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Objective: The purpose of this paper is to systematically and critically appraise the available scientific evidence concerning the prevalence of edentulism among diabetic patients compared to non‐diabetic people. Methods: MEDLINE‐PubMed and Cochrane‐CENTRAL databases were comprehensively searched up to April 2023 to identify appropriate studies. The inclusion criteria were observational studies conducted in human subjects ≥18 years of age with the primary aim of investigating the prevalence of edentulism among diabetic patients. Based on the extracted data, a meta‐analysis was performed. Recommendations based on the body of evidence were formulated using the GRADE approach. Results: Independent screening of 2085 unique titles and abstracts revealed seven publications that met the eligibility criteria. Study size ranged from 293 to 15,943 participants. Data from all seven studies were suitable for meta‐analysis. Overall, 8.3% of the studied population was edentulous. The weighted mean prevalence of edentulism among diabetic and non‐diabetics was 14.0% and 7.1%, respectively. The overall odds ratio for diabetic patients to be edentulous as compared to non‐diabetics was 2.39 (95% CI [1.73, 3.28], p < 0.00001). Conclusion: There appears to be moderate certainty that the risk of being edentulous for diabetic patients compared to non‐diabetic people is significant, but the odds ratio is estimated to be small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Collabo RATE is a brief patient survey focused on shared decision making. This paper aims to (i) provide insight on facilitators and challenges to implementing a real-time patient survey and (ii) evaluate Collabo RATE scores and response rates across multiple clinical settings with varied patient populations. Method All adult patients at three United States primary care practices were eligible to complete Collabo RATE post-visit. To inform key learnings, we aggregated all mentions of unanticipated decisions, problems and administration errors from field notes and email communications. Mixed-effects logistic regression evaluated the impact of site, clinician, patient age and patient gender on the Collabo RATE score. Results While Collabo RATE score increased only slightly with increasing patient age ( OR 1.018, 95% CI 1.014-1.021), female patient gender was associated with significantly higher Collabo RATE scores ( OR 1.224, 95% CI 1.073-1.397). Clinician also predicts Collabo RATE score (random effect variance 0.146). Site-specific factors such as clinical workflow and checkout procedures play a key role in successful in-clinic implementation and are significantly related to Collabo RATE scores, with Site 3 scoring significantly higher than Site 1 ( OR 1.759, 95% CI 1.216 to 2.545) or Site 2 (z=−2.71, 95% CI −1.114 to −0.178). Discussion This study demonstrates that Collabo RATE can be used in diverse primary care settings. A clinic's workflow plays a crucial role in implementation. Patient experience measurement risks becoming a burden to both patients and administrators. Episodic use of short measurement tools could reduce this burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emergency departments (EDs) provide care to ethnically diverse populations with multiple health‐related risk factors, many of which are associated with intimate partner violence (IPV). This paper examines ethnic‐specific 12‐month rates of physical IPV by severity and their association with drinking and other sociodemographic and personality correlates in an urban ED sample. Methods: Research assistants surveyed patients at an urban ED regarding IPV exposure as well as patterns of alcohol and drug use, psychological distress, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and other sociodemographic features. Results: The survey (N = 1,037) achieved an 87.5% participation rate. About 23% of the sample reported an IPV event in the past 12 months. Rates were higher (p < 0.001) among blacks (34%), whites (31%), and multiethnic (46%) respondents than those among Asians (13%) and Hispanics (15%). Modeled results showed that black respondents were more likely than Hispanics (reference) to report IPV (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.98–2.66, p < 0.05) and that respondents' partner drinking was associated with IPV (AOR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.25–2.73, p < 0.01) but respondents' drinking was not. Use of illicit drugs, younger age, impulsivity, depression, partner problem drinking, ACEs, and food insufficiency were all positively associated with IPV. Conclusions: There was considerable variation in IPV rates across ethnic groups in the sample. The null results for the association between respondents' drinking and IPV was surprising and may stem from the relatively moderate levels of drinking in the sample. Results for ethnicity, showing blacks as more likely than Hispanics to report IPV, support prior literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the meta‐analysis was to evaluate and compare the photodynamic therapy's effectiveness in treating infected skin wounds. The results of this meta‐analysis were analysed, and the odds ratio (OR) and mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using dichotomous or contentious random‐ or fixed‐effect models. For the current meta‐analysis, 6 examinations spanning from 2013 to 2021 were included, encompassing 154 patients with infected skin wounds were the used studies' starting point. Photodynamic therapy had a significantly lower wound ulcer size (MD, −4.42; 95% CI, −7.56–−1.28, p = 0.006), better tissue repair (MD, −8.62; 95% CI, −16.76–−0.48, p = 0.04) and lower microbial cell viability (OR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.04–0.42, p < 0.001) compared with red light exposure in subjects with infected skin wounds. The examined data revealed that photodynamic therapy had a significantly lower wound ulcer size, better tissue repair and lower microbial cell viability compared with red light exposure in subjects with infected skin wounds. However, given that all examinations had a small sample size, consideration should be given to their values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Alcohol-related blackouts are periods of amnesia that reflect the failure of the brain to record memories of what transpires while drinking. This paper examined the incidence, predictors, and behavioral correlates of blackouts among emerging adults and examined whether questions about blackouts could serve as better markers of risk for other alcohol related harms than questions about levels of consumption. Methods In 2012 to 2013, 1,463 (68%) of 2,140 respondents 1-year past high school reported having consumed alcohol. They were asked whether, in the past 6 months because of drinking, they forgot where they were or what they did. The survey also explored demographics, substance use behaviors, and other alcohol-related problems in the past 6 months. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses explored bivariate and multivariate predictors of blackouts and other alcohol-related problems. Results Twenty percent of respondents who ever drank alcohol reported a blackout in the past 6 months. Blackouts were more prevalent among females and those who, in the past 30 days, used multiple drugs, more frequently binged, were drunk, smoked, had lower body weight, and lived in college dorms. After controlling for drinking levels, having a blackout was the strongest independent predictor of most other alcohol problems examined, including in the past 6 months because of drinking, missing class or work, getting behind in work or school, doing something respondents later regretted, arguing with friends, experiencing an overdose, and total number of alcohol problems reported. It was also an independent predictor of hangovers, damaging property, getting hurt, and trouble with police. Conclusions Because blackouts indicate drinking at levels that result in significant cognitive and behavioral impairment, questions about blackouts could serve as important, simple screeners for the risk of experiencing other alcohol related harms. Additional work on this subject is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context There exists a disparity between the views of physicians and the views of their patients on end-of-life decisions. However, the timing of when the end-of-life preferences of physicians and non-medically-trained individuals diverge is currently unknown. The objective of this paper is to characterise how preferences for medical interventions change throughout medical education and residency or fellowship training when confronted with scenarios of critical or terminal illness. Methods This is a single-centre cross-sectional study that enrolled medical students at Sidney Kimmel Medical College and residents and fellows at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital. Through an online survey we determined the preferences of medical trainees for specific interventions throughout medical training when presented with different clinical scenarios. Interventions were organised into three categories: standard, intermediate and aggressive. We analysed responses to questions regarding different scenarios in separate repeated measures logistic regression models. The probability of declining medical interventions was modelled, and significant predictors of refusal of interventions were identified. Results Years of training was a significant predictor of declining interventions for several scenarios. When faced with permanent physical disability, increased years of training led to a higher rate of refusal of intermediate ( OR = 1.14 [1.02-1.28], p = 0.02) and aggressive interventions ( OR = 1.15 [1.03-1.28], p = 0.01). For the scenario of terminal illness with associated physical disability, years of training significantly influenced refusal of intermediate ( OR = 1.14 [1.04-1.26], p = 0.006) and aggressive ( OR = 1.20 [1.08-1.34], p = 0.001) interventions. For the scenario of permanent cognitive impairment, increased years of training led to a higher rate of refusal of standard ( OR = 1.14 [1.01-1.29], p = 0.03), intermediate ( OR = 1.30 [1.13-1.50], p < 0.001) and aggressive ( OR = 1.38 [1.14-1.66], p = 0.001) interventions. Conclusion Changes in end-of-life preferences occur throughout medical training. Years of training influenced the likelihood of declining medical interventions when faced with scenarios of terminal illness and physical or cognitive disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate how technology access affected substance use disorder (SUD) treatment prior to COVID‐19 for people who use drugs in rural areas. Methods: The Rural Opioid Initiative (January 2018‐March 2020) was a cross‐sectional study of people with prior 30‐day injection drug or nonprescribed opioid use from rural areas of 10 states. Using multivariable mixed‐effect regression models, we examined associations between participant technology access and SUD treatment. Findings: Of 3,026 participants, 71% used heroin and 76% used methamphetamine. Thirty‐five percent had no cell phone and 10% had no prior 30‐day internet use. Having both a cell phone and the internet was associated with increased days of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) use (aIRR 1.29 [95% CI 1.11‐1.52]) and a higher likelihood of SUD counseling in the prior 30 days (aOR 1.28 [95% CI 1.05‐1.57]). Lack