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Perceived fatigability, which has perception of physical strain and of mental strain as its components, can impact exercise tolerance. Upon ascent to high altitude, low landers experience reduced exercise capacity and reduced tolerance for a given absolute submaximal work rate. It is established that perceived physical strain tracks with relative exercise intensity. However, it is not known how altitude ascent affects perceived mental strain relative to perceived physical strain. We tested the hypothesis that when exercising at the same relative exercise intensity perceived physical strain will remain unchanged whereas perceived mental strain will decrease on ascent from low to high altitude in the Everest region in Nepal. Twelve hours after arriving at each of three elevations; 1400 m, 3440 m, and 4240 m, 12 untrained participants used the task effort awareness (TEA) and physical‐rating of perceived exertion (P‐RPE) scales to report perceived mental and physical strain during a 20 min walking test at a self‐monitored heart rate reserve (HRR) range of 40–60% (Polar HR Monitor). TEA and P‐RPE were recorded twice during exercise (5–7 min and 14–16 min). Neither P‐RPE (1400 m: 11.1 ± 1.8, 3440 m: 10.7 ± 1.2, 4240 m: 11.5 ± 1.5) nor %HRR (1400 m: 55.25 ± 7.34, 3440 m: 51.70 ± 6.70, 4240 m: 50.17 ± 4.02) changed as altitude increased. TEA decreased at 4240 m (2.05 ± 0.71) compared to 1400 m (3.44 ± 0.84)––this change was not correlated with any change in %HRR nor was it due to a change in core affect. These findings support our hypothesis and demonstrate the independence of perceived physical and perceived mental strain components of perceived fatigability. Implications for exercise tolerance remain to be determined., Until now, no work had examined the domain of perceived mental strain upon ascent from low to high altitude. We tested and confirmed the hypothesis that at the same relative submaximal exercise intensity, participants would perceive the same amount of physical strain but less mental strain upon ascent from low to high altitude. Therefore, perceived mental strain dissociates from perceived physical strain upon ascent from low to high altitude—the mechanism(s) responsible for this dissociation remain to be determined.

The 'gold standard' treatment for patients with carcinoma invading the bladder muscle is radical cystectomy (RC). Such patients are known to be at risk of malnutrition because of age and disease factors. Current evidence has established the nutritional and immunological benefits of immune-enhancing nutritional supplements in upper gastrointestinal surgery. There are currently no guidelines for immunonutrition (IM) use in urology and bladder cancer specifically. We carried out a systematic review of the available literature in the MEDLINE/Embase database. We assessed the rates of malnutrition in RC cohorts and analysed the clinical impacts of nutritional deficiency. The impact of immune-enhancing supplements was also investigated in RC cohorts with regard to postoperative outcomes. The prevalence of severe malnutrition was found to be 16-22%. There was a consistent association of malnourished patients with adverse postoperative outcomes in terms of mortality and morbidity. There is a paucity of data regarding IM in urological cohorts. Postoperative IM in RC was not found to have significant benefits beyond early return to a normal diet. There is not enough evidence in malnourished urological study cohorts to establish a consensus on IM. Until there are more well-controlled comparative effective studies or randomized trials, the role of IM should be considered investigational in patients with bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND Genetic polymorphism located within the IL16 gene has been reported to be associated with aggressive prostate cancer (PCa). Our aim was to establish whether the tissue expression of IL16 is a prognostic factor of survival in PCa. METHODS The files of patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) between 1995 and 2001 were reviewed. The cases were selected and classified according to the D'Amico classification for risk of recurrence (intermediate or high). The value of IL16 and its receptor CCR5 (chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5) expression levels were determined as witness of aggressiveness patterns and markers of biological relapse in patients with PCa treated by RP. A tissue microarray of 304 cases was constructed. IL16 and CCR5 expression levels were characterized by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS IL16 expression was correlated with high Gleason score (i.e., >7) (P

OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of cancer control afforded by radical prostatectomy (RP) in patients with clinical stage T3 prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed data for patients treated by RP for clinical stage T3 prostate cancer between 1995 and 2005. The following case characteristics were analysed: patient age, clinical presentation, preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, Gleason score, tumour stage (2002 Tumour-Node-Metastasis), surgical procedure, pathological data, margin and lymph node status, and recurrence. Biochemical recurrence was defined as an increase in PSA level of >0.2 ng/mL after surgery. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated, and prognostic factors were evaluated. RESULTS Overall, 100 patients were included; only 79% of them had pT3 disease based on the pathological specimen. The median follow-up after RP was 69 months. The RP was open in 77 and laparoscopic in 23, with no significant difference between these approaches (P = 0.38). The 5-year PSA-free survival after surgery was 45%, and 5-year cancer-specific survival was 90%. On univariable analysis, Gleason score >7 (P = 0.01), pathological stage (pT2-T3a vs T3b) (P

Previous studies defined a DNA element necessary for glucocorticoid repression of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binds this negative glucocorticoid response element (nGRE) with an in vitro affinity similar to that of GR for positive GREs. However, whereas GR binds GREs as homodimers, a novel GR complex which forms with nGRE appears to contain three GR molecules. Biochemical characterization of this complex as well as equilibrium binding studies suggest that it is formed by sequential binding of a GR homodimer followed by binding of a GR monomer on the opposite side of the double helix. The DNA-binding domain (DBD) of GR is sufficient for differential binding of GRE and nGRE, as bacterially-expressed DBD formed unique nGRE complexes that contain three GR polypeptides. Thus, the POMC nGRE provides the first example of an interaction between GR and DNA in which GR binds otherwise than as a homodimer. Despite its high affinity for GR, the nGRE differs significantly from GREs in that it does not activate transcription in any context. As the nGRE appears insufficient on its own to confer hormone responsiveness, other POMC promoter elements are likely to be required to mediate glucocorticoid repression.

