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A combination of Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and portable X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (PXRF) was used on the clay fraction of Ertebølle ceramics from several Late Mesolithic sites in Scania, southern Sweden. The aim was to provide up‐to‐date information about clay types used during that period within the Scanian Ertebølle cultural unit, and to elucidate social aspects relevant to the organization of pottery production and the role of ceramics in the local societies. The results suggest similar clay preferences across the sites, site‐based pottery production using local clays and zero mobility of ceramics between the sites. The chemical separation of the ceramics from the site of Soldattorpet into two compositional groups suggests possible multigroup occupation. The origins of aromatic hydrocarbons, extracted previously from the ceramic matrix of the vessels during a lipid residue study, were also investigated, and a discussion is provided.

Facilitated attention toward angry stimuli (attention bias) may contribute to anger proneness and temper outbursts exhibited by children with high irritability. However, most studies linking attention bias and irritability rely on behavioral measures with limited precision and no studies have explored these associations in young children. The present study explores irritability-related attention biases toward anger in young children (N = 128; ages 4-7 years) engaged in a dot-probe task with emotional faces, as assessed with event-related brain potential (ERP) indices of early selective attention and multi-method assessment of irritability. Irritability assessed via semi-structured clinical interview predicted larger anterior N1 amplitudes to all faces. In contrast, irritability assessed via a laboratory observation paradigm predicted reduced P1 amplitudes to angry relative to neutral faces. These findings suggest that altered early attentional processing occurs in young children with high irritability; however, the nature of these patterns may vary with methodological features of the irritability assessments. Future investigations using different assessment tools may provide greater clarity regarding the underlying neurocognitive correlates of irritability. Such studies may also contribute to the ongoing debates about how to best define and measure irritability across the developmental spectrum in a manner that is most informative for linkage to neural processes.

We report high technical quality absolute paleointensity determinations from a Pliocene sequence of 20 consecutive lava flows sampled in South Georgia named Apnia, which record either the Gilbert-G...

Aim: Adult placement, known in the United Kingdom as Shared Lives (SL), has a long history throughout Europe and beyond. In England in 2016 over 8,000 people with intellectual disabilities were being supported to live in the community in this way. There is little research in this area, and this study aimed to generate information about the effectiveness of SL. Method: Data were collected from people supported by SL using a number of well-being measures and qualitative interviews. The economic case was explored through individual case studies, using data from the measures and service use information. The experiences of people providing support were also captured through interviews. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques were used. Results: Overall, social care related outcomes, capability and mental well-being were good amongst participants, and examples of how SL had made a positive difference to their lives were provided. SL appears to result in good outcomes within a cost envelope less than for alternative provision. SL carers highlighted the skills and support required, and the unique dynamic of formal care in a family setting. Conclusion: The study is on-going but suggests that SL is meeting people’s needs and has promising aspects which merit further study.

