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We introduce a graph Ramsey game called Ramsey, Paper, Scissors. This game has two players, Proposer and Decider. Starting from an empty graph on $n$ vertices, on each turn Proposer proposes a potential edge and Decider simultaneously decides (without knowing Proposer's choice) whether to add it to the graph. Proposer cannot propose an edge which would create a triangle in the graph. The game ends when Proposer has no legal moves remaining, and Proposer wins if the final graph has independence number at least $s$. We prove a threshold phenomenon exists for this game by exhibiting randomized strategies for both players that are optimal up to constants. Namely, there exist constants $0B\sqrt{n}\log{n}$. This is a factor of $\Theta(\sqrt{\log{n}})$ larger than the lower bound coming from the off-diagonal Ramsey number $r(3,s)$.

Summary Sensory acceptance testing was used to determine whether the serving temperature of black filter coffee had an effect on the hedonic sensory quality of the imbibed product using naive assessors (n = 25) analysed in duplicate. Additionally, descriptive sensory evaluation was used to assess coffee aroma, flavour and aftertaste attributes at different temperatures using a total of fourteen attributes. Prior to consumption, exothermic spectral analysis was assessed using a thermal imaging camera on each cup of coffee to ensure that the correct drinking temperature was recorded prior to being consumed by assessors. anova Partial Least-Squares Regression (APLSR) was used to analyse experimental data accumulated. This study established that various sensory attributes of coffee are affected by the temperature coffee is imbibed at. Coffee served at 31.0 °C was negatively correlated (P

The paper examines the essence of discrepancies between the IAGA approved PC index and the approach put forward by Stauning (2020). The IAGA endorsed PC index was designed to serve as...

We derive a one-dimensional model that describes pressing of water saturated paper in the press-section of the paper machine. The model involves two nonlinear diffusion equations which are coupled across an internal boundary. Existence and uniqueness as a number of qualitative properties are demonstrated. Further, computational results for a concrete case are discussed.

Many commercial materials (papers and boards) contain optical brightening agents also known as fluorescent whitening agents. Adequate adjustment of the UV content of a measurement device (e.g., spectrophotometers) is essential for accurate color measurement. As specified in the ISO standards, the UV content is adjusted against an assigned value of an international reference transfer standard, for example, CIE whiteness (D65/10°) for the CIE illuminant D65 or ISO brightness for the C illuminant. Because of the simplicity, these approaches have gained great popularity in papermaking industry. Yet, there has been little evidence indicating how accurate the total spectral radiance factor corresponding to the single assigned value is reproduced. Hence, we present a method that quantitatively evaluates the accuracy of the UV-adjustment technique, through comparing the total spectral radiance factors obtained from UV adjustment with the assigned ones. This method has been applied to three second-level international reference transfer standard illuminated by three standard illuminants, D65, C, and D50. We found that the major differences between the assigned spectra and those obtained from the UV adjustments occur in the blue band where fluorescence is strong. At a few wavelengths, the differences may be up to 4–5%. Nevertheless, their color differences corresponding to the assigned spectra and those obtained from the UV adjustments are still smaller than unity (1 ΔE*) for all of the illumination conditions. Two instruments using the representative UV adjusting techniques, for example, the conventional UV-adjusting with an adjustable (GG395) UV filter and the numerical UV-filtering, have been studied. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 19–26, 2017

In this paper, we achieved the floating 3D image based on integral photography theory to display the image in an oblique viewing angle on portable device. Considering the repeated image overlapping problem in the integral image system, it can be solved by adjusting the receiving angle. In the future, the floating 3D image could integrate with the 3D interactive system to provide more realistic visual experience.

