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Over the course of the COVID‐19 pandemic, it has become increasingly apparent that a public health crisis exposes underlying inequalities in society. This commentary focuses on emergent digital inequalities in Aotearoa New Zealand, noting the accelerated use of digital tools and technologies such as smartphone applications, online maps and vaccination booking websites during the pandemic. It argues that there is a need to address both the underlying population inequalities and the associated digital inequalities that have arisen during the pandemic. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of New Zealand Geographer is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Objective To gain understanding of the first-hand experience of women prior to and following repair of a vaginal fistula, to determine the most effective support mechanisms. Design Qualitative phenomenological study using a series of in-depth semi-structured interviews at two time points: prior to fistula repair and 6 months post-surgery. Data were analysed thematically. Setting Three fistula clinics in three districts in Kenya. Population A purposive sample of 16 women suffering with vaginal fistula who were seeking fistula repair. Methods Thrity-two semi-structured interviews were conducted. Results The two main themes represented the women's journeys from social isolation to social reintegration. Women felt euphoric following fistula repair, believing that a ‘miracle’ had occurred. However, the ‘post-miracle phase’ demonstrated that the social and psychological impact of fistula leaves scars that are not easily healed, even when fistula repair is successful. Conclusion Women's experiences of living with fistula have an impact beyond that which can be repaired solely by surgery. The findings from this study support the need for more active psychological assessment in the management of women with fistula, and the role of targeted psychological support in any package of care given in the post repair phase. The format of this support requires further study. Engagement by health professionals with the wider community could raise awareness of the causes of fistula, and provide support for significant others who may also be feeling vulnerable. It is likely that the collaborative efforts from health professionals and community members will provide the most effective support. Tweetable abstract Fistula surgery alone is insufficient for women's physical, social and psychological recovery.

This short paper aims to discuss the role and the importance of the Census in New Zealand. It also discusses some of the multitude of uses of Census data in various contexts to help us understand the demographic and socio-economic landscape of New Zealand. Debates internationally on the nature, scale and frequency of a national Census, or even whether a Census is necessary at all, mean that we cannot take this valuable resource for granted. With this in mind, we as geographers have a wealth of data to explore and analyse that we should take full advantage of. What gets counted counts!

Aims and objectives\ud To explore the experiences of patients readmitted due to potential ischaemic heart disease symptoms within six months of primary percutaneous coronary intervention.\ud Background\ud Following myocardial infarction and primary percutaneous coronary intervention, some patients experience potential ischaemic heart disease symptoms that may lead to readmission. Symptoms may be related to cardiac ischaemia, reduced psychological health or a comorbid condition.\ud Design\ud A qualitative study involving semistructured, in‐depth interviews conducted once, mean 196 (50–384) days following readmission (at least six months following original ST‐elevation myocardial infarction and primary percutaneous coronary intervention). This is the qualitative part of a mixed methods study.\ud Methods\ud Participants were purposefully selected, and concurrent sampling, data collection and data analysis were performed. Data were organised using framework analysis; constant comparative analysis involving deduction and induction led to identification of cogent themes and subthemes.\ud Results\ud Twenty‐five participants (14 men, 27–79 years) experienced 1–4 readmissions; discharge diagnoses were cardiac, psychological, indeterminate, pulmonary and gastric. Three main themes emerged: (1) anxiety, uncertainty and inability to determine cause of symptoms, (2) fear of experiencing further myocardial infarction and (3) insufficient opportunity to validate self‐construction of illness.\ud Conclusion\ud Fear of dying or experiencing a further myocardial infarction led to patients seeking help at the time of potential ischaemic heart disease symptoms. Participants were anxious and lacked understanding regarding symptom attribution at the time of readmission and generally following their heart attack. Additionally, original heart attack symptoms were used as a comparator for future symptoms. Participants reported feeling well immediately after primary percutaneous coronary intervention but later experiencing fatigue and debilitation often linked to potential ischaemic heart disease symptoms.\ud Relevance to clinical practice\ud Increased education and information related to symptom attribution post‐primary percutaneous coronary intervention and postreadmission are worthy of exploration and may lead to increased understanding and reassurance for this patient group.