Correct and precise age determination of prehistorical catastrophic rock-slope failures prerequisites any hypotheses relating this type of mass wasting to past climatic regimes or palaeo-seismic records. Despite good exposure, easy accessibility and a long tradition of absolute dating, the age of the 230 million-m3 carbonate-lithic Tschirgant rock avalanche event of the Eastern Alps (Austria) still is relatively poorly constrained. We herein review the age of mass-wasting based on a total of seventeen absolute ages produced with three different methods (14C, 36Cl, 234U/230Th). 36Cl cosmogenic surface exposure dating of five boulders of the rock avalanche deposit indicates a mean event age of 3.06 ± 0.6 ka. 234U/230Th dating of soda-straw stalactites formed in microcaves beneath boulders indicate mean precipitation ages of three individual soda straws at 3.20 ± 0.26 ka, 3.04 ± 0.10 ka and 2.81 ± 0.15 ka; notwithstanding potential internal errors, these ages provide an 'older-than' (ante quam) proxy for mass-wasting. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Based on radiocarbon ages (nine sites) only, it was previously suggested that the present rock avalanche deposit represents two successive failures (3.75 ± 0.19 ka BP, 3.15 ± 0.19 ka BP). There is, however, no evidence for two events neither in surface outcrops nor in LiDAR derived imagery and drill logs. The temporal distribution of all absolute ages (14C, 36Cl, 234U/230Th) also does not necessarily indicate two successive events but suggest that a single catastrophic mass-wasting took place between 3.4 and 2.4 ka BP. Taking into account the maximum age boundary given by reinterpreted radiocarbon datings and the minimum U/Th-ages of calcite precipitations within the rock avalanche deposits, a most probable event age of 3.01 ± 0.1 ka BP can be proposed. Our results underscore the difficulty to accurately date catastrophic rock slope failures, but also the potential to increase the accuracy of age determination by combining methods. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Addressing the urgent conservation threat of marine mammal bycatch in small-scale fisheries requires information on bycatch magnitude, gear types, population impacts, and risk. However, data on these proximate attributes are widely lacking in developing countries. This study used a multi-methods approach integrating boat surveys and interviews with fishermen (n = 526) to assess proximate attributes of bycatch for the Critically Endangered subpopulation of Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in Malampaya Sound, Philippines. Given an updated population estimate of 35 individuals (CV = 22.9%), the estimated rate of bycatch fatalities exceeds the potential biological removal rate. Spatial overlap scores were calculated to characterize overlap between dolphins and fisheries as a proxy of bycatch risk. These scores identified particularly high risk areas that could be prioritized for gear bans. However, completely reducing bycatch risk would require more widespread bans beyond these high risk areas. Implementing gear restrictions will be immensely challenging, given serious obstacles to fisheries management at this site. The multi-methods approach describes the urgency of the bycatch problem and the changes required for mitigation, setting the stage for identifying and evaluating potential solutions. It can be readily applied to developing country sites to guide more efficient and complete data collection and conservation efforts.

Sustainable development has received worldwide attention. Recent studies on corporate environmental behavior have called for research from the specific stakeholder's perspective (i.e., consumer) on the topic of going green. Based on reputation theory, this paper employed a secondary data analysis and three experiments to highlight the influence of environmental irresponsibility on corporate reputation perceived by consumers. Coherent results showed that environmental irresponsibility negatively affected corporate reputation and perceived corporate ethics served as a mediator. Furthermore, corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities could alleviate the harmful consequences of irresponsible behavior by moderating the mediating role of perceived corporate ethics in determining the influence of environmental irresponsibility. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment

Despite the importance of knowledge sharing between supply chain partners, supplier motivation to share remains largely unexplored. This study examines the role of buyer power in supplier motivation to share knowledge. Applying a multi-method, sequential research design, case studies followed by a scenario-based experiment, we find buyer expert power increases supplier motivation to share, while the use of coercive power decreases this motivation. We also find that supplier dependence has a contingent effect; when dependence is high, the effects of buyer expert power and use of coercive power on motivation are weakened. The study makes three key contributions. First, it begins to address the largely unanswered question of supplier motivation to share knowledge and, more specifically, how supplier dependence and buyer use of power impact this motivation. Second, by studying both the direct and interactive effects of power structure (dependence) and power use, the research enriches understanding of the power-influence process. Third, by adopting a research design that combines case studies and experiments, it provides a novel example of multi-method research in POM.

Dentistry has historically seen tobacco dependence as a medical problem. As a consequence, dentistry has not adopted or developed effective interventions to deal with tobacco dependence. With the expanded use of electronic dental records, the authors identified an opportunity to incorporate standardized expert support for tobacco dependence counseling during the dental visit. Using qualitative results from observations and focus groups, a decision support system was designed that suggested discussion topics based on the patient’s desire to quit and his or her level of nicotine addiction. Because dental providers are always pressed for time, the goal was a three-minute average intervention interval. To fulfill the provider’s need for an easy way to track ongoing interventions, script usage was recorded. This process helped the provider track what he or she had said to the patient about tobacco dependence during previous encounters and to vary the messages. While the individual elements of the design process were not new, the combination of them proved to be very effective in designing a usable and accepted intervention. The heavy involvement of stakeholders in all components of the design gave providers and administrators ownership of the final product, which was ultimately adopted for use in all the clinics of a large dental group practice in Minnesota.