of cell phone was associated with decreased days of MOUD (aIRR 0.77 [95% CI 0.66‐0.91]) and a lower likelihood of prior 30‐day SUD counseling (aOR 0.77 [95% CI 0.62‐0.94]). Conclusions: Expanding US rural SUD treatment engagement via telemedicine may require increased cell phone and mobile network access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physical restraint use among patients hospitalized with dementia and behavioral disturbances has not been studied nationally in the United States. Methods: National Inpatient Sample database years 2016 through 2020 were used to compare physically restrained and unrestrained patients with dementia and behavioral disturbances. Multivariable regression analyses were used to assess patient outcomes. Results: There were 991,605 patients coded for dementia with behavioral disturbances. Among these, physical restraints were used with 64,390 (6.5%) and not with 927,215 (93.5%). Patients in the restrained group were younger (mean age ± standard error: 78.7 ± 0.25 vs. 79.9±0.34; p < 0.01) and more often male (59.0% vs. 45.8%; p < 0.01) compared to the unrestrained group. A higher proportion of Black patients were in the restrained group (15.2% vs. 11.8%; p < 0.01). Larger hospitals also made up a more significant proportion of restrained versus unrestrained patients (53.3% vs. 45.1%; p < 0.01). Those with physical restraints had longer lengths of stays (adjusted mean difference [aMD] = 2.6 days CI [2.2–3.0]; p < 0.01) and higher total hospital charges (aMD = $13,150 CI [10,827‐15,472]; p < 0.01). There were similar adjusted odds for in‐hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.0 [CI 0.95–1.1]; p = 0.28) and lower odds of being discharged to home after hospitalization (aOR = 0.74 [0.70–0.79]; <0.01) for patients with physical restraints compared to those without. Conclusion: Among patients hospitalized with dementia and behavioral disturbances, those with physical restraints had greater hospital resource utilization outcomes. Attempts to limit physical restraint use whenever possible may improve outcomes in this vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cardiovascular and cerebrovascular safety of ranibizumab, bevacizumab, and aflibercept for ocular diseases is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular safety in patients receiving ranibizumab, bevacizumab, and aflibercept for ocular disease. A cross‐sectional study was conducted from 2017 (Q1) to 2021 (Q4) in the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. The outcomes of interest were central nervous system vascular disorders, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, torsade de pointes/QT prolongation, embolic and thrombotic events, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac failure, and cardiomyopathy. Data mining was performed by a disproportional method with a compression, using compressed reporting odds ratios (sRORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to measure signals. The results showed 1462 cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events associated with aflibercept, 834 with ranibizumab, and 150 with bevacizumab. Ranibizumab, bevacizumab, and aflibercept were linked to central nervous system vascular disorders (sROR, 5.57[95%CI, 4.95‐6.26] vs sROR, 2.23 [95%CI, 1.75‐2.85] vs sROR, 2.73[95%CI, 2.43–3.06]), ischemic heart disease (sROR, 3.31[95%CI, 2.65–4.13] vs sROR, 1.98 [95%CI, 1.24‐3.16] vs sROR, 3.00 [95%CI, 2.46‐3.65]), embolic and thrombotic (sROR, 3.36 [95%CI, 3.04‐3.72] vs sROR, 2.16 [95%CI, 1.70‐2.74] vs sROR, 5.25 [95%CI, 4.82‐5.72]). Both ranibizumab and bevacizumab produced hypertension (sROR, 1.73 [95%CI, 1.41‐2.12] vs sROR, 1.46 [95%CI, 1.03‐2.06]) and arrhythmias (sROR, 2.82 [95%CI, 1.99‐3.99] vs sROR, 2.13 [95%CI, 1.08‐4.22]) signals. The signals of heart failure were detected in ranibizumab (sROR, 5.64 [95%CI, 4.08‐7.79]) and aflibercept (sROR, 2.80 [95%CI, 2.03‐3.86]). Ranibizumab, bevacizumab, and aflibercept for ocular disease have different safety profiles in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular. The overall cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk of the patient should be thoroughly assessed in order to select the safest drug for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study investigated the association between serum calcium levels and the prevalence of T2D using a cross‐sectional study and Mendelian randomization analysis. Methods: Cross‐sectional data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2018. Serum calcium levels were divided into three groups (low, medium and high groups) according to the tertiles. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between serum calcium levels and T2D prevalence. Instrumental variables for serum calcium levels were obtained from the UK Biobank and a two‐sample MR analysis was performed to examine the causal relationship between genetically predicted serum calcium levels and the risk of T2D. Results: A total of 39,645 participants were available for cross‐sectional analysis. After adjusting for covariates, participants in the high serum calcium group had significantly higher odds of T2D (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.07, 1.30, p = 0.001) than those in the moderate group. Restricted cubic spline plots showed a J‐shaped curve relationship between serum calcium level and prevalence of T2D. Consistently, Mendelian randomization analysis showed that higher genetically predicted serum calcium levels were causally associated with a higher risk of T2D (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.33, p = 0.031). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that higher serum calcium levels are causally associated with a higher risk of T2D. Further studies are needed to clarify whether intervening in high serum calcium could reduce the risk of T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID‐19 pandemic has dramatically affected pregnant people's prenatal care, labor, and delivery experiences. Given these rapid changes, providers have needed to be proactive in sharing information about COVID‐19‐related care impacts. The purpose of this study was to investigate: (a) Whether patient demographics or disrupted care (eg, canceled appointments and rapid shift to telehealth) is associated with patient‐reported information sharing from the providers; and (b) Whether patient‐reported provider information sharing or disruptions to care are associated with patient satisfaction with provider. Methods: Data come from a convenience sample of 1999 pregnant people living in the United States who completed an online survey between April 16 and May 7 2020. Results: Thirty‐eight percent of participants said that their provider had not discussed how the pandemic would affect their care during pregnancy, labor, or delivery. Participants with lower education, less income, or whose appointments had been canceled or rescheduled because of the pandemic were significantly less likely to report information sharing. Provider satisfaction was significantly lower among participants who did not report information sharing, those who had appointments by way of telehealth, and those who reported that all their appointments had been rescheduled/canceled. Discussion: At the beginning of the pandemic, there were significant socioeconomic inequities in reported information sharing by the providers, which in turn was negatively associated with provider satisfaction. Providers need to be aware of the role implicit bias may play in information sharing—both generally and during public health crises—and consider ways to reduce the impacts of disrupted care delivery on patient satisfaction. If left unaddressed, perceived poor provider communication and associated low satisfaction with providers could contribute to adverse perinatal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Risky sexual behavior has been explored in women living with HIV (WLHIV) internationally but is not well studied in WLHIV in the United States (U.S.). This merits further investigation due to the negative reproductive and HIV health outcomes associated with risky sexual behavior, such as the increased risk for HIV transmission and infertility from sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The aims of this study are to (1) describe sexual behaviors in a cohort of WLHIV in Florida, (2) determine whether demographic characteristics, substance use, and mental health symptoms are associated with risky sexual behavior in a cohort of WLHIV in Florida, and (3) explore whether the relationship between substance use and mental health symptoms and risky sexual behavior differs in reproductive‐age (age 18–49), compared to non‐reproductive‐age WLHIV (age 50+). Design: This was a cross‐sectional analysis of data from a multisite cohort study done in Florida. Methods: Data were collected from a sample of 304 participants who were recruited into the Florida Cohort Study from 9 clinical and community sites in Florida between 2014 to 2017. The predictor variables of interest were mental health symptoms, substance use, and demographic variables. The outcome variable of interest was risky sexual behavior which was defined as reporting ≥1 of the following: (1) at least one STI diagnosis in the past 12 months, (2) two or more sexual partners in the past 12 months, or (3) any inconsistent condom use in the past 12 months. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and logistic regression (p < 0.1) were conducted on the variables of interest. Results: The mean age of the sample was 47.8 years, and approximately half (51.6%) of the sample was of reproductive‐age. Reporting ≥1 risky sexual behavior was reported in over half (51.6%) of the reproductive‐age WLHIV in the sample and 32% of the non‐reproductive‐age WLHIV in the sample. Binge drinking, alcohol‐related problems, marijuana use, and age were all significantly associated with self‐reporting ≥1 risky sexual behaviors in all WLHIV. Self‐reporting binge drinking, marijuana use, and a high alcohol‐related problems score respectively were associated with increased odds of self‐reporting ≥1 risky sexual behavior in all WLHIV. Neither mental health symptoms nor race/ethnicity or education were significantly associated with self‐reporting ≥1 risky sexual behavior in all WLHIV. Self‐reporting severe anxiety symptoms and high alcohol‐related problems scores respectively were associated with increased odds of self‐reporting ≥1 risky sexual behavior only in reproductive‐age WLHIV from the sample. Conclusion: Marijuana use, binge drinking, and alcohol‐related problems appear to have a relationship with risky sexual behavior in WLHIV regardless of age. Reproductive‐age also appears to influence risky sexual behavior in WLHIV, and specific reporting severe anxiety symptoms and high alcohol‐related problems in reproductive‐age WLHIV increases the odds of engaging in risky sexual behavior. Clinical Significance: This study holds clinical significance for nurses and other clinicians working in reproductive health settings and clinics with WLHIV. Results indicate that it could be beneficial to do more screening for mental health symptoms (particularly anxiety) and alcohol use in younger reproductive‐age WLHIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the relationship between plant‐based diet indices (PDIs) and periodontitis and serum IgG antibodies against periodontopathogens in the U.S. population. Materials and Methods: We analysed