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The ObserVational survey of the Epidemiology, tReatment and Care of MigrainE (OVERCOME; United States) study is a multicohort, longitudinal web survey that assesses symptomatology, consulting, diagnosis, treatment, and impact of migraine in the United States.Regularly updating population-based views of migraine in the United States provides a method for assessing the quality of ongoing migraine care and identifying unmet needs.The OVERCOME (US) 2018 migraine cohort involved: (I) creating a demographically representative sample of US adults using quota sampling (n = 97,478), (II) identifying people with active migraine in the past year via a validated migraine diagnostic questionnaire and/or self-reported medical diagnosis of migraine (n = 24,272), and (III) assessing consultation, diagnosis, and treatment of migraine (n = 21,143). The current manuscript evaluated whether those with low frequency episodic migraine (LFEM; 0-3 monthly headache days) differed from other categories on outcomes of interest.Among the migraine cohort (n = 21,143), 19,888 (94.1%) met our International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition-based case definition of migraine and 12,905 (61.0%) self-reported a medical diagnosis of migraine. Respondents' mean (SD) age was 42.2 (15.0) years; 15,697 (74.2%) were women. Having at least moderate disability was common (n = 8965; 42.4%) and around half (n = 10,783; 51.0%) had consulted a medical professional for migraine care in the past year. Only 4792 (22.7%) of respondents were currently using a triptan. Overall, 8539 (40.4%) were eligible for migraine preventive medication and 3555 (16.8%) were currently using migraine preventive medication. Those with LFEM differed from moderate and high frequency episodic migraine and chronic migraine on nearly all measures of consulting, diagnosis, and treatment.The OVERCOME (US) 2018 cohort revealed slow but steady progress in diagnosis and preventive treatment of migraine. However, despite significant impact among the population, many with migraine have unmet needs related to consulting for migraine, migraine diagnosis, and getting potentially beneficial migraine treatment. Moreover, it demonstrated the heterogeneity and varying unmet needs within episodic migraine.

BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) is an emerging target to potentially treat cognitive dysfunction. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to achieve feasibility and safety of globus pallidus pars interna (GPi) and NBM DBS in advanced PD with cognitive impairment. METHODS We performed a phase-II double-blind crossover pilot trial in six participants to assess safety and cognitive measures, the acute effect of NBM stimulation on attention, motor and neuropsychological data at one year, and neuroimaging biomarkers of NBM stimulation. RESULTS NBM DBS was well tolerated but did not improve cognition. GPi DBS improved dyskinesia and motor fluctuations (P = 0.04) at one year. NBM stimulation was associated with reduced right frontal and parietal glucose metabolism (P

Background In‐school transmission of COVID‐19 among K‐12 students is low when mitigation layers are used, but the risk of acquiring COVID‐19 during school bus transportation is not well defined. Given the operational limitations of many school districts, more data is needed to determine what mitigation is required to keep COVID‐19 transmission low during bus transport. Methods An independent school in Virginia monitored 1154 students in grades 1 to 12 with asymptomatic PCR testing every 2 weeks from August 24, 2020 to March 19, 2021, during the highest community transmission. Fifteen buses served 462 students while operating at near capacity of 2 students in every seat, using a physical distancing minimum of 2.5 ft, universal masking, and simple ventilation techniques. Results A total of 39 individuals were present on buses during their COVID‐19 infectious period, which resulted in the quarantine of 52 students. Universal testing and contact tracing revealed no transmission linked to bus transportation. Conclusions This study demonstrates a model for the safe operation of school buses while near capacity. COVID‐19 transmission can be low during student transport when employing mitigation including simple ventilation, and universal masking, at minimal physical distances and during the highest community transmission.

Changes in the magnitude and frequency of river flows have potential to alter sediment dynamics and morphology of rivers globally, but the direction of these changes remains uncertain. A lack of da...

A growing number of coastal eco-geomorphologic modeling studies have been conducted to understand coastal marsh evolution under sea level rise (SLR). Although these models quantify marsh topographi...