Objectives: The negative effects of osteoarthritis (OA), such as pain and depression, interfere with an individual's sleep quality. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of poor quality of sleep in individuals with OA in Taiwan and identify potential predictors. A secondary objective was to examine agreement between objective and subjective measures of sleep quality. Methods: In a cross-sectional survey, OA outpatients in Taiwan completed a self-administered questionnaire, incorporating validated measurements for assessing quality of sleep (the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)), pain and physical functioning, anxiety and depression, and health-related quality of life. In a nested feasibility study, a sub-sample of participants wore an Actigraph wrist monitor to measure sleep objectively over a three-day period. Results: Of 192 individuals with OA who completed the survey, 30 completed the Actigraph study. The mean PSQI global score was 9.0 (standard deviation 4.5); most participants (135, 70.3%) had poor quality of sleep (global PSQI >5). Key predictors of poor quality of sleep included role limitation due to poor physical functioning, poor social functioning, higher anxiety levels and higher pain levels. There were moderate correlations between subjective and objective measures of sleep quality, although participants underestimated their true sleeping time by two hours. Conclusions: Health professionals need to discuss sleep issues with individuals with OA and include strategies for coping with these difficulties. For reduced night-time pain which may interfere with sleep, additional and appropriate advice about medication is required.

SUMMARYBackground The National Kidney Foundation-Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines and the Renal Association recommend the use of either Kt/V or urea reduction ratio (URR) to measure haemodialysis adequacy. Objectives To determine the methods used to measure paediatric haemodialysis adequacy and to assess consistency between calculations of single pool Kt/V (spKt/V) and URR. Design A service evaluation was conducted to establish current practices in measuring dialysis adequacy. A prospective longitudinal study was conducted to compare spKt/V and URR. Participants Thirty-two children were recruited consisting of 13 males and 19 females in five paediatric dialysis centres. Results Inconsistencies were reported of the method of post-urea sampling with 4 of the 10 centres using the KDOQI recommended sampling method. Five dialysis centres reported using URR and five reported using spKt/V. There were substantial differences between the two measures. Using URR suggested that up to 44% of children did not receive adequate dialysis, whereas measurement by spKt/V suggested no more than 6% of the same dialysis sessions were not adequate. Conclusion One standard measure should be used to assess dialysis adequacy in paediatric centres in England. KDOQI guidelines were not consistently followed in obtaining a post-urea blood sample and this procedure should be standardised.

Regional scientists have increasingly been playing a very important role in the development and application of spatial microsimulation models for policy analysis. It has long been argued that spatial microsimulation modelling has enormous potential for the evaluation of the socio-economic and spatial effects of major developments in the regional or local economy. This paper aims to add to this rapidly expanding work, by presenting a new spatial microsimulation model (SIMALBA) for Scotland (the development of which was co-funded by the Scottish Government) and by demonstrating how it can be used to perform what-if policy analysis in Scotland. The focus of the paper is on economic aspects of social and spatial inequality in the capital of Scotland, Edinburgh. The paper shows how spatial microsimulation modelling can address previously unanswered research questions in Scotland, particularly those relating to fiscal policy. The SIMALBA model has estimated income data for Scotland at output area level geography and this is the focus of the various ‘what-if’ policy scenarios. Simulated data has been created using a deterministic reweighing algorithm to build a spatial microsimulation model by combining UK Census data for 2001 and Scottish Health Survey (SHS) data for 2003. The analysis demonstrates the importance of geography by examining trends at OA level in Scotland. The paper concludes with a discussion of the simulated data and resulting policy scenarios as well as the impact of this analysis for policy formation in Scotland.

Aim Following treatment for colorectal cancer it is common practice for patients to attend hospital clinics at regular intervals for routine monitoring, although debate persists on the benefits of this approach. Nurse-led telephone follow-up is effective in meeting information and psycho-social needs in other patient groups. We explored the potential benefits of nurse-led telephone follow-up for colorectal cancer patients. Method Sixty-five patients were randomized to either telephone or hospital follow-up in an exploratory randomized trial. Results The telephone intervention was deliverable in clinical practice and acceptable to patients and health professionals. Seventy-five per cent of eligible patients agreed to randomization. High levels of satisfaction were evident in both study groups. Appointments in the hospital group were shorter (median 14.0 min) 5

