10,110 results
Search Results
2. Microorganisms that are critical for the fermentation quality of paper mulberry silage
- Author
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Kuikui Ni, Xueping Yang, Linna Guo, Fuyu Yang, Yanli Lin, and Xuekai Wang
- Subjects
Silage ,Agriculture (General) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Microorganism ,bacterial community ,S1-972 ,Lactobacillus rhamnosus ,Quality (business) ,Food science ,SMRT ,media_common ,biology ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Chemistry ,Paper mulberry ,food and beverages ,Wilting ,Agriculture ,Forestry ,biology.organism_classification ,wilting ,paper mulberry silage ,Fermentation ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Food Science - Abstract
Silage quality remains an important issue in farming, as do limitations in the range of products suitable for animal fodder. We therefore explored the microorganisms that are critical for the fermentation quality of paper mulberry silage. Low (unwilted) and high (wilted) dry matter (DM) paper mulberry were harvested at two cutting times. These were ensiled for 0, 3, 7, 14, and 56 days, respectively. Compared with unwilted silages, wilting significantly decreased (p
- Published
- 2021
3. Thread/paper‐ and paper‐based microfluidic devices for glucose assays employing artificial neural networks
- Author
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Paolo Arguelles, Ricardo Guevara, Frank A. Gomez, Maria Jose Gonzalez‐Guerrero, Wilson Lee, and Ariana Gonzalez
- Subjects
Analyte ,Calibration curve ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Iodide ,Microfluidics ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Analytical Chemistry ,Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ,Glucose oxidase ,Horseradish Peroxidase ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chromatography ,biology ,Artificial neural network ,Chemistry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Paper based ,Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,Glucose ,biology.protein ,Biological Assay ,Neural Networks, Computer ,0210 nano-technology ,Colorimetric analysis - Abstract
This paper describes the fabrication of and data collection from two microfluidic devices: a microfluidic thread/paper based analytical device (μTPAD) and 3D microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD). Flowing solutions of glucose oxidase (GOx), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and potassium iodide (KI), through each device, on contact with glucose, generated a calibration curve for each platform. The resultant yellow-brown color from the reaction indicates oxidation of iodide to iodine. The devices were dried, scanned, and analyzed yielding a correlation between yellow intensity and glucose concentration. A similar procedure, using an unknown concentration of glucose in artificial urine, is conducted and compared to the calibration curve to obtain the unknown value. Studies to quantify glucose in artificial urine showed good correlation between the theoretical and actual concentrations, as percent differences were ≤13.0%. An ANN was trained on the four-channel CMYK color data from 54 μTPAD and 160 μPAD analysis sites and Pearson correlation coefficients of R = 0.96491 and 0.9739, respectively, were obtained. The ANN was able to correctly classify 94.4% (51 of 54 samples) and 91.2% (146 of 160 samples) of the μTPAD and μPAD analysis sites, respectively. The development of this technology combined with ANN should further facilitate the use of these platforms for colorimetric analysis of other analytes.
- Published
- 2018
4. Diagnosis and management of Non‐IgE gastrointestinal allergies in breastfed infants—An EAACI Position Paper
- Author
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Adriana Chebar Lozinsky, Christophe Dupont, George Du Toit, Mario C. Vieira, Rosan Meyer, Piınar Uysal, Ozlem Cavkaytar, Yvan Vandenplas, David Fleischer, Neil Shah, Rebecca Knibb, Carina Venter, Anna Nowak-Wegrzyn, Clinical sciences, Growth and Development, and Pediatrics
- Subjects
Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Allergy ,breastfed children ,Gastrointestinal Diseases ,Immunology ,Breastfeeding ,Immunoglobulin E ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Allergic proctocolitis ,Food allergy ,Intervention (counseling) ,maternal elimination ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Medicine ,Medicine(all) ,food allergy ,biology ,business.industry ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Guideline ,medicine.disease ,diagnosis of non-IgE-mediated allergy ,Breast Feeding ,030104 developmental biology ,non-IgE-mediated allergy ,030228 respiratory system ,biology.protein ,Position paper ,Female ,business ,Food Hypersensitivity - Abstract
It is well-established that food proteins, such as egg, soya, cow's milk and wheat, are detectable in breastmilk for many hours or days after ingestion. Exposure to these proteins is important to the process of developing tolerance but can also sometimes elicit IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated allergic symptoms in breastfed infants. Non-IgE-mediated allergy, outside of food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis and eosinophilic oesophagitis, is not well understood, leading to variations in the diagnosis and management thereof. A primary objective of the European Academy for Allergy and Clinical Immunology is to support breastfeeding in all infants, including those with food allergies. A Task Force was established, to explore the clinical spectrum of non-IgE-mediated allergies, and part of its objectives was to establish diagnosis and management of non-IgE-mediated allergies in breastfed infants. Eight questions were formulated using the Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) system and Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (SIGN) criteria for data inclusion, and consensus was achieved on practice points through the Delphi method. This publication aims to provide a comprehensive overview on this topic with practice points for healthcare professionals.
- Published
- 2019
5. Whole virus detection using aptamers and paper‐based sensor potentiometry
- Author
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Massood Tabib-Azar and Subhashish Dolai
- Subjects
Materials science ,Aptamer ,biology ,business.industry ,Microfluidics ,Buffer solution ,whole virus ,Electrochemistry ,biology.organism_classification ,Buffer (optical fiber) ,Zika virus ,symbols.namesake ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Zika ,chemistry ,Potentiometry ,symbols ,Potentiometric sensor ,Optoelectronics ,Nernst equation ,business ,Paper based sensor ,Research Articles ,Research Article - Abstract
Paper‐based sensors, microfluidic platforms, and electronics have attracted attention in the past couple of decades because they are flexible, can be recycled easily, environmentally friendly, and inexpensive. Here we report a paper‐based potentiometric sensor to detect the whole Zika virus with a minimum sensitivity of 0.26 nV/Zika and a minimum detectable signal (MDS) of 2.4x107 Zika. Our paper sensor works very similar to a P‐N junction where a junction is formed between two different regions with different electrochemical potentials on the paper. These two regions with slightly different ionic contents, ionic species and concentrations, produce a potential difference given by the Nernst equation. Our paper sensor consists of 2‐3 mm x 10 mm segments of paper with conducting silver paint contact patches on two ends. The paper is dipped in a buffer solution containing aptamers designed to bind to the capsid proteins on Zika. We then added the Zika (in its own buffer) to the region close to one of the silver‐paint contacts. The Zika virus (40 nm diameter with 43 kDa or 7.1x10‐20 gm weight) became immobilized in the paper’s pores and bonded with the resident aptamers creating a concentration gradient. Atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were carried out to verify that both the aptamer and Zika become immobilized in the paper. The potential measured between the two silver paint contacts reproducibly became more negative upon adding the Zika. We also showed that a Liquid Crystalline Display (LCD) powered by the sensor can be used to read the sensor output.
- Published
- 2020
6. A Modular Approach for Interlocking Enzymes in Whatman Paper
- Author
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Challa V. Kumar, Shelby McCormick, Rajeswari M. Kasi, and Caterina Riccardi
- Subjects
Paper ,Surface Properties ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Catalysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Animals ,High activity ,Particle Size ,Cellulose ,Bovine serum albumin ,Laccase ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Serum Albumin, Bovine ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Combinatorial chemistry ,0104 chemical sciences ,Enzyme ,chemistry ,Chemical functionalization ,biology.protein ,Cattle ,Colorimetry ,0210 nano-technology ,Biosensor - Abstract
A potentially universal approach is presented for enzyme attachment to cellulose that significantly enhances enzyme stability while retaining high activity, and involves no chemical functionalization of cellulose. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was interlocked in cellulose to form a protein-friendly surface (named BSA-Paper), while also providing COOH and NH2 groups for subsequent attachment of enzymes. The desired enzyme is then mixed with additional BSA and interlocked on BSA-Paper. The second BSA layer dilutes and crosslinks the enzyme for improved stability. Laccase was tested as a model enzyme for interlocking on BSA-Paper, and was found to retain over 100 % activity and was 240 times more stable at 25 °C (half life=180 d) than laccase. This new approach was also tested with a few other enzymes with encouraging results, thus providing a potentially universal method for stabilization of enzymes on cellulose with retention of high activities.