Author(s): Malenda, HF; Sutfin, NA; Guryan, G; Stauffer, S; Rowland, JC; Williams, KH; Singha, K | Abstract: Stratigraphy is a fundamental component of floodplain heterogeneity and hydraulic conductivity and connectivity of alluvial aquifers, which affect hydrologic processes such as groundwater flow and hyporheic exchange. Watershed-scale hydrological models commonly simplify the sedimentology and stratigraphy of floodplains, neglecting natural floodplain heterogeneity and anisotropy. This study, conducted in the upper reach of the East River in the East River Basin, Colorado, USA, combines point-, meander-, and floodplain-scale data to determine key features of alluvial aquifers important for estimating hydrologic processes. We compare stratigraphy of two meanders with disparate geometries to explore floodplain heterogeneity and connectivity controls on flow and transport. Meander shape, orientation, and internal stratigraphy affected residence time estimates of laterally exchanged hyporheic water. Although the two meanders share a sediment source, vegetation, and climate, their divergent river migration histories resulted in contrasting meander hydrofacies. In turn, the extent and orientation of these elements controlled the effective hydraulic conductivity and, ultimately, estimates of groundwater transport and hyporheic residence times. Additionally, the meanders’ orientation relative to the valley gradient impacted the hydraulic gradient across the meanders—a key control of groundwater velocity. Lastly, we combine our field data with remotely sensed data and introduce a potential approach to estimate key hydrostratigraphic packages across floodplains. Prospective applications include contaminant transport studies, hyporheic models, and watershed models. © 2019 John Wiley a Sons, Ltd.

Summary Source localization of interictal spikes in patients with medically refractory epilepsy is the most common clinical application of magnetoencephalography (MEG). In recent decades, many patients with intractable epilepsy have been treated with various forms of neurostimulation, including thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS). Patients with suboptimal seizure control after DBS might in some cases benefit from further investigations for resective epilepsy surgery, including MEG source imaging (MSI). We sought to determine the feasibility and accuracy of MSI in the setting of active thalamic DBS. Simultaneous EEG/MEG was obtained in a patient using an Elekta 306‐channel MEG system, with high‐frequency (100 Hz) DBS of the thalamic anterior nuclei cycling between on and off states. Magnetic artifacts associated with the DBS apparatus were successfully suppressed using the spatiotemporal signal space separation (tSSS) method. Electrical stimulation artifact was removed by standard digital low‐pass filtering. Dipole source modeling results for spike foci in frontal and posterior temporal regions were comparable between stimulation on and stimulation off states, and the source solutions corresponded well to the localization of spikes documented by intracranial EEG. MSI is thus feasible and source solutions can be accurate when performed in patients with active thalamic DBS for epilepsy.

Movement disorder surgery has evolved throughout history as our knowledge of motor circuits and ways in which to manipulate them have expanded. Today, the positive impact on patient quality of life for a growing number of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease is now well accepted and confirmed through several decades of randomized, controlled trials. Nevertheless, residual motor symptoms after movement disorder surgery such as deep brain stimulation and lack of a definitive cure for these conditions demand that advances continue to push the boundaries of the field and maximize its therapeutic potential. Similarly, advances in related fields - wireless technology, artificial intelligence, stem cell and gene therapy, neuroimaging, nanoscience, and minimally invasive surgery - mean that movement disorder surgery stands at a crossroads to benefit from unique combinations of all these developments. In this minireview, we outline some of these developments as well as evidence supporting topics of recent discussion and controversy in our field. Moving forward, expectations remain high that these improvements will come to encompass an even broader range of patients who might benefit from this therapy and decrease the burden of disease associated with these conditions. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

