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Understanding factors that regulate the patterns of diversity, richness, and density of organisms is of enormous importance to manage biodiversity in a global change context. We investigate the importance of environmental factors in regulating the patterns of diversity, richness, and density of diurnal butterflies in the Sierra Nevada mountain range (SE Spain). Diversity, richness, and density seem to be strongly correlated, being mainly defined by land-use and topographic-related variables. The sites with the highest values correspond to areas of dense scrubland, near patches of forest, oriented to the west and with a high rate of solar radiation but not excessively exposed from the topographical point of view. Topographic wetness index seems to be also important but with a positive relation in the case of density and negative in the case of diversity and richness. Our results show a pattern of mid-elevation maxima, with highest values between 1600 and 2000 masl and lower in the summits and the piedmont (

Taxa restricted to mountains may be vulnerable to global warming, unless localscale topographic variation and conservation actions can protect them against expected changes to the climate. We tested how climate change will affect the 19 mountain-restricted Erebia species of the Iberian Peninsula, of which 7 are endemic. To examine the scope for local topographic variation to protect against warming, we applied species distribution models (HadGEM2 and MPI) at two spatial scales (10 10 and 1 1 km) for two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) in 2050 and 2070. We also superimposed current and future ranges on the protected area (PA) network to identify priority areas for adapting Erebia conservation to climate change. 4. In 10 10 km HadGEM2 models, climatically suitable areas for all species decreased in 2050 and 2070 (average 95.7%). Modelled decreases at 1 1 km were marginally less drastic (95.3%), and 14 out of 19 species were still expected to lose their entire climatically favourable range by 2070. The PA network is well located to conserve the species that are expected to retain some climatically suitable areas in 2070. However, we identify 25 separate 10 10 km squares where new PAs would help to adapt the network to expected range shifts or contractions by Erebia. Based on our results, adapting the conservation of range-restricted mountain taxa to projected climate change will require the implementation of complementary in situ and ex situ measures alongside urgent climate change mitigation., This study was supported by the project BIOUAM07-2019 founded by Biology Department from Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, the project IBERARTRO (SBPLY/17/180501/000492) funded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Consejería de Educacion, Ciencia y Cultura, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, the project RTI2018-096739-B-C21 funded by MCIU/AEI/ FEDER, UE, and the NexTdive project (PID2021-124187NB-I00) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.

Background Anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 S antibodies prevent viral replication. Critically ill COVID‐19 patients show viral material in plasma, associated with a dysregulated host response. If these antibodies influence survival and viral dissemination in ICU‐COVID patients is unknown. Patients/Methods We studied the impact of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 S antibodies levels on survival, viral RNA‐load in plasma, and N‐antigenaemia in 92 COVID‐19 patients over ICU admission. Results Frequency of N‐antigenaemia was >2.5‐fold higher in absence of antibodies. Antibodies correlated inversely with viral RNA‐load in plasma, representing a protective factor against mortality (Adjusted HR [CI 95%], p): (S IgM [AUC ≥ 60]: 0.44 [0.22; 0.88], 0.020); (S IgG [AUC ≥ 237]: 0.31 [0.16; 0.61]