cross‐sectional data on 5651 participants ≥40 years of age from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Food frequency questionnaire data were used to calculate the overall PDI, healthy plant‐based diet index (hPDI), and unhealthy plant‐based diet index (uPDI). Periodontitis was defined using a half‐reduced Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American Academy of Periodontology case definition. Serum antibodies against 19 periodontopathogens were used to classify the population into two subgroups using hierarchical clustering. Survey‐weighted multivariable logistic regressions were applied to assess the associations of PDI/hPDI/uPDI z‐scores with periodontitis and hierarchical clusters after adjusting for potential confounders. Results: A total of 2841 (50.3%) participants were defined as having moderate/severe periodontitis. The overall PDI z‐score was not significantly associated with the clinical and bacterial markers of periodontitis. By considering the healthiness of plant foods, we observed an inverse association between hPDI z‐score and periodontitis (odds ratio [OR] = 0.925, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.860–0.995). In contrast, higher uPDI z‐score (adherence to unhealthful plant foods) might increase the risk of periodontitis (OR = 1.100; 95% CI: 1.043–1.161). Regarding antibodies against periodontopathogens, the participants in cluster 2 had higher periodontal antibodies than those in cluster 1. The hPDI z‐score was positively associated with cluster 2 (OR = 1.192; 95% CI: 1.112–1.278). In contrast, an inverse association between uPDI z‐score and cluster 2 was found (OR = 0.834; 95% CI: 0.775–0.896). Conclusions: Plant‐based diets were associated with periodontitis, depending on their quality. A healthy plant‐based diet was inversely related to an increased risk of periodontitis but positively related to elevated antibody levels against periodontopathogens. For an unhealthy plant‐based diet, the opposite trends were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: For most older adults with dementia, the short‐term harms and burdens of routine cancer screening likely outweigh the delayed benefits. We aimed to provide a more updated assessment of the extent that US older adults with dementia receive breast and prostate cancer screenings. Methods: Using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) Wave 12 (2014–2015) linked to Medicare, we examine rates of breast and prostate cancer screenings in adults 65+ years by cognitive status. We used claims data to identify eligibility for screening and receipt of screening. We used a validated method using HRS data to define cognitive status. Results: The analytic sample included 2439 women in the breast cancer screening cohort and 1846 men in the prostate cancer screening cohort. Average ages were 76.8 years for women and 75.6 years for men, with 9.0% and 7.6% with dementia in each cohort, respectively. Among women with dementia, 12.3% were screened for breast cancer. When stratified by age, 10.6% of those 75+ and have dementia were screened for breast cancer. When stratified by predicted life expectancy, 10.4% of those with predicted life expectancy of <10 years and have dementia were screened for breast cancer. Among men with dementia, 33.9% were screened for prostate cancer. When stratified by age, 30.9% of those 75+ and have dementia were screened for prostate cancer. When stratified by predicted life expectancy, 34.4% of those with predicted life expectancy of <10 years and have dementia were screened for prostate cancer. Using multivariable logistic regression, dementia was associated with lower odds of receiving breast cancer screening (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.23–0.57) and prostate cancer screening (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.36–0.96). Discussion: Our results suggest potential over‐screening in older adults with dementia. Better supporting dementia patients and caregivers to make informed cancer screening decisions is critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the variation in firearm screening and access based on LGBT status among Veterans with the risk of firearm-related suicide in both LGBT individuals and Veterans. It mentions that the study aims to fill this gap by examining LGBTQI+ status, emergency department visits, and firearm screening and access using natural language processing and machine learning algorithms applied to clinical notes in the Veterans Affairs (VA) electronic health records.

Background: Social isolation is a key public health concern and has been associated with numerous negative health consequences. Technology is increasingly thought of as a solution to address social isolation. This study examines the longitudinal association between the access and use of technology and social isolation in older adults 65 and older, living in the United States. Methods: This observational cohort study included community‐dwelling older adults (N = 6704) who participated in the National Health and Aging Trends Study. Regression analyses were conducted using data from 2015 to 2019. Information about technology access and use was ascertained using self‐reported questionnaires. The primary outcome was the risk of social isolation. Results: At baseline, the majority of older adults that were not socially isolated had a working cell phone (88%) or computer (71%) and used email or text messaging (56%). Older adults that had access to (cell phone‐ incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.62 [95% CI 0.48–0.81]; computer‐ IRR 0.63 [95% CI 0.51–0.78]), and used technology (email or text messaging‐ IRR 0.64 [95% CI 0.51–0.80]) in the year prior had a lower risk of social isolation than older adults who reported they did not access or use technology. Additionally, over four years, older adults who reported that they had access to a computer had a lower risk (0.69 [0.57, 0.84]) for social isolation than their counterparts. Conclusion: In this cohort study, technology access was associated with a lower risk for social isolation among community‐dwelling older adults. These findings suggest that technology has an important role in approaches that seek to prevent social isolation among older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Assess the prevalence of headache in transgender and gender‐diverse adolescents, comparing prevalence with and without exposure to gender‐affirming hormone therapy. Background: Transgender and gender‐diverse youth are an understudied group in whom we can study the effects of sex steroids on adolescents' development of headache. We hypothesized that transfeminine adolescents treated with estrogen would have higher odds of headache than those not treated, and that transmasculine adolescents treated with testosterone would have lower odds of headache than those not treated. Methods: This retrospective case–control study analyzed all patients seen at the Boston Children's Hospital Gender Multispecialty Service clinic from 2007 to 2017. Cases were defined as patients with headache, controls as those without headache, and exposure as treatment with gender‐affirming hormone therapy (i.e., estrogen or testosterone). A computerized search identified cases that were then validated by chart review. Results: Fifty‐two of the 763 transgender and gender‐diverse patients seen were confirmed to have headache. Of 273 transfeminine patients 45% (123/273) received estrogen treatment. Transfeminine patients receiving estrogen were more likely to have headache than those not receiving estrogen (7% [9/123] vs. 1% [2/150]; odd ratio [OR] 5.84 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24–27.6), p = 0.026). Of 490 transmasculine patients, 46% (227/490) received testosterone. Transmasculine patients receiving testosterone were more likely to have headache than those not receiving testosterone (12% [28/227] vs. 5% (13/263); OR 2.71 (95% CI 1.37–5.4), p = 0.005). Conclusion: Among transfeminine and transmasculine youth, those who received gender‐affirming hormone therapy had higher odds of headache compared to those not taking gender‐affirming hormone therapy. Further prospective studies to guide headache care of transgender and gender‐diverse youth and adults are needed. Our results could be generalizable to other pediatric gender management clinics and may be worth discussing with patients considering treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The majority of the US population have poor knowledge of cancers related to human papillomavirus (HPV). Identifying best sources for communicating this information can guide strategies to promote HPV vaccination. Objectives: To assess the relationship between sources of health information and individuals' knowledge of HPV‐related cervical and oropharyngeal cancer. Methods: This study conducts logistic regression on the most recent wave (2019) of the Health Information National Trends Survey. Dependent variables are indicators for self‐reported awareness that HPV causes (a) cervical cancer and (b) oropharyngeal cancer. The primary indicator is a variable for different sources of health information: The Internet, professional sources, print materials, friends/family and never looked for health information. Results: Being female, young, non‐Hispanic White and having college education is associated with higher odds of knowing about HPV‐related cervical cancer. Controlling for demographic factors, individuals using professionals and the Internet are more likely to know that HPV causes cervical cancer (aOR: 2.65, 95% CI: 1.66, 4.25; aOR: 2.47, 95% CI: 1.75, 3.50, respectively) compared to those who have never looked for health information. Similar results were found for HPV‐related oropharyngeal cancer. Conclusion: Findings provide implications for targeted messaging through effective channels to improve HPV vaccination uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Causal explanations for the association of young motherhood with increased risk for child attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remain unclear. Methods: The ABCD Study recruited 11,878 youth from 22 sites across the United States between June 1, 2016 and October 15, 2018. This cross‐sectional analysis of 8,514 children aged 8–11 years excluded 2,260 twins/triplets, 265 adopted children, and 839 younger siblings. We examined associations of maternal age with ADHD clinical range diagnoses based on the Child Behavior Checklist and NIH Toolbox Flanker Attention Scores using mixed logistic and linear regression models, respectively. We conducted confounding and causal mediation analyses using genotype array, demographic, socioeconomic, and prenatal environment data to investigate which genetic and environmental variables may explain the association between young maternal age and child ADHD. Results: In crude models, each 10‐year increase in maternal age was associated with 32% decreased odds of ADHD clinical range diagnosis (OR = 0.68; 95% CI [0.59, 0.78]) and 1.09‐points increased NIH Flanker Attention Scores (β = 1.09; 95% CI [0.76, 1.41]), indicating better child visual selective attention. However, adjustment for confounders weakened these associations. The strongest confounders were family income, caregiver education, and ADHD polygenic risk score for ADHD clinical range diagnoses, and family income, caregiver education, and race/ethnicity for NIH Flanker Attention Scores. Breastfeeding duration, prenatal alcohol exposure, and