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The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of danofloxacin in swan geese (Anser cygnoides) after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), and oral (PO) administrations at 10 mg/kg dose. In this study, eight clinically healthy swan geese were used. The study was performed in four periods according to a crossover design with a 15 days washout period between two administrations. The plasma concentrations of danofloxacin were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatograph-ultraviolet detection, and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by non-compartmental analysis. Following IV administration, terminal elimination half-life (t

Furosemide, a loop diuretic drug, is recommended for use in cases of edema, ascites, congestive heart failure, toxicosis, and acute renal failure in goats. However, its pharmacokinetics and bioavailability have not been reported yet in this species. The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of furosemide in goats following intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC) administrations at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. Six clinically healthy goats received furosemide by each route in a three-way crossover pharmacokinetic design with a 15-day washout period between administrations. The plasma concentrations of furosemide were determined using the high-performance liquid chromatography-UV method and analyzed by non-compartmental analysis. The elimination half-life following IV, IM, and SC administration was 0.71 (0.67-0.76) h, 0.69 (0.61-0.74) h, and 0.70 (0.67-0.79) h, respectively. The volume of distribution at steady state and total clearance for the IV route were 0.17 (0.16-0.19) L/kg and 0.30 (0.27-0.33) L/h/kg, respectively. The peak plasma concentrations of furosemide following IM and SC administrations were 11.19 (10.33-11.95) and 6.49 (5.92-7.00) μg/ml at 0.23 (0.16-0.25) and 0.39 (0.33-0.42) h, respectively. The bioavailability was 109.84 (104.92-116.99)% and 70.80 (55.77-86.67)% for the IM and SC routes, respectively. The pharmacokinetics of furosemide following the IV, IM, and SC administrations in goats demonstrated significant differences, which may have clinical and toxicological implications requiring further investigations.

PURPOSE To investigate colour agreement between different shades of Panavia V5 resin cement and their try-in pastes under zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramics. METHODS Forty-four zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic specimens were prepared at 0.8 ± 0.01 mm thickness. Composite resin tooth-shaded background specimens were obtained in two shades. Resin cement specimens were fabricated at 0.1-mm thickness. Colour difference values (ΔE) between Aquagel and both the try-in paste and resin cement were calculated using the CIE-Lab system. The CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) colour formula was used to determine colour differences. The three-way ANOVA test and a multiple comparisons test were used for statistical analysis (α = 0.05). RESULTS A statistically significant difference was found between the ΔE00 values obtained from the cement shade colour measurements for all specimens (P

The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tolfenamic acid in goats after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), and oral (PO) administrations at 2 mg/kg dose. In this study, eight clinically healthy goats were used. The study comprised four periods, according to a crossover design with at least a 15-day washout period between treatments. Plasma concentrations of tolfenamic acid were determined by HPLC-UV, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a non-compartmental method. Following IV administration, terminal elimination half-life, volume of distribution at steady state, and total clearance were 1.60 h, 0.37 L/kg, and 0.27 L/h/kg, respectively. The mean peak plasma concentration following IM, SC, and PO administrations was 1.77, 1.22, and 0.30 μg/ml, respectively. The mean bioavailability following IM, SC, and PO administrations was 64.46, 55.43, and 19.46%, respectively. The PO route, which exhibits both the low plasma concentration and bioavailability, is not recommended in goats. The IV, IM, and SC routes, which show comparable pharmacokinetic profiles, may be proposed for use in goats. However, the multi-dose and pharmacodynamic studies are necessary to establish more accurately its safety and efficacy in the goat.