- Published
- 2018
7. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) based on thread, paper, and fabric
- Author
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Laura Y. Gallegos, Michelle Gaines, Ariana Gonzalez, Frank A. Gomez, and Ricardo Guevara
- Subjects
Paper ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Phosphatase ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Analytical Chemistry ,Mice ,Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ,Animals ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chromatography ,biology ,Chemistry ,Goats ,Textiles ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ,Alkaline Phosphatase ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Primary and secondary antibodies ,0104 chemical sciences ,Enzyme ,Linear range ,Immunoglobulin G ,Biotinylation ,biology.protein ,Alkaline phosphatase ,Rabbits ,Streptavidin ,Powders ,Antibody ,0210 nano-technology ,Colorimetric analysis - Abstract
This paper describes enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) utilizing microfluidic thread/paper-based analytical devices (μTPAD), microfluidic fabric-based analytical devices (μFAD), and microfluidic thread-based analytical devices (μTAD). Here, the quantitative detection of biotinylated goat anti-mouse IgG (system one) and rabbit IgG (system two) antibodies via colorimetric analysis is detailed. In both systems, antibody is spotted on the detection site and subjected to a series of washes, addition of streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase (Strep-ALP) (system 1) or alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-conjugated secondary antibody (system 2), and colorimetric substrate. The devices are scanned and analyzed yielding a correlation between inverse yellow (or purple) intensity. For system one, a linear range of detection at low concentrations of streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase (Strep-ALP) was observed befire the enzyme reached a Vmax . At higher concentrations of Strep-ALP, saturation is achieved for both the μTPAD and μFAD devices. For system two, the IC50 values obtained for the non-trifurcated and trifurcated μTADs were determined to be 180.2 fmol/zone and 133.8 fmol/zone, respectively. The IC50 value was demonstrated to be 1034 fmol/zone and 208.6 fmol/zone for the μTPADs and μFADs, respectively. For all devices the lowest concentration of Strep-ALP or rabbit IgG used in the assay was 3.75 × 10-4 mg/mL and 0.7 fmol/zone, respectively. The development of this technology should further facilitate the use of these platforms for ELISA to detect and quantitate antibodies.
- Published
- 2017
8. Gut microbiota in early life and its influence on health and disease: A position paper by the Malaysian Working Group on Gastrointestinal Health
- Author
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Intan Hakimah Ismail, Noorizan Abdul Majid, Way Seah Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Syafinaz Amin Nordin, Sze Yee Chong, Siti Asma' Hassan, and Raja Affendi Raja Ali
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Allergy ,medicine.medical_specialty ,biology ,business.industry ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,030106 microbiology ,Disease ,Gut flora ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,digestive system ,Inflammatory bowel disease ,Obesity ,Infantile colic ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,Probiotic ,030104 developmental biology ,law ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Medicine ,Position paper ,business ,Intensive care medicine - Abstract
The role of gut microbiota in early life and its impact on gut health and subsequent diseases remain unclear. There is a lack of research and awareness in this area, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, including Malaysia. This paper reports the position of a Malaysian Working Group on some key issues surrounding gut microbiota in early life and its role in gut health and diseases, as well as experts' stand on probiotics and prebiotics. The group reached a consensus that certain factors, including elective caesarean; premature deliveries; complementary feeding; use of antibiotics, prebiotics and/or probiotics; and exposure to the external environmental, have an impact on gut microbiota in early life. However, as evidence is lacking, especially from the Asia-Pacific region, further studies are needed to understand how gut microbiota in early life affects subsequent diseases, including allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity and infantile colic. Lastly, although beneficial in acute diarrhoeal disease and probably allergic eczema, probiotics (and/or prebiotics) should be used cautiously in other gut dysbiotic conditions until more data are available.
- Published
- 2017
9. Liquid film thickness of two‐phase slug flows in capillary microchannels: A review paper
- Author
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Yuri S. Muzychka, Amin Etminan, and Kevin Pope
- Subjects
Liquid film ,Microchannel ,Materials science ,biology ,Capillary action ,Slug ,General Chemical Engineering ,Phase (matter) ,Two-phase flow ,Mechanics ,Slug flow ,biology.organism_classification - Published
- 2021
10. European Pain Federation (EFIC) position paper on appropriate use of cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis for chronic pain management
- Author
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Silviu Brill, Eija Kalso, Nevenka Krcevski-Skvarc, Winfried Häuser, David P. Finn, Michael Schäfer, Serge Perrot, Hans-Georg Kress, Bart Morlion, and Chris Wells
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION ,MEDLINE ,Clinical Neurology ,Medical Marijuana ,RAT-BRAIN ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Randomized controlled trial ,030202 anesthesiology ,law ,Anesthesiology ,medicine ,Humans ,Pain Management ,CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN ,CB2 RECEPTORS ,Intensive care medicine ,Adverse effect ,Cannabis ,Science & Technology ,biology ,business.industry ,Chronic pain ,Neurosciences ,RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,CROHNS-DISEASE ,3. Good health ,RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS ,Europe ,Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine ,Tolerability ,SMOKED CANNABIS ,Neuropathic pain ,Neuralgia ,Position paper ,STRESS-INDUCED ANALGESIA ,Neurosciences & Neurology ,Chronic Pain ,business ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,DRUG-INTERACTIONS - Abstract
UNLABELLED: Cannabis-based medicines are being approved for pain management in an increasing number of European countries. There are uncertainties and controversies on the role and appropriate use of cannabis-based medicines for the management of chronic pain. EFIC convened a European group of experts, drawn from a diverse range of basic science and relevant clinical disciplines, to prepare a position paper to empower and inform specialist and nonspecialist prescribers on appropriate use of cannabis-based medicines for chronic pain. The expert panel reviewed the available literature and harnessed the clinical experience to produce these series of recommendations. Therapy with cannabis-based medicines should only be considered by experienced clinicians as part of a multidisciplinary treatment and preferably as adjunctive medication if guideline-recommended first- and second-line therapies have not provided sufficient efficacy or tolerability. The quantity and quality of evidence are such that cannabis-based medicines may be reasonably considered for chronic neuropathic pain. For all other chronic pain conditions (cancer, non-neuropathic noncancer pain), the use of cannabis-based medicines should be regarded as an individual therapeutic trial. Realistic goals of therapy have to be defined. All patients must be kept under close clinical surveillance. As with any other medical therapy, if the treatment fails to reach the predefined goals and/or the patient is additionally burdened by an unacceptable level of adverse effects and/or there are signs of abuse and misuse of the drug by the patient, therapy with cannabis-based medicines should be terminated. SIGNIFICANCE: This position paper provides expert recommendations for nonspecialist and specialist healthcare professionals in Europe, on the importance and the appropriate use of cannabis-based medicines as part of a multidisciplinary approach to pain management, in properly selected and supervised patients. ispartof: EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAIN vol:22 issue:9 pages:1547-1564 ispartof: location:England status: published
- Published
- 2018
11. The Use of Visceral Proteins as Nutrition Markers: An ASPEN Position Paper
- Author
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Kris M. Mogensen, Ainsley Malone, Gordon L. Jensen, Sarah J. Miller, David C. Evans, Mark R. Corkins, and Peggi Guenter
- Subjects
030309 nutrition & dietetics ,Serum albumin ,Nutritional Status ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Physiology ,Vascular permeability ,Inflammation ,Protein-Energy Malnutrition ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,0303 health sciences ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,biology ,business.industry ,Malnutrition ,Albumin ,medicine.disease ,Blood proteins ,Transthyretin ,Nutrition Assessment ,Parenteral nutrition ,biology.protein ,030211 gastroenterology & hepatology ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Serum albumin and prealbumin, well-known visceral proteins, have traditionally been considered useful biochemical laboratory values in a nutrition assessment. However, recent literature disputes this contention. The aim of this document is to clarify that these proteins characterize inflammation rather than describe nutrition status or protein-energy malnutrition. Both critical illness and chronic illness are characterized by inflammation and, as such, hepatic reprioritization of protein synthesis occurs, resulting in lower serum concentrations of albumin and prealbumin. In addition, the redistribution of serum proteins occurs because of an increase in capillary permeability. There is an association between inflammation and malnutrition, however, not between malnutrition and visceral-protein levels. These proteins correlate well with patients' risk for adverse outcomes rather than with protein-energy malnutrition. Therefore, serum albumin and prealbumin should not serve as proxy measures of total body protein or total muscle mass and should not be used as nutrition markers. This paper has been approved by the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Board of Directors.
- Published
- 2020
12. Myron Gordon Award paper: Microbes, T‐cell diversity and pigmentation
- Author
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I. Caroline Le Poole
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,T-Lymphocytes ,T cell ,Cell ,Awards and Prizes ,Dermatology ,Vitiligo ,Biology ,Article ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Malignant transformation ,Melanin ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immune system ,medicine ,Humans ,Microbiome ,Melanoma ,Melanins ,integumentary system ,Microbiota ,medicine.disease ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Oncology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cancer research ,Melanocytes ,Pigmentation Disorders - Abstract
Melanocytes are static, minimally proliferative cells. This leaves them vulnerable in vitiligo. Yet upon malignant transformation, they form vicious tumors. This profound switch in physiology is accompanied by genetic change and is driven by environmental factors. If UV exposure in younger years supports malignant transformation and melanoma formation, it can likewise impart mutations on melanocytes that reduce their viability, to initiate vitiligo. A wide variety of microbes can influence these diametrically opposed outcomes before either disease takes hold. These microbes are vehicles of change that we are only beginning to study. Once a genetic modification occurs, there is a wide variety of immune cells ready to respond. Though it does not act alone, the T cell is among the most decisive responders in this process. The same biochemical process that offered the skin protection by producing melanin can become an Achilles heel for the cell when the T cells target melanosomal enzymes or, on occasion, neoantigens. T cells are precise, determined, and consequential when they strike. Here, we probe the relationship between the microbiome and its metabolites, epithelial integrity, and the activation of T cells that target benign and malignant melanocytes in vitiligo and melanoma.