Aim. The article is a report of a study to develop an evidence-based pre-consultation guide for young people to use prior to an asthma review with a practice nurse. Background. The participation of young people aged 13?19 in consultations with health professionals can be limited by the lack of opportunity to learn the appropriate skills in triadic consultations. Evidence-based interventions to promote participation of adults in consultations have been developed but young people?s needs have not been specifically addressed. Design. Multiple methods design informed by guidelines for the development of complex interventions. Methods. A pre-consultation guide for young people was developed in 2007 by application of a model of health behaviour change, development of criteria by an expert panel and in consultation with young people using a nominal group technique. Results. The concepts of the Health Action Process Approach model were applied to the development of criteria underpinning the pre-consultation guide. In the nominal groups young people agreed that they had different needs to other children and adults. The consensus was that the preconsultation guide should include disease-specific information, realistic photographs rather than Clip Art, consistent styles of fonts, bullet points and colours, short words and mature language. Statements and example questions written by young people were included in the evidence-based guide. Conclusion. Young people?s views can contribute to the development of interventions designed to promote communication in consultations with nurses. There is potential for this approach to be used to develop interventions in primary and secondary care of a range of long-term conditions.

Objective: To examine the association between geographic access to alcohol outlets and serious violent crime in New Zealand. Methods: A national study of alcohol outlet access and serious violent crime used a cross-sectional ecological analysis. Serious violence offences recorded between 2005 and 2007 were aggregated for 286 police station areas. Using Geographical Information Systems (GIS), 9,320 licensed premises were geocoded and road travel distances to the closest alcohol outlet type/category were calculated for each area. Negative binomial regression models measured the association between the distance to the closest alcohol outlet and the number of serious violent offences in each police station area, controlling for area-level measures of social deprivation, Māori population, young males 15-29 years and population density. Results: There were significant negative associations between distance (access) to licensed outlets and the incidence of serious violent offences with greater levels of violent offending recorded in areas with close access to any licensed premises compared to those areas with least access (IRR 1.5, 95% CI 1.10-2.03); with on-licensed premises (IRR 1.6, 95% CI 1.16-2.08); and off-licensed premises (IRR 1.4, 95% CI 1.05-1.93). Conclusion: Having greater geographic access to alcohol outlets was associated with increased levels of serious violent offending across study areas. Implications: Alcohol availability and access promoted under the current liberalised licensing regime are important contextual determinants of alcohol-related harm within New Zealand communities. Language: en

Key points • Coronary artery disease occurs when fatty deposits cause obstruction to blood flow in the coronary arteries, reducing the supply of blood to the heart. This can damage the heart muscle (heart attack). • In this study, a small protein named intermedin is shown to be present in cells from the human heart and blood vessels. • Intermedin, acting on a specific type of receptor protein shown to be present on the surface of these cells, is found to protect against damage occurring during experiments conducted in human cardiac and vascular cells in culture under conditions designed to simulate initial obstruction and subsequent restoration of blood flow, respectively. • These results suggest that administration of intermedin might provide a novel therapeutic strategy to minimise damage to heart muscle following a heart attack.

swallow v., knafl k., sanatacroce s., hall a., smith t., campbell m. & webb n.j.a. (2012) The Online Parent Information and Support project, meeting parents’ information and support needs for home-based management of childhood chronic kidney disease: research protocol. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(9), 2095–2102. Abstract Aim. This article is a report of a protocol for studying the development and evaluation of an online parent information and support package for home-based care of children with chronic kidney disease stages 3–5. The study is funded by a National Institute of Health Research, Research for Patient Benefit Grant awarded (December 2010). Approval to undetake the study was obtained from the Department of Health National Research Ethics Service (June 2011). Background. Children with chronic kidney disease require skilled, home-based care by parents, supported by professionals. Parents have identified a need for continuously available online resources to supplement professional support, and structured resources tailored to parents’ needs are highlighted by policy makers as key to optimizing care; yet, online resource provision is patchy with little evidence base. Methods. Using mixed methods, we will (i) conduct parent/child/young person/professional/patient and parent volunteer focus groups to explore views on existing resources, (ii) collaboratively define gaps in provision, identify desirable components, develop/test resources and conduct a feasibility randomized controlled trial, and (iii) of usual professional support versus usual support supplemented by the package. Eighty parents of children with chronic kidney disease will be randomized. Primary outcomes will assess parents’ self-efficacy and views of resources, using standardized measures at entry and 24 weeks, and semi-structured interviews at 24 weeks. We will finalize trial components for a later definitive trial. Discussion. By working collaboratively, we will derive a detailed insight into parents’ information and support needs and experiences of using the package, and should see improved parental self-efficacy.