Data Availability Statement All Mars 2020 MEDA data necessary to reproduce each figure shown in this manuscript are available via the Planetary Data System (PDS) Atmospheres node (Rodriguez-Manfredi & de la Torre Juarez, 2021). An exception to this are the LWd values in the 5–80 μm range (Figures 8, 9, and 10 top, Figure 11 top, and Figure 15), and the aerosol opacity values derived from TIRS (Figure 10, middle and Figure 11, top), which are publicly available via the USRA Houston Repository (Martinez et al., 2022). THEMIS retrievals of thermal inertia shown in Figure 7 and TES retrievals of albedo in Figure 14 can be queried and processed using the open-source JMARS (Christensen et al., 2009) and MARSTHERM (Putzig et al., 2013) software. The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) on board Perseverance includes first-of-its-kind sensors measuring the incident and reflected solar flux, the downwelling atmospheric IR flux, and the upwelling IR flux emitted by the surface. We use these measurements for the first 350 sols of the Mars 2020 mission (Ls ∼ 6°–174° in Martian Year 36) to determine the surface radiative budget on Mars and to calculate the broadband albedo (0.3–3 μm) as a function of the illumination and viewing geometry. Together with MEDA measurements of ground temperature, we calculate the thermal inertia for homogeneous terrains without the need for numerical thermal models. We found that (a) the observed downwelling atmospheric IR flux is significantly lower than the model predictions. This is likely caused by the strong diurnal variation in aerosol opacity measured by MEDA, which is not accounted for by numerical models. (b) The albedo presents a marked non-Lambertian behavior, with lowest values near noon and highest values corresponding to low phase angles (i.e., Sun behind the observer). (c) Thermal inertia values ranged between 180 (sand dune) and 605 (bedrock-dominated material) SI units. (d) Averages of albedo and thermal inertia (spatial resolution of ∼3–4 m2) along Perseverance's traverse are in very good agreement with collocated retrievals of thermal inertia from Thermal Emission Imaging System (spatial resolution of 100 m per pixel) and of bolometric albedo in the 0.25–2.9 μm range from (spatial resolution of ∼300 km2). The results presented here are important to validate model predictions and provide ground-truth to orbital measurements. Germán Martínez wants to acknowledge JPL funding from USRA Contract Number 1638782. A. V. R. is supported by the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) Project MDM-2017-0737, Unidad de Excelencia “María de Maeztu”—Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), and by the Comunidad de Madrid Project S2018/NMT-4291 (TEC2SPACE-CM). J. J. acknowledges funding from Mastcam-Z ASU subcontract 15-707. R. H., A. S. L., and A. M. were supported by Grant PID2019-109467GB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ and by Grupos Gobierno Vasco IT1742-22. F. G. acknowledges financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and the European Regional Development Fund “A way of making Europe” through project the Centre of Excellence “María de Maeztu” award to the Centro de Astrobiología (MDM-2017-0737), and from the Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial through Project S.IGS22001. L. M. was supported by CNES and IRIS-OCAV. J. P., M. H., and A.-M. H. are thankful for the Finnish Academy Grant 310509. M.-P. Z. was supported by Grant PID2019-104205GB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. M. de la T. J. acknowledges partial funding from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). The JPL co-authors acknowledge funding from NASA's Space Technology Mission Directorate and the Science Mission Directorate. Peerreview

We characterize vortex and dust devils (DDs) at Jezero from pressure and winds obtained with the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) instrument on Mars 2020 over 415 Martian days (sols) (Ls = 6°–213°). Vortices are abundant (4.9 per sol with pressure drops >0.5 Pa correcting from gaps in coverage) and they peak at noon. At least one in every five vortices carries dust, and 75% of all vortices with Δp > 2.0 Pa are dusty. Seasonal variability was small but DDs were abundant during a dust storm (Ls = 152°–156°). Vortices are more frequent and intense over terrains with lower thermal inertia favoring high daytime surface-to-air temperature gradients. We fit measurements of winds and pressure during DD encounters to models of vortices. We obtain vortex diameters that range from 5 to 135 m with a mean of 20 m, and from the frequency of close encounters we estimate a DD activity of 2.0–3.0 DDs km−2 sol−1. A comparison of MEDA observations with a Large Eddy Simulation of Jezero at Ls = 45° produces a similar result. Three 100-m size DDs passed within 30 m of the rover from what we estimate that the activity of DDs with diameters >100 m is 0.1 DDs km−2sol−1, implying that dust lifting is dominated by the largest vortices in Jezero. At least one vortex had a central pressure drop of 9.0 Pa and internal winds of 25 ms−1. The MEDA wind sensors were partially damaged during two DD encounters whose characteristics we elaborate in detail. The authors are very grateful to the entire Mars 2020 science operations team. The authors would also like to thank Lori Fenton and an anonymous reviewer for many suggestions that greatly improved the manuscript. This work was supported by Grant PID2019-109467GB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ and by Grupos Gobierno Vasco IT1742-22 and by the Spanish National Research, Development and Innovation Program, through the Grants RTI2018-099825-B-C31, ESP2016-80320-C2-1-R, and ESP2014-54256-C4-3-R. Baptiste Chide is supported by the Director's Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Los Alamos National Laboratory. M. Lemmon is supported by contract 15-712 from Arizona State University and 1607215 from Caltech-JPL. R. Lorenz was supported by JPL contract 1655893. Germán Martínez acknowledges JPL funding from USRA Contract Number 1638782. A. Munguira was supported by Grant PRE2020-092562 funded by MCIN/AEI and by “ESF Investing in your future.” A. Vicente-Retortillo is supported by the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) Project No. MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia “María de Maeztu”-Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), and by the Comunidad de Madrid Project S2018/NMT-4291 (TEC2SPACE-CM). Part of the research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). Finnish researchers acknowledge the Academy of Finland Grant 328 310529. Researchers based in France acknowledge support from the CNES for their work on Perseverance.