A database of the ancient marbles of Goktepe near Aphrodisias is reported, and includes 160 white, black and bichrome samples from 13 quarries and two waste deposits. The quarries are grouped into four districts. Districts 1 and 2, to the north, produced exclusively black or dark grey marbles (nero antico). Districts 3 and 4 produced white statuary marble. Nero antico and a black and white stone were also quarried in district 4, where the black marble surfaces again. The samples were characterized using petrography, isotopic analysis, EPR spectroscopy and trace analysis. The Goktepe white exhibits an unparalleled combination of fine grain, low EPR intensity and high strontium concentration that often allows easy identification. The isotopic values are less distinctive and similar to those for Carrara. In most cases, however, they are tightly grouped and also quite indicative. The black marbles exhibit a much weaker metamorphic overprint. With respect to the white marbles, they show analytical similarities but also notable differences. Therefore, establishing their provenance can be more difficult and may require the support of petrographic analysis. The results suggest that the Goktepe marbles were among the most prized and widespread statuary marbles used in Roman times, particularly from the early second century ad onwards.

An emerging consensus argues for the importance of spousal support in our understanding of how relationships succeed or fail. This report covers two studies that examined support seeking, support provision and support perception in distressed married couples. In Study 1 a total of seventy distressed and seventy non-distressed couples participated in a survey study; in Study 2 twenty distressed and twenty non-distressed couples participated in an observational study. Global self-reports were used in both studies to assess spouses’ support behaviour and perceived support. These measures were supplemented in Study 2 with measures of observed support behaviour and interaction-based perceived support as assessed during specific support interactions. Our self-report and observational measures consistently indicated that distressed marital couples display lower levels of positive support-seeking and emotional or instrumental support provision than non-distressed couples. We also found evidence for higher levels of negative support-seeking and provision behaviour in distressed couples, as compared to non-distressed couples. Distressed spouses also reported lower levels of global and interaction-based perceived support than non-distressed spouses. Practitioner points Assess and evaluate the different support behaviour in couples Explain the interactional support behaviour cycle Increase support skills within the couple Detect and block negative support behaviour

Summary Background: Although needs assessment is an essential step in curricular development, postgraduate medical educators receive minimal associated training. Effective needs-assessment strategies include multi-method feedback from educators and learners. Aim: We describe the information received from three needs-assessment methods and analyse the advantages and disadvantages of each. Methods: In the process of designing an evidence-based medicine (EBM) curriculum, we solicited learner and educator feedback using: (1) an anonymous needs-assessment survey; (2) a curriculum committee consisting of volunteer learners and faculty members; and (3) a focus group containing a broader selection of learners. Results: The survey generated quantitative data useful in lobbying for resources, but did not ascertain the meaning of surprising findings. The curriculum committee created learner buy-in for the curriculum and aided in curriculum design; however, it was time consuming. The focus group identified barriers to learning that influenced the curriculum but did not provide consensus on several critical issues. Conclusion: Each needs assessment tool delivered unique and valuable information. Educators performing needs assessment can select between these and other techniques based upon the information that they require.

An updated database of Ephesos marbles including 244 samples from 16 quarrying districts is reported. The unknown Greco Scritto quarries near Hasancavuslar and the Bigio marbles from the quarries of Belevi and of Mt Panayir are also presented. The paper, however, is mostly devoted to the identification of the Ephesos white marbles, whereas the problems posed by the Bigio and Greco Scritto varieties are deferred to future work. The samples have been characterized by isotopic analysis, EPR spectroscopy and additional petrographic and optical properties. Owing to the complex geology of the region, the white marbles of Ephesos exhibit rather inhomogeneous properties and are conveniently classified into four marble groups, which can be almost completely discriminated. The problem of distinguishing the Ephesos white marbles from other similar varieties has been dealt with by statistically comparing the Ephesos samples with all the similar, medium-grained varieties present in the marble database. Although some of the four Ephesos groups can be reliably identified, general solution of the discriminant problem is difficult. Historical archaeological information is needed to reduce the complexity of the problem by eliminating unlikely provenances. In this way relevant problems, such as the discrimination between Ephesos and Proconnesos marbles, can be solved.

