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This Letter focuses on extracting the heartbeat information using ultra‐wideband impulse radar, and a new method that can extract not only the heart rate but also the timing of the heartbeat with high accuracy is proposed herein. As the first step towards achieving this goal, radar pulses are projected towards a human body, and the reflected pulses are accumulated along the time axis at specific time intervals. The accumulated pulses pass through a digital filter to reveal the heartbeat information and are converted to a greyscale image. A pattern that reflects the heartbeats is used as a template to find similar patterns in the entire image. After all the significant patterns are found, the timing information corresponding to the locations where the patterns appear is calculated, and this indicates the time when the heartbeats actually occur. From the experimental results, the authors confirmed that the proposed method could estimate the heart rate with high accuracy and extract the timing information of the heartbeats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A formula for the optimal relation between the width of a planar conductor (w0), the total width of parallel straight planar conductors (W), and the number of the parallel conductors (N) for the minimum ohmic resistance is presented. The formula is verified for the frequency range between 2 and 27.12 MHz according to N by using the finite element method. By experimentation, it is also shown that the proposed formula can be applied to design low‐loss circular planar coils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precipitation-induced overland and groundwater flow and mixing processes are quantified to analyze the temporal (event and pre-event water) and spatial (groundwater discharge and overland runoff) origins of water entering a stream. Using a distributed-parameter control volume finite-element simulator that can simultaneously solve the fully coupled partial differential equations describing 2-D Manning and 3-D Darcian flow and advective-dispersive transport, mechanical flow (driven by hydraulic potential) and tracer-based hydrograph separation (driven by dispersive mixing as well as mechanical flow) are simulated in response to precipitation events in two cross sections oriented parallel and perpendicular to a stream. The results indicate that as precipitation becomes more intense, the subsurface mechanical flow contributions tend to become less significant relative to the total pre-event stream discharge. Hydrodynamic mixing can play an important role in enhancing pre-event tracer signals in the stream. This implies that temporally tagged chemical signals introduced into surface-subsurface flow systems from precipitation may not be strong enough to detect the changes in the subsurface flow system. It is concluded that diffusive/dispersive mixing, capillary fringe groundwater ridging, and macropore flow can influence the temporal sources of water in the stream, but any sole mechanism may not fully explain the strong pre-event water discharge. Further investigations of the influence of heterogeneity, residence time, geomorphology, and root zone processes are required to confirm the conclusions of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective calculation method for AC resistance and the inductance of planar rectangular spiral coils is proposed. For the calculation, a volume filament model and its equivalent circuit are provided. By using the method, AC resistance and inductance are calculated accurately in megahertz frequency range by including both skin and proximity effects. The method is verified with experiments and used to optimise rectangular spiral coils for the maximum quality factor (Q‐factor) at 6.78 MHz. A small planar rectangular coil is shown to have the maximum Q‐factor when the width of the innermost coil loop is about a half of that of the outermost coil loop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A transposon mutant library was constructed from the bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv . oryzae ( Xoo) KACC10331 by Tn5 transposon mutagenesis. The susceptible rice cultivar Milyang 23 was inoculated with a total of 24 540 mutants resistant to kanamycin and 67 avirulent or reduced-pathogenicity mutant strains were selected for study. Southern hybridization verified that 84 mutant strains had single-copy insertions and their single-transposon insertion sites were identified by sequencing analysis combined with thermal asymmetric interlaced (TAIL)-PCR. The single-transposon-tagged sequences of 21 mutant strains belonged to pathogenicity-related genes previously reported in Xanthomonas species, while the other 46 single-transposon-tagged sequences included diverse functional genes encoding, five cell-wall-degrading enzymes, three fimbrial and flagella assembly regulators, five regulatory proteins, 15 metabolic regulators and 18 hypothetical proteins, which were identified as novel pathogenicity genes of Xoo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of conservative geochemical and isotopic tracers along with mass balance