Reproductive character displacement occurs when competition for successful breeding imposes a divergent selection on the interacting species, causing a divergence of reproductive traits. Here, we show that a disputed butterfly taxon is actually a case of male wing colour shift, apparently produced by reproductive character displacement. Using double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing and mitochondrial DNA sequencing we studied four butterfly taxa of the subgenus Cupido (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): Cupido minimus and the taxon carswelli, both characterized by brown males and females, plus C. lorquinii and C. osiris, both with blue males and brown females. Unexpectedly, taxa carswelli and C. lorquinii were close to indistinguishable based on our genomic and mitochondrial data, despite displaying strikingly different male coloration. In addition, we report and analysed a brown male within the C. lorquinii range, which demonstrates that the brown morph occurs at very low frequency in C. lorquinii. Such evidence strongly suggests that carswelli is conspecific with C. lorquinii and represents populations with a fixed male brown colour morph. Considering that these brown populations occur in sympatry with or very close to the blue C. osiris, and that the blue C. lorquinii populations never do, we propose that the taxon carswelli could have lost the blue colour due to reproductive character displacement with C. osiris. Since male colour is important for conspecific recognition during courtship, we hypothesize that the observed colour shift may eventually trigger incipient speciation between blue and brown populations. Male colour seems to be an evolutionarily labile character in the Polyommatinae, and the mechanism described here might be at work in the wide diversification of this subfamily of butterflies., European Regional Development Fund. Grant Numbers: CGL2016‐76322‐P, PID2019‐107078GB‐I00 Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España. Grant Number: BES‐2017‐080641 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades Generalitat de Catalunya. Grant Number: 2017‐SGR‐991 Academy of Finland. Grant Number: 328895

Evaluating data quality and inventory completeness must be a preliminary step inany biodiversity research, particularly in the case of insects and high biodiversityareas. Yet, this step is often neglected or, at best, assessed only for one insectgroup, and the degree of congruence of sampling effort ffor different insect groupsremains unexplored. We assess the congruence in the spatial distribution of sampling effort for fiveinsect groups (butterflies, caddisflies, dung beetles, moths, and aquatic beetles) inthe Iberian Peninsula. We identify well-surveyed areas for each taxonomic groupand examine the degree to which the patterns of sampling effort can be explainedby a set of variables related to environmental conditions and accessibility. Irrespective of the general lack of reliable inventories, we found a general but lowcongruence in the completeness patterns of the different taxa. This suggests thatthere is not a common geographical pattern in survey effort and that idiosyncraticand contingent factors (mainly the proximity to the workplaces of entomologists)are differentially affecting each group. After many decades of taxonomic and faunistic work, distributional databases ofIberian insects are still in a very preliminary stage, thus limiting our capacity toobtain reliable answers to basic and applied questions. We recommend carrying out long-term, standardised and well-designed entomolog-ical surveys able to generate a reliable image of the distribution of different insect groups. This will allow us to estimate accurately insect trends and better under-stand the full extent of global biodiversity loss., This study has been supported by the projects BioWeb (MINECO:CGL2011-15622-E BOS), BANDENCO (JCMM: POII11-0277-5747)and IBERARTRO (SBPLY/17/180501/000492) founded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Consejería de Educación, Ciencia y Cultura, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha. David Sánchez-Fernández is funded by a postdoctoral contract fromthe Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Ramón y Cajal program; RYC2019-027446-I

1. Indices of environmental associations such as the Community Temperature Index (CTI) and Community Precipitation Index (CPI) can be derived from occurrence data to extend the geographic scope or time frame of evidence for responses of insect diversity to global change., 2. We tested whether occurrence records from 1901 to 2016 from the Iberian Peninsula could shed light on butterfly community responses to changes over space and time in the climate; and whether local climatic variation caused by topographic heterogeneity could buffer communities against the effects of climate change., 3. CTI and CPI were closely related to variation in temperature and precipitation across 115 well-sampled 10 km grid squares. However, whereas temperature and precipitation changed systematically from 1901–1979 to 1980–2016, and these changes were positively related to changes in CTI and CPI, community climatic associations did not change significantly over time. Butterfly communities became more associated with closed vegetation, suggesting that land cover changes overshadowed the effects of climate change., 4. Local (1 km) climatic variation generally exceeded change over time at 10 km resolution, and heterogeneity in elevation slowed rates of warming. In turn, spatial variation in climatic conditions dampened butterfly community responses to heating and drying., 5. Occurrence data are limited by their spatial resolution but can inform understanding of insect community responses to global change for regions lacking long-term monitoring data. Our results suggest that local climatic variation accompanying topographic heterogeneity can shield regional butterfly faunas from the impacts of climate change., Analyses were funded by project RTI2018-096739-B-C21 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER,UE) to R​.W. Atlas data were developed by M.L.M., E.G.B. and H.R. using funding from I + D + I National Plan project DynaGen (CGL2013-48277-P) and regional projects BANDENCO (POII-2014-018-P) and IBERARTHRO (SBPLY/17/180501/000492). Atlas data verification and project development were supported by Comunidad de Madrid funding to M.L.M. (PEJD-2017/PRE/AMB-4719) and R.W. (2016-T3/AMB-1073).