The pharmacokinetics of cefquinome (2 mg/kg every 24 hr for 5 days) was determined following intramuscular administration alone and co-administration with ketoprofen (3 mg/kg every 24 hr for 5 days) in goats. Six goats were used for the study. In the study, the crossover pharmacokinetics design with 20-day washout period was performed in two periods. Plasma concentrations of cefquinome were assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography by ultraviolet detection. The mean terminal elimination half-life (t1/2ʎz ), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-24 ), peak concentration (Cmax ), apparent volume of distribution (Vdarea /F), and total body clearance (CL/F) of cefquinome after the administration alone were 4.85 hr, 11.06 hr*µg/ml, 2.37 µg/mL, 1.23 L/kg, and 0.17 L/h/kg after the first dose, and 5.88 hr, 17.01 hr*µg/mL, 3.04 µg/mL, 0.95 L/kg, and 0.11 L/h/kg after the last dose. Ketoprofen significantly prolonged t1/2ʎz of cefquinome, increased AUC0-24 and Cmax , and decreased Vdarea /F and CL/F. Cefquinome exhibited low accumulation after the administration alone and in combination with ketoprofen. These results indicated that ketoprofen prolonged the elimination of cefquinome in goats. The 24-hr dosing intervals at 2 mg/kg dose of cefquinome, which co-administered with ketoprofen, may maintain T> minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values above 40% in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible pathogens with the MIC value of ≤0.75 μg/ml in goats with an inflammatory condition.

The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid (TA) following intravenous (IV) administration at doses of 2 and 4 mg/kg in goats. In this study, six healthy goats were used. TA was administered intravenously to each goat at 2 and 4 mg/kg doses in a cross-over pharmacokinetic design with a 15-day washout period. Plasma concentrations of TA were analyzed using the high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector, and pharmacokinetic parameters were assigned by noncompartmental analysis. Following IV administration at dose of 2 mg/kg, area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞ ), elimination half-life (t1/2ʎz ), total clearance (ClT ) and volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss ) were 6.64 ± 0.81 hr* µg/ml, 1.57 ± 0.14 hr, 0.30 ± 0.04 L h-1 kg-1 and 0.40 ± 0.05 L/kg, respectively. After the administration of TA at a dose of 4 mg/kg showed prolonged t1/2ʎz , increased dose-normalized AUC0-∞ , and decreased ClT . In goats, TA at 4 mg/kg dose can be administered wider dose intervals compared to the 2 mg/kg dose. However, further studies are needed to determine the effect of different doses on the clinical efficacy of TA in goats.

The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in goat kids who were castrated following the administration of xylazine. Six goat kids were used for the study. The study was performed in two periods according to a longitudinal study, with a 15-day washout period between periods. In the first period (Control group), 1 mg/kg meloxicam was administered by i.v. route to kids. In the second period (Castration group), the kids were sedated with 0.3 mg/kg xylazine and castration was performed following meloxicam administration. Plasma meloxicam concentration was analyzed using HPLC-UV, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental model. In the control group following the administration of meloxicam, mean elimination half-life (t1/2 ʎz ), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞ ), total body clearance (ClT ), and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss ) were 13.50 ± 0.62 hr, 41.10 ± 2.86 hr µg/ml, 24.43 ± 1.75 ml hr-1 kg-1 , and 0.45 ± 0.03 L/kg, respectively. In the castration group, the t1/2 ʎz of meloxicam prolonged, AUC0-∞ increased, and ClT and Vdss decreased. In conclusion, the excretion of meloxicam from the body slowed and the t1/2 ʎz was prolonged in the castrated goat kids following xylazine administration. However, there is a need to determine the pharmacodynamics of meloxicam in castrated goat kids.

Benign acute childhood myositis (BACM) is associated with several viral infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the progression of myositis symptoms, laboratory findings and oseltamivir treatment in children with influenza- and non-influenza-associated BACM.Patients aged 0-18 years old, admitted to the pediatric emergency department in the seasonal influenza period between 2018 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with acute onset calf tenderness, pain, difficulty in walking and elevated serum creatine phosphokinase were included and were grouped according to influenza rapid test kit results as influenza (A and B) positive, and influenza negative. The time to symptom resolution, laboratory data and the oseltamivir treatment were compared between the groups.There were 94 patients (67 male, 27 female) with a mean age of 77 ± 22 months. Influenza A was detected in 21, influenza B in 27, and neither were detected in 46 patients. Time to symptom resolution of BACM was shorter in the influenza-positive patients than in influenza-negative patients (2.9 ± 1.4 days and 3.5 ± 1.5 days, respectively, P = 0.027). Oseltamivir did not reduce the symptom resolution time in influenza patients. All children had normal hemoglobin and platelet counts, elevated creatine phosphokinase and 76% of them had leukopenia. Neither clinical recurrence nor metabolic disease were reported.Symptoms of BACM tended to resolve slightly earlier in influenza-positive patients and the duration of symptoms was not affected by oseltamivir treatment.