In this study, the Hillslope River Routing (HRR) model was modified for arctic river basin applications and used to route surface and subsurface run-off from the Community Land Model (CLM) in the Mackenzie River Basin (MRB) for the period 2000–2004. The HRR modelling framework performs lateral surface and subsurface run-off routing from hillslopes and channel/floodplain routing. The HRR model was modified here to include a variable subsurface active layer thickness (ALT; permafrost) to enable subsurface water to resurface, a distributed surface storage component to store and attenuate the rapid generation of snowmelt water, compound hillslopes to account for the low relief near rivers and floodplains, and reservoir routing to complete the total surface and subsurface water storage accounting. To illustrate the new HRR model components, a case study is presented for the MRB. The basin is discretized into 5077 sub-basins based on a drainage network derived from the global digital elevation model (DEM) developed from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) sensor on board NASA's Terra satellite and river widths extracted from LandSat images. The median hillslope land area is 68.5 km2 with a flow length of 2.8 km. Gridded CLM surface and subsurface run-offs are remapped to the HRR model's irregular sub-basins. The role of each new model component is quantified in terms of peak annual streamflow (magnitude and timing) at select locations and basin-wide total water storage anomalies. The role of distributed surface storage is shown to attenuate the relatively rapid generation of snowmelt water, impact the annual peak hydrograph (reduced peaks by >30% and detailed peak by >20 days), and account for 20% of the monthly total water storage anomalies averaged over the year and ranging from 14 to 25% (−10 to 30 mm) throughout the year. Although additional research is needed to dynamically link spatially distributed ALT to HRR, the role of ALT is shown to be important. A basin-wide, uniform 1 m ALT impacts the annual peak hydrograph (reduced peaks by 9% and detailed peak by 8 days) and trends in total water storage anomalies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Cell transplantation and gene therapy each show promise to enhance the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, because cell transplantation and gene therapy generally require direct delivery to the central nervous system, clinical trial design involves unique scientific, ethical, and financial concerns related to the invasive nature of the procedure. Typically, such biologics have been tested in PD patients who have not received any neurosurgical intervention. Here, we suggest that PD patients undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS) device implantation are an ideal patient population for the clinical evaluation of cell transplantation and gene therapy. Randomizing subjects to an experimental group that receives the biologic concurrently with the DBS implantation-or to a control group that receives the DBS treatment alone-has several compelling advantages. First, this study design enables the participation of patients likely to benefit from DBS, many of whom simultaneously meet the inclusion criteria of biologic studies. Second, the need for a sham neurosurgical procedure is eliminated, which may reduce ethical concerns, promote patient recruitment, and enhance the blinding of surgical trials. Third, testing the biologic by "piggybacking" onto an established, reimbursable procedure should reduce the cost of clinical trials, which may allow a greater number of biologics to reach this critical stage of research translation. Finally, this clinical trial design may lead to combinatorial treatment strategies that provide PD patients with more durable control over disabling motor symptoms. By combining neuromodulation with biologics, we may also reveal important treatment paradigms relevant to other diseases of the brain.

Many scientists believe that small experiments, guided by scientific intuition, are simpler and more efficient than design of experiments. This belief is strong and persists even in the face of data demonstrating that it is clearly wrong. In this paper, we present two powerful teaching examples illustrating the dangers of small experiments guided by scientific intuition. We describe two, simple, two-dimensional spaces. These two spaces give rise to, and at the same time appear to generate supporting data for, scientific intuitions that are deeply flawed or wholly incorrect. We find these spaces useful in unfreezing scientific thinking and challenging the misplaced confidence in scientific intuition.

Long-term lake area change has previously been measured to detect the temporal rate and spatial extent of permafrost degradation. However, the natural intra- and interannual variability of lake areas has not been considered explicitly and quantitatively, which can substantially interfere with the detection of long-term lake area change associated with permafrost degradation. In order to better understand the natural background variability of lake areas, we used Landsat 7 images obtained on 11 dates from 1999 to 2002 to quantify the intra- and interannual lake area variability for a 4224 km 2 study area within the Yukon Flats, Alaska. Total lake areas ranged from 179 km 2 (22 August 1999) to 326 km 2 (6 June 2000). Even within a single year (year 2000), the total lake area decreased by 42 per cent from 6 June to 16 August, well exceeding the previously reported trends for long-term decrease (14% and 18%) for the Yukon Flats. Both intra- and interannual area variability in August and September were smaller than in June and July, suggesting that images from later in summer are more reliable for detecting long-term change in lake area. Variability of no-closure lakes was twice that of closed-basin lakes. Intra-annual area changes in closed-basin lakes can be explained by the intra-annual water balance, defined as cumulative precipitation minus evaporation between two consecutivedateswithinthesameyear.Foragivenperiod,thetotallakeareawascorrelatedmorestronglywiththewater balance since the preceding October than with the water balance in the preceding 12 months. Spatial heterogeneity in the intra-annual area change of individual lakes was observed, which might be caused by different topographical, geological and permafrost characteristics around and beneath the lakes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