The ever-increasing use of plastics for the packaging, wrapping, and transportation of goods is causing serious concern in regard to their environmental fate when they are carelessly discarded (visual pollution), or disposed off by dumping or by incineration. For this reason in the last few years in Italy legislation was introduced, specif ing that the plastics used in the manufacturing of shopping bags must be “biodegradable.” The selected test for assaying biodegradability was the modified Sturm method. In applying this assay the choice of reference standard materials, which associates two characteristics—biodegradability and insolubility—is a major problem. The possibility was investigated of utilizing a paper sample. The modified Sturm method revealed that the biodegradability of six paper samples varied from 54.5 to 75.2%; papers of two shopping bags showed a biodegradadability of 48.0 and 95.0%, respectively. The variability in the results was due to the composition of the paper. Results from this study indicate that the kind of paper to be used as reference material in the modified Sturm method has to be strictly selected in order to guarantee the reproducibility of the measures. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

A goal for the pulp and paper industry is to get a fast and reliable characterization of raw materials as wood and pulp compositions. One possibility for this is near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis. In the first part of this study the possibility to make predictions of mixtures of wood chips from three different wood species (Swedish pine, Swedish spruce and Polish pine) is investigated based on NIR spectroscopy. Mixture design and Partial least squares projections to latent structures (PLS) were used for the multivariate calibration modeling. The calculated model was validated both internally and with an external test set. The result was a PLS model with a Q2 = 0.91 according to cross-validation and good prediction of the test set objects, Q2test set = 0·78. In the second part NIR spectroscopy is used to characterize a series of pulp samples. The pulps were also characterized by seventeen traditionally measured pulp properties. PLS was used for the calibration model and internal as well as external validation were done. The resulting PLS model for the 17 pulp properties gave an overall Q2 = 0·61 according to cross-validation. Predictions of the test set objects show that most of the properties are well described by the model. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

We demonstrate the “biprimary” color system with dual particle electrophoretic dispersions and a 3-electrode system. Preliminary contrast ratios reach 10:1. Furthermore an electrokinetic cell is demonstrated confirming basic functionality for EKD panels. A theoretical pixel simulation confirms biprimary doubles the color performance compared to RGBW pixels.

Multi-projection three-dimensional (3D) display system with dual projection using uniaxial crystal is proposed. The dual projection means that multiple images are generated by double refraction in the uniaxial crystal according to the polarization state of a single projection unit. The concept of dual projection method is equivalent to physically separated two projectors. We apply the dual projection method in the multi-projection 3D display and double the number of viewing zones while maintaining the number of projectors. Through the experiment, we implement the four-view multi-projection 3D display providing super multi-view condition with two projection units. Experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed system.

Discussion of the paper by Johansen & Nielsen

Discussion of the Paper "Asymptotic Theory of Outlier Detection Algorithms for Linear Time Series Regression Models" by Soren Johansen and Bent Nielsen

The purpose of the present note is to point out mathematical mistakes in some published papers on boundary value problems to prevent usage of mistaken results and methods by mathematicians. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This is a revision of a paper that I presented at the John Nankervis Memorial Conference in July 2013. The purposes are to describe the research produced jointly by John and I and to give some personal comments.

We give some comments on the paper by Mendes and Yigit where some misleading statements on rank tests have been given. Also, we give some additional important references on the same topic, which are not cited in this paper. By extending the simulations presented in the Mendes and Yigit paper to larger and unequal sample sizes, we demonstrate that the main conclusions are misleading.

Keywords: direct integration algorithm; explicit; unconditional stability; numerical energy dissipation; dynamic analysis

We show abstract versions for Banach couples of several limiting compact interpolation theorems established by Edmunds and Opic for couples of Lp spaces.