- Published
- 2021
13. Idea paper: Predicting culturability of microbes from population dynamics under field conditions
- Author
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Masayuki Ushio
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,empirical dynamic modeling ,Phylum ,Ecology ,Small number ,Ecology (disciplines) ,Population ,DNA ,Biology ,Isolation (microbiology) ,culturability ,Natural population growth ,Identification (biology) ,time series ,Bacterial phyla ,education ,microbes - Abstract
Isolation and cultivation of microbes from environmental samples have been fundamental and important for species identification and investigating functions and ecology of target microbes. While cultivation and isolation of microbes are not easy, the natural environment can “culture” any endemic microbes, and thus key information for culturing and isolating microbes may be encoded in the natural population dynamics of microbes. In this paper, I present the idea that culturability of microbes may be inferred by quantifying dynamics properties of microbes using nonlinear time series analytical tools. To briefly demonstrate the idea, I analyzed high-frequency, quantitative microbial time series obtained for artificial rice plots established at Kyoto University, Japan. I selected bacterial phyla that included sufficient numbers of microbial taxa, and analyzed 398 microbial taxa using empirical dynamic modeling. The nine phyla analyzed generally followed a similar pattern: many microbial taxa fell into the “Simple” dynamics category, and a small proportion of taxa were categorized in “Simple but nonlinear” or “Nearly random” dynamics categories. The present analysis suggested that many microbes in the study system might be cultivated by modifying a relatively small number of conditions. However, the present idea as well as the result is preliminary and premature, and more precise taxonomic information (i.e., species-level identification) and a culturability dataset will help to validate the idea. If the present idea was found to be valid, a priori evaluation of the culturability of microbes would become possible, which would avoid unnecessary costs (labor, time and money) of attempts to cultivate microbes.
- Published
- 2020
14. Idea paper: Predicting culturability of microbes from population dynamics under field conditions
- Author
-
Masayuki Ushio
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,education.field_of_study ,Ecology ,Phylum ,Small number ,Ecology (disciplines) ,Population ,Biology ,Isolation (microbiology) ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Natural population growth ,Identification (biology) ,Bacterial phyla ,education ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Isolation and cultivation of microbes from environmental samples have been fundamental and important for species identification and investigating functions and ecology of target microbes. While cultivation and isolation of microbes are not easy, the natural environment can “culture” any endemic microbes, and thus key information for culturing and isolating microbes may be encoded in the natural population dynamics of microbes. In this paper, I present the idea that culturability of microbes may be inferred by quantifying dynamics properties of microbes using nonlinear time series analytical tools. To briefly demonstrate the idea, I analyzed high-frequency, quantitative microbial time series obtained for artificial rice plots established at Kyoto University, Japan. I selected bacterial phyla that included sufficient numbers of microbial taxa, and analyzed 398 microbial taxa using empirical dynamic modeling. The nine phyla analyzed generally followed a similar pattern: many microbial taxa fell into the “Simple” dynamics category, and a small proportion of taxa were categorized in “Simple but nonlinear” or “Nearly random” dynamics categories. The present analysis suggested that many microbes in the study system might be cultivated by modifying a relatively small number of conditions. However, the present idea as well as the result is preliminary and premature, and more precise taxonomic information (i.e., species-level identification) and a culturability dataset will help to validate the idea. If the present idea was found to be valid, a priori evaluation of the culturability of microbes would become possible, which would avoid unnecessary costs (labor, time and money) of attempts to cultivate microbes.
- Published
- 2020
15. Invasive paper wasps have strong cascading effects on the host plant of monarch butterflies
- Author
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John Haywood, Richard J. Toft, Tony B. Staufer, Mary Hayek‐Williams, Rose A. McGruddy, Philip J. Lester, Matthew W F Howse, and Chrissie J. I. Ward
- Subjects
Ecology ,biology ,Insect Science ,Introduced species ,Cascading effects ,Gomphocarpus physocarpus ,Polistes dominula ,biology.organism_classification ,Trophic cascade ,Predation - Published
- 2020
16. Paper‐Based, Chemiresistive Sensor for Hydrogen Peroxide Detection
- Author
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Fariba Dehghani, Sina Naficy, Jacopo Emilio Giaretta, and Farshad Oveissi
- Subjects
Materials science ,biology ,010401 analytical chemistry ,02 engineering and technology ,Paper based ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Horseradish peroxidase ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,PEDOT:PSS ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Mechanics of Materials ,biology.protein ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology ,Hydrogen peroxide - Published
- 2021
17. Idea paper: Elucidation of the long‐term properties of food webs based on the intraspecific genetic diversity of hub species populations
- Author
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Ryosuke Nakadai
- Subjects
Genetic diversity ,Evolutionary biology ,Population genetics ,Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Macroecology ,Intraspecific competition ,Term (time) - Published
- 2020
18. Review paper on <scp>WPW</scp> and athletes: Let sleeping dogs lie?
- Author
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Mark M Gallagher and Lisa W M Leung
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Population ,Reviews ,Catheter ablation ,Review ,Accessory pathway ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,pre‐excitation ,Asymptomatic ,sudden cardiac death ,Sudden cardiac death ,WPW ,Electrocardiography ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Heart Conduction System ,Heart Rate ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,education ,Wolff‐Parkinson‐White syndrome ,catheter ablation of accessory pathways ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,Athletes ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,athletes ,Increased risk ,cardiac screening ,Catheter Ablation ,Cardiology ,Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome ,medicine.symptom ,Presentation (obstetrics) ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business - Abstract
Accessory pathways are present in 1 in 300 young individuals. They are often asymptomatic and potentially lethal arrhythmias may be the first presentation. During long‐term follow‐up, up to 20% of asymptomatic individuals with pre‐excitation go on to develop an arrhythmia and the absence of traditional clinical and electrophysiological high‐risk markers does not guarantee the “safe” nature of an accessory pathway. The widespread availability of permanent cure for the condition at low risk by catheter ablation, creates an incentive to screen for accessory pathways with a 12‐lead ECG, particularly in individuals who are perceived to be at increased risk, such as athletes and high‐risk professions. We review the existing literature on the assessment and management of accessory pathways (Wolff‐Parkinson‐White [WPW] syndrome) and discuss its implications for the young athletic population.
- Published
- 2020
19. Digest: Early exposure to facial cues facilitates facial learning in paper wasps*
- Author
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Matías I. Muñoz
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Paper wasp ,Communication ,business.industry ,fungi ,Identity (social science) ,macromolecular substances ,Biology ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Polistes metricus ,Genetics ,Developmental plasticity ,Animal communication ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,business ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Tibbetts et al. evaluated the influence of the rearing environment on the facial learning capacity of the paper wasp Polistes metricus. Wasps reared with cues signaling individual identity learned to discriminate faces more accurately than wasps reared in the absence of facial cues. These findings indicate that developmental plasticity plays a significant role in the evolution of animal communication systems.
- Published
- 2018
20. Cryopreservation: Paper‐Based Cell Cryopreservation (Adv. Biosys. 3/2020)
- Author
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Muhammedin Deliorman, Mohammad A. Qasaimeh, Pavithra Sukumar, and Roaa Alnemari
- Subjects
Biomaterials ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cell ,Biomedical Engineering ,medicine ,Paper based ,Biology ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Cryopreservation ,Cell biology - Published
- 2020
21. Polistes paper wasps use a transient floating vegetation mat in the Banhine wetlands outflow, Mozambique
- Author
-
Markus Klemens Zaplata
- Subjects
Hydrology ,Geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,biology ,medicine ,Outflow ,Wetland ,Transient (oscillation) ,medicine.symptom ,Polistes ,Vegetation (pathology) ,biology.organism_classification ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Published
- 2020
22. The anatomy of an excellent review paper
- Author
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Emma J. Sayer
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Anatomy ,Biology ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Published
- 2018
23. Molecular microbiological evaluation of subgingival biofilm sampling by paper point and curette
- Author
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Patrick R. Schmidlin, Philipp Sahrmann, Georgios N. Belibasakis, and University of Zurich
- Subjects
Male ,Paper ,Microbiology (medical) ,Dentistry ,610 Medicine & health ,Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ,2726 Microbiology (medical) ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Microbiology ,RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ,10066 Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry ,medicine ,Humans ,Periodontal Pocket ,Immunology and Allergy ,Tannerella forsythia ,Aggressive periodontitis ,Porphyromonas gingivalis ,Periodontitis ,Bacteriological Techniques ,biology ,Bacteroidetes ,Curette ,business.industry ,Treponema denticola ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Chronic periodontitis ,Bacterial Load ,10182 Institute of Oral Biology ,2734 Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,RNA, Bacterial ,Aggressive Periodontitis ,Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ,Biofilms ,Chronic Periodontitis ,2723 Immunology and Allergy ,Female ,business - Abstract
The present clinical study aimed to investigate if there are differences in microbiological outcomes dependent on the subgingival biofilm collection method. Subgingival biofilm samples were collected from the four deepest pockets (>5 mm) of 17 patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and 33 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), first by paper point and thereafter by curette. Samples obtained with the same method were pooled together from each patient and forwarded for molecular microbiological analysis by a commercially available assay (IAI Pado Test 4.5) that estimates total bacterial load and levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Data analysis included frequency of detection, quantification and correlation of detection levels between the two sampling methods. P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola were detected in >90% of the samples, and their detection levels exhibited a strong correlation between sampling methods. The detection consistency of A. actinomycetemcomitans was 56% between the two sampling methods. A. actinomycetemcomitans was more readily detected by paper point compared with curette collection with a stronger correlation between the two methods in AgP. Subgingival biofilm sampling by curette or paper point does not yield differences in the detection of the three 'red complex' species. However, A. actinomycetemcomitans was more consistently detected by means of paper point collection, which can be crucial in the decision to administer antibiotics as an adjunctive periodontal treatment.