Strengthening of structures may become a necessity to overcome the mistakes made during the design and construction phases of existing reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. In recent years, researches have been intensified on the economical and easy application of the strengthening of masonry infill walls in RC buildings. Strengthening of masonry infill wall with steel reinforcing mesh and additional mortar layer, fiber reinforced polymers and prefabricated concrete panels have become in the forefront of these techniques. In this study, the RC frame infilled with masonry walls and strengthened with steel reinforcing mesh and mortar layer was examined experimentally. One of the most important reasons for choosing this method is that the strengthening could be achieved with less cost, workmanship and without the need to prepare molds for reinforcement. The main variables that have been examined in the current study are: the anchorage length, spacing, and configuration which were applied to the frame and infill wall and the added layer are on the inside or outside wall. A total of 11 specimen, 1/3 scale, one-bay, one-story nonductile RC frames with masonry infill wall which representing the deficiency in the existence building by using low-compressive concrete, insufficient stirrups, and strong beam in comparison to column were constructed and tested under the effect of repeated seismic load. Load-displacement behaviors, initial stiffness, displacement ductility rates, and energy consumption capacities are interpreted.

Objectives/Hypothesis Patients with olfactory dysfunction benefit from repeated exposure to odors, so-called olfactory training (OT). This does not mean occasional smelling but the structured sniffing of a defined set of odors, twice daily, for a period of 4 months or longer. In this prospective study, we investigated whether the effect of OT might increase through the use of more odors and extension of the training period. Study Design and Methods This study shows OT results when performed with four or 12 odors for 36 weeks in patients with postinfectious olfactory dysfunction. A total of 85 subjects participated (mean age 45.6 ± 10.5 years, range 24–68 years). Three groups were formed: 1) In the modified olfactory training (MOT) group, patients used three sets of four different odors sequentially. 2) Participants in the classical odor training (COT) group used four odors. 3) Participants in the control group did not perform OT. All groups were matched for age and sex distribution of participants. Results Both participants in the COT and MOT groups reached better scores than controls in terms of odor discrimination and odor identification. Continuing OT with four different odors after the 12th and 24th weeks produced better results in terms of odor discrimination and odor identification scores as compared to using the same four odors throughout the entire study. Conclusion This study confirmed the effectiveness of OT. Increasing the duration of OT and changing the odors enhances the success rate of this therapy. Level of Evidence 2b. Laryngoscope, 125:1763–1766, 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on the parameters of olfactory functions (odor threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification tests) for orthonasal olfaction, retronasal olfactory testing, and olfactory bulb (OB) volumes. Study Design Prospective clinical study. Methods This study was carried out in 78 volunteers between the ages of 20 and 60 years. The mean age of the patients was 46 ± 10.1 years. Patients were divided into three groups according to polysomnography results: 1) a control group, 2) a mild to moderate OSA group, and 3) a severe OSA group. Clinical features of the participants were evaluated with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Orthonasal and retronasal olfactory testing were performed with Sniffin' Sticks olfactory testing and retronasal olfactory testing, respectively. Olfactory bulb volumes were measured by planimetric manual contouring on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results The current investigation produced four major findings: 1) The apnea-hypopnea index had a significant and strong negative correlation with odor threshold scores and odor discrimination scores; 2) The apnea-hypopnea index was significantly negatively correlated with odor identification score and both right and left OB volumes; 3) retronasal olfactory scores were not significantly affected by OSA; and 4) continuous O2 saturation had a significant positive correlation on orthonasal olfactory functions, particularly the odor threshold and discrimination scores. Conclusions This study demonstrated that OSA had significant negative effects on all orthonasal olfactory tasks, especially on threshold and discrimination. MRI also revealed volumetric shrinkage of OB volumes. Level of Evidence 3b. Laryngoscope, 124:2190–2194, 2014