Aims. This article is a report of a study that aimed to establish a national picture of the implementation of Review recommendations over time in both Mental Health Trusts and Higher Education Institutions (Universities) in England. Background. The 2006 Review of Mental Health Nursing in England by the Chief Nursing Officer made 17 key recommendations for Mental Health Trusts and Universities to improve mental health nursing. This article outlines key findings from a national survey of National Health Service Trusts and Universities in England with regard to prioritization and progress on implementation of these recommendations. Methods. An e-survey was carried out in 2008-2009 based on the Chief Nursing Officer review recommendations and guidance. Participants included all Trusts which delivered mental health services (n=68) and Universities which delivered pre-registration mental health nursing education (n=50) in England. Results. There appears to be some evidence that the Chief Nursing Officer review of Mental Health Nursing in England continues to be implemented in both Mental Health Trusts and Universities. There is variety in levels of implementation, but Mental Health Trusts and Universities broadly agree on priority areas. Conclusions. The Chief Nursing Officer review has been influential in focusing the care and education of mental health nurses and services in England. There appears to be a range of barriers and facilitators which aid the implementation of healthcare policy. More attention is required from researchers to enhance and evaluate the impact of policy implementation on the quality of care provided. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Background: Perioperative oral supplementation has been shown to reduce post-operative complications. However, the use of preoperative standard oral supplements in a cohort of colorectal cancer patients has not been evaluated. The present study examined whether preoperative supplements are beneficial in this group. Methods: In a randomised controlled trial, patients were assigned to receive 400 mL of oral supplement and dietary advice or dietary advice alone. Primary outcome was the number of post-operative complications. One hundred and twenty-five patients were recruited (59 randomised to the intervention group and 66 to the control group) and nine were excluded. Results: In the intervention group, 24 (44%) patients had a complication compared to 26 (42%) in the control group (P = 0.780). In the intervention and control groups, there were eight (15%) and 16 (25%) surgical site infections, respectively (P = 0.140) and seven (13%) and 11 (17%) chest infections, respectively (P = 0.470). Subgroup analysis for hypothesis generation included 83 (71%) weight-losing patients, where there was a significant reduction in surgical site infections using the Buzby definition (P = 0.034), although this was not the case for the Centre for Disease Control definition (P = 0.052). Conclusions: There was no evidence that preoperative supplements were beneficial in reducing the number of complications, although there may be some benefit for surgical site infections in selected weight-losing preoperative

Objectives The objectives of this paper were to investigate quality of care for individuals with osteoarthritis (OA) and to determine if those most in need had the outcome of a total joint replacement (TJR). Key quality indicators were involvement in treatment decisions, appropriate information provision and outcomes of care. Methods A longitudinal study was conducted on individuals newly referred to an orthopaedic specialist at one hospital in North West England. A total of 268 participants were recruited consecutively and followed up at 3, 6 and 12 months. Validated measurement tools such as, a Visual Analogue Scale for pain and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) assessed pain and physical functioning. Mean scores on the outcome measures were estimated and plotted over time by joint affected and whether or not the participant had a TJR by 12 months. Results Most participants (82%) felt that they were involved in the decision about their care, although 21% reported that they had not received a diagnosis of OA. Information was not provided on OA, pain management and exercise to 58%, 65% and 57% of participants, respectively. However, 98% of the 109 having a TJR reported receiving information about the procedure. Among the 118 known not to have had a TJR, pain and physical functioning remained relatively stable over time. Conclusion It appears that patients with the most severe symptoms of pain and physical functioning were selected for TJR. However, care for individuals with OA could be improved by providing standard information on OA in general and pain management and exercise. In particular, effective strategies for the implementation of the research evidence and guidelines are required to improve quality of care.