- Published
- 2013
24. Two step sequential treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent by Cryptococcus albidus and Emericella nidulans var. nidulans in 2L bioreactor
- Author
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Indu Shekhar Thakur and Anjali Singhal
- Subjects
Waste management ,biology ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Pulp (paper) ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Paper mill ,engineering.material ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease_cause ,Pulp and paper industry ,complex mixtures ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Emericella ,medicine ,engineering ,Bioreactor ,Lignin ,business ,Effluent ,Genotoxicity ,Cryptococcus albidus - Abstract
A number of studies had shown biological treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent. However, almost all the studies have focused on reduction in physical and chemical parameters. Toxicity analysis, though very important, has been neglected. Thus in this study genotoxicity along with colour and lignin content were studied. Treatment of effluent, generated at the pulping stage in pulp and a paper mill, was done using two fungal strains, Cryptococcus albidus and Emericella nidulans var. nidulans, in sequential manner in 2 L bioreactor. Two different treatments were given. In treatment (I) effluent was first treated by C. albidus (stage A) and this treated effluent was further treated by E. nidulans var. nidulans (stage B). In treatment (II) effluent was first treated by E. nidulans var. nidulans (stage C) and this treated effluent was further treated by C. albidus (stage D). Treatment (I) was more efficient than treatment (II) with 71%, 51%, 44% and 70% reduction in colour, lignin, COD and genotoxicity, respectively. Class distribution of comets also showed that treatment (I) was more efficient than treatment (II). Colour content showed very good correlation (r2 = 0.99) with effluent toxicity. The effluent treatment process (I) can be scaled up for industrial use. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
- Published
- 2011
25. Aptamer-Based Origami Paper Analytical Device for Electrochemical Detection of Adenosine
- Author
-
Yi Lu, Richard M. Crooks, Yu Xiang, and Hong Liu
- Subjects
Paper ,Analyte ,Adenosine ,biology ,Chemistry ,Aptamer ,Direct current ,Analytical chemistry ,General Medicine ,Biosensing Techniques ,General Chemistry ,Aptamers, Nucleotide ,Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ,Article ,Catalysis ,Electrochemical cell ,law.invention ,Capacitor ,law ,Electrochemistry ,biology.protein ,Glucose oxidase ,Salt bridge ,Biosensor - Abstract
Here we report a self-powered origami paper analytical device (oPAD) that uses an aptamer to recognize an analyte, a glucose oxidase (GOx) tag to modify the relative concentrations of an electroactive redox couple, and a digital multimeter (DMM) to transduce the result of the assay. The sensor is self-powered in that it self-generates an electrical signal so that the read-out process is similar to testing a battery. The principle of the sensor is illustrated in Scheme 1. Briefly, the device is printed on a single piece of paper, folded into a three-dimensional (3D) configuration, and then laminated in plastic. An aliquot of sample is loaded at the inlet, split into two channels, and then directed to microbeads entrapped within the channels. In one channel, an aptamer immobilized on microbeads binds to the target and releases a GOx-labeled DNA strand that flows downstream. No aptamer is present on the microbeads in the other channel, which is used as a control. The split fluids terminate in an hour-glass-shaped, two-compartment electrochemical cell. The waist of the hour glass serves as a salt bridge between the two half cells. In one of the half cells, GOx catalyzes the oxidation of glucose, which in turn results in conversion of Fe(CN)63− to Fe(CN)64−.The difference in concentrations of Fe(CN)63− and Fe(CN)64− in the sensing half cell and control half cell results in a voltage that is used to charge a capacitor. When the switch (lower part of Scheme 1) is closed, the capacitor discharges through the DMM. The capacitor provides a high instantaneous current, in effect an amplified current, and hence a higher sensitivity than a direct current measurement.
- Published
- 2012
26. The Use of Oral Fluid Samples Spotted on Filter Paper for the Detection of Measles Virus Using Nested RT-PCR
- Author
-
Talat Mokhtari-Azad, Simin Abbasi, Sogol Sheikhakbari, Seyed Mohsen Zahraei, Zahra Norouzbabaei, Shohreh Shahmahmoodi, and Vahid Salimi
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Nested rt pcr ,biology ,Filter paper ,business.industry ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Hematology ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Measles ,Virology ,Measles virus ,Medical Laboratory Technology ,Titer ,Specimen collection ,medicine ,Immunology and Allergy ,Oral fluid ,business ,Viral load - Abstract
Measles is the leading cause of death in infants, although a vaccine is available for its prevention. At this stage of measles elimination and eradication, it is so important to confirm clinically diagnosed measles cases in the laboratory but, developing countries have troubles in collecting and maintaining the cold chain of the specimens while transporting them to the laboratories. Therefore, filter papers are good candidates for simplification of specimen collection and transportation. In this research, the effects of the temperature, at which the dried specimens were kept, and the time duration the dried specimens were kept before being tested, were studied. Since there were not enough patients' oral fluid samples available, a nested reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) that detected measles virus (MV) from dried filter papers was set up using MV infected cells diluted in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Dried specimens were stored at -25°C, 4°C, and room temperature for 1 day, 1, 2, and 3 weeks before being tested. This method was then applied to filter paper oral fluids collected from nine clinically diagnosed measles patients in Iran in 2010 which were tested after being kept at room temperature for 1 day, 1 and 3 weeks after preparation. The results showed that dried oral fluids on filter papers are reliable specimens for the detection of MV RNA using nested RT-PCR, but the nested RT-PCR results of low titer viruses dried onto filter papers are not reproducible and reliable.
- Published
- 2012
27. Classic paper: How monolayer cell culture transformed diagnostic virology: a review of a classic paper and the developments that stemmed from it
- Author
-
Thomas H. Weller, John F. Enders, Philip P. Mortimer, and Frederick C. Robbins
- Subjects
Classic Paper ,Cell Culture Techniques ,Physiology ,Computational biology ,History, 20th Century ,Biology ,History, 21st Century ,Infectious Diseases ,Classic Papers ,Virus Diseases ,Cell culture ,Virology ,Monolayer ,Animals ,Humans ,Diagnostic virology - Published
- 2009
28. Ectopic Expression of FaDREB2 Enhances Osmotic Tolerance in Paper Mulberry
- Author
-
Yan Li, Guojiang Wu, Hongqing Li, and Meiru Li
- Subjects
Festuca ,Osmosis ,Osmotic shock ,Drought tolerance ,Plant Science ,Sodium Chloride ,Genes, Plant ,Biochemistry ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Stress, Physiological ,Botany ,Proline ,Plant Proteins ,biology ,Chemistry ,fungi ,Paper mulberry ,Reproducibility of Results ,food and beverages ,Broussonetia ,Plants, Genetically Modified ,biology.organism_classification ,Adaptation, Physiological ,Droughts ,Mutagenesis, Insertional ,Osmolyte ,Chlorophyll ,Festuca arundinacea - Abstract
Dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB) proteins are a subfamily of AP2/ERF transcription factors that have been shown to improve tolerance to osmotic stresses in plants. To improve the osmotic stress tolerance of paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L. Vent), an economically important tree, we transformed it with a plasmid carrying tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) FaDREB2 under the control of CaMV 35S. The ectopic expression of FaDREB2 did not cause growth retardation, and the paper mulberry seedlings expressing FaDREB2 showed higher salt and drought tolerance than wild-type plants (WT). After 13 d of withholding water, or 15 d in the presence of 250 mM NaCl, all the WT plants died, while the plants expressing FaDREB2 survived. The FaDREB2 transgenic plants had higher leaf water and chlorophyll contents, accumulated more proline and soluble sugars, and had less membrane damage than the WT plants under high salt and water-deficient conditions. Taken together, the results indicate the feasibility of improving tolerance to multiple environmental stresses in paper mulberry seedlings via genetic engineering, by introducing FaDREB2, which promotes the increased accumulation of osmolytes (soluble sugars and proline), to counter osmotic stresses caused by abiotic factors.
- Published
- 2011
29. Investigation of Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Microbial Pathogens in Pulp and Paper Mill Biosolids
- Author
-
Valerie S. Langlois, V. E. Renner, Maxine C. Croteau, F. Archibald, Vance L. Trudeau, David R. S. Lean, J. Ridal, and J. Cahn
- Subjects
Electrophoresis ,Paper ,Biosolids ,Industrial Waste ,Virulence ,Verocytotoxin ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Microbiology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Pathogenic Escherichia coli ,Escherichia coli ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Serotyping ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Water Science and Technology ,business.industry ,Ecological Modeling ,Paper mill ,biology.organism_classification ,Pollution ,Enterobacteriaceae ,Refuse Disposal ,Fecal coliform ,chemistry ,Biological Assay ,Water Microbiology ,business - Abstract
Biosolids produced from pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment have excellent properties as soil conditioners, but often contain high levels of Escherichia coli. E. coli are commonly used as indicators of fecal contamination and health hazard; therefore, their presence in biosolids causes concern and has lead to restrictions in land-spreading. The objectives of this study were to determine the following: (1) if E. coli from the biosolids of a wastewater-free pulp and paper mill were enteric pathogens, and (2) if other waterborne microbial pathogens were present. E. coli were screened for heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxin and verocytotoxin virulence genes using a polymerase chain reaction. Ten isolates were also screened for invasion-associated locus and invasion plasmid antigen H genes. None of the 120 isolates carried these genes. Tests for seven other microbial pathogens were negative. Effluents and biosolids from this mill do not contain common microbial pathogens and are unlikely to pose a health hazard.