The daily snow cover data from Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NOAA/NESDIS) covering the 2004–2012 time period is used in this study. In the first part of the study, daily IMS product is validated over Turkey using daily ground truth snow depth measurements from 219 climatological and synoptic sites. The categorical statistics of probability of detection (POD) and false alarm rates (FAR) are provided both for whole Turkey and with respect to geographical sub-regions. The overall POD and FAR amounts for Turkey are obtained as 73.55 and 25.11%, respectively. The performed analysis indicates an increase in IMS accuracies as the snowpack depth at the stations increase. In the second part of the study, the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test is performed to analyse the snow cover trend over Turkey with respect to sub-regions considering the whole year and each season separately. A negative trend in snow-covered area percentage is obtained for Turkey at the significance level of α = 0.05. From the seasonal perspective for Turkey, negative trend for spring and summer seasons, positive trend for autumn season and combination of negative and no trend for winter season are obtained at the same significance level. Almost the same results are valid for the sub-regions with some local and seasonal variations.

Many studies have shown that skin tissue extracted by circumcision can cause differences in sexual function, especially at the time of ejaculation. Sensitivity changes in penile skin and sexual satisfaction deriving from circumcision starting from premature ejaculation (PE) are discussed. Furthermore, most of these studies rely on questionnaires. Extracted free nerve endings (FNE) on the foreskin, which can detect temperature, mechanical stimuli (touch, pressure, stretch) or pain (nociception), have not been researched. Our aim is to determine FNEs in foreskin and the affects on sexual function, especially PE. This prospective study was done on adults who voluntarily applied to be circumcised between September 2010 and October 2011. The ejaculation latency times (ELT) before circumcision have been assessed, and a PE diagnostic tool (PEDT) form was filled out by the urologist according to the answers given by the volunteers. The proximal and distal ends of the foreskin were marked before circumcision, and the extracted foreskin was sent to the pathology department to determine FNEs. Twenty volunteers (average age 21.25 ± 0.44 years) were included in the study. The average ELT was 103.55 ± 68.39 seconds, and the average PE score was 4.35 ± 3.13. Proximal, middle, and distal tip nerve densities were compared. Proximal and distal (P = .003) and proximal and middle (P = .011) segments differed from each other, whereas middle and distal were similar (P = .119). There were not any correlations between PEDT scores and total nerve endings number (r = .018, P = .942). Also there were not any correlations between mean ELT and PEDT scores (r = .054, P = .822). The tissue extracted by circumcision has intensive FNEs, yet FNE intensity has no relation to PE.

Istanbul is expected to experience an earthquake in the near future, but individuals show limited interest in preparing for it. This study aims to identify the factors associated with taking action to prepare for an earthquake and mitigate its effects at the individual level. A field survey was carried out in 2007 in two districts of Istanbul with different levels of earthquake risk. Within these districts, three socioeconomic levels were considered. A total of 1,123 people were interviewed face to face. Analysis indicated that the educational level of the respondents was the leading factor associated with taking at least three measures, followed by living in a higher earthquake risk area, having participated in rescue and solidarity activities in previous earthquakes, a higher level of knowledge about earthquakes, home ownership, a higher score for action-stimulating attitudes, being younger, and a higher general safety score, in that order. The findings pointed to the role of knowledge about earthquakes and possible mitigation/preparedness measures, and thus the importance of developing effective awareness programs. Such programs should also consider the characteristics of different groups in the population. Motivated individuals, such as those who have participated in rescue and solidarity activities in previous earthquakes, could be involved in reaching other people.