In order to study the genitalia structure and the wing pattern elements of the genus Cupido, we used a statistical multivariate analysis. The aim of this work was to test the suitability of these measurements to identify the Iberian Cupido species and to provide evidence on whether C. carswelli is a valid species or not. Nine different variables were measured in the male genitalia. The Principal Component Analysis of genital variables and wing length showed that C. minimus and C. carswelli were not separated by these variables, whereas C. lorquinii and C. osiris are clearly separated from the minimus-carswelli cluster. The Discriminant Analysis confirmed these results. Using the cross validation procedure, the width of the uncus and of the aedeagus (WUNC and WED) were the main discerning variables that correctly classified 81.4% of the specimens. Eleven different variables were measured in the wing pattern analysis. The results of the Principal Component Analysis showed that the wing pattern is not useful to identify the species within the genus Cupido, even with regard to the clearly distinct species C. osiris and C. lorquinii. Our results confirm that the wing length and the genitalia provide useful characters to discriminate the Cupido species, whereas the wing pattern characters are not useful for identification. The results also support the conspecificity of the taxa C. minimus and C. carswelli as is reflected in current taxonomy and which were previously considered distinct species by some authors. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Aim The geographical distributions of animal and plant species endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands were analysed to locate and designate areas of endemicity. Location The Iberian Peninsula and the three largest Balearic Islands (Mallorca, Menorca and Ibiza) in the western Mediterranean, West Palaearctic region. Methods The information analysed consisted of presence/absence data of animal and plant species, recorded on a 100 × 100 km grid based on the UTM projection system. From a larger initial data set, a simplified matrix of 480 species present in at least two quadrats was obtained, and processed to estimate the overall similarity patterns across land squares, and the areas of endemism. Two methods were employed to detect areas of endemism: Wagner Parsimony (PAE, or parsimony analysis of endemicity) and compatibility. A modification of PAE, PAE–PCE (Parsimony analysis of endemicity with progressive character elimination) was applied to overcome some of the potential shortcomings of the method. Results The results represent the first attempt for a combined analysis of animal and plant distributions in the western Mediterranean. The proposed PAE–PCE procedure proved useful to identify areas of endemism that would have been otherwise overlooked. Up to thirty-six different areas of endemisms were identified. Some of these represent concentric (hierarchically nested) structures, while other are partly overlapping sectors. The endemism areas, as derived from parsimony and compatibility analyses, generally fit within the frame of the overall similarity approach. Main conclusions The areas of endemicity identified often coincide with mountain sectors, and this may be of incidental interest for conservation policies as most natural preserves in the study area are located in mountain ranges. The conclusions are of interest for large scale approaches to the biogeography of the Mediterranean Basin, facilitating the selection of endemism areas for operative purposes. However, most of the best supported areas of endemism detected are relatively small, or overlap with neighbouring endemism areas. Hence, adopting large area units such as `Iberia' for historical analysis at a wider geographical scale may be risky, because such units may actually represent composite sectors of an heterogeneous nature. The distribution of the areas of endemism, as well as the results of the overall similarity classification, share a number of features with previous sectorizations from independent, mostly phytogeographical, approaches. Parsimony analysis of endemicity is a potentially useful tool for identifying areas designated by species with congruent distributions, but (1) the results have no direct historical implications (for phylogenetic information is not incorporated), and (2) unless modifications such as the PAE–PCE procedure are applied, the number of potential areas of endemism (in the sense stated above) will often be underestimated. It is also shown that, in a PAE, a `total evidence' approach is to be preferred to a consensus of partial (taxon-specific) results.

1 Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Kliniekstraat 25, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium 2 Butterfly Conservation Europe, P.O. Box 506, NL-6700 AMWageningen, The Netherlands 3 Departamento de Biologia, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, ES-28049-Madrid, Spain 4 Department of Zoology, Croatian Natural History Museum, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 5 UFZ–Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120, Halle, Germany 6 Dutch Butterfly Conservation, P.O. Box 506, NL-6700 AMWageningen, The Netherlands 7 University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 8 Butterfly Conservation (UK), Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Dorset BH20 5QP, UK