- Published
- 2007
30. Diagnosis of tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency using filter paper blood spots: further development of the method and 5 years experience
- Author
-
Anahita Rassi, Georg F. Hoffmann, Bettina Abu Seda, Nenad Blau, Thomas Opladen, Beat Thöny, University of Zurich, and Blau, N
- Subjects
Time Factors ,Light ,Hemoglobins ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Drug Stability ,Reference Values ,immune system diseases ,Phenylketonurias ,Child ,Genetics (clinical) ,Blood Specimen Collection ,education.field_of_study ,Neopterin ,Tetrahydrobiopterin ,Dried blood spot ,10076 Center for Integrative Human Physiology ,Child, Preschool ,medicine.drug ,Adult ,Paper ,2716 Genetics (clinical) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Population ,Biopterin ,610 Medicine & health ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Young Adult ,1311 Genetics ,Internal medicine ,Genetics ,medicine ,Humans ,education ,Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency ,Retrospective Studies ,Newborn screening ,business.industry ,Micropore Filters ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,medicine.disease ,Dihydropteridine Reductase ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,10036 Medical Clinic ,570 Life sciences ,biology ,business ,Blood Chemical Analysis - Abstract
In every newborn with even mild hyperphenyla- laninemia (HPA) tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiencies need to be excluded as soon as possible. Differential diagnosis is most commonly performed by analysis of urinary neopterin and biopterin. In 2005 a new method for the measurement of neopterin, biopterin and other pterins in dried blood spot (DBS) on filter paper was introduced. In order to evaluate the usefulness of this method as a standard tool for differential diagnosis of HPAs we analyzed neopterin, biopterin, pterin and dihydropteridine reduc- tase activity in DBS from 362 patients with HPA over the period of five years. Age-dependent reference values were established for the HPA population. Sixty-four patients with BH4 deficiency (27 patients with 6- pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency, seven with GTP cyclohydrolase I deficiency, and 30 with dihydrop- teridine reductase) were identified. Reference values for neopterin and biopterin in DBS were calculated for each of the variants. 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase and GTP cyclohydrolase I deficiency can be diagnosed by neopterin and biopterin analysis alone, while for diagnosis of dihydropteridine reductase deficiency additional deter- mination of enzyme activity from the same DBS is essential. Regarding test sensitivity, the interpretation of neopterin and biopterin concentration per hemoglobin is more valid than the interpretation of neopterin and biopterin per liter. Percentage of biopterin, of the sum of neopterin and biopterin should always be calculated. In addition, determination of hemoglobin concentration is essential as a measure for efficient extraction of neopterin and biopterin. Although the measurement of neopterin and biopterin in urine is more sensitive due to the higher concentrations present, our data prove the usefulness of their measurement from DBS for the routine diagnosis of BH4 deficiencies. Abbreviations
- Published
- 2011
31. AllergoOncology - the impact of allergy in oncology: EAACI position paper
- Author
-
Rodolfo Bianchini, Manuel L. Penichet, Luca Vangelista, Elisa Agnese Nigro, Josef Singer, Eva Untersmayr, Heather J. Bax, Antonio G. Siccardi, Michelle C. Turner, T. R. Daniels-Wells, Francesca Levi-Schaffer, Mariana Castells, Diana Mechtcheriakova, Panagiotis Karagiannis, Christopher Corrigan, Frank A. Redegeld, S. Gatault, Debra H. Josephs, David Dombrowicz, Louise Saul, Erika Jensen-Jarolim, Sophia N. Karagiannis, Y. Mekori, Felicitas Mungenast, James Spicer, Judit Fazekas, Edda Fiebiger, Hannah J. Gould, Anastasia Meshcheryakova, Monique Capron, Jozef Janda, and Edzard Spillner
- Subjects
AllergoOncology ,0301 basic medicine ,Allergy ,Immunology ,Inflammation ,Immunoglobulin E ,medicine.disease_cause ,Clinical oncology ,Antibodies ,Article ,Atopy ,03 medical and health sciences ,Th2 Cells ,Immune system ,Neoplasms ,Hypersensitivity ,medicine ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Biologics, desensitization ,Immunologic Surveillance ,Cancer ,Chemotherapeutic ,IgG4 ,Tumor ,biology ,Effector ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,3. Good health ,030104 developmental biology ,Allergic response ,biology.protein ,Immunotherapy ,IgE ,medicine.symptom ,Antibody ,business - Abstract
Th2 immunity and allergic immune surveillance play critical roles in host responses to pathogens, parasites and allergens. Numerous studies have reported significant links between Th2 responses and cancer, including insights into the functions of IgE antibodies and associated effector cells in both antitumour immune surveillance and therapy. The interdisciplinary field of AllergoOncology was given Task Force status by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in 2014. Affiliated expert groups focus on the interface between allergic responses and cancer, applied to immune surveillance, immunomodulation and the functions of IgE-mediated immune responses against cancer, to derive novel insights into more effective treatments. Coincident with rapid expansion in clinical application of cancer immunotherapies, here we review the current state-of-the-art and future translational opportunities, as well as challenges in this relatively new field. Recent developments include improved understanding of Th2 antibodies, intratumoral innate allergy effector cells and mediators, IgE-mediated tumour antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells, as well as immunotherapeutic strategies such as vaccines and recombinant antibodies, and finally, the management of allergy in daily clinical oncology. Shedding light on the crosstalk between allergic response and cancer is paving the way for new avenues of treatment.
- Published
- 2017
32. A 'Welcoming' Introduction to a Canadian Northwest Coast Thematic Papers Issue
- Author
-
Wayne Vogl
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Histology ,History ,biology ,Whale ,Library science ,Free swimming ,Context (language use) ,Editorial board ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Thematic map ,biology.animal ,Functional anatomy ,Anatomy ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Biotechnology - Abstract
In this commentary, I provide an introduction to and the context for the four articles in the thematic series published to celebrate the Editorial Board Meeting of the Anatomical Record in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in July of 2017. The articles describe various aspects of whale anatomy and the potential for a new generation of digital tags to provide information on functional anatomy of free swimming animals in the wild. The whales described are all native to the northwest coast of North America, as well as being found elsewhere, and the authors are related in some way to the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. Anat Rec, 300:1930-1934, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
- Published
- 2017
33. High indirect fitness benefits for helpers across the nesting cycle in the tropical paper wasp polistes canadensis
- Author
-
Robin J. Southon, Emily Bell, Seirian Sumner, Andrew N. Radford, Peter Graystock, and Christopher D. R. Wyatt
- Subjects
Male ,0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,GENOMIC DNA ,Wasps ,HYMENOPTERA ,01 natural sciences ,Nesting Behavior ,single nucleotide polymorphisms ,Nest ,KIN RECOGNITION ,reproductive skew ,biology ,Ecology ,Reproduction ,inclusive fitness ,Inclusive fitness ,Eusociality ,PAIRWISE RELATEDNESS ,Female ,Polistes ,Social evolution ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Genetic Markers ,relatedness ,Biochemistry & Molecular Biology ,Genotype ,Kin recognition ,Panama ,Environmental Sciences & Ecology ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,010603 evolutionary biology ,Polistes canadensis ,single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) ,03 medical and health sciences ,Genetics ,Animals ,SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Sociality ,Evolutionary Biology ,Science & Technology ,R-PACKAGE ,GENETIC RELATEDNESS ,COLONY ,06 Biological Sciences ,Helping Behavior ,biology.organism_classification ,030104 developmental biology ,PRIMITIVELY EUSOCIAL WASP ,Genetic Fitness ,Microsatellite Repeats ,REPRODUCTIVE-SKEW - Abstract
Explaining the evolution of helping behaviour in the eusocial insects where non-reproductive ('worker') individuals help raise the offspring of other individuals ('queens'), remains one of the most perplexing phenomena in the natural world. Polistes paper wasps are popular study models, as workers retain the ability to reproduce: such totipotency is likely representative of the early stages of social evolution. Polistes is thought to have originated in the tropics, where seasonal constraints on reproductive options are weak and social groups are effectively perennial. Yet, most Polistes research has focused on non-tropical species, where seasonality causes family groups to disperse; cofoundresses forming new colonies the following spring are often unrelated, leading to the suggestion that direct fitness through nest inheritance is key in the evolution of helping behaviour. Here we present the first comprehensive genetic study of social structure across the perennial nesting cycle of a tropical Polistes - Polistes canadensis. Using both microsatellites and newly-developed single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers we show that adult cofoundresses are highly related, and that brood production is monopolised by a single female across the nesting cycle. Non-reproductive cofoundresses in tropical Polistes therefore have the potential to gain high indirect fitness benefits as helpers from the outset of group formation, and these benefits persist through the nesting cycle. Direct fitness may have been less important in the origin of Polistes sociality than previously suggested. These findings stress the importance of studying a range of species with diverse life-history and ecologies when considering the evolution of reproductive strategies.