Summary Two pituitary adenomas in older geldings are described: a) a chromophobe adenoma with severe acute hemorrhages among the neoplastic cells and b) an adenoma originating from the pars intermedia with a lesser degree of disseminated recent hemorrhages. Invasiveness was not observed, but, both tumors caused hemorrhages and pressure in the hypothalamic region of the brain. Clinically one horse showed central nervous symptoms and the other had a long standing general hyperidrosis and glanders. Both horses died naturally. Zusammenfassung Neubildung an der Hypophyse von 2 Pferden Zwei Hypophysen-Adenome bei alteren Wallachen werden beschrieben: a) ein chromophobes Adenom mit schweren akuten Blutungen zwischen den Geschwulstzellen und b) ein Adenom, das von der Pars intermedia ausging mit einer geringeren Menge disseminierter frischer Blutungen. Bosartiges Wachstum wurde nicht beobachtet, aber beide Tumoren verursachten Haemorrhagie und Druckanstieg in der Hypothalamus-Gegend. Klinisch zeigte ein Pferd zentralnervose Symptome, und das andere litt an lang andauernder allgemeiner Hyperhidrose sowie einer Rotz-Erkrankung. Beide Pferde verendeten. Resume Neoplasmes de l'hypophyse chez deux chevaux Deux adenomes de l'hypophyse ont ete observes chez deux chevaux hongre d'un certain âge: a) un adenome chromophobe avec une importante hemorragie aigue entre les cellules neoplasiques; b) un adenome provenant du lobe intermediaire avec de petites hemorragies disseminees. On ne constata aucune infiltration maligne, mais les deux tumeurs provoquerent une hemorragie et exercerent une pression dans la region de l'hypothalamus. Un cheval presenta des troubles nerveux d'origine centrale et l'autre souffrit d'une hyperhidrose prolongee, ainsi que de morve. Les deux chevaux perirent de mort naturelle. Resumen Neoplasmas pituitarios en dos caballos Se describen dos adenomas en la glandula pituitaria en caballos castrados adultos: a) — un adenoma cromofobo con graves hemorragias agudas entre las celulas neoplasticas, y b) — un adenoma, que partia de la parte intermedia, con una cantidad escasa de hemorragias recientes diseminadas. No se observo crecimiento maligno, pero ambos tumores ocasionaron hemorragias y presion en la region hipotalamica del cerebro. Clinicamente, uno de los caballos presentaba sintomas centrales nerviosos y el otro padecia una hiperhidrosis general de larga duracion, asi como paperas. Ambos caballos murieron.

Since reform started under Ottoman rule in the early 19th century, Istanbul has undergone a substantial period of modernisation that has spanned more than 150 years. Ilhan Tekeli outlines the metropolis' enduring development, characterising Istanbul's transformation into a modern city into four distinct periods. It is a story that bridges the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the reconstruction of the Turkish Republic as a nation-state, with the initial demise of the city in favour of Ankara; and continues with Istanbul regaining its status as a world city; as it evolves from a monstrous industrial city to an urban region and global centre. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The aims of this study were to determine the concentrations of the progesterone, oestradiol-17-beta, vitamin A, C and beta-carotene in plasma and cyst fluid and to relate these values with cystic diameter and membrane thickness of Holstein cattle with ovarian luteal cyst. 1650 Holstein cows were examined for the presence of the ovarian cyst and luteal and follicular cystic ovaries were obtained following slaughtering in personal slaughterhouse in Konya-Turkey. 15 Luteal and 15 follicular cystic ovaries were distinguished by rectal palpation and by post mortem ultrasonographic examination. Plasma and cyst fluid, hormone and vitamin analyses were carried out by EIA method and spectrophotometric measurement respectively. Although there was no relationship between beta-carotene and vitamin A in plasma and cyst fluid of both cyst type and hormone concentrations, the vitamin C concentration of cyst fluid was found significantly higher in luteal cyst than in follicular cyst. Moreover, there is a positive correlation among values of the vitamin C concentrations of cyst fluid and cystic membrane thickness, plasma and the cyst fluid progesterone concentrations, but there is a negative correlation among the vitamin C concentrations of cystic fluid and oestradiol 17beta levels of plasma and cyst fluid. In conclusion, vitamin C concentration of cyst fluid supported ultrasonographic and endocrinologic findings. Also, it can be postulated that vitamin C is probably effective on progesterone synthesis in the luteal tissue of cyst.