Background Following early identification of deafness attention has now turned to early intervention of deaf children and their families. Improved outcomes associated with early identification and quality early intervention have been long predicated. However, the effectiveness of early intervention is mediated by parents' values, beliefs and preferences. How these mediate the nature of intervention is key to understand how early intervention impacts on outcomes. Methods Eighty-two parents of early identified deaf children participated in a longitudinal study (UK). Data from parents were collected through postal questionnaires. Parents provided repeated data on My Views on Services questionnaire (at 6-month interval). They also filled in once the Trait Emotional Intelligence questionnaire and a socio-demographic questionnaire. Statistical analyses were carried out to investigate parents' preferences and satisfaction with content of early intervention. Results Families had contact with a median of five professionals and 45 h of early intervention (on a 6-month basis). Parents view all content of early intervention as important. Content that supported parents to support their child was a priority for them. Length of involvement in early intervention and mothers' personal disposition did not have an effect on ratings of importance. However, mothers' educational background did influence ratings on the Supporting Parents subscale (F= 3.41; d.f. = 3 and 66; P= 0.023). Parents' satisfaction scores with content of early intervention were neutral (mean: 0.2; SD 0.8). Parents were more satisfied with contents that supported them to support their deaf child, than with those aimed to support themselves. Parents' satisfaction with content that supported themselves did increase with length of involvement in early intervention (t=−3.435; P= 0.004). Significant correlations (r= 0.221; r= 0.230; r= 0.252) between mothers' well-being and satisfaction scores were identified. Conclusion These findings underscore the importance of understanding how parents' beliefs, values and perceived need impact on their experience of early intervention.

Life expectancy in adults with schizophrenia is reduced by approximately 15 years compared with others in the population. Two thirds of premature deaths result from natural causes triggered by unhealthy lifestyles and the side-effects of antipsychotic medication. There is a need to develop and evaluate health education interventions for people with this diagnosis. In this paper we describe how with reference to the UK Medical Research Council's complex interventions framework we developed and evaluated a health education intervention designed specifically for adults with schizophrenia. The study was completed in three separate but interrelated phases: (1) theoretical work was undertaken to identify the components of effective health education interventions; (2) this information was synthesized to develop the intervention; and (3) the intervention was tested in an open exploratory trial which used mixed methods to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and potential effect of the intervention. 45 service users were referred, 39 attended the groups and 65% attended at least half of the sessions. Participants reported significant increases in their consumption of fruit and vegetables and levels of physical activity. Results suggest that this model of health education is feasible and acceptable for this population and that it shows promise in supporting health-related behaviour changes.

Background: Eighty percent of people with Guillain–Barre Syndrome (GBS) are said to achieve ‘good’ outcome. ‘Good’ outcome has been defined as either of the top two scores (0 = Healthy, 1 = minor symptoms or signs, able to run) on a 7-point ordinal scale called the F-score. This assessment of ‘good’ outcome appears to be an arbitrary benchmark. This study is the first assessment of the differences in outcome between post-acute GBS sufferers reporting these scores. It attempts to compare the physical and emotional differences between respondents reporting ‘0’ and ‘1’ on the F-Score. Methods: A postal survey was administered to respondents through the UK Guillain–Barre Syndrome Support Group’s national database and included items relating to general patient data, general mobility, F-Score, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, SF 36 and Fatigue Severity Scale. Results: One thousand five hundred and thirty-five members were surveyed, and of 884/1535 (58%) questionnaires were returned. Results indicate significant differences between those scoring ‘0’ on the F-Score and those scoring ‘1’ in the post-acute phase in terms of anxiety, depression, physical functioning, fatigue and wheelchair use on discharge. Conclusions: Significantly poorer outcomes for those scoring ‘1’ on the F-Score suggest that only those scoring ‘0’ should constitute a ‘good’ outcome in GBS.

Objectives To design and administer an attitude rating scale, exploring colorectal cancer patients’ views of involvement in decision making. To examine the impact of socio-demographic and/or treatment-related factors on decision making. To conduct principal components analysis to determine if the scale could be simplified into a number of factors for future clinical utility. Methods An attitude rating scale was constructed based on previous qualitative work and administered to colorectal cancer patients using a cross-sectional survey approach. Results 375 questionnaires were returned (81.7% response). For patients it was important to be informed and involved in the decision-making process. Information was not always used to make decisions as patients placed their trust in medical expertise. Women had more positive opinions on decision making and were more likely to want to make decisions. Written information was understood to a greater degree than verbal information. The scale could be simplified to a number of factors, indicating clinical utility. Conclusion Few studies have explored the attitudes of colorectal cancer patients towards involvement in decision making. This study presents new insights into how patients view the concept of participation; important when considering current policy imperatives in the UK of involving service users in all aspects of care and treatment.