- Published
- 2019
34. The stability of immunoglobulin a in human milk and saliva stored on filter paper at ambient temperature
- Author
-
Daniel S. McConnell and Elizabeth M. Miller
- Subjects
Adult ,Paper ,Immunoglobulin A ,Saliva ,Coefficient of variation ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Saliva collection ,Genetics ,Humans ,Secretory IgA ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Chromatography ,Milk, Human ,biology ,Filter paper ,Chemistry ,Temperature ,Kenya ,Dilution ,Anthropology ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,Female ,Anatomy ,Filtration ,Field conditions - Abstract
Objectives: Immunoglobulin A dominates mucosal surfaces and is a biomarker of interest in populations with a high disease burden. The objectives of this work are to describe an ELISA for IgA and test the stability of storage on filter paper for human milk and saliva collection to be used in remote field locations. Methods: A two-site sandwich ELISA for IgA was developed. To test filter paper storage capabilities under field conditions, 248 matched whole and dried human milk filter paper samples and 251 matched whole and dried saliva samples were collected from northern Kenyan women. Whole samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen while dried samples were stored at ambient temperature for up to 8 weeks. Recovered dried IgA levels were compared to whole IgA levels and adjusted for time stored at ambient temperature. Results: The lower limit of quantification for this assay is 10.1 ng/ml. Linearity of dilution for human milk and saliva samples was excellent. High and low-control coefficient of variation values across plates were 9.1 (341.8 ng/ml) and 9.4% (132.5 ng/ml). IgA was detected in all whole and dried samples. There is a moderate concordance between dried and whole samples (R2 = 0.62). There is a small but significant effect of time stored, with a loss of ∼1 μg/ml per day (P = 0.0052). Conclusions: This IgA assay is a cost-effective alternative to commercial secretory IgA kits. Human milk and saliva can be stored on filter paper for up to 8 weeks. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
- Published
- 2011
35. In vivo and in vitro assessment of the androgenic potential of a pulp and paper mill effluent
- Author
-
Rosanne J. Ellis, Daniel R. Dietrich, T. R. Stuthridge, Michael R. van den Heuvel, L. H. McCarthy, Emil Bandelj, and Murray A. Smith
- Subjects
Paper ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Pulp ,Biology ,engineering.material ,Andrology ,In vivo ,ddc:570 ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Bioassay ,Effluent ,Testosterone ,business.industry ,Pulp (paper) ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Paper mill ,biology.organism_classification ,Androgen receptor ,Fish ,Endocrinology ,Endocrine disruptor ,engineering ,business ,Masculinization ,Mosquitofish - Abstract
The androgenic potential of a New Zealand pulp and paper mill effluent was measured by applying a combination of in vitro and in vivo bioassays with mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and goldfish (Carassius auratus). The in vivo method assessed the rate of gonopodial development (masculinization) and alterations from normal reproductive behavior in adult female mosquitofish exposed for 21 d to untreated or secondary-treated pulp mill effluent. A second in vivo mosquitofish exposure tested the effect of glass-fiber (type C) filtration of secondary-treated effluent on rates of expression of the same endpoints. Extractable organics analyses of effluents and extracts thereof were conducted. Mosquitofish demonstrated significant masculinization on exposure to either treated or untreated effluent; the frequency of gonopodial development was reduced with effluent secondary-treatment. Male mating behavior was observed in the masculinized adult females. Glass-fiber (type F) filtration of the treated effluent eliminated the masculinizing effect, suggesting that the bioactive compounds were associated with the suspended solids. The in vitro method measured the binding of compounds within a treated thermomechanical/bleached kraft effluent extract to androgen receptors contained in goldfish testis cytosol. Exposure to extracts of either the particulate (glass-fiber filtered) or the dissolved organic fraction of the effluent produced significant binding (as indicated by the displacement of radiolabeled testosterone) to the androgen receptor in goldfish gonadal tissue. Thus, the dissolved organics extract of the treated effluent contained compounds androgenic to goldfish in vitro but not to mosquitofish in vivo. The combined in vitro and in vivo data suggest that the effluent in question could exert effects on the reproductive physiology of fishes through an androgenic mechanism. The androgenic compounds androstenedione and testosterone were not detected in the extracts used for the in vitro component of this study.
- Published
- 2003
36. Nourishment affects colony demographics in the paper wasp Polistes metricus
- Author
-
M. A. Dove and J. H. Hunt
- Subjects
Paper wasp ,Ecology ,Vespidae ,biology ,fungi ,Zoology ,Hymenoptera ,biology.organism_classification ,Aculeata ,Polistes metricus ,Nest ,Insect Science ,Survivorship curve ,Nesting season - Abstract
1. Colony survivorship and numbers of nest cells, pupae, and adult females were monitored throughout the nesting season for a cohort of 78 colonies of the paper wasp Polistes metricus Say. Thirty-nine colonies received a twice-weekly nourishment supplement of honey during pre-emergence and early emergence phases of the colony cycle; 39 colonies were unsupplemented controls. 2. Colony survivorship was unaffected by the supplemental nourishment. Loss of colonies to predation differed among three sites but was unaffected by supplementation. 3. Honey-supplemented colonies constructed more nest cells than did control colonies but this effect was not expressed until after supplementation had ceased. 4. Honey-supplemented colonies produced more pupae than did control colonies but the number of adult females at nests did not differ between supplemented and control colonies. Because honey-supplemented colonies had more offspring but fewer of them remained as workers at the nest, honey supplementation led to a lower frequency of workers and corresponding higher frequency of reproductives than in control colonies. 5. In a second year of study, colony survivorship and numbers of nest cells, pupae, and adult females were monitored from late pre-emergence until the end of the nesting season for a cohort of 32 colonies of Polistes metricus. In 16 colonies, trophallactic saliva was taken from final-instar larvae on nine dates in the late pre-emergence and early emergence periods; 16 colonies served as controls. 6. Saliva-diminished colonies had lower survivorship, fewer nest cells, fewer pupae, and fewer adult females at the nest than did control colonies. 7. These results show that variation in nourishment in the early to mid phases of the colony cycle can have significant effects on the subsequent colony demographics of Polistes metricus paper wasps.
- Published
- 2002
37. Announcing the winners of the SEB‐Wiley‐TPJ awards for outstanding TPJ papers published in 2020
- Author
-
Lee J. Sweetlove
- Subjects
Cognitive science ,Genetics ,Cell Biology ,Plant Science ,Biology - Published
- 2021
38. Patterned Paper as a Platform for Inexpensive, Low-Volume, Portable Bioassays
- Author
-
Scott T. Phillips, George M. Whitesides, Manish J. Butte, and Andres W. Martinez
- Subjects
Analyte ,Chromatography ,biology ,Chromatography, Paper ,Capillary action ,Chemistry ,Analytical chemistry ,Color ,General Chemistry ,Photoresist ,Fluid transport ,Article ,Catalysis ,Paper chromatography ,biology.protein ,Biological Assay ,Glucose oxidase ,Bioactive paper ,Bradford protein assay - Abstract
This communication describes a simple method for patterning paper to create well-defined, millimeter-sized channels, comprising hydrophilic paper bounded by hydrophobic polymer. We believe that this type of patterned paper will become the basis for low-cost, portable, and technically simple multiplexed bioassays. We demonstrate this capability by the simultaneous detection of glucose and protein in 5 μL of urine. The assay system is small, disposable, easy to use (and carry), and requires no external equipment, reagents, or power sources. We believe this kind of system is attractive for uses in less-industrialized countries, in the field, or as an inexpensive alternative to more advanced technologies already used in clinical settings.[1-4] The analysis of biological fluids is necessary for monitoring the health of populations,[2] but these measurements are difficult to implement in remote regions such as those found in less-industrialized countries, in emergency situations, or in home health-care settings.[3] Conventional laboratory instruments provide quantitative measurements of biological samples, but they are unsuitable for these situations since they are large, expensive, and require trained personnel and considerable volumes of biological samples.[2] Other bioassay platforms provide alternatives to more expensive instruments,[5-7] but the need remains for a platform that uses small volumes of sample and that is sufficiently inexpensive to be used widely for measuring samples from large populations. We believe that paper may serve as a particularly convenient platform for running bioassays in the remote situations locations. As a prototype for a mthod we believe to be particularly promosing, we patterned photoresist onto chromatography paper to form defined areas of hydrophilic paper separated by hydrophobic lines or “walls”; these patterns provide spatial control of biological fluids and enable fluid transport, without pumping, due to capillary action in the millimeter-sized channels produced. This method for patterning paper makes it possible to run multiple diagnostic assays on one strip of paper, while still using only small volumes of a single sample. In a fully developed technology, patterned photoresist would be replaced by an appropriate printing technology, but patterning paper with photoresist is: i) convenient for prototyping these devices, and ii) a useful new micropatterning technology in its own right. We patterned chromatography paper with SU-8 2010 photoresist as shown in Figure 1a and as described below: we soaked a 7.5-cm diameter piece of chromatography paper in 2 mL of SU-8 2010 for 30 s, spun it at 2000 rpm for 30 s, and then baked it at 95 °C for 5 min to remove the cyclopentanone in the SU-8 formula. We then exposed the photoresist and paper to 405 nm UV light (50 mW/cm2) for 10 s through a photo-mask (CAD/Art Services, Inc.) that was aligned using a mask aligner (OL-2 Mask Aligner, AB-M, Inc). After exposure, we baked the paper a second time at 95 °C for 5 min to cross-link the exposed portions of the resist. The unpolymerized photoresist was removed by soaking the paper in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) (5 min), and by washing the pattern with propan-2-ol (3 × 10 mL). The paper was more hydrophobic after it was patterned, presumably due to residual resist bound to the paper, so we exposed the entire surface to an oxygen plasma for 10 s at 600 millitorr (SPI Plasma-Prep II, Structure Probe, Inc) to increase the hydrophilicity of the paper (Figures 2a and 2b). Figure 1 Chromatography paper patterned with photoresist. The darker lines are cured photoresist; the lighter areas are unexposed paper. (a) Patterned paper after absorbing 5 μL of Waterman red ink by capillary action. The central channel absorbs the sample ... Figure 2 Assays contaminated with (a) dirt, (b) plant pollen, and (c) graphite powder. The pictures were taken before and after running an artificial urine solution that contained 550 mM glucose and 75 μM BSA. The particulates do not move up the channels ... The patterned paper can be derivatized for biological assays by adding appropriate reagents to the test areas (Figures 1b and and2b).2b). In this communication, we demonstrate the method by detecting glucose and protein,[8] but the surface should be suitable for measuring many other analytes as well.