To better understand the linkage between lake area change, permafrost conditions and intra-annual and inter-annual variability in climate, we explored the temporal and spatial patterns of lake area changes for a 422 382-ha study area within Yukon Flats, Alaska using Landsat images of 17 dates between 1984 and 2009. Only closed basin lakes were used in this study. Among the 3529 lakes greater than 1 ha, closed basin lakes accounted for 65% by number and 50% by area. A multiple linear regression model was built to quantify the temporal change in total lake area with consideration of its intra-annual and inter-annual variability. The results showed that 80.7% of lake area variability was attributed to intra-annual and inter-annual variability in local water balance and mean temperature since snowmelt (interpreted as a proxy for seasonal thaw depth). Another 14.3% was associated with long-term change. Among 2280 lakes, 350 lakes shrank, and 103 lakes expanded. The lakes with similar change trends formed distinct clusters, so did the lakes with similar short term intra-annual and inter-annual variability. By analysing potential factors driving lake area changes including evaporation, precipitation, indicators for regional permafrost change, and flooding, we found that ice-jam flooding events were the most likely explanation for the observed temporal pattern. In addition to changes in the frequency of ice jam flooding events, the observed changes of individual lakes may be influenced by local variability in permafrost distributions and/or degradation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The biopharmaceutical industry is moving toward a more quality by design (QbD) approach that seeks to increase product and process understanding and process control. Miniature bioreactor systems offer a high-throughput method enabling the assessment of numerous process variables in a controlled environment. However, the number of off/at-line samples that can be taken is restricted due to the small working volume of each vessel. This limitation may be resolved through the use of Raman spectroscopy due to its ability to obtain multianalyte data from small sample volumes fast. It can, however, be challenging to implement this technique for this application due to the complexity of the sample matrix and that analytes are often present in low concentration. Here, we present a design of experiments (DOE) approach to generate samples for calibrating robust multivariate predictive models measuring glucose, lactate, ammonium, viable cell concentration (VCC) and product concentration, for unclarified cell culture that improves the daily monitoring of each miniature bioreactor vessel. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the output of the glucose and VCC models can be used to control the glucose and main nutrient feed rate within miniature bioreactor cultures to within qualified critical limits set for larger scale vessels. The DOE approach used to generate the calibration sample set is shown to result in models more robust to process changes than by simply using samples taken from the "typical" process. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2740, 2019.

The origins of increased stream flow and spring discharge following earthquakes have been the subject of controversy, in large part because there are many models to explain observations and few measurements suitable for distinguishing between hypotheses. On October 30, 2007 a magnitude 5.5 earthquake occurred near the Alum Rock springs, California, USA. Within a day we documented a several-fold increase in discharge. Over the following year, we have monitored a gradual return towards pre-earthquake properties, but for the largest springs there appears to be a permanent increase in discharge. The Alum Rock springs discharge waters that are a mixture between modern (shallow) meteoric water and old (deep) connate waters expelled by regional transpression. After the earthquake, there was a small and temporary decrease in the fraction of connate water in the largest springs. Accompanying this geochemical change was a small (1–2°C) temperature decrease. Combined with the rapid response, this implies that the increased discharge has a shallow origin. Increased discharge at these springs occurs both for earthquakes that cause static volumetric expansion and for those that cause contraction, supporting models in which dynamic strains are responsible for the subsurface changes that cause flow to increase. We make a quantitative comparison between the observed changes and model predictions for three types of models: (i) a permanent increase in permeability; (ii) an increase in permeability followed by a gradual decrease to its pre-earthquake value; and (iii) an increase of hydraulic head in the groundwater system discharging at the springs. We show that models in which the permeability of the fracture system feeding the springs increases after the earthquake are in general consistent with the changes in discharge. The postseismic decrease in discharge could either reflect the groundwater system adjusting to the new, higher permeability or a gradual return of permeability to pre-earthquake values; the available data do not allow us to distinguish between these two scenarios. However, the response of these springs to another earthquake will provide critical constraints on the changes that occur in the subsurface and should permit a test of all three types of models.

Lesions of the hippocampus and related structures produce profound anterograde amnesia. The amnesia is specific to what has been called "explicit," "declarative," and "episodic" memory. These memories are frequently believed to be central to the human condition, requiring such advanced cognitive functions as attention and even consciousness. However, the hippocampus and associated structures are evolutionarily conserved, which argues that the memories of lower mammals should be qualitatively similar in nature. Just as attention and arousal are critical components of appropriate memory formation in humans, an emerging body of evidence suggests that these processes bear on the firing patterns of hippocampal neurons in rodents. Here the evidence favoring this hypothesis is discussed and then the potential anatomical basis for such modulation is considered.

Thermal springs commonly occur along faults because of the enhanced vertical permeability afforded by fracture zones. Field and laboratory studies of fault zone materials document substantial heterogeneities in fracture permeabilities. Modeling and field studies of springs suggest that spatial variations in permeability strongly influence spring locations, discharge rates and temperatures. The impact of heterogeneous permeability on spring geochemistry, however, is poorly documented. We present stable isotope and water chemistry data from a series of closely spaced thermal springs associated with the Hayward Fault, California. We suggest that substantial spatial variations observed in δ18O and chloride values reflect subsurface fluid transport through a poorly connected fracture network in which mixing of subsurface waters remains limited. Our measurements provide insight into the effect of fracture zone heterogeneities on spring geochemistry, offer an additional tool to intuit the nature of tectonically induced changes in fault zone plumbing, and highlight the need to consider local variations when characterizing fracture zone fluid geochemistry from spring systems with multiple discharge sites.