Microwave remote sensing (RS) enables the direct determination of snow water equivalent (SWE), which is an important snow parameter for water resources management. The accuracy of remotely sensed SWE values has always been a concern. Previous studies evaluated global SWE monitoring. However, regional effects such as vegetation, snow grain size, snow density and local meteorological conditions may lead to uncertainties. Thus, regional validation studies that quantify and help to understand these uncertainties and possible error sources are important both for algorithm development and accurate SWE computation. In this study, data of Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E)/Aqua level 3 global SWE Equal Area Scalable Earth (EASE) Grids are compared with ground measurements for 2002–2003 winter period for Eastern Turkey, which includes the headwaters of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and is fed largely from snowmelt. Thus, accurate determination of SWE is important in optimum resource management for both Turkey and downstream nations. Analyses indicated that AMSR-E generally overestimated SWE in early season. As winter progressed, higher in situ SWE values with respect to AMSR-E were observed which led to underestimation by AMSR-E. The differences between AMSR-E and in situ SWE varied between − 218 and 93 mm. Use of in situ snow densities lead the correlation coefficient between AMSR-E and in situ SWE to increase from 0·10 to 0·32. Underestimation of SWE by AMSR-E occurs after some warm periods, while overestimations occur following refreezing. On rainy days or some days after precipitation within the warm periods, zero AMSR-E SWE values are observed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Summary Candida dubliniensis which was first recognized in 1995 can be easily misidentified because of its phenotypic similarities with Candida albicans. In this study blood samples of patients from various departments of Ankara University Medical Faculty between January 2001–June 2004 were investigated for the distribution of Candida spp. and the presence of C. dubliniensis. Culture positive 67 fungi were included to the study. Phenotypic tests such as chlamydospore formation, colony morphology on Staib agar, growth at 45 °C, carbohydrate assimilation profiles were investigated for identification and differentiation of C. dubliniensis from C. albicans. To confirm the results polymerase chain reaction were used for suspected C. albicans and C. dubliniensis isolates. Among 38 germ tube and chlamydospore forming isolates, 37 of them were found as C. albicans and one as C. dubliniensis. The incidence of C. dubliniensis in our hospital is still low, this is the first C. dubliniensis isolate as an agent of candidaemia reported from Turkey.

Purpose: The 677 C-T polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene is associated with hyperhomocysteinaemia. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of MTHFR 677 C-T polymorphism and homocysteine (Hcy) levels in Turkish patients with pseudoexfoliation (PEX). Methods: This prospective study consisted of 60 patients with PEX glaucoma, 16 with PEX syndrome and 34 controls. All patients and control subjects were of Turkish origin. All participants underwent a complete ophthalmic examination. Plasma Hcy levels were measured using fluorescence polarization immunoassay (Abbott Diagnostics). Hyperhomocysteinaemia was defined as a plasma Hcy level above 14 µmol/L. MTHFR 677 C-T was genotyped by real-time polymerase chain reaction (Roche Diagnostics). Results: There was no statistically significant difference in patient and control groups for the age and sex (P > 0.05). The mean plasma Hcy levels were 15.76, 14.98 and 17.43 µmol/L in patients with PEX glaucoma, with PEX syndrome and controls, respectively. No significant differences between Hcy levels among the three groups (P > 0.05) were found. MTHFR 677 polymorphism did not show significant differences between the total patients with PEX (PEX glaucoma + PEX syndrome) and control subjects (CC: 51.3%n = 39, CT: 40.8%n = 31, TT: 7.9%n = 6 for patients with PEX; CC: 52.9%n = 18, CT: 35.3:%n = 12, TT: 11.8%n = 4 for controls) (P > 0.05). Frequency of T allele was 28.28% and 29.41% for the total patients with PEX and controls, respectively. Conclusion: In Turkish patients with PEX, the authors could not find any association between Hcy levels, MTHFR 677 C-T polymorphism, and the disease.