Alkylsilylketeneacetals have been prepared by a one-step copper-catalyzed 1,4-addition of Grignard reagents to acrylic, crotonic, methacrylic and 3,3-dimethylacrylic esters in the presence of ClSiMe3. Their Z/E ratio could be modified using CuI (in the presence of HMPA) or CuII salts (without HMPA).

Two hundred ninety-three serum samples from Ontario hemophiliacs and 200 samples from human immunodeficiency virus-positive blood donors were screened for the presence of antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, radioimmunoassay, and Western blot techniques. None of the serum samples provided unequivocal positive results, but several samples gave inconclusive results. Of the hemophiliacs with inconclusive serologic results from whom peripheral blood lymphocyte DNA could be obtained, all were negative for HTLV-I and HTLV type II (HTLV-II) sequences as determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR was also performed on a lymph node biopsy sample taken from a hemophiliac who developed a rare T-cell lymphoma; the sample was negative for HTLV-I and -II sequences. These results indicate that Ontario hemophiliacs have not been exposed to HTLV-I or HTLV-II.

The He(Iα) photoelectron (PE) spectra and electronic spectra of the 2,8,9-trifunctional [3.3.3]propellanes 3, 6, 8, and 9 together with the corresponding 2-mono- and 2,8-difunctional species have been recorded. The PE investigations reveal a small split between the π bands in the PE spectra of 2 and 3 and the n-lone pair bands in those of 7 and 9. This is rationalized by assuming a small through-space interaction among the functional groups. A considerable π-n splitting is found in the case of 5, 6, and 8. This splitting is due to a fairly strong interaction of n and σ orbitals with the σ frame of the corresponding propellane. The first band of the electronic spectra of 6, 8, and 9 is assigned to π* n transitions on the basis of CNDO/s-CI calculations. These investigations suggest a small split among the lowest unoccupied π* orbitals. Wechselwirkungen bei [3.3.3]Propellanen mit funktionellen Gruppen in 2-,8-und 9-Stellung Die He(Iα)-Photoelektronen (PE)-Spektren und die Elektronen-Spektren der in 2-,8- und 9-Stellung funktionalisierten [3.3.3]Propellane 3, 6, 8 und 9 wurden zusammen mit den in 2-Stellung bzw. den in 2,8-Stellung funktionalisierten Derivaten aufgenommen. Die PE-Untersuchungen zeigen eine kleine Aufspaltung zwischen den π-Banden in den PE-Spektren von 2 und 3 und den n-Banden von Verbindungen 7 und 9. Dies wird auf eine kleine raumliche Wechselwirkung der funktionellen Gruppen zuruckgefuhrt. Bei 5, 6 und 8 findet man eine betrachtliche π-n-Aufspaltung. Diese Aufspaltung ist durch eine starke Wechselwirkung zwischen n- und π-Orbitalen mit dem σ-Gerust des entsprechenden Propellans bedingt. Die ersten Banden der Elektronenspektren von 6, 8 und 9 wurden aufgrund von CNDO/s-CI Rechnungen π*n-Ubergangen zugeordnet. Diese Untersuchungen sprechen fur eine kleine Aufspaltung der tiefsten unbesetzten Orbitale.

3-Chloro-2-enones are very versatile intermediates from which a number of 3-substituted-2-enones can be obtained (I).

Catalytic amounts of mercury (II) chloride deposited on Fontainebleau sand induce clean and high yielding cyclisations of e-acetylenic mono- and β-di- carbonyl compounds at 50°. Very fast reactions are observed with β-dicarbonyl compounds.

The He(Iα) photoelectron (PE) spectra and electronic spectra of the 2,8,9-trifunctional [3.3.3]propellanes 3, 6, 8, and 9 together with the corresponding 2-mono- and 2,8-difunctional species have been recorded. The PE investigations reveal a small split between the π bands in the PE spectra of 2 and 3 and the n-lone pair bands in those of 7 and 9. This is rationalized by assuming a small through-space interaction among the functional groups. A considerable π-n splitting is found in the case of 5, 6, and 8. This splitting is due to a fairly strong interaction of n and σ orbitals with the σ frame of the corresponding propellane. The first band of the electronic spectra of 6, 8, and 9 is assigned to π* n transitions on the basis of CNDO/s-CI calculations. These investigations suggest a small split among the lowest unoccupied π* orbitals. Wechselwirkungen bei [3.3.3]Propellanen mit funktionellen Gruppen in 2-,8-und 9-Stellung Die He(Iα)-Photoelektronen (PE)-Spektren und die Elektronen-Spektren der in 2-,8- und 9-Stellung funktionalisierten [3.3.3]Propellane 3, 6, 8 und 9 wurden zusammen mit den in 2-Stellung bzw. den in 2,8-Stellung funktionalisierten Derivaten aufgenommen. Die PE-Untersuchungen zeigen eine kleine Aufspaltung zwischen den π-Banden in den PE-Spektren von 2 und 3 und den n-Banden von Verbindungen 7 und 9. Dies wird auf eine kleine raumliche Wechselwirkung der funktionellen Gruppen zuruckgefuhrt. Bei 5, 6 und 8 findet man eine betrachtliche π-n-Aufspaltung. Diese Aufspaltung ist durch eine starke Wechselwirkung zwischen n- und π-Orbitalen mit dem σ-Gerust des entsprechenden Propellans bedingt. Die ersten Banden der Elektronenspektren von 6, 8 und 9 wurden aufgrund von CNDO/s-CI Rechnungen π*n-Ubergangen zugeordnet. Diese Untersuchungen sprechen fur eine kleine Aufspaltung der tiefsten unbesetzten Orbitale.