The sensitivity of medial superior olive (MSO) neurons to tens of microsecond differences in interaural temporal delay (ITD) derives in part from their membrane electrical characteristics, kinetics and timing of excitatory and inhibitory inputs, and dendrite structure. However, maturation of these physiological and structural characteristics are little studied, especially in relationship to the onset of auditory experience. We showed, using brain slices at physiological temperature, that MSO neurons exhibited sensitivity to simulated temporally delayed (TD) EPSCs (simEPSC), injected through the recording electrode, by the initial phase of hearing onset at P10, and TD sensitivity was reduced by block of low threshold potassium channels. The spike generation mechanism matured between P10 and P16 to support TD sensitivity to adult-like excitatory stimuli (1–4 ms duration) by P14. IPSP duration was shorter at physiological temperature than reported for lower temperatures, was longer than EPSP duration at young ages, but approached the duration of EPSPs by P16, when hearing thresholds neared maturity. Dendrite branching became less complex over a more restricted time frame between P10 and P12. Because many physiological and structural properties approximated mature values between P14 and P16, we studied temporal integration of simEPSCs and IPSPs at P15. Only a narrow range of relative onset times (< 1 ms) yielded responses showing sensitivity to TD. We propose that shaping of excitatory circuitry to mediate TD sensitivity can begin before airborne sound is detectable, and that inhibitory inputs having suboptimal neural delays may then be pruned by cellular mechanisms activated by sensitivity to ITD.

Aim To use immunocytochemistry for determining the expression of HCN1, HCN2 and HCN3 (three subunits of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated current channel) in rodent trigeminal ganglia (TG) that innervate healthy teeth and determine if expression of HCN subunits is increased in TG following pulp exposure. Methodology Pulps were exposed in right maxillary incisors of male Sprague-Dawley rats. After fixation, TG were removed, cryostat sectioned, and immunocytochemistry was utilized to study the expression of HCN1-3 subunits. Immunoreactivity of individual neurons from the maxillary region of the TG was determined with ImageJ software. Differences in the number immunopositive neurons amongst groups were tested for statistical significance with either a Yates or Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact probability tests depending on neuron sample size. Differences in the intensity of immunoreactivity between groups were tested for statistical significance with a Student’s t-test. Results The majority of TG neurons were immunopositive for HCN1-3. Moreover, statistically significant increases in the number of TG neurons immunopositive for HCN1 and the intensity of HCN1-3 immunoreactivity were observed within hours of exposing the tooth pulp. Conclusions HCN1-3 expression, as determined by immunocytochemistry, is increased within hours after injury. Given that Ih can facilitate neuronal excitability, results of the current study suggest that antagonists to HCN1-3 subunits could work as analgesics in the alleviation of orofacial pain.

Using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) analysis we obtained depositional ages ranging from 25 ± 10 to 928 ± 144 years before present for sediments deposited in oxbow lakes along three lowland river systems. The dated sediments were collected from the banks of tie channels along the Lower Mississippi River, the Fly River in Papua New Guinea, and Birch Creek along the Yukon River in Alaska. Tie channels connect the oxbow lakes to the main stem river and allow the exchange of water and suspended sediment between the two. The banks consist of fine sand and sandy silt beds interlayered with silt and clay. OSL samples were collected both horizontally from exposed banks and vertically by coring through levee crests; sample collection was targeted at beds containing appreciable quantities of fine sand. OSL ages were determined using single-grain or in some cases single-aliquot techniques and dose distribution analysis. Samples were first collected along the Lower Mississippi tie channel to compare OSL dates with historical data sources and test the applicability of OSL in these settings; the OSL dates agreed closely with historical data. In all three river systems, OSL dating allowed the determination of vertical accretion rates, tie channel advancement rates, and oxbow lake ages. In Papua New Guinea, OSL sampling also provides an estimate of lateral migration rates of the Fly River and allows a comparison of modern mineinfluenced deposition rates with natural background rates over the last 1000 years. Results from Papua New Guinea and the Mississippi River suggest that the advancement rate of tie channels responds directly to changes in the sediment load of the main stem river. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Aims Spit tobacco use is prevalent in the United States and is associatedwith adverse health consequences. Health-care providers have neitherevidence summaries nor evidence-based guidelines to assist themin treating patients who use spit tobacco. Design We completed a systematic review of the literature to determinethe efficacy and safety of pharmacological and behavioral interventionsfor the treatment of spit tobacco use. Findings We found six randomized controlled trials testing pharmacological interventionsand eight testing behavioral interventions. Using random-effects meta-analyses,bupropion sustained-release (SR) increased point prevalence tobaccoabstinence at 12 weeks [odds ratio (OR) 2.1; 95% confidenceinterval (CI), 1.0–4.2]. Nicotine replacementtherapy with patch or gum increased point prevalence tobacco abstinenceat 6 months (OR 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0–1.6).Behavioral interventions increased long-term (6 month)point prevalence tobacco abstinence (OR 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1–2.9).Studies including an oral examination followed by feedback to thepatient had the highest treatment effect. Conclusions Behavioral interventions for ST users are effective for increasing STabstinence rates. Bupropion SR is probably effective and nicotinereplacement therapy may be effective. This evidence from randomizedcontrolled trials provides health-care professionals with informationnecessary to effectively treat spit tobacco use.