Objectives To investigate if pain, physical function and the quality of life changed among adults with osteoarthritis while on the waiting list for hip or knee joint replacement. Methods A longitudinal study of patients listed for primary hip or knee joint replacement. Participants were interviewed at baseline (n = 105) and followed up at 3 (n = 84), 6 (n = 47) and 9 months (n = 24), or until their joint replacement. Measurement tools used were a visual analogue scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster’s Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Results Baseline data indicated high levels of pain as measured by VAS [mean 7.0 (SD 2.2)] and WOMAC pain [mean 11.2 (SD 3.5)]. At baseline, the mean physical function measured by WOMAC was 40.3 (SD 12.1). At the 3-month follow-up, there was significant deterioration in VAS pain scores (0.6; 95% CI mean difference 0.3, 1.0); WOMAC pain scores (1.2; 95% CI mean difference 0.7, 1.8) and WOMAC physical function scores (4.8; 95% CI mean difference 2.8, 6.7) compared with baseline. Conclusion The often long wait for joint replacement surgery and deterioration in pain and physical function has highlighted the need for active management by health professionals while patients are on the waiting list.

We are developing a process called Programmed Evolution to optimize orthogonal metabolism in E. coli. Applications of the process include the production of pharmaceuticals, biofuels, chemical commo...

We are developing Programmed Evolution as a system to optimize metabolic pathways in E. coli. The system allows introduction of variation in the regulatory elements of a genetic circuit encoding enzymes that control the desired orthogonal metabolism. Bacteria with variations that contribute best to metabolic output are selected through a fitness module. We reasoned that variation in plasmid copy number (PCN) of vectors containing the genetic circuit would affect metabolic output. We designed and cloned mutations in the pMB1 origin of replication to produce a change in PCN. We mutated the promoter regions of the RNA I and RNA II genes. PCN was measured by the use of Real Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) by comparison of five serial dilutions of chromosomal and plasmid DNA. Analysis of Ct values of plasmid and chromosomal DNA suggested altered PCN in some of the mutants. PCN measurements from RT-qPCR were corroborated with measurements of DNA yield from plasmid preps of bacteria carryin...

Objective This paper describes the development of the tests of competence used as part of the General Medical Council’s assessment of potentially seriously deficient doctors. It is illustrated by reference to tests of knowledge and clinical and practical skills created for general practice. Subjects and tests A notional sample of 30 volunteers in ‘good standing’ in the specialty (reference group), 27 practitioners referred to the procedures and four practitioners not referred but who were the focus of concern over their performance. Tests were constructed using available guidelines and a specially convened working group in the specialty. Methods Standards were set using Angoff, modified contrasting group and global judgement methods, as appropriate. Results Tests performed highly reliably, showed evidence of construct validity, intercorrelated at appropriate levels and, at the standards employed, demonstrated good separation of reference and referred groups. Likelihood ratios for above and below standard performance based on competence were large for each test. Seven of 27 doctors referred were shown not to be deficient in both phases of the performance assessment.

Insertional mutagenesis was used to identify genes involved in mating and/or zygote formation in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard. Approximately 800 insertionally mutagenized transformants were examined, and a single nonagglutinating mutant was identified. Plasmid rescue was used to clone a genomic fragment containing transforming DNA. This fragment was then used to identify the wild-type copy of the gene disrupted during mutagenesis. The wild-type gene is transcribed during all stages of the life cycle and, based on sequence similarity, encodes a P2-type proton transporting ATPase. The gene is referred to as Pmh1 for plasma membrane H+-ATPase. PMH1 displays the greatest sequence similarity to ATPases from two parasitic flagellates and a raphidophytic alga but not to the ATPase from a closely related green alga. We propose that PMH1 represents a distinct H+-ATPase isoform expressed in flagellates.

In 1883 John Edward Redmond, future leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party, toured the Australasian colonies on behalf of the Irish National League. Redmond's ten-month mission in Australia and New Zealand proved influential in shaping both his political outlook and personal life. This article traces Redmond's visit to the colonies, from the discord that marked the opening stages of the mission through to the more amenable atmosphere at the time of his departure, and demonstrates how the 1883 tour significantly affected Redmond's experience of the British empire and his vision for Ireland's future.

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