Paper properties, including the chemical or optical characteristics influence the quality and colorimetric characteristics of final printed colors. In this study, the effect of gloss, texture, and whiteness of the paper on the printed colors were investigated. The study was applied on 10 coated papers with different texture, gloss or whiteness, and the same grammage using two inkjet printers. It was found that the reproducibility of the printer can be affected with the paper brand, and this effect is statistically dependent on the brand of printer. The kind of paper significantly influences the light fastness of the final printed colors, and this effect statistically depends on the printer. Although, the paper's properties such as gloss and whiteness affect the gamut volume, it is not totally possible to model this effect. The effect of paper on the colorimetric values of the final printed colors is statistically significant. However, the influence of the brand of printer on the color changes via the paper difference is not statistically provable. Edge frequency technique was introduced as an appropriate method for computing texture properties of papers. The texture difference computed by this method shows a suitable correlation with the color differences caused by changing the paper's texture; however, it depends on the printer's brand. Furthermore, there is a good correlation between the Edge frequency difference and the gamut volume variation for papers with different texture while the other parameters such as gloss and whiteness are the same. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 38, 284–291, 2013

The virtual fluorescent standard (VFS) method is a new approximation method for the practical measurement of the colorimetric properties of an object treated with fluorescent whitening agent (FWA). The essential requirement of the VFS method is that the bi-spectral characteristics of the VFS must be similar in curve shape to those of the object to be measured. In the case of an object printed on an FWA-treated substrate, the bi-spectral characteristics will vary depending on not only the substrate but also the printed ink films. In this study, two simplified VFS methods, one using the bi-spectral characteristics of the substrate and the other using those of typical paper as the VFS instead of those similar to each object, were evaluated. The evaluation was performed using two instrument models for the VFS method with the different illuminations with five sets of 13 samples printed in different colors by five different printer/paper combinations. In this evaluation, the total spectral radiance factor of each sample was obtained by simulated measurement, that is, it was calculated based on the bi-spectral radiance factor of the sample and the spectral power distributions of the light source of the instrument. The total spectral radiance factor of each sample under D50 obtained using both VFS models and CIE L*a*b* values derived therefrom were compared with those by the reference model with ideal D50 illumination. Although the samples are limited, the results shows that both simplified VFS methods remarkably reduce the errors due to fluorescence when compared to the conventional method. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2012

The author presents a different view on properties of impact measures than given in the paper of De Visscher (2011). He argues that a good impact measure works better when citations are concentrated rather than spread out over articles. The author also presents theoretical evidence that the g-index and the R-index can be close to the square root of the total number of citations, whereas this is not the case for the A-index. Here the author confirms an assertion of De Visscher. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This paper proposes a novel approach for cross-directional (CD) estimation, modeling and control on paper machines based on discrete wavelet transforms (DWT). The CD basis weight variations are approximated at various resolutions using wavelet multiresolution analysis (WMRA). The controllable component of CD variations can be extracted from the original samples by choosing a suitable threshold resolution. An acceptable response model describing the relationship between the settings of the slice-screws to the basis weight profile is obtained. The controller synthesis, model prediction, optimization and parameter estimation are all performed in the DWT domain. The size of optimization and control problems associated with such large dimensions can be significantly reduced.

Recent developments in microscopy and image processing have made digital measurements on high-resolution images of fibrous materials possible. This helps to gain a better understanding of the structure and other properties of the material at micro level. In this paper SEM image segmentation based on mathematical morphology is proposed. In fact, paper models images (Whatman, Murillo, Watercolor, Newsprint paper) selected in the context of the Euro Mediterranean PaperTech Project have different distributions of fibers and fillers, caused by the presence of SiAl and CaCO3 particles. It is a microscopy challenge to make filler particles in the sheet distinguishable from the other components of the paper surface. This objectif is reached here by using switable strutural elements and mathematical morphology operators.