There are two competing camps concerning the rhetorical legacy of Ronald Reagan. The dominant interpretation in the media and also among academic scholars is that Reagan was a skillful presenter of other people's speeches, a master at using often maudlin stories to oversimplify complex issues in support of an extremely conservative agenda (Schaller 1992, 51; Schieffer and Gates 1989, 177-80; Edel 1992, 264, 267, 268, 279). Revisionists argue in contrast that Reagan's rhetoric was quite substantive, that it skillfully mixed together various themes to appeal to the widest possible audience, and that Reagan himself played a key role in the creation of his rhetoric. Some revisionists also argue that in his rhetoric at least, Reagan took far more moderate positions than has been recognized. In this article, we use an analysis of the 330 brief radio addresses that Reagan delivered every Saturday for more than seven years of his presidency to support the revisionist interpretation. Reagan's Rhetorical Legacy The dominant interpretation of Reagan's rhetoric among both academics and the media has been to treat Reagan as simply a skillful announcer for the conservative cause. In this view, Reagan mouthed an essentially unsubstantive rhetoric, focusing on happy narratives about the greatness of America to support an extremely conservative political agenda (Lewis 1987; Weiler and Pearce 1992; Erickson 1985; Leyh 1986; Johnson 1991). Advocates of this perspective can be quite harsh in their assessment. For example, Richard Pious argued that for Reagan, "personalities became more important than issues; metaphor, analogy, and storytelling become more important than inconvenient facts; emotion displaced reason in political argumentation" (1991, 507). In a review of Edmund Morris's biography of Reagan, Steven R. Weisman referred to Reagan's "habitual denials of reality" and "eccentric standard of belief" as if these positions were universally accepted (1999, 7). In addition, those who uphold what might be labeled the conventional wisdom concerning Ronald Reagan treat him as either captured by or a representative of the most conservative wing of the Republican party. In this view, Reagan's views were essentially indistinguishable from far-right politicians of the late nineties and the early years of the twenty-first century such as Jerry Falwell, Pat Robertson, Dan Quayle, and so forth. Put most simply, the conventional wisdom is that Reagan's legacy could be summarized as extreme conservatism, showmanship, and a rhetorical practice empty of serious ideas. The competing revisionist view of Reagan is quite different. Advocates of this perspective argue that Reagan was not an empty suit, that he was in fact the primary author of the core ideological positions of his administration. Revisionists also argue that Reagan was an adaptable rhetorician, not the simplistic teller of false stories depicted in the work of many who take the dominant perspective (Busch 1997; Hoekstra 1997; Hantz 1996; Mervin 1989; Sloan 1999; Darman 1996; Noonan 1990). Some revisionists go so far as to argue that Reagan himself was a skilled wordsmith and one of his most effective speechwriters (Satire 2000, 38; Skinner, Anderson, and Anderson 2001; Medhurst 1998; Schultz 1993). Some but by no means all of the revisionists also argue that Reagan was not a far-right extremist. Rather, in their view, he supported his agenda by assuming the role of a practical reformer who wanted to rein in excesses in Washington and often took moderate and even progressive positions. For instance, Gary Woodward noted surprising parallels between Ronald Reagan and Franklin Roosevelt, including "their attitudes ... that government can act in predictable and decisive ways" (1983, 54) to improve the nation. Woodward particularly emphasized Reagan's use of the phrase, "there's nothing wrong with America that together we can't fix"; and he added that "this liberal article of faith was preached many times along the campaign trail, leaving conservative thinkers such as George Will with the conclusion that Americans today are more conservative than Reagan" (ibid. …