prenatal tobacco exposure were responsible for up to 18%, 6%, and 4% mediation, respectively. Conclusions: Socioeconomic disadvantages were likely the primary explanation for the association of young maternal age with child ADHD, although genetics and modifiable environmental factors also played a role. Public policies aimed at reducing the burden of ADHD associated with young motherhood should target socioeconomic inequalities and support young pregnant women by advocating for reduced prenatal tobacco exposure and healthy breastfeeding practices after childbirth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of a new medication (e.g., potassium supplementation) for managing a drug‐induced adverse event (e.g., loop diuretic‐induced hypokalemia) constitutes a prescribing cascade. However, loop diuretics are often stopped while potassium may be unnecessarily continued (i.e., relic). We aimed to quantify the occurrence of relics using older adults previously experiencing a loop diuretic‐potassium prescribing cascade as an example. Methods: We conducted a prescription sequence symmetry analysis using the population‐based Medicare Fee‐For‐Service data (2011–2018) and partitioned the 150 days following potassium initiation by day to assess the daily treatment scenarios (i.e., loop diuretics alone, potassium alone, combination of loop diuretics and potassium, or neither). We calculated the proportion of patients developing the relic, proportion of person‐days under potassium alone, the daily probability of the relic, and the proportion of patients filling potassium after loop diuretic discontinuation. We also identified the risk factors of the relic. Results: We identified 284,369 loop diuretic initiators who were 8 times more likely to receive potassium supplementation simultaneously or after (i.e., the prescribing cascade), rather than before, loop diuretic initiation (aSR 8.0, 95% CI 7.9–8.2). Among the 66,451 loop diuretic initiators who subsequently (≤30 days) initiated potassium, 20,445 (30.8%) patients remained on potassium after loop diuretic discontinuation, and 9365 (14.1%) patients subsequently filled another potassium supplementation. Following loop diuretic initiation, 4.0% of person‐days were for potassium alone, and daily probability of the relic was the highest after day 90 of loop diuretic initiation (5.6%). Older age, female sex, higher diuretic daily dose, and greater baseline comorbidities were risk factors for the relic, while patients having the same prescriber or pharmacy involved in the use of both medications were less likely to experience the relic. Conclusions: Our findings suggest the need for clinicians to be aware of the potential of relic to avoid unnecessary drug use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Most population studies that evaluate the relationship between nicotine vaping and cigarette cessation focus on limited segments of the smoker population. We evaluated vaping uptake and smoking cessation considering differences in smokers' plans to quit. Design: Longitudinal International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys were conducted in 2016, 2018 and 2020. Setting: This study was conducted in the United States, Canada, England and Australia. Participants: Participants of this study were adult daily cigarette smokers who had not vaped in the past 6 months at baseline and had participated in two or more consecutive waves of the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys (n = 2815). Measurements Plans to quit cigarette smoking was assessed at baseline (within 6 months, beyond 6 months, not planning to quit) and at follow‐up (within 6 months vs not within 6 months), cigarette smoking cessation was assessed at follow‐up (smoking less than monthly [including complete cessation] vs daily/weekly/monthly smoking) and inter‐wave vaping uptake was assesed between baseline and follow‐up (none, only non‐daily vaping and any daily vaping). Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate whether inter‐wave vaping uptake was associated with smoking cessation at follow‐up and with planning to quit at follow‐up, each stratified by plans to quit smoking at baseline. Findings Overall, 12.7% of smokers quit smoking. Smokers not initially planning to quit within 6 months experienced higher odds of smoking cessation when they took up daily vaping (32.4%) versus no vaping (6.8%; adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 8.58; 95% CI, 5.06–14.54). Among smokers planning to quit, smoking cessation rates were similar between those who did and did not take up daily vaping (25.1% vs 16.8%; AOR, 1.91; 95% CI, 0.91–4.00), although we could not account for potential use of cessation aids. Daily vaping uptake was associated with planning to quit smoking at follow‐up among those initially not planning to quit (AOR,6.32; 95% CI, 4.17–9.59). Conclusions: Uptake of nicotine vaping appears to be strongly associated with cigarette smoking cessation among smokers with no initial plans to quit smoking. Excluding smokers not planning to quit from studies on vaping and smoking cessation may underestimate potential benefit of daily vaping for daily smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To examine whether polyuse of cigarettes and other smoked products (polysmoking) is predictive of quit attempts and quit success. Design: A prospective multi‐country cohort design. Setting: Australia, Canada, England and the United States. Participants: A total of 3983 adult daily cigarette smokers were surveyed in 2016 (wave 1 of data collection) and were re‐contacted in 2018 (wave 2) (i.e. waves 1–2 cohort) in the International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping (ITC 4CV) surveys; and 3736 smokers were surveyed in 2018 and re‐contacted in 2020 (wave 3) (i.e. waves 2–3 cohort). Measurements Participants were asked about their cigarette smoking and use of cigars, cigarillos, pipes and waterpipes. Outcomes were quit attempts between two survey waves and success, defined as having quit smoking all the combustible tobacco at the subsequent survey for 1 month or more. Findings Levels of polysmoking were 12.7% in the waves 1–2 cohort and 10.5% for the waves 2–3 cohort. Compared with cigarette‐only smokers, polysmokers were more likely to attempt to quit between waves 1 and 2 [54.9 versus 42.7%, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.08–1.74, P < 0.01], but not between waves 2 and 3 (43.8 versus 40.1%, aOR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.72–1.22). Polysmoking predicted reduced likelihood of success in both cohorts among attempters and the overall samples. Between waves 2 and 3 there were significantly more transitions to non‐daily smoking among the polysmokers (12.4 versus 5.3%, χ2 = 40.4, P < 0.001). Conclusions: There is a consistent association between polysmoking (use of cigarettes together with other smoked products) and reduced quit success for combustible tobacco, but it is probably due to increased likelihood of transitioning to non‐daily use rather than complete cessation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Falls among the older adults (64+ years old [YO]) are considered public health issues. However, fall prevention in middle adulthood (age 45–64) has received less attention. We studied the associations between the number of falls and fall‐related injuries and indicators for socio‐demographics, chronic diseases, and difficulties in conducting activities in two age groups, 45–64 YO and 64+. In this secondary data analysis, we used the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) 2018 data. The study showed respondents in the 45–64 YO have higher average falls and fall‐related injuries than those 64+ (P <.001). Variables that link to more falls and fall‐related injuries in 64+ correspond to more falls and fall‐related injuries in 45–64 YO. The finding indicates that the odds of falls and fall‐related injuries are comparable across age groups when considering demographic characteristics. However, odds of falling in the presence of arthritis and asthma are higher for respondents in 45–64 YO than the 64+ YO. The risk of falls and fall‐related injuries are not specific to older adults. Factors that matter to the number of falls and fall‐related injuries in the older adults also count in the younger age group. Nurses are asked to validate available fall assessment tools for adults 45–64 years old and evaluate all clients over 45 for fall risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Healthcare (including dental care) service use is influenced by predisposing, enabling and need factors. One area with limited research is the association of acculturation (defined as behavioural changes in the adaptation to another culture) as a predisposing factor for dental care preventive service use. Preventive service use is a primary objective of Healthy People, 2030. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of acculturation with the preventive dental service use of dental pit‐and‐fissure sealant placement, among children in the United States, ages 6‐18 years. Methods: A cross‐sectional, secondary data analysis study was completed using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2013‐2016 data. NHANES is a nationally representative survey of noninstitutionalized individuals across the United States. In the data set, children, ages 6‐18 years, had been evaluated for pit‐and‐fissure dental sealant use. Information that served as proxies for acculturation was length of stay in the United States (a citizen at the time of the survey; not a citizen and in the country <5 years; or not a citizen and in the country ≥5 years) and whether English was spoken at home (yes; no). Data were analysed for descriptive statistics. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to examine strength of the associations. Odds ratios for pit‐and‐fissure sealants among groups were determined. Results: There were 2220 children participants whose data were used for this study. Less than half (45.5%) had received dental pit‐and‐fissure sealants. A majority (53.3%) were white and were ages 12‐18 years (51.6%). The mean number of dental pit‐and‐fissure sealants among all children was 5.5. There was a lower percentage of children living in the United States <5 years who had received pit‐and‐fissure sealants than children who were citizens of the United States (22.2% vs 48.9%, respectively). The adjusted odds ratio was lower for dental pit‐and‐fissure sealants among children who were in the United States <5 years than children who were citizens of the United States (adjusted odds ratio, 0.38; 95% Confidence Interval: 0.24, 0.58). Conclusions: In this study, children who had lived in the United States <5 years were less likely to have pit‐and‐fissure sealants than children who were citizens of the United States. There is a need to reach all children with preventive services to improve dental quality of life, reduce the need for dental restorations and decrease overall financial burden regardless of time in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transgender and nonbinary young adults report frequent parental rejection was linked to poor mental health. There are limited data about transgender and nonbinary young adult sibling relationships following disclosure or discovery of gender identity. The purpose of this analysis is to compare transgender and nonbinary young adults' perception of parental and sibling support specifically for gender