Developing ways to manage terrorism effectively requires a better understanding of how the public perceives this threat. In the present study, Canadians’ perceptions of terrorism risk and 4 other hazards were assessed using a word-association technique and rating scales reflecting key cognitive dimensions of risk (threat, uncertainty, control) and worry reactions. Data were collected in a national telephone survey. Canadians perceived terrorism as posing a lower threat, as more uncertain, and as less controllable, compared to the other hazards. Positive associations of perceived threat and of perceived uncertainty with worry about terrorism were observed. However, perceived control was unexpectedly positively associated with worry about terrorism. The findings also suggest that additional social contextual factors should be examined in future research. jasp_572 241..272

This study tested the feasibility and utility of developing a multiple-method and multiple-reporter measure that describes the community substance use environment. Data on community-level norms and availability of substances were reported by 5,261 students and 181 prevention-focused community leaders involved in the 28 PROSPER Project communities between 2002–2005. Additionally, locations of alcohol and tobacco outlets were geocoded. Initially, these four subscales were aggregated to measure the community substance use environment. Analyses demonstrated this measure was associated with community rates of adolescent reported cigarette use, but it was not associated with community rates of adolescent reported alcohol use. Further analyses tested the relative strength of the four different subscales in predicting rates of student use. Implications of these results for the field of community-based prevention are discussed, as well as limitations and future directions.

In the field of information systems (IS) there is an observable trend towards the use of multi-method research. Using different research methods allows for the cross-validation of data obtained via multiple approaches, with the potential to increase the robustness of research results. Such a multi-method approach is applicable to a comprehensive research agenda on critical success factors, an agenda that needs to take into account not only the identification, but also the analysis and management of critical success factors. The goal of this article is to contribute new knowledge on how to carry out research on critical success factors in IS projects using a multi-method approach. For this purpose, two research projects are presented, each a variation of the research design customized to particular circumstances. First, there is an outline of the research approach taken for a critical success factor research project in the field of portal implementation, with discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the project. Taking into consideration these experiences, the research approach of a similar critical success factor research project in the field of offshore software development is then described. Finally, recommendations for using the multi-method research approach in critical success factor research are presented.

In recent years, Maori and wider indigenous geographies have flourished. These include works by scholars identifying specific Maori or indigenous issues but less attention has been paid to the way such research is conducted. This paper engages with these developments and presents the practices and lessons learnt from one particular research collaboration. Relationship building, multiple methods, flexibility, communication choices and wider support are all noted as key elements in establishing a supportive and fruitful collaboration.

Activity level (AL) is a highly salient feature of child behaviour that has been linked to developmental outcome. Twin studies of parent-rated, observer-rated and mechanically assessed AL in childhood find that AL is genetically influenced. Few studies, however, consider whether different methods of assessing AL have a shared genetic etiology. Those that do, confound methods and situations. The present study examined whether actigraph and rater-based (parent, observer) measures of AL tap the same genetic influences in a sample of 312 2-year-old twin pairs. Methods were studied within the same situation, thereby controlling for situational influences on AL. The genetic correlation between actigraph and parent-rated AL in the home was .38, indicating modest genetic overlap between the two methods. In contrast, the correlation of genetic effects on actigraph and observer-rated AL in the laboratory was .95, indicating that both laboratory-based measures of AL are influenced by the same genetic effects.

DSTO conducted a capability development exploratory activity for the Philippine Coast Watch South initiative. The purpose was to help the participants to understand, analyse and evaluate their user requirements and the current status of their capability design. We brought together three complementary methods to explore the problem space: an Engle-Matrix Game, a C4ISR architecture workshop and a simulation-based wargame. The approach was beneficial for all participants. It enhanced their understanding of operational complexity and capability development issues. It also equipped them with the ability to ask the right questions and tackle the challenges themselves. This paper describes the exploratory activity, the three methods, the synergies experienced in applying the methods and the effect experienced by the Philippine delegation and by DSTO.

Mark-recapture and fixed-station passive integrated transponder (PIT) telemetry were used to compare movements, distribution and survival of stocked juvenile chub Leuciscus cephalus and roach Rutilus rutilus with those of wild conspecifics. Daily activity of wild fish activity was affected by a combination of river flow and temperature, whereas stocked fishes were not influenced by environmental factors. PIT telemetry recorded exploratory movements of stocked L. cephalus immediately after stocking, a substantial number of stocked fish moved both downstream and upstream during periods of elevated flow, and proportionally more stocked fish moved during the first 6 weeks after release than later on. Proportionally more stocked fish than wild fish moved through PIT antennae, stocked L. cephalus moved greater distances than wild L. cephalus and were more widely distributed than wild fish. Minimum estimates of survival after 5 months were 50.5% for stocked R. rutilus and 28.0% for stocked L. cephalus. Ultimately, stocked cyprinids appeared to be able to cope with elevated flows and most remained in the river section local to the stocking location.