Neurons of the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body (LNTB), the most prominent periolivary nucleus of the cat superior olivary complex, form an important component of the descending auditory pathways and also innervate the medial superior olive. Cells forming the posteroventral subnucleus (pvLNTB), when investigated by light microscopy, exhibit morphological similarities with globular bushy cells of the cochlear nucleus and principal cells of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. These latter two cell types are integral components of brainstem circuitry mediating the early stages of sound localization. In this report, ultrastructural features of LNTB neurons are described. pvLNTB cell bodies are characterized by a round to oval shape, smooth nuclear membrane, and the relative paucity of stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, pvLNTB cell bodies and proximal dendrites are contacted by large synaptic terminals which contain round synaptic vesicles and form multiple asymmetric synaptic junctions. These ultrastructural characteristics are similar to those previously described for globular and principal cells and distinguish pvLNTB cells from cells of the main subnucleus. Large terminals contacting pvLNTB cells contain a specialized organelle assembly, including an adherens plaque associated by filamentous strands with a mitochondrion. We name this organelle assembly the mitochondria-associated adherens complex (MAC) and note its proximity to synaptic junctions. Because high activity rates are characteristic of large terminals in the lower auditory system, the MAC may play a specialized role in membrane stabilization at synapses which generate high rates of vesicle membrane turnover.

It has been suggested that several Trypanosoma cruzi antigens have possible protective epitopes which may be suitable vaccine candidates. We found previously that animals resistant to T. cruzi infection produced antibodies against the 75-77-kDa parasite antigen. To test the ability of the recombinant form of this antigen to protect animals from T. cruzi infection, the cDNA which encodes a portion of the 75-77-kDa antigen was cloned using a cDNA library constructed in an orientation-specific bacteriophage expression vector (lambda gt 11) from poly (A)+ RNA of Brazil strain epimastigotes. One clone, named SFS-40, was selected by screening the library using affinity purified antibodies specific for the 75-77-kDa parasite antigen as probe. The cDNA corresponding to the 1.7-kilobase insert of SFS-40 was subcloned into plasmid vectors and characterized. The cDNA sequence encodes a polypeptide of about 40 kDa. The putative product of the cDNA was homologous to members of the 70-kDa stress protein family. When epimastigotes were shifted from 29 degrees C to 37 degrees C, there was no change in the level of SFS-40 mRNA. In contrast, the 70-kDa heat shock protein mRNA of the parasite was increased about four fold by this treatment.

— Anagen defluxion is an unusual cause of non-pruritic alopecia in many species. Two cases are described in horses, the onset coinciding with upper respiratory disease associated with pyrexia. Skin biopsies showed typical changes with follicles containing broken hairs of irregular shaft diameter. The alopecia resolved slowly without therapy. Resume— L'effluvium anagene est une cause rare d'alopecie non prurigineuse dans de nombreuses especes. Deux cas ont ete obseres chez des chevaux. Le debut a coincide avec une atteinte des voies respiratoires superieures associees a une fievre. Les biopsies cutanees ont revele des lesions caracteristiques: follicules contenant des poils casses de diametre ierrgulier. L'alopecie s'est progressivement resorbee sans traitement. Zusammenfassung— Anagen-Deflux ist eine ungewohnliche Ursache fur eine nicht pruritische Alopezie bei vielen Spezies. Beim Pferd werden zwei Falle beschrieben, wobei der Beginn mit einer fieberhaften Erkrankung der oberen Atemwege zusammenfallt. Hautbiopsien zeigten typische Veranderungen mit Follikeln, die abgebrochene Haare mit unregelmasigem Schaftdurchmesser enthielten. Die Alopezie heilte langsam ohne Therapie ab. Resumen La defluxion de la fase anagenica del pelo es una rara causa de alopecia de tipo no pruriginoso en una variedad de especies. En este articulo se describe el caso de dos caballos, en los cuales el punto mas agudo de la enfermedad coincide con afeccion de las vias respiratorias altas acompanada de fiebre. Las biopsias cutaneas demostraron la presencia de cambios tipicos en los foliculos pilosos que contenian pelos rotos o de diametro irregular. La alopecia se resolvio de manera lenta sin ningun tipo de terapia.