Glycerol-induced acute renal failure is an experimental model for myoglobinuric nephropathy. Amifostine is a cytoprotective agent which scavenges the free radicals. Since there is enhanced production of reactive oxygen metabolites in glycerol-induced acute renal failure, we wanted to examine whether amifostine has a protective role against vascular reactivity and histological changes in kidneys isolated from glycerol-pretreated rabbits. Perfusion pressure was recorded from kidneys obtained from rabbits injected with glycerol 3 hr before the experiments and from glycerol-pretreated and non-pretreated rabbits injected with amifostine 30 min. before the experiments. Acetylcholine-induced (10(-8)-10(-5) M) vasodilatation was tested following the construction of submaximal vasoconstriction by phenylephrine. Histological investigation was performed using light microscope. Acetylcholine-induced vasodilatation was found to be significantly decreased in glycerol, glycerol+ amifostine and amifostine groups compared to controls at all concentrations. Reduction in acetylcholine-induced vasodilation was more prominent in arnifostine group compared to arnifostine +glycerol group. There was histological renal damage in all experimental groups and this damage was more pronounced in glycerol +amifostine group. In conclusion, contrary to expectation, arnifostine per se led to histological damage and potentiated the histological damage caused by glycerol and produced a decrease in acetylcholine-induced vasodilatation. The mechanisms by which arnifostine exerts its effects are not known.

Summary The carriage of Candida dubliniensis in the oral cavities of type-1 diabetic patients were investigated. Of 230 patients 81 (35%) had Candida spp. in their oral cavity; C. albicans was the most frequently isolated species (58%). No C. dubliniensis was found in the study population. Zusammenfassung Die Candida-Besiedlung und das Vorkommen von Candida dubliniensis im Mund-Rachenraum wurde bei Typ 1-Diabetikern untersucht. Bei 81 von 230 Patienten (35%) konnte Candida spp. nachgewiesen werden; C. albicans war die am haufigsten isolierte Art (58%). Im untersuchen Patientenkollektiv konnte C. dubliniensis nicht isoliert werden.

WOS: 000337558200018 The daily snow cover data from Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NOAA/NESDIS) covering the 2004-2012 time period is used in this study. In the first part of the study, daily IMS product is validated over Turkey using daily ground truth snow depth measurements from 219 climatological and synoptic sites. The categorical statistics of probability of detection (POD) and false alarm rates (FAR) are provided both for whole Turkey and with respect to geographical sub-regions. The overall POD and FAR amounts for Turkey are obtained as 73.55 and 25.11%, respectively. The performed analysis indicates an increase in IMS accuracies as the snowpack depth at the stations increase. In the second part of the study, the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test is performed to analyse the snow cover trend over Turkey with respect to sub-regions considering the whole year and each season separately. A negative trend in snow-covered area percentage is obtained for Turkey at the significance level of =0.05. From the seasonal perspective for Turkey, negative trend for spring and summer seasons, positive trend for autumn season and combination of negative and no trend for winter season are obtained at the same significance level. Almost the same results are valid for the sub-regions with some local and seasonal variations. Deanship of Scientific Research, College of Engineering Research Center at King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia This research was supported by Deanship of Scientific Research, College of Engineering Research Center at King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Glaucoma is characterized by a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells. The exact cause of the glaucoma is still unknown.The glaucoma is a multifactorial disease and affected by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Ethnic differences in the prevalence of glaucoma and positive family history support the inheritance of glaucoma. There is evidence showing that genetic factors may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Here we aim to emphasize the genetic basis of glaucoma.

SUMMARY Sway analyses of reinforced concrete buildings generally are carried out with computer programs. However, as the number of iterative solutions increase, the process may become tedious. This paper proposes a simple analytical method to evaluate sway of dual buildings subject to various types of lateral loads. The proposed method is based on the continuum model. Story drift limited by building codes can be controlled by the proposed method. Likewise, design engineers can use the simple analytical expressions to calculate the stability index, which includes sway terms at each story level. Stability index equation without sway terms is obtained by using the developed analytical expressions. Use of the equation, which is free of sway terms, is quite simple. Additionally, by using the proposed method, shear wall–frame interaction can be modeled simply. Thus, moment at the base of shear walls can be determined by using this model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.