This study reports on an approach for assessing managerial development needs. The approach uses multi-methods such as qualitative career plots, critical incidents, a skill rating form, and surveys to identify the critical managerial development needs for a target managerial position. In addition, it uses multi-subject groups in an effort to triangulate on the development needs. The empirical findings indicate that, through this approach, congruent managerial development needs can be identified. By doing so, the organization can design a systematic development effort that will enable them to have both effective managers when they need them in an efficient manner.

Apres avoir recueilli dans la litterature de l'ecologie sociale un ensemble de propositions obtenues par Panalyse factorielle, on proceda a les verifier en utilisant une strategie polyvalente de recherche sur des donnees longitudinales provenant de Winnipeg. II semble que la structure ecologique de cette ville peut etre decrite en utilisant trois variables generales et cela correspond aux attentes. Ces variables sont: le statut economique, le statut familial, et le statut d'immigration; ajoutons, toutefois que certaines de ces variables acquierent une importance qui se distingue de celle que l'on retrouve dans les etudes americaines sur le meme sujet. Contrairement aux previsions, toutefois, l'importance relative du statut economique diminue avec le temps bien que son importance absolue ait garde une valeur constante. L'importance relative et absolue du statut familial s'est accrue tandis que celle du statut d'immigrant s'est abaissee. Au surplus, les donnees suggerent qu'avec le temps la differenciation ecologique s'attenue plutot que de s'accroitre. A certains egards ces resultats contredisent les previsions generees par les etudes anterieures et les theories de l'ecologie urbaine et soulevent plusieurs problemes d'interpretation. A set of propositions is gleaned from the literature in the social area analysis-factorial ecology tradition, and tested using a new multi-method research strategy applied to longitudinal data gathered for Winnipeg. Generally consistent with what was expected, it would appear as if the ecological structure of this city can be described in terms of three general constructs: economic status, family status, and immigrant status, although certain of these constructs differed in important ways from their counterparts in studies of us cities. Contrary to what was expected, however, the relative importance of economic status seems to have declined over time, although its absolute importance has remained quite constant. The relative (and absolute) importance of family status has increased, while the converse has happened with regard to immigrant status. In addition, the evidence suggests that the over-all level of ecological differentiation may be decreasing over time, rather than increasing. These results run counter in several respects to predictions generated from current research and theory in urban ecology, and pose a number of interesting and difficult problems of interpretation.

This paper demonstrates the possibilities for the complementary use of regression analysis and discourse analysis to further understand issues in public administration. To do so, an empirical study of opposition to wind energy planning applications is used. The application of logistical regression to analyse the factors which may influence windfarm planning applications is discussed, factors including the attitudes of local people. Discourse analytical techniques are then used to consider how anti-windfarm campaigners manage accusations of ‘Not In My Back Yard’ (NIMBYism). This is done partly by linking their cause with wider environmental objectives. Although discourses and logistical regression models have very different ontologies, the paper demonstrates that there is no inevitable conflict between the epistemologies used in these two different methods, despite differences in the type of data being analysed.

In an earlier article in Health Economics, Salomon and Murray argue that by applying maximum likelihood techniques to predetermined functional forms and to a data set where a number of health states are valued by means of four standard valuation techniques, underlying 'pure' valuations of health may be teased out, together with estimates of parametric relationships between these 'pure' valuations and valuations based on the four standard techniques. We argue below that 'pure' valuations of health are ordinal rather than cardinal and that the 'pure' values that result from the multi-method approach give a false impression of being cardinal. They are therefore not usable as weights for life years. In the unlikely event that the authors should be able to demonstrate cardinality in 'pure' valuations of health, it must be possible to have subjects express these valuations directly, in which case there seems to be no need for the indirect multi-method approach.

