sustainability. This paper analyses organisational change efforts for sustainability at the Port of Gävle, Sweden. Twenty‐three face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with various stakeholders. The findings show that there were differences in perception of sustainability; but similarities in the drivers for and the barriers to sustainability (with some key differences between the internal and external stakeholders). This research shows that, in their journey towards becoming more sustainable, ports have to take a holistic approach encompassing the four dimensions of sustainability (economic, environmental, social, and time); their stakeholders (internal and external); and legislative, technological, financial, cultural/social, voluntary initiatives, and organisational change management approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 2018, an immature female sharpnose sevengill shark Heptranchias perlo was caught by a commercial bottom trawler in the Ibiza Channel. This represents the first substantiated record of the species around the Balearic Islands (GSA05) and the second record from off the Spanish Levantine coasts. This paper includes a review of the records of H. perlo in the Mediterranean as an aid to future conservation assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a problem to find the shipping route and speed that minimize the total fuel consumption between two ports is formulated as a mixed‐integer nonlinear optimization problem (MINLP). In special cases, the MINLP becomes a mixed‐integer second‐order cone optimization problem. To solve this problem, the authors propose a route generation algorithm that implicitly enumerates the feasible shipping routes. Enumerating all feasible shipping routes is avoided by computing lower bounds of the optimal value. The effectiveness of our algorithm is verified in numerical experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel dual mechanical port dual rotor counter-rotating permanent magnet flux switching generator (DMPDRCR-PMFSG) for wind turbine applications is proposed. Power distribution between the inner and outer rotors of the proposed DMPDRCRPMFSG that contributes to the cumulative output power is investigated. The proposed DMPDRCR-PMFSG shares a stator connected back-to-back through flux bridge. The flux bridge physically isolates the armature winding of the inner and outer ports. Furthermore, the flux bridge provides a flux path to magnetic flux of the inner and outer ports that contributes to cumulative output power. Quantitative comparative analysis of the inner and outer ports illustrates that under static analysis 18.57% more flux, 23.95% highly induced back-EMF, 31.08% of enhanced average torque are obtained in the outer rotor at the cost of 64.01% and 22.7% increase in cogging and torque ripple ratio, respectively. Comparative analysis with a number of turns reveals that the outer port offers 41.17% higher output power and 7.09% improved efficiency at the cost of 42.52% increase in voltage regulation factor. Finally, coupled overload and over-speed analysis shows that despite a stable and low voltage drop ratio, the outer port offers 4.65% higher output voltage. Analysis shows that in the proposed DMPDRCR-PMFSG, the outer port has a dominant contribution to the cumulative power distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This article introduces the Portland Harbor Superfund Site Sustainability Project (PHSP) special series in this issue. The Portland Harbor Superfund Site is one of the 'mega-sediment sites' in the United States, comprising about 10 miles of the Lower Willamette River, running through the heart of Portland, Oregon. The primary aim of the PHSP was to conduct a comprehensive sustainability assessment, integrating environmental, economic, and social considerations of a selection of the remedial alternatives laid out by the US Environmental Protection Agency. A range of tools were developed for this project to quantitatively address environmental, economic, and social costs and benefits based upon diverse stakeholder values. In parallel, a probabilistic risk assessment was carried out to evaluate the risk assumptions at the core of the remedial investigation and feasibility study process. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:17-21. © 2017 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ports have been regarded as economic infrastructure and catalysts for the economies they serve, and it is evident that the associated development would generate economic benefits. In this paper, the economy-wide impacts of port development in South Africa are examined via a computable general equilibrium analysis. Central to the analysis is to make quantitative contributions to the understanding of the impacts of port investment and changes in freight costs on the national economy. The results support the economic significance of port development, as a means of promoting growth, trade and employment, in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]