identity immediately after disclosure and in the present day. Eligible respondents were recruited via paid social media advertisements. Respondents provided data on demographics, family relationships, and perceived support for gender identity. The sample consisted of 348 transgender and nonbinary young adults (Mean age: 21.5 years) who lived in the United States, identified as White and were assigned female at birth. The majority reported on a nuclear family. Nearly three‐quarters (71.3%) had disclosed their identity to at least one parent and had done so within the past 3 years. Overall, respondents perceived a significant increase in family members' support from the time of disclosure to the time of the survey. Most respondents reported improved family relationships since disclosing their gender identity. Siblings were perceived as significantly more supportive than either parent at both time points. Siblings could be an essential source of support for transgender/nonbinary young people, particularly if parents are not accepting or do not yet know their child's gender identity. Nurses and other professionals working with transgender and nonbinary young people in school, community, and clinical settings should assess perceived support across familial relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: State recess laws are recommended to encourage adequate and equitable access to recess and its benefits, but the downstream effects of state recess laws are unknown. We examined the association of state recess laws with district‐level policy and school recess provision. METHODS: This is cross‐sectional analysis of the School Health Policies and Practices Survey, a US nationally representative sample of school districts (2016) and schools (2014). State‐level recess laws were coded as none, recommend, or require recess. Logistic and linear regression were used to examine the association between state law with district policies and school recess provision, respectively. Data from 2000 are presented to highlight changes in recess policy and provision over time. RESULTS: The odds of a district policy requiring recess were 2.22 and 2.34 times greater when state recess law recommended or required recess, respectively, compared to states with no recess policy. There were no significant differences in school‐level recess provision by state recess law but point estimates from 2000 indicated states without a law had the largest declines in recess provision over time. CONCLUSIONS: State recess laws are positively associated with district‐level policy. Effects at the school level are unclear and continued surveillance is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: State‐level laws governing recess policies vary widely across the United States. We characterize the presence of such laws and assess their associations with child‐level outcomes. Methods: The presence of a state recess law was determined using the Classification of Laws Associated with School Students (CLASS) database. Parents of 6‐ to 11‐year‐old children reported physical activity, overall health, school absences, school‐related problems, and ability to make/keep friends as part of the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH). Logistic regression was used to compare outcomes in states with and without recess laws cross‐sectionally in 2018 and between 2003 and 2011/2012 using a difference‐in‐differences analysis. Results: In 2018, 20 states had a law recommending or requiring recess. Cross‐sectionally, the odds of being physically active every day (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 2.8, 1.2‐6.5) and having no difficulty making or keeping friends (2.9, 1.2‐7.2) were significantly higher for children residing in states with versus without a recess law. There were no significant associations in the difference‐in‐differences model. Conclusions: Significant cross‐sectional associations in 2018 were not confirmed by a difference‐in‐differences analysis of two waves of the NSCH. Short follow‐up time and the apparent weakness of existing state laws warrant further assessment of state‐level recess law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hospital visitation restrictions during the COVID‐19 pandemic prompted concerns about unintended consequences for older patients, including an increased incidence of delirium and agitation. While first‐line interventions for these conditions are non‐pharmacologic, a lack of family support could result in increased use of benzodiazepines and antipsychotics, which are associated with poor outcomes in older adults. Little is known about the association of visitation policies with use of these medications among older adults. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cross‐sectional study among adults aged ≥65 hospitalized from March 1 through May 31, 2020 at four hospitals in the Mid‐Atlantic. The dates of onset of visitation restrictions (i.e., hospital‐wide guidelines barring visitors) were collected from hospital administrators. Outcomes were use of benzodiazepines and antipsychotics, assessed using patient‐level electronic health record data. Using multivariable logistic regression with hospital and study‐day fixed effects, the quasi‐experimental study design leveraged the staggered onset of visitation restrictions across the hospitals to measure the odds of receiving each medication when visitors were versus were not allowed. Results: Among 2931 patients, mean age was 76.6 years (SD, 8.3), 51.6% were female, 58.6% white, 32.5% black, and 2.6% Hispanic. Overall, 924 (31.5%) patients received a benzodiazepine and 298 (10.2%) an antipsychotic. The adjusted odds of benzodiazepine use was lower on days when visitors were versus were not allowed (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.39, 0.99). Antipsychotic use did not significantly differ between days when visitors were versus were not allowed (AOR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.43, 2.21). Conclusions: Among older patients hospitalized during the first wave of the pandemic, benzodiazepine use was lower on days when visitors were allowed. These findings suggest that the presence of caregivers impacts use of potentially inappropriate medications among hospitalized older adults, supporting efforts to recognize caregivers as essential members of the care team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Controversy exists on the acceptability of medical immobilization (MI). Aim: To identify regulations, professional conventions, and opinions on the acceptability of MI and to identify practice patterns through a pilot study of members of the International Association of Paediatric Dentistry (IAPD) and their colleagues. Design: A 22‐item questionnaire was developed and electronically distributed to 1191 members of the IAPD. Results: Responses were received from 182 dentists in 45 countries. The majority (74.9%) of respondents use MI, and 29.1% use an immobilization device. MI with an immobilization device was reported as professionally acceptable (58.1%) and permitted by medicolegal regulations (70.8%) in their countries of practice. Dentists rated acceptability of MI higher than they perceived parents would overall and perceived MI to be more acceptable by parents for emergency situations and for children with special healthcare needs but 19.8% of respondents found it totally unacceptable in all scenarios. Use and opinions of acceptability varied by geographical location with respondents from North America being more accepting of MI. Most dentists felt that the use of an immobilization device could lead to lasting psychological trauma (72.3%) and violation of the rights of the child (55.4%) but that it improves access to care (58.5%). Conclusion: The acceptability of MI remains an area of controversy for paediatric dentists internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The growing body of research evidence on substance use and substance use disorder (SU/SUD) prevention could be leveraged to strengthen the intended impact of policies that address SU/SUD. The aim of the present study was to explore how research was used in United States federal legislation that emphasized SU/SUD prevention. Design: Using a mixed‐methods approach, we assessed whether the use of research predicted a bill's legislative progress. We randomly sampled 10 bills that represented different types of research keywords to examine how research was used in these bills, applying content analysis. Setting: United States Congress. Participants/Cases: Federal legislation introduced between the 101st and the 114th Congresses (1989–2017; n = 1866). Measurements The quantitative outcome measures were bills' likelihood of passing out of committee and being enacted. Qualitative outcomes included the ways research was used in legislation. Findings Bills that used any research language were 2.2 times more likely to pass out of committee (OR = 2.18; 95% CI, 1.75, 2.72) and 82% more likely to be enacted (OR = 1.82; 95% CI, 1.23, 2.69) than bills not using research language. Bills using dissemination words were 57% more likely to pass out of committee (OR = 1.57; CI, 1.08, 2.28) and analysis words were 93% more likely (OR = 1.93; 95% CI, 1.51, 2.47) than bills not using dissemination or analysis words. Research was used to (i) define the problem to justify legislative action, (ii) address the problem by providing funding, and (iii) address the problem through industry regulations. However, there was a lack of research use that targets underlying risk and protective factors. Conclusions: In the US Congress, substance use and substance use disorder prevention bills that use research language appear to be more likely to progress in the legislative cycle than bills that do not, suggesting that legislation using research may be viewed as more credible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Baby‐Friendly Hospital Initiative is a global health promotion intervention that outlines the Ten Steps hospitals should implement to support newborns' breastfeeding. This US‐based study aimed to determine which hospital characteristics and community factors are associated with hospitals' attainment of Baby‐Friendly designation. We used a cross‐sectional design and used 2018 data from the Baby‐Friendly, USA Inc. designation program merged with the American Hospital Association annual survey data set. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to assess hospital characteristics of interest among the sample consisting of 312 Baby‐Friendly hospitals and 1449 non‐Baby‐Friendly. Our results show that Baby‐Friendly hospitals are more likely to be government nonfederal hospitals, in the Midwest or South regions, serve communities with higher birth totals, and reside in competitive markets. Based on the results of this study, hospitals should seek further and examine their community's characteristics and structures to identify opportunities and encourage the attainment of improved breastfeeding initiatives such as Baby‐Friendly designation. Key messages: Organizational and community characteristics that contribute to Baby‐Friendly (BF) designation attainment remain unexplained.The BF concept as an innovative strategic choice assists health care leaders in better supporting breastfeeding and advanced maternity care.Our study indicates that BF hospitals are more likely to be government nonfederal hospitals and serve communities with a higher birth total.Our study indicates that BF hospitals are more likely to be in the South and Midwest regions of the United States and reside in competitive markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple factors may influence the risk of being homebound, including social isolation and race. This study examines the relationship between social isolation and homebound status by race over 9 years in a sample of adults. Methods: Utilizing a representative sample of 7788 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65+ from 2011–2019, we assessed the odds of becoming homebound by social isolation. We defined social isolation as the objective lack of contact with others. We defined severe social isolation as scoring a 0 or 1 on a social connection scale from 0 to 4. Homebound status was defined as never leaving home or only leaving home with difficulty. Utilizing a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for age, gender, marital status, income, and education, we examined the association between social isolation at baseline and becoming homebound during the study in those who were not initially homebound. Results: Older adults in this study were on average 78 years old. Overall, most were white (69%), female (56.3%), and married (57.8%) and reported that they had a college education or higher (43.9%). Also, at baseline, approximately 25% of study participants were socially isolated, 21% were homebound, and 6.3% were homebound and socially isolated or severely socially isolated. Homebound status at baseline varied by race: Black, 23.9% and white, 16.6% (p < 0.0001). After 9 years, socially isolated black (hazard risk ratio, HRR 1.35, 95% confidence interval CI [1.05,1.73], p < 0.05) and white (HRR 1.25, 95% CI [1.09,1.42], p < 0.01) older adults were at higher risk of becoming homebound. Conclusion: Socially isolated black and white adults are more likely to be homebound at baseline and become homebound over time. Further research is needed to determine whether community‐based strategies and policies that identify and address social isolation reduce homebound status among community‐dwelling older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Older adults represent a disproportionate share of severe COVID‐19 presentations and fatalities, but we have limited understanding of the differences in presentation by age and the association between less typical emergency department (ED) presentations and clinical outcomes. Methods: This retrospective cohort study used the RECOVER Network registry, a research collaboration of 86 EDs in 27 U.S. states. We focused on encounters with a positive nasopharyngeal swab for SARS‐CoV‐2, and described their demographics, clinical presentation, and outcomes. Sequential multivariable logistic regressions examined the strength of association between age cohort and outcomes. Results: Of 4536 encounters, median patient age was 55 years, 49% were women, and 34% were non‐Hispanic Black persons. Cough was the most common presenting complaint across age groups (18–64, 65–74, and 75+): 71%, 67%, and 59%, respectively (p < 0.001). Neurological symptoms, particularly altered mental status, were more common in older adults (2%, 11%, 26%; p < 0.001). Patients 75+ had the greatest odds of ED index visit admission of all age groups (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 6.66; 95% CI 5.23–8.56), 30‐day hospitalization (aOR 7.44; 95% CI 5.63–9.99), and severe COVID‐19 (aOR 4.26; 95% CI 3.45–5.27). Compared to individuals with alternate presentations and adjusting for age, patients with typical symptoms (fever, cough and/or shortness of breath) had similar odds of ED index visit admission (aOR 1.01; 95% CI 0.81–1.24), potentially higher odds of 30‐day hospitalization (aOR 1.23; 95% CI 1.00–1.53), and greater odds of severe COVID‐19 (aOR 1.46; 95% CI 1.12–1.90). Conclusions: Older patients with COVID‐19 are more likely to have presentations without the most common symptoms. However, alternate presentations of COVID‐19 in older ED patients are not associated with greater odds of mechanical ventilation and/or death. Our data highlights the importance of a liberal COVID‐19 testing strategy among older ED patients to facilitate accurate diagnoses and timely treatment and prophylaxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preventing oral health problems can be crucial for maintaining physical independence in older adults. We aimed to examine the associations of a range of oral health problems with incidence of disability in older adults. Methods: We used prospective data from the British Regional Health Study (BRHS) (N = 2147, 71–92 years), and the Health, Aging and Body Composition (HABC) study (USA) (N = 3075, 71–80 years). Oral health measures included tooth loss, periodontal disease, self‐rated oral health, and self‐reported dry mouth. Participants were followed for onset of disability over a follow‐up period of 3 years. Onset of disability was assessed through new cases of mobility limitations, activities of daily living (ADL), and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). Logistic regression was performed to calculate the odds of incident disability. Results: In the BRHS, tooth loss was associated with greater odds of mobility limitations and ADL difficulties. Periodontal disease was associated with greater incidence of mobility limitations. Self‐report of ≥3 dry mouth symptoms was associated with increased odds of incident mobility limitations and ADL difficulties (OR = 2.08, 95% CI 1.27–3.42; OR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.03–2.90). Fair/poor self‐rated oral health was associated with greater incidence of IADL difficulties. In the HABC study, complete tooth loss was associated with greater incidence of mobility limitations (OR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.13–3.06), and fair/poor self‐rated oral health was associated with increased odds of incident ADL difficulties (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.04–1.94). Conclusions: Oral health problems in older adults, particularly tooth loss, self‐reported dry mouth and self‐rated oral health were associated with greater incidence of disability. Poor oral health plays a potentially important role in the development of disability in older populations, which in turn is an essential part of quality of life and healthy aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To investigate whether e‐cigarette and cigarette susceptibility predict e‐cigarette and cigarette use among American youth 1 year later. Design and Setting: Longitudinal data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study—a four‐stage, stratified probability cohort study of youth (12–17 years old) sampled from the United States civilian, non‐institutionalized population. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the association between initial product‐specific susceptibility and subsequent cigarette smoking and e‐cigarette use while controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, exposure to nicotine users, and behavioral risk factors. Participants: The sample included 8841 adolescent never nicotine users at initial survey who participated in both wave 4 (2016–2017) and wave 4.5 (2017–2018) of PATH. Measurements We measured cigarette and e‐cigarette susceptibility (defined as a lack of a firm commitment to not use cigarettes or e‐cigarettes) among never nicotine users at baseline (wave 4) as well as cigarette and e‐cigarette use at 12‐month follow‐up (wave 4.5). Findings Youth e‐cigarette susceptibility was statistically significantly (P < 0.05) associated with e‐cigarette use 1 year later, for both past 12‐month (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.99; 95% CI, 2.29–3.90) and past 30‐day e‐cigarette use (aOR, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.78–4.16), but not with cigarette smoking (aOR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.64–1.73 for past 12‐month smoking and aOR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.29–1.45 for past 30‐day smoking. Smoking susceptibility predicted subsequent smoking in the past 12 months (aOR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.09–3.03) and past 30 days (aOR, 3.32; 95% CI (1.33–8.29), but not e‐cigarette use in the past 12 months (aOR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.77–1.19) or past 30 days (aOR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.82–1.51). Conclusion: E‐cigarette and cigarette susceptibility measures appear to predict product‐specific use among youth 1 year later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We previously described the magnitude of rural‐urban differences in the prevalence of stroke risk factors and stroke mortality. In this report, we sought to extend the understanding of rural‐urban differences in the prevalence of stroke risk factors by using an enhanced definition of rural‐urban status and assessing the impact of neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES) on risk factor differences. Methods: This analysis included 28,242 participants without a history of stroke from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort. Participants were categorized into the 6‐level ordinal National Center for Health Statistics Urban‐Rural Classification Scheme. The prevalence of stroke risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, smoking, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular hypertrophy, and heart disease) was assessed across the rural‐urban scale with adjustment for demographic characteristics and further adjustment for nSES score. Findings: Hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease were more prevalent in rural than urban regions. Higher odds were observed for these risk factors in the most rural compared to the most urban areas (odds ratios [95% CI]: 1.25 [1.11‐1.42] for hypertension, 1.15 [0.99‐1.33] for diabetes, and 1.19 [1.02‐1.39] for heart disease). Adjustment for nSES score partially attenuated the odds of hypertension and heart disease with rurality, completely attenuated the odds of diabetes, and unmasked an association of current smoking. Conclusions: Some of the higher stroke mortality in rural areas may be due to the higher burden of stroke risk factors in rural areas. Lower nSES contributed most notably to rural‐urban differences for diabetes and smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination behaviors among Chinese college students (CCS) in the United States are affected by social determinants of health. Using a self‐report questionnaire and a snowball sampling technique, this cross‐sectional study investigated (a) HPV vaccination practices; (b) primary social networking platforms and preferred means of receiving HPV information; and (c) the influence of acculturation on HPV vaccination, HPV information sources, and social networking use among 213 CCS aged 18–26 in the United States. About half (50.7%) had received one to three doses of an HPV vaccine, and 91.7% had received their first dose. The most popular social networking platforms were WeChat (69.5%), Instagram (58.7%), text messaging (55.4%), and Facebook (47.4%). Preferred means of receiving future HPV information included the internet, online social networking, and health professionals. Participants with high Asian identification (AI) were less likely to receive the HPV vaccine than those with high Western identification. Participants with high AI were more likely to use WeChat for their social networking but less likely to use