equations to determine the pre-event groundwater contributions to streamflow during a rainfall event is widely used for hydrograph separation; however, aspects related to the influence of surface and subsurface mixing processes on the estimates of the pre-event contribution remain poorly understood. Moreover, the lack of a precise definition of 'pre-event' versus 'event' contributions on the one hand and 'old' versus 'new' water components on the other hand has seemingly led to confusion within the hydrologic community about the role of Darcian-based groundwater flow during a storm event. In this work, a fully integrated surface and subsurface flow and solute transport model is used to analyze flow system dynamics during a storm event, concomitantly with advective-dispersive tracer transport, and to investigate the role of hydrodynamic mixing processes on the estimates of the pre-event component. A number of numerical experiments are presented, including an analysis of a controlled rainfall-runoff experiment, that compare the computed Darcian-based groundwater fluxes contributing to streamflow during a rainfall event with estimates of these contributions based on a tracer-based separation. It is shown that hydrodynamic mixing processes can dramatically influence estimates of the pre-event water contribution estimated by a tracer-based separation. Specifically, it is demonstrated that the actual amount of bulk flowing groundwater contributing to streamflow may be much smaller than the quantity indirectly estimated from a separation based on tracer mass balances, even if the mixing processes are weak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A transition probability and Markov chain geostatistical approach is applied to synthesize the discrete permeability structure of moderately fractured rock. The approach can infuse either hard or subjective categorical information that is consistent with geological interpretations. The methodology is tested using data collected from the Moderately Fractured Rock (MFR) experiment area of the Underground Research Laboratory (URL) in southeastern Manitoba, Canada. Attributes pertaining to fracture location, frequency, and orientation along an array of boreholes intersecting the MFR experiment area, taken together with results from hydraulic response tests within packed-off intervals along the boreholes, are used to produce conditional stochastic realizations of hydraulic conductivity and effective porosity. Using the generated hydraulic conductivity and porosity realizations, we compare predicted tracer concentrations to the results of measured breakthrough data in a stochastic framework. The results show that solute migration behavior in moderately fractured rock can be successfully characterized and reasonably predicted upon careful error analysis of the results obtained from the various medium realizations synthesized from the conditional categorical descriptions of the fractured crystalline rock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A planar coil of multiple loops connected in series and in parallel is proposed for wireless power transfer (WPT). The current direction in each loop is mixed in forward and in reverse. The proposed coil gives uniform mutual inductance and enables simple impedance matching for free‐positioning WPT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the conference paper "Case of ovarian leiomyoma causing torsion: Conversion to laparotomy during laparoscopic operation," by Y.J. Park and colleagues is presented.

Background: Cathepsin D, the most abundant lysosomal and endosomal aspartyl protease, shows beta and gamma secretase activity in vitro by cleaving the amyloid precursor protein (APP) into amyloid beta protein (Aβ). Polymorphism at position 224, C224T, on exon 2 of cathepsin D gene (CTSD) has been associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) by some investigators, but there have been contrary findings by others. However, an association between CTSD polymorphism and vascular dementia (VaD) has not been reported thus far., Objective: To investigate whether a polymorphism at CTSD C224T is associated with VaD in the Korean population., Methods: We compared the genotype and allele frequencies at this polymorphism site in clinically assessed 162 VaD patients with those in 197 healthy Koreans., Results and Conclusion: The major genotype frequency at CTSD C224T in normal controls was higher in the Asian population than in various European populations. Our study does not show a significant difference in genotype (P=0.3071) and allele (P=0.2291) frequencies of CTSD C224T between VaD and normal controls. This was the first genetic association study of CTSD in a VaD population., (© 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.)

In the structure of sodium D-glycero-D-gulo-heptonate dihydrate, Na+.C7H13O8-.2H2O, the glucoheptonate anion has a bent carbon chain conformation. There are extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonds involving all the hydroxy and water H atoms. The Na+ cation has a distorted octahedral coordination to six O atoms, with Na+...O distances ranging from 2.316 (2) to 2.645 (2) A.