[7] The glucose assay is based on the enzymatic oxidation of iodide to iodine,[9] where a color change from clear to brown is associated with the presence of glucose.[10] The protein assay is based on the color change of tetrabromophenol blue (TBPB) when it ionizes and binds to proteins;[11] a positive result in this case is indicated by a color change from yellow to blue. For the glucose assay, we spotted 0.3 μL of a 0.6 M solution of potassium iodide, followed by 0.3 μL of a 1:5 horseradish peroxidase/glucose oxidase solution (15 units of protein per mL of solution). For the protein assay, we spotted 0.3 μL of a 250-mM citrate buffer (pH 1.8) in a well separate from the glucose assay, and then layered 0.3 μL of a 3.3 mM solution of tetrabromophenol blue (TBPB) in 95% ethanol over the citrate buffer. The spotted reagents were allowed to air dry at room temperature. This pre-loaded paper gave consistent results for the protein assay regardless of storage temperature and time (when stored for 15 d both at 0 °C and at 23 °C, wrapped in aluminum foil). The glucose assay was sensitive to storage conditions, and showed decreased signal for assays run 24 h after spotting the reagents (when stored at 23 °C); when stored at 0 °C, however, the glucose assay was as sensitive after day 15 as it was on day 1. We measured artificial samples of glucose and protein in clinically relevant ranges (2.5-50 mM for glucose and 0.38-7.5 μM for bovine serum albumin (BSA))[12, 13] by dipping the bottom of each test strip in 5 μL of a pre-made test solution (Figure 2d). The fluid filled the entire pattern within ca. one minute, but the assays required 10-11 min for the paper to dry and for the color to fully develop.[14] In all cases, we observed color changes corresponding roughly in intensity to the amount of glucose and protein in the test samples, where the lowest concentrations define the lower limits to which these assays can be used (Figure 2e). For comparison, commercially-available dipsticks detect glucose at concentrations as low as 5 mM[7, 9] and protein as low as 0.75 μM;[6, 15] these limits indicate that these paper-based assays are comparable in sensitivity to commercial dipstick assays. Our assay format also allows for the measurement of multiple analytes. This paper-based assay is suitable for measuring multiple samples in parallel and in a relatively short period of time. For example, in one trial, one researcher was able to run 20 different samples (all with 550 mM glucose and 75 μM BSA) within 7.5 min (followed by another 10.5 min for the color to fully develop). An 18-min assay of this type—one capable of measuring two analytes in 20 different sample—may be efficient enough to use in high-throughput screens of larger sample pools. In the field, samples will not be measured under sterile conditions, and dust and dirt may contaminate the assays. The combination of paper and capillary action provides a mechanism for separating particulates from a biological fluid. As a demonstration, we purposely contaminated the artificial urine samples with quantities of dirt, plant pollen, and graphite powder at levels higher than we might expect to see in the samples in the field. These particulates do not move up the channels under the action of capillary wicking, and do not interfere with the assay (Figure 3). Paper strips have been used in biomedical assays for decades because they offer an inexpensive platform for colorimetric chemical testing.[1] Patterned paper has characteristics that lead to miniaturized assays that run by capillary action (e.g., without external pumping), with small volumes of fluids. These methods suggest a path for the development of simple, inexpensive, and portable diagnostic assays that may be useful in remote settings, and in particular, in less-industrialized countries where simple assays are becoming increasingly important for detecting disease and monitoring health,[16, 17], for environmental monitoring, in veterinary and agricultural practice and for other applications.
- Published
- 2007
39. A PAPER NAUTILUS (OCTOPODA, ARGONAUTA) FROM THE MIOCENE PAKHNA FORMATION OF CYPRUS
- Author
-
David M. Martill and Michael J. Barker
- Subjects
Paleontology ,Argonaut ,Eastern mediterranean ,Fossil Record ,biology ,Paper nautilus ,biology.organism_classification ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Geology - Abstract
The fossil organic trace of an argonaut shell from the Pakhna Formation (Serravillian, Middle Miocene) of southern Cyprus is described. The new find represents one of only a very few argonaut egg cases reported from the fossil record of the Tethyan region and is the first to be reported from the eastern Mediterranean. It is assigned to a new species of Argonauta as A. absyrtus sp. nov.
- Published
- 2006
40. A high gas fraction, reduced power, syngas bioprocessing method demonstrated with aClostridium ljungdahliiOTA1 paper biocomposite
- Author
-
John Ritter, Michael C. Flickinger, Jeff Wiltgen, Mark J. Schulte, and C. B. Mooney
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,biology ,010405 organic chemistry ,Chemistry ,Substrate (chemistry) ,Bioengineering ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,Adsorption ,Chemical engineering ,Volume (thermodynamics) ,Syngas fermentation ,010608 biotechnology ,Clostridium ljungdahlii ,Absorption (chemistry) ,Biocomposite ,Biotechnology ,Syngas - Abstract
We propose a novel approach to continuous bioprocessing of gases. A miniaturized, coated-paper strip, high gas fraction, biocomposite absorber has been developed using slowly shaken horizontal anaerobic tubes. Concentrated Clostridium ljungdahlii OTA1 was used as a model system. These gas absorbers demonstrate elevated CO mass transfer with low power input, reduced liquid requirements, elevated substrate consumption, and increased product secretion compared to shaken suspended cells. Concentrated OTA1 cell paste was coated by extrusion onto chromatography paper. The immobilized system shows high, constant reactivity immediately upon rehydration. Cell adhesion was by adsorption to the cellulose fibers; visualized by SEM. The C. ljungdahlii OTA1 coated paper mounted above the liquid level absorbs CO and H2 from a model syngas secreting acetate with minimal ethanol. At 100 rpm shaking speed (7.7 Wm(-3) ) the optimal cell loading is 6.5 gDCW m(-2) to maintain high CO absorbing reactivity without the cells coming off of the paper into the liquid phase. Reducing the medium volume from 10 mL to 4 mL (15% of tube volume) did not decrease CO reactivity. The reduced liquid volume increased secreted product concentration by 80%. The specific CO consumption by paper biocomposites was higher at all shaking frequencies
- Published
- 2016
41. Biogeography of Alaska paper birch ( Betula neoalaskana ): latitudinal patterns in chemical defense and plant architecture
- Author
-
Michael T. Stevens, Sarah C. Brown, Helen M. Bothwell, and John P. Bryant
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Phytochemicals ,Biology ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Alberta ,Latitude ,Northwest Territories ,Botany ,Animals ,Ecosystem ,Leaf size ,Herbivory ,Betula neoalaskana ,Betula ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Demography ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Herbivore ,British Columbia ,Ecology ,Hares ,biology.organism_classification ,Deciduous ,Chemical defense ,Terrestrial ecosystem - Abstract
The latitudinal herbivory-defense hypothesis (LHDH) predicts that plants near the equator will be more heavily defended against herbivores than are plants at higher latitudes. Although this idea is widely found in the literature, recent studies have called this biogeographic pattern into question. We sought to evaluate the LHDH in a high-latitude terrestrial ecosystem where fire and mammalian herbivores may contribute to selection for higher levels of defensive chemistry. To address this objective, we collected seeds of Alaska paper birch (Betula neoalaskana) from nine locations along two north-south transects between 55 degrees N and 62 degrees N latitudes in western, interior Canada. The birch seeds were planted in pots in a common garden in Madison, Wisconsin, USA. From the resulting seedlings, we determined levels of chemical defense by assessing the density of resin glands, which have been shown to be negatively correlated with browsing. To assess plant architectural traits such as height, mean individual leaf area, and root-to-shoot ratio, we harvested a subset of the birch seedlings. Further, we used these traits to examine growth-defense trade-offs. Contrary to the LHDH, we found a positive correlation between chemical defense and latitude. Investigating relationships with fire, we found a strong positive correlation between resin gland density and percentage of area annually burned (PAAB) around each collection location and also between PAAB and latitude. Additionally, birch seedlings originating from higher latitudes were shorter, smaller-leaved, and rootier than their lower-latitude counterparts. Growth-defense trade-offs were observed in negative correlations between resin gland density and height and leaf size. Seedlings with higher resin gland densities also allocated less biomass to shoots and more to roots. These results further call into question the LHDH and provide specific information about latitudinal trends in plant defense at high, northern latitudes where fire is a major ecosystem driver and mammals are the main herbivores of deciduous trees such as birches. We propose that these interconnected relationships are the key drivers of the positive correlation between defense and latitude in B. neoalaskana. Understanding patterns of boreal plant defense and growth is especially important because high latitude ecosystems are particularly susceptible to climate change. Key words: Alaska paper birch; Betula neoalaskana; biogeography; chemical defense; grotvth-defense trade-offs; inherent growth rate; latitude; latitudinal herbivory-defense hypothesis; papyr'feric acid; plant ar- chitecture; resin glands; root-to-shoot ratio.