US‐based social media platforms. Acculturation, preferred social networking platforms, and sources and communication of HPV (i.e., health professionals, family members, schoolteachers, friends) influenced participants' HPV vaccination. To promote equity of access to health messages and increase HPV vaccination, future efforts should pay attention to CCS with high AI and incorporate their cultural beliefs and practices. Given that nonprofessionals (e.g., family, friends) were influential factors in HPV vaccination, it is critical to tailor interventions for CCS to the recipients and their social circles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite its potential to produce serious adverse outcomes, DSM‐5 alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) has not been widely studied in the general population. Methods: We used cross‐sectional data from 36,309 U.S. adults from the 2012–2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions‐III to examine the past‐year prevalence of AWS and its correlates. We focused on an important clinical population–past‐year drinkers with unhealthy alcohol use–i.e., those with a positive score on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–Consumption (AUDIT‐C) questionnaire. We also examined the association of AWS with sociodemographic measures, psychiatric disorders, alcohol‐related measures, and healthcare utilization. Results: Approximately one‐third (n = 12,634) of respondents reported unhealthy alcohol use (AUDIT‐C+). Of these, 14.3% met criteria for a DSM‐5 AWS diagnosis. The mean (SE) number of withdrawal symptoms among individuals with AWS was 2.83 (1.88), with the most common being nausea/vomiting and insomnia (19.8% and 11.6%, respectively). Among AUDIT‐C+ respondents, the odds of AWS were significantly higher among males (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.17 [95% CI, 1.02–1.33]), unmarried participants (aOR = 1.55 [95% CI, 1.25–1.92]), and those at the lowest (vs. highest) income levels (aOR = 1.62 [95% CI, 1.37–1.92]). Among AUDIT‐C+ respondents, AWS was also associated with psychiatric disorders (with aORs that ranged from 2.08 [95% CI, 1.79–2.41]) for major depressive disorder to 3.14 (95% CI, 1.79–2.41) for borderline personality disorder. AUDIT‐C+ respondents with AWS also had higher odds of past‐year alcohol use disorder (aOR = 11.2 [95% CI, 9.66–13.07]), other alcohol‐related features (e.g., binge drinking), and healthcare utilization. Conclusions: Among individuals with unhealthy alcohol use, AWS is prevalent, highly comorbid, and disabling. Given the risk of AWS among unhealthy drinkers, a comparatively large segment of the general population, clinicians should seek to identify individuals with AWS and intervene with them to prevent serious adverse outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Using the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 2013 atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) management guidelines, we conducted a retrospective cross‐sectional analysis of people living with HIV in the US Military HIV Natural History Study to determine whether individuals were receiving statins when indicated. Methods: Prescription data was taken from Military Health System data. Statin eligibility was defined by ASCVD guidelines. We used the 10‐year ASCVD pooled cohorts' equation to evaluate risk for each participant. Results: Across all categories, 31.9% (n = 390) of individuals met criteria for statin use, and when adding these subjects to the number of those already receiving statins (n = 96), 62.1% of all eligible subjects (n = 302/486) were actually receiving statin therapy. In multivariable analysis, individuals of African American race [odds ratio (OR) = 0.48, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.31–0.73] or Hispanic ethnicity (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.19–0.94) were less likely to receive statin prescriptions than white individuals. Individuals with a higher CD4 count (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.05–1.20 per 100 cells/μL]) were significantly more likely to receive a statin prescription. Conclusions: These data highlight discrepancies between ASCVD guidelines and primary care management of people living with HIV (PLWH) in the military health system, along with important racial differences. Targeted interventions are critical to identify and treat appropriate candidates for statin therapy among PLWH in the military and other settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: When compared to patients with normal renal function, patients with chronic kidney disease develop higher in‐hospital complications post implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) therapy. However, real world data on in‐hospital complications post ICD therapy in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) is limited. In this study, we aim to explore the procedure‐related complications of ICD therapy in patients with ESRD. Methods: Using the nationwide inpatient sample (NIS) database, we conducted a retrospective analysis on ESRD patients who underwent inpatient ICD placement from 2010 to 2016. Using 1:2 propensity score matching, we compared ESRD patients to those with normal renal function. Outcomes of interest were postoperative hemorrhage and hematoma formation, blood transfusion, pericardial complications, mechanical complications requiring lead revision, vascular injury, in‐hospital mortality, and length of stay. Results: Our sample included 40,075 cases with subsequent propensity score matching between ESRD and normal renal function. Comparatively, patients with ESRD had higher odds of postoperative hemorrhage (Odds ratio [OR] = 1.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4–1.99, p = <.0001), blood transfusion (OR, 3.88; CI 3.29–4.56; p = <.0001), mechanical complications requiring lead revision (OR, 1.24; CI 1.01–1.51; p =.035), vascular injury (OR, 2.02; CI 1.27–3.24; p =.0027), in‐hospital mortality (OR, 4.56; CI 3.08–6.76; p = <.0001), and longer hospitalization (11 vs. 7 days, p = <.0001), but without significant difference in pericardial complications (OR, 1.9; CI 0.92–1.54; p = <.18). Conclusion: In this large contemporary cohort, patients with ESRD undergoing inpatient ICD therapy are at higher risk of developing postprocedural complications including hemorrhage and hematoma, blood transfusion, mechanical complications requiring lead revision, and in hospital mortality, without increased risk of pericardial complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Sudden Cardiac Death‐Screening of Risk FactOrS survey included a 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) plus a digital‐based questionnaire and aimed to screen for warning signs of diseases that may course with sudden cardiac death in children and young adults. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of unexplained syncope (US) and characterize its high‐risk features and predictors in this cohort. Methods and Results: We determined the most probable etiology of transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) episodes based on clinical criteria. US was an exclusion diagnosis and we analyzed its potential clinical and ECG predictors. Among 11 878 individuals, with a mean age of 21 ± 6 (range 6–40) years old, the cumulative incidence of TLOC was 26.5%, 76.2% corresponding to females. Reflex syncope was present in 66.4%, orthostatic hypotension in 8.2%, and 14.8% of the individuals had US. Unexplained syncope was independently associated with age < 18 years old (odds ratio [OR] 1.695; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26–2.29, p =.001), male gender (OR 1.642; 95% CI 1.22–2.22, p =.001), participation in competitive sports (OR 1.644; 95% CI 1.01–2.66, p =.043), syncope during exertion and/or palpitations preceding syncope (OR 2.556; 95% CI 1.92–3.40, p <.001), syncope after exertion (OR 2.662; 95% CI 1.73–4.10, p <.001), fever context (OR 9.606; 95% CI 4.13–22.34, p <.001), isolated previous syncopal episode (OR 2.780; 95% CI 0.2.06–3.75, p <.001), and history of palpitations requiring medical care (OR 1.945; 95% CI 1.14–3.31, p =.014). We found no ECG predictors of US in this population. Conclusions: The cumulative incidence of TLOC in children and young adults is high and remains unexplained in an important proportion of individuals. We identified eight clinical characteristics that may be useful for the risk stratification of individuals evaluated in a nonacute setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Burnout affects about half of family physicians (FPs). Minimal research exists which examines the impact of urban and rural practice settings on FP burnout. In this study, we examined whether rural practice is associated with FP burnout. Methods: Data from the 2017 and 2018 American Board of Family Medicine Family Medicine Certification examination registration questionnaire were used. We limited our sample to FPs in continuity care in the United States. The questionnaire is a mandatory component of registration, resulting in a 100% response rate. Burnout was measured via 2 questions validated against the Maslach Burnout Inventory. We used logistic regression to determine associations between burnout and rural location, controlling for practice and personal characteristics. Findings: Of the FPs surveyed, 2,740 met our inclusion criteria. Rural FPs were older, more likely to be male, and had a broader scope of practice than urban FPs. Rural FPs had a nonsignificantly higher burnout rate than urban FPs (45.1% vs 43.0%). Burnout was more common in younger and female FPs. We found no rural/urban differences between job satisfaction, practice environment, workload, and job stress; however, all of these characteristics were associated with burnout. In adjusted analyses, rural location was not associated with burnout (odds ratio = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.87‐1.52). Conclusion: In a large national sample, we found no difference in burnout between rural and urban FPs. This suggests there is nothing unique about rural practice that predisposes to burnout and that a common pathway to reduce burnout may exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy PointsMayoral officials' opinions about the existence and fairness of health disparities in their city are positively associated with the magnitude of income‐based life expectancy disparity in their city.Associations between mayoral officials' opinions about health disparities in their city and the magnitude of life expectancy disparity in their city are not moderated by the social or fiscal ideology of mayoral officials or the ideology of their constituents.Highly visible and publicized information about mortality disparities, such as that related to COVID‐19 disparities, has potential to elevate elected officials' perceptions of the severity of health disparities and influence their opinions about the issue. Context: A substantive body of research has explored what factors influence elected officials' opinions about health issues. However, no studies have assessed the potential influence of the health of an elected official's constituents. We assessed whether the magnitude of income‐based life expectancy disparity within a city was associated with the opinions of that city's mayoral official (i.e., mayor or deputy mayor) about health disparities in their city. Methods: The independent variable was the magnitude of income‐based life expectancy disparity in US cities. The magnitude was determined by linking 2010‐2015 estimates of life expectancy and median household income for 8,434 census tracts in 224 cities. The dependent variables were mayoral officials' opinions from a 2016 survey about the existence and fairness of health disparities in their city (n = 224, response rate 30.3%). Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for characteristics of mayoral officials (e.g., ideology) and city characteristics. Findings: In cities in the highest income‐based life expectancy disparity quartile, 50.0% of mayoral officials "strongly agreed" that health disparities existed and 52.7% believed health disparities were "very unfair." In comparison, among mayoral officials in cities in the lowest disparity quartile 33.9% "strongly agreed" that health disparities existed and 22.2% believed the disparities were "very unfair." A 1‐year‐larger income‐based life expectancy disparity in a city was associated with 25% higher odds that the city's mayoral official would "strongly agree" that health disparities existed (odds ratio [OR] = 1.25; P =.04) and twice the odds that the city's mayoral official would believe that such disparities were "very unfair" (OR = 2.24; P <.001). Conclusions: Mayoral officials' opinions about health disparities in their jurisdictions are generally aligned with, and potentially influenced by, information about the magnitude of income‐based life expectancy disparities among their constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Facebook is a frequently used social media platform and is often used for human health information, yet little research has been conducted on how pet owners use Facebook pet groups to obtain and share pet health information. Method: This study was designed to assess how pet owners use dog and cat Facebook groups to provide and receive pet health advice and their perception of these groups' trustworthiness. Two comparable questionnaires (dog and cat owners) were developed and distributed through an online survey platform. Results: Results suggest that Facebook groups are a common source of pet health information, with 56.2% of dog owners and 51.8% of cat owners reporting receiving health information through Facebook groups. Similar numbers report giving health information through Facebook groups: 55.0% of dog owners and 57.9% of cat owners. Dog health information most commonly exchanged related to dermatology, gastroenterology and orthopaedics and the most common cat health information focused on gastroenterology, renal and urinary‐related issues. While the majority of Facebook users report feeling that Facebook groups are not a trustworthy source of pet health information, a substantial minority of users do appear to be influenced by these groups. Conclusion: Approximately 50% of cat and dog owning respondents either give or receive pet health advice through Facebook groups. These results suggest that many owners deem Facebook groups as useful, but not entirely trustworthy, sources of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the association of life‐space score with subsequent healthcare costs and utilization. Design: Prospective cohort study (Osteoporotic Fracture in Men [MrOS]). Setting: Six U.S. sites. Participants: A total of 1555 community‐dwelling men (mean age 79.3 years; 91.5% white, non‐Hispanic) participating in the MrOS Year 7 (Y7) examination linked with their Medicare claims data. Measurements: Life‐space during the past month was assessed as 0 (daily restriction to one's bedroom) to 120 (daily trips outside one's town without assistance) and categorized (0–40, 41–60, 61–80, 81–100, 101–120). Total annualized direct healthcare costs and utilization were ascertained during 36 months after the Y7 examination. Results: Mean total annualized costs (2020 U.S. dollars) steadily increased across category of life‐space score, from $7954 (standard deviation [SD] 16,576) among men with life‐space scores of 101–120 to $26,430 (SD 28,433) among men with life‐space scores of 0–40 (p < 0.001). After adjustment for demographics, men with a life‐space score of 0–40 versus men with a life‐space score of 101–120 had greater mean total costs (cost ratio [CR] = 2.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.84–3.45) and greater risk of subsequent hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] 4.72, 95% CI 2.61–8.53) and skilled nursing facility (SNF) stay (OR 7.32, 95% CI 3.65–14.66). Life‐space score was no longer significantly associated with total healthcare costs (CR for 0–40 vs 101–120 1.29; 95% CI 0.91–1.84) and hospitalization (OR 1.76, 95% CI 0.89–3.51) after simultaneous consideration of demographics, medical factors, self‐reported health and function, and the frailty phenotype; the association of life‐space with SNF stay remained significant (OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.26–6.49). Conclusion: Our results highlight the importance of function and mobility in predicting future healthcare costs and suggest the simple and convenient life‐space score may in part capture risks from major geriatric domains and improve identification of older, community‐dwelling men likely to require costly care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Opioid use disorder (OUD) has led to not only increases in overdose deaths, but also increases in endocarditis and osteomyelitis secondary to injection drug use (IDU). We studied the association between initiation of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) and treatment outcomes for people with infectious sequelae of IDU and OUD. Design and setting: This is a retrospective cohort study reviewing encounters at 143 HCA Healthcare hospitals across 21 states of the United States from 2014 to 2018. Participants Adults aged 18–65 with the ICD diagnosis code for OUD and endocarditis or osteomyelitis (n = 1407). Measurements Main exposure was the initiation of MOUD, defined as either methadone or buprenorphine at any dosage started during hospitalization. Primary outcomes were defined as patient‐directed discharge (PDD), 30‐day re‐admission and days of intravenous antibiotic treatment. Covariates included biological sex, age, ethnicity, other co‐occurring substance use disorders, and insurance status. Findings MOUD was initiated among 269 (19.1%) patients during hospitalization. Initiation of MOUD was not associated with decreased odds of PDD. Initiation of MOUD did not impact 30‐day re‐admission. Patients who received MOUD, on average, had 5.7 additional days of gold‐standard intravenous antibiotic treatment compared with those who did not [β = 5.678, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.563, 7.794), P < 0.05]. Conclusion: For people with opioid use disorder hospitalized with endocarditis or osteomyelitis, initiation of methadone or buprenorphine appears to be associated with improved receipt of gold‐standard therapy, as quantified by increased days on intravenous antibiotic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Psychotropic and opioid medications are routinely prescribed for symptom management in hospice, but national estimates of prescribing are lacking. Changes in Medicare hospice payment in 2014 provide the first opportunity to examine psychotropic and opioid prescribing among hospice beneficiaries, and the factors associated with use of specific medication classes. Design: Cross‐sectional analysis of a 20% sample of traditional and managed Medicare with Part D enrolled in hospice, 2014–2016. Setting: Beneficiaries enrolled in the Medicare hospice benefit. Participants: Medicare beneficiaries ≥65 newly enrolled in hospice between July 1, 2014 and December 31, 2016 (N = 554,022). Main outcome: Prevalence of psychotropic and opioid medication prescribing by class and factors associated with prescribing. Results: 70.3% of hospice beneficiaries were prescribed a psychotropic and 63.3% were prescribed an opioid. The most common psychotropic classes prescribed were: benzodiazepines (60.6%), antipsychotics (38.3%), antidepressants (18.4%), and antiepileptics (10.2%). Lorazepam (56.4%), morphine (52.8%), and haloperidol (28.6%) were received by the most beneficiaries. Prevalence of any psychotropic and opioid prescription was highest among beneficiaries who were female (76.7%), non‐Hispanic white (76.6%), and those with cancer (78.9%). Compared to white beneficiaries, non‐Hispanic black beneficiaries were less likely to receive nearly every class of medication, with significantly lower odds of receiving opioids (64.1% vs 57.9%; AOR 0.75, 95% CI 0.72–0.77) and benzodiazepines (61.6% vs 52.2%; AOR 0.66, 95% CI 0.64–0.68). Differences were seen across hospice diagnosis; those with cancer were more likely to receive opioids, benzodiazepines, and antipsychotics but less likely to receive antidepressants and antiepileptics. Conclusions: Psychotropic and opioid medications are frequently prescribed in hospice. Observed variations in prescribing across race and ethnicity may reflect disparities in prescribing as well as patient preferences for care. Further work is important to understand factors driving prescribing given limited studies surrounding medication prescribing in hospice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The current study examined the extent to which within‐person variation in drinking motives differentiates moderate, binge, and high‐intensity drinking; and independent associations of motives and drinking intensity with alcohol use consequences in a sample of young adult drinkers from across the United States. Methods: Participants were past 30‐day drinkers in the U.S. nationally representative Monitoring the Future 12th grade sample in 2018, who also reported alcohol use during a 14‐day data collection burst 1 year later (N = 484 people, mean age 19.3 [SD 0.40], 43% female; N = 1042 drinking days) as part of the Young Adult Daily Life Study in 2019. Weighted multilevel modeling estimated within‐ and between‐person associations of drinking motives, drinking intensity (i.e., moderate [women 1–3, men 1–4 drinks], binge [women 4–7, men 5–9 drinks], and high‐intensity drinking [women 8+, men 10+ drinks]), and number of positive and negative alcohol consequences. Results: On days participants reported greater enhancement and social motives, they were more likely to engage in high‐intensity (vs. binge) drinking and binge (vs. moderate) drinking and experience more positive alcohol consequences. On days participants reported greater enhancement and coping motives, they experienced more negative alcohol consequences. Binge (vs. moderate) drinking on a given day was associated with more positive and negative alcohol consequences; high‐intensity (vs. binge) drinking on a given day was associated with more negative alcohol consequences that day. Moderation analyses indicated that social motives were associated with high‐intensity (vs. binge) drinking only among college students. Conclusions: Stronger drinking motives on a given day were associated with drinking intensity (enhancement and social motives) and negative consequences (enhancement and coping). High‐intensity (vs. binge or moderate) drinking was associated with more negative consequences but not more positive consequences. These results underscore that high‐intensity drinking and consequences vary across days and time‐varying, occasion‐specific risks such as current motivational context are appropriate targets for intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]