Moss et al.(2005) describe, in a recent paper, a filter that they use to detect lines. We noticed that the wavelet on which this filter is based is a difference of uniform filters. This filter is an approximation to the second derivative operator, which is commonly implemented as the Laplace of Gaussian (or Marr-Hildreth) operator (Marr & Hildreth, 1980; Jahne, 2002), Figure 1. We have compared Moss' filter with 1) the Laplace of Gaussian operator, 2) an approximation of the Laplace of Gaussian using uniform filters, and 3) a few common noise reduction filters. The Laplace-like operators detect lines by suppressing image features both larger and smaller than the filter size. The noise reduction filters only suppress image features smaller than the filter size. By estimating the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and mean square difference (MSD) of the filtered results, we found that the filter proposed by Moss et al. does not outperform the Laplace of Gaussian operator. We also found that for images with extreme noise content, line detection filters perform better than the noise reduction filters when trying to enhance line structures. In less extreme cases of noise, the standard noise reduction filters perform significantly better than both the Laplace of Gaussian and Moss' filter.

This paper is based on one presented to the John Nankervis Memorial Conference at the University of Essex in July 2013. It outlines John's pioneering contribution to the econometric modelling of the demand for mail.

The surface properties of newsprint and other paper qualities are to a great extent determined by the properties of the cellulose fibres. An appropriate description of these fibres as they appear in the paper is therefore important and can be used for quality classification and process monitoring. We suggest a model that considers the fibre geometry and appearance. It is based on a two-dimensional shot-noise process. The model is fit by minimizing a weighted least squares distance between the model-based and estimated covariance functions and this provides estimates of the fibre size, intensity and the non-uniform distribution of the fibre orientation. The model is applied to simulated and real data.

Sheet-break is a long standing problem in the pulp and paper industry. This study is concerned with the analysis of process data to diagnose causes of sheet-breaks and therefore significant down times. PCA was used to model the process and a combined index based on the Hotelling's T2 and Squared Prediction Error (SPE) was developed as a sheet-break detection indicator. As the process is subject to external disturbances, changes and frequent interruptions, pre-processing of the data played an important role in getting consistent results. We used several novel techniques for data selection, scaling and modelling. The models were validated using a large validation data set with known fault conditions. The developed model, data visualization tool and engineering judgement was used for off-line diagnosis of root causes of sheet-breaks. Several operational changes were recommended and implemented on the process resulting in significantly reduced sheet-breaks. Key Performance Indicators calculated before and after the changes shows the significant economic gain as a result of this 'data-mining' project. La rupture de la feuille est un probleme qui existe depuis longtemps dans l'industrie du papier. Cette etude porte sur l'analyse des donnees de procedes dans le but de diagnostiquer les causes des ruptures des feuilles, et donc, des importants temps d'arret. La methode ACP a ete utilisee pour modeliser le procede, et un indice combine base sur l'erreur de prediction quadratique (EPQ) et le T2 de Hotelling a ete mis au point comme indicateur de detection de rupture des feuilles. Comme le procede est sensible aux perturbations exterieures, aux changements et aux frequentes interruptions, le pretraitement des donnees joue un role important dans l'obtention de resultats coherents. On a employe plusieurs techniques innovantes pour la selection des donnees, la mise a l'echelle et la modelisation. Les modeles sont valides a l'aide d'un vaste ensemble de donnees de validation avec des conditions d'erreurs connues. En plus du modele developpe, on a fait appel a la visualisation des donnees et au bon sens de l'ingenieur pour le diagnostic en differe des causes a la source des ruptures de feuilles. Plusieurs changements operationnels sont recommandes et mis en œuvre dans le procede, entrainant des ruptures de feuilles significativement reduites. Les indicateurs de performance cles calcules avant et apres ces changements montrent le gain economique important qui resulte de ce travail d'exploration en profondeur des donnees.

The goal of this paper is to survey, in a uniform and systematic way, the main results regarding networks of evolutionary processors reported so far. First, we recall the results concerning the computational power of these networks viewed as language generating devices. Then, we briefly present a few NP-complete problems and recall how they were solved in linear time by networks of evolutionary processors with linearly bounded resources (nodes, rules, symbols).

In Sani et al. (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 2006; 50:673–682), the authors claim to provide a proof of well-posedness for certain formulations of the Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible flow. We consider the proof of their main Theorem 1 incomplete, and point out some inconsistencies in the above paper. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.