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Premise During plant domestication, traits can be subject to a variety of types of selection, ranging from strong directional selection for traits such as seed or fruit size to diversifying selection for traits like color or flavor. These types of selection interact with other evolutionary processes including genetic bottlenecks and interspecific gene flow to generate different levels of genetic diversity across the genome and at target genes in domesticated lineages, but little is known about the impacts of these processes in perennial fruit crops. Methods We used sequence capture by hybridization to examine patterns of diversity at a suite of candidate domestication and anonymous background genes in domesticated apple (Malus ×domestica) in comparison to its wild relatives Malus sieversii and Malus orientalis. Results We found no change in average diversity at these candidate domestication genes across the three species. However, a subset of the genes did exhibit patterns of very high or very low diversity in M. ×domestica compared to its progenitor, M. sieversii. Of the genes with characterized function, the low-diversity genes mainly contributed to fruit quality traits like color and flavor, predicted to be under conscious, directional selection relatively late in the domestication process, while the high-diversity genes included a variety of functions. Conclusions Overall, these results are consistent with predictions based on the likely timing and nature of selection during domestication and open new avenues for understanding genes with high diversity in a perennial crop compared to its wild relatives.

Die Hochgradienten-Magnetseparation (HGMS) besitzt groses Potenzial, um als erster Capture-Schritt in Aufbereitungsverfahren fur biotechnologische Produkte eingesetzt zu werden, da sie eine Fest/Fest/Flussig-Trennung in einem Schritt ermoglicht. Bei Magnetseparatoren, die nach diesem Prinzip arbeiten, wurde bisher der Tatsache nicht genugend Rechnung getragen, dass die Anlagerungsbereiche der magnetischen Mikrosorbentien, die sich wahrend der Magnetfiltration in der Filtermatrix ausbilden, den freien Stromungsquerschnitt des Magnetfilters einengen und Zellen oder Zelltrummer zuruckhalten oder sogar einschliesen konnen. Schwerpunkt der hier dargestellten Untersuchungen am Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld ist daher die Quantifizierung der Trennung von Biomasse (fluoreszierende Escherichia coli-Zellen) und Magnetbeads in einem HGMS-Filter. Dazu musste eine geeignete Analysemethode entwickelt werden, die eine Quantifizierung ermoglicht und mit der eine Aussage daruber getroffen werden kann, welche Menge an Bakterienzellen im Filtrat zu finden ist und welche Menge durch die entstehenden Magnetpartikel-Anlagerungsbereiche an der Filtermatrix zuruckgehalten wird. In den Untersuchungen wurden zwei verschiedene Varianten der Filtermatrix getestet und miteinander verglichen. Es wurde in beiden Fallen eine gute Trennung von Biomasse und Magnetbeads – sowohl in Modellsuspensionen als auch in E. coli-Fermentationsbruhen – erreicht.

The western pygmy possum (Cercartetus concinnus) is a small nocturnal marsupial that relies primarily on the nectar and pollen of myrtaceous species at Innes National Park and may occasionally also ingest invertebrates. This study confirmed plant utilization by C. concinnus using scat samples and pollen swabs, and investigated the flowering phenology of dietary plants to determine resource availability. We compared nectar composition between day and night and analyzed nectar sugar production for dietary species. Pollen swabs and scats suggested that C. concinnus relied primarily on the nectar and pollen of Kingscote mallee, Eucalyptus rugosa (76.8% of grains counted in combined scat samples) at Innes National Park, when available; only one of 30 scat samples contained numerous moth scales. The nectars of the species investigated showed marked differences in their composition, but only Melaleuca gibbosa and M. halmaturorum sugar composition changed between day and night. The nectar sugar ratio of E. rugosa differed from those of most other species investigated. C. concinnus may select this plant's flowers because its nectar is relatively high in hexose sugars. Although E. diversifolia was abundant, its flowers were mostly ignored by possums, perhaps because the nectar in these flowers was proportionately much richer in sucrose than other species'. E. rugosa's flowering index (calculated from flower load and canopy size) was greatest in December. Six of the seven eucalypt species flowered between November and April; for half of the year pygmy possums must find other resources.

With the goal of developing a PET radioligand for the in vivo assessment of glucose transport, 6-deoxy-6-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]6FDG) was prepared in two steps from 18F−. Starting with D-glucose, the tosyl- and mesyl-derivatives of 3,5-O-benzylidene-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose were prepared by known methods. Reaction of either of these precursors with 18F− resulted in the formation of 3,5-O-benzylidene-6-deoxy-6-[18F]-fluoro-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose in high yield. Subsequent hydrolysis resulted in the production of [18F]6FDG. Under optimal conditions, [18F]6FDG is produced 60–70 min after end of bombardment (EOB) in 71 ± 12% yield (decay corrected, based upon fluoride) with a radiochemical purity of ⩾96%. Preliminary experiments have indicated that [18F]6FDG may be a more representative in vivo tracer for the glucose transporter than 2FDG. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Objective: Emotion-induced eating has been implicated as a risk factor for the development of. obesity, yet no research has been done on emotion-induced eating in children. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood institute Growth and Health Study (NGHS) a multicenter collaborative study of risk factors for obesity, developed an instrument for measuring emotion-induced eating in children and tested hypotheses regarding the association of emotion-induced eating with food intake and adiposity in preadolescent children. Method: Subjects were 1,213 black girls and 1,166 white girls who were 9 and 10 at study entry. Baseline data were utilized in this report. Girls were assessed by trained female health examiners who recorded height, weight, and indices of sexual maturation. Girls kept a 3-day food diary. Dietary data were coded and analyzed for total caloric and macro nutrient intake. A measure of emotion-induced eating was derived from seven questions about eating in response to emotions (Cronbach's alpha = .78). Results: Black girls had significantly higher emotion-induced eating scores than white girls (10.8 vs. 9.7, P

A method to measure the enrichment of deuterium in the hydrogens bound to C-6 of glucose has been refined and taken to the micro-scale. Glucose (≤0.2 mg) in small quantities of plasma samples is oxidized with sodium periodate. The formaldehyde formed contains the two hydrogens bound to C-6 of glucose. The formaldehyde is condensed with ammonia to form hexamethylenetetramine (HMT), which can be directly determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. All of the 12 hydrogens of HMT are from the formaldehyde and therefore deuterium enrichment as low as 0.1% on hydrogens bound to C-6 of glucose can be measured with a coefficient of variation of less than 3%. The method can be used to quantify gluconeogenesis in vivo in humans by administering [2H2]O at an enrichment in total body water of only 0.5%, resulting in reproducibly measurable labeling of the hydrogens bound to C-6 of glucose. The method is presented because of its potential value for the measurement of gluconeogenesis in humans in vivo at safe and acceptable doses of [2H2]O.

A Wolff-Kishner reduction is discussed which leads to kinetic products through reduction of hydrazones derived from thermodynamically less-stable ketones of an equilibrium mixture. The syntheses and conformational analyses of a range of 9-substituted 2, 3, 6, 7-tetramethyldecahydroanthracenes are discussed.

A series of tetramethyldecahydroanthracene derivatives have been synthesized from the Diels -Alder product from 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene and p- benzoquinone . Their stereochemistry, conformational properties and n.m.r. spectra are discussed.

Die Photolyse des Tetraphenylpropans (I) in Methanol unter Stickstoff ergibt ein Gemisch der Produkte (IIa)-(IVa).