This study demonstrates the potential utility of the Behavioural Style Observational System (BSOS) as a new observational measure of children's behavioural style. The BSOS is an objective, short and easy to use measure that can be readily adapted to a variety of home and laboratory situations. In the present study, 160 mother–child dyads from the Concordia Longitudinal Risk Project (CLRP) were observed during an 11-min behavioural sample. Videotaped interactions were coded using the BSOS for children's mood, activity level, vocal reactivity, approach to toys, mood consistency and adaptability. Comparisons between the BSOS observational ratings and mothers' ratings of the child on the EAS Temperament Survey (EAS) provided support for modest congruence between these two measurement systems, and revealed a differential predictive pattern of children's functioning. Specifically, the observation-based BSOS predicted children's cognitive performance and adaptive behaviour during testing, whereas the mother-rated EAS predicted maternal ratings of children's internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems. Both measures were found to independently predict mothers' ratings of parenting stress. Overall, the findings imply that neither observational measures nor maternal ratings alone are sufficient to understand children's behavioural style, and that comprehensive evaluations of children's temperament should optimally include both types of measures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article reports on multi-agency and multi-disciplinary education and practice in the area of learning disability nursing in England. It draws on evidence from a national survey, commissioned by the English National Board for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (ENB), and an analysis of documents related to the professional education of these nurses, together with observation of their practice. Messages for educationalists, service commissioners, policy makers and learning disability nurses are identified from this study of a professional group that has a long tradition of working with other professionals and in a multi-agency context.

The village Sovestad, 5 km north of Ystad, in southern Sweden has been known historically since 1085. Over the past 12 years a large number of finds were collected in the furrows of the field south of Sovestad. Some extraordinary finds from medieval time indicate an aristocratic site. To prepare for excavation, geophysical explorations were carried out. The aim was to accurately locate of the main house and to obtain a survey of the archaeological structures in their surroundings. The results of the geophysical investigations are very valuable. The house of the bailiff was found and also many traces of human occupation were observed. The level of modern excavation costs makes this method a valuable alternative to direct excavation as a survey method. However, for the next stage of the study of this manor site a regular excavation will be necessary. The good results obtained so far are an inspiration for further work in the highly interesting region, including a number of manor sites in historical villages close by (e.g. Gundralov, Katslosa and Stora Herrestad). Only the comparative approach to these aristocratic milieus can contribute substantially to our understanding of this important aspect of rural social life in the Middle Ages. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A multi-method approach, based on petrography, stable isotope data and electron spin resonance spectroscopy for assigning the provenance of white marbles, is presented. A total of 11 experimental variables has been used, including the quantitative measurement of the sample colour and its homogeneity. On this basis we attempt to distinguish the three main quarrying basins of the Carrara district, that is, Torano, Miseglia and Colonnata. Such discrimination, extremely uncertain on the basis of the single techniques, may be performed with acceptable confidence’ using a properly selected subset of six petrographic, isotopic and spectroscopic variables. The final resubstitution and jackknifed re-assignment rates are, respectively, 85% and 81%. Inclusion of the remaining five variables into the classification rule does not improve the results, but simply increases data overinterpretation. The practical possibility of using such an approach for more general provenancing problems is considered.

Organizational experiences of male and female Asian, Black, Hispanic and White managers in a Fortune 500 company were examined using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Oral histories were conducted to identify the antecedents to advancement within this organization. We used focus groups to expand our understanding of these antecedents and to determine differences among the racial/ethnic groups according to gender. Data from a follow-up survey of 1,645 employees were subjected to MANCOVA to determine race/ethnicity and gender effects, controlling for the effect of organizational tenure. Main effects for race/ethnicity were found on three measures and main effects for gender were found on eight measures. Follow-up size-of-effect tests (eta squared) revealed that the strength of the relationship was strong for two significant gender findings and one significant race finding.

∗partially supported by NSF grant CCR-9121778 and NSF grant CCR-9424123. Internet:kim@cs.williams.edu †Internet: luca@src.dec.com. ‡Internet: castagna@dmi.ens.fr §Jonathan Eifrig, Scott Smith, Valery Trifonov. Contact Scott Smith. Research partially supported by NSF grant CCR-9301340 and AFOSR grant F49620-93-1-0169. Internet: scott@cs.jhu.edu. ¶partially supported by NSF grants CCR-9108654 and CCR9593168. Internet: leavens@cs.iastate.edu. ‖Internet: benjamin.pierce@cl.cam.ac.uk c © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Two family constructs--prominence and interpersonal distance--are examined. Their origins are traced in the experimental and theoretical literature. The validity of each construct is investigated using data obtained from 15 families with a symptom-bearing child. Validity is supported in both cases through the occurrence of significant correlations among different measures of the same construct. It is suggested that the current distress of the families being studied may have increased the clarity of the prominence hierarchies and dyadic distances that emerged.