Purpose: Standard cine 4D-CT (S-4DCT) is the cine CT scan of the thorax followed by image sorting with the respiratory signal recorded by the RPM. Although the feasibility of cine 4D-CT without RPM or device-less 4DCT (DL-4DCT) has been reported in a laboratory setting, the only commercial implementation of DL-4DCT was made recently by GE based on the measurements of the lung, body and air area and density. We report the initial results of this new DL-4DCT on its determination of gross tumor volume (GTV). Methods: 30 stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) patients with NSCLC were included in the study. All patients received the S-4DCT for their treatment planning. Their cine CT data without the respiratory signal from RPM were submitted to the DL-4DCT. The DL-4DCT image quality was assessed in reference to S-4DCT. Using maximum intensity projection (MIP) images, the GTVs of the S-4DCT and DL-4DCT were compared on a subset of 9 patients whose tumors in the low density lung regions could be contoured using a region growing algorithm in MIM without contouring bias from the user. A lower threshold of −424 HU was used for all patients and other algorithm parameters were held constant for each patient. Results: The DL-4DCT was able to produce the 4DCT images on 29 out of the 30 SBRT cases. One case failed due to the enhanced calcification surrounding both the breast implants. The GTVs determined on the 9 patients with DL-4DCT were 4.2 ± 4.8% smaller than the GTVs with S-4DCT. However, this was statistically insignificant (p=0.15). The Dice similarity coefficients were 95.1 ± 1.8%. The image quality of DL-4DCT and S-4DCT was similar on the 29 cases. Conclusion: The first commercial DL-4DCT was promising in generating 4D-CT images without a respiratory monitoring device in this preliminary study of 30 patients.

By measuring the short-circuit photocurrent in a Schottky barrier diode the minority carrier hole diffusion length in undoped epitaxial layers has been determined of GaAs grown on substrates of GaAs and GaP, and in similar structures with a layer of GaxAl1–xAs between the substrate and the epitaxial GaAs layer. In the heteroepitaxial layers grown directly on GaP the hole diffusion length is less than 0.1 μm. This is considerably smaller than the diffusion length in the homoepitaxial layers, which is between 0.2 and 3.0 μm. In the structures with an intermediate layer of GaxAl1–xAs the hole diffusion length is between 0.4 and 1.6 μm and is not significantly different from the homoepitaxial values. Etching studies have been made on the layers in an effort to correlate defect density with diffusion length. In the structures on GaP there is a high density of dislocation and stacking faults. However only in the heteroepitaxial layers directly on GaP does this significantly affect the diffusion length. En mesurant le photocourant d'un circuit court dans une diode d'une Schottky barriere, nous avons determine la longueur dans la minorite porteuse de la diffusion des trous dans les assises epitaxiaux pas-dopees de GaAs faites sur des substrats de GaAs et GaP, et dans des structures semblables avec une assise de GaxAl1–xAs entre le substrat at l'assise epitaxial de GaAs. Dans les assises heteroepitaxiaux faites directemment sui GaP la longueur de la diffusion des trous est moins de 0,1 μm. Ceci est considerablement plus petit que le longueur de la diffusion dans les assises homoepitaxiaux, qui est entre 0,2 et 3,0 μm. Dans les structures avec une assise intermediaire de GaxAl1–xAs la longueur de la diffusion de trous est entre 0,4 et 1,6 μm et elle n'est pas significativement different des valeurs homoepitaxiaux. Des etudes de corrosion ont ete faites sur les assises dans un effort pour mettre la densite de defauts en correlation avec la longueur de la diffusion. Dans les structures sur GaP il y a une grande densite de fautes disloquees et empilees. Cependant seulement dans les assises heteroepitaxiaux directemment sur GaP a cette densite un effect signicatif sur la longueur de la diffusion.

A detailed study has been made of the halogenation of toluene in the presence of a range of transition metal complexes. Both side-chain and ring chlorination are observed, the favoured route depending on the metal complex. Side-chain halogenation, in the presence of [M(PPh3)4] and MCl2(PPh3)2] (M = Pd, Pt), has been shown to proceed by a free radical chain reaction in which the metal complex acts solely as an initiator. In the presence of, [M2(CO)10] (M = Mn, Re), [Re2(CO)8-(PPh3)2], [Fe2(CO)4(η-cp)2] and [Mo2(CO)6(η-cp)2], ring chlorinated products are formed by a Friedel-Crafts mechanism.

Summary Reaction between halocarbons (particularly CCl4) and hydrocarbons (particularly c-C6H12) in the presence of a range of low valent metal complexes have been investigated. A detailed study of the reaction involving [Re2(CO)10] has shown it to proceed by a free radical chain route in which the metal complex acts solely as an initiator. Similar behaviour has been confirmed for [Cr(CO)6]. [Re2(CO)10] and [Cr(CO)6] show initiation efficiencies comparable with organic peroxides, but other complexes are less efficient. Factors effecting efficiencies have been studied.