- Published
- 2016
42. Rapid, Point‐of‐Care, Paper‐Based Plasmonic Biosensor for Zika Virus Diagnosis
- Author
-
Sisi Cao, Yatin J. Chandar, Evan D. Kharasch, Jeremiah J. Morrissey, Qisheng Jiang, and Srikanth Singamaneni
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Materials science ,biology ,Biomedical Engineering ,Diagnostic test ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,Paper based ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,biology.organism_classification ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Zika virus ,Biomaterials ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,ZikV Infection ,0210 nano-technology ,Biosensor ,Point of care - Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an increasing global health challenge. There is an urgent need for rapid, low-cost, and accurate diagnostic tests that can be broadly distributed and applied in pandemic regions. Here, an innovative, adaptable, and rapidly deployable bioplasmonic paper-based device (BPD) is demonstrated for the detection of ZIKV infection, via quantification of serum anti-ZIKV-nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) IgG and IgM. BPD is based on ZIKV-NS1 protein as a capture element and gold nanorods as plasmonic nanotransducers. The BPD displays excellent sensitivity and selectivity to both anti-ZIKV-NS1 IgG and IgM in human serum. In addition, excellent stability of BPDs at room and even elevated temperature for one month is achieved by metal-organic framework (MOF)-based biopreservation. MOF-based preservation obviates the need for device refrigeration during transport and storage, thus enabling their use in point-of-care and resource-limited settings for ZIKV surveillance. Furthermore, the versatile design (interchangeable recognition element) of BPDs more generally enables their ready adaptation to diagnose other emerging infectious diseases.
- Published
- 2017
43. Accuracy of pH Measurements in Blood‐Free Balanced Salt Solutions with and without Bovine Serum Albumin—with Four Devices (ABL80, i‐STAT®, pH Paper, and pH Probe)
- Author
-
Josephine E. Hees, Matthias L. Riess, Michele M. Salzman, Johannes A. Pille, Claudius Balzer, Felicia P. Lotze, and William J. Cleveland
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Ph probe ,Chromatography ,chemistry ,biology ,Genetics ,biology.protein ,Salt (chemistry) ,Bovine serum albumin ,Ph measurement ,Molecular Biology ,Biochemistry ,Biotechnology - Published
- 2019
44. Position paper on imatinib mesylate in chronic myeloid leukaemia*
- Author
-
Stephen G. O'Brien and Simon Rule
- Subjects
Chemotherapy ,Imatinib mesylate ,biology ,Enzyme inhibitor ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,medicine ,Cancer research ,biology.protein ,Position paper ,Hematology ,Chronic myeloid leukaemia ,business - Published
- 2002
45. Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Nucleic Acid on Inactivated Filter Paper Disks by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Microtiter Plate Assay
- Author
-
Wolfgang Röder, Kunihiro Saito, Werner E.G. Müller, Hiroshi Ushijima, Michael Kruse, Shuji Ando, Takao Kunisada, and Yuki Eshita
- Subjects
Paper ,Hot Temperature ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Immunology ,HIV Infections ,Biology ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Microbiology ,Virus ,law.invention ,Immunoenzyme Techniques ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Microtiter plate ,law ,Virology ,Humans ,False Positive Reactions ,Cells, Cultured ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Base Sequence ,Filter paper ,RNA ,Genes, gag ,Molecular biology ,chemistry ,DNA, Viral ,HIV-1 ,Nucleic acid ,RNA, Viral ,Nested polymerase chain reaction ,Filtration ,DNA - Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in cultured cells, peripheral blood samples and sera were adsorbed on filter paper disks and inactivated by heat or ethanol. Two procedures, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microtiter plate assay (HMPA) were used to detect the nucleic acid. The sensitivity after different heat treatments with nested PCR for HIV-1 DNA (or nested reverse transcription-PCR for HIV-1 RNA) was identical regardless of whether the samples were examined immediately or one month later. Inactivation by ethanol treatment resulted in a slight loss of sensitivity. The HMPA proved to be as reliable and specific as the conventional PCR technique. We conclude that the heat-treated filter paper disk assay is suitable for identifying HIV nucleic acid in clinical samples sent to the laboratory from a distance, e.g. in an envelope.
- Published
- 1994
46. Back to the Future on Sentencing: The 1996 White Paper
- Author
-
Ralph Henham
- Subjects
Government ,White (horse) ,biology ,Chorus ,Criminology ,Public administration ,biology.organism_classification ,Managerialism ,Politics ,White paper ,Political science ,Criticism ,Law ,Criminal justice - Abstract
Few government proposals in the recent troubled history of penal policy can have generated such sustained debate and controversy as those contained in its latest White Paper, Protecting the Public: The Government's Strategy on Crime in England and Wales.' The cautious note of optimism which greeted the 1990 White Paper2 has given way to a chorus of criticism and widespread disillusionment among criminal justice academics and practitioners regarding the general direction of penal policy since the Criminal Justice Act 1991. It is widely recognised that the issues raised are both complex and deeply rooted in the sociological fabric of contemporary British society, whilst also posing problems of constitutional and penological significance.3 Although the political and sociological ramifications of the debate cannot be addressed at length in a review such as this, it is against a background of increasing managerialism and politicisation of sentencing policy4 that the following comments on the White Paper's proposals are made.5
- Published
- 1996
47. Recent assembly of the global herbaceous flora: evidence from the paper daisies (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae)
- Author
-
Ying Meng, Jun Wen, Hang Sun, Ze-Long Nie, Vicki A. Funk, and Tao Deng
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Flora ,Time Factors ,Geography ,Physiology ,Ecology ,Biogeography ,Plant Science ,Asteraceae ,Biology ,Late Miocene ,Tribe (biology) ,biology.organism_classification ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,External transcribed spacer ,03 medical and health sciences ,Paleontology ,030104 developmental biology ,Gnaphalieae ,Aridification ,Internal transcribed spacer ,Phylogeny - Abstract
The global flora is thought to contain a large proportion of herbs, and understanding the general spatiotemporal processes that shaped the global distribution of these communities is one of the most difficult issues in biogeography. We explored patterns of world-wide biogeography in a species-rich herbaceous group, the paper daisy tribe Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae), based on the hitherto largest taxon sampling, a total of 835 terminal accessions representing 80% of the genera, and encompassing the global geographic range of the tribe, with nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and external transcribed spacer (ETS) sequences. Biogeographic analyses indicate that Gnaphalieae originated in southern Africa during the Oligocene, followed by repeated migrations into the rest of Africa and the Mediterranean region, with subsequent entries into other continents during various periods starting in the Miocene. Expansions in the late Miocene to Pliocene appear to have been the driving force that shaped the global distribution of the tribe as forests were progressively broken up by the mid-continent aridification and savannas and grasslands expanded into the interior of the major continents. This pattern of recent colonizations may explain the world-wide distribution of many other organisms in open ecosystems and it is highlighted here as an emerging pattern in the evolution of the global flora.
- Published
- 2015
48. Mind the gap—deficits in our knowledge of aspects impacting the bioavailability of phytochemicals and their metabolites—a position paper focusing on carotenoids and polyphenols
- Author
-
Eva Arrigoni, Marie Alminger, Gordon J. McDougall, Antonio Cilla, Sedef Nehir El, Cláudia N. Santos, Torsten Bohn, Sibel Karakaya, Catarina Brito, Anna Marja Aura, M. C. Martínez-Cuesta, Amparo Alegría, and European Commission
- Subjects
Food processing ,Colon ,Food Handling ,Metabolite ,Phytochemicals ,Biological Availability ,Reviews ,Review ,Pharmacology ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Gastrointestinal epithelium ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,Biotransformations ,Intestine, Small ,medicine ,Humans ,Tissue Distribution ,Carotenoid ,Biotransformation ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Microbiota ,Polyphenols ,Carotenoids ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Bioavailability ,Transporters ,Intestinal Absorption ,Solubility ,Phytochemical ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,Polyphenol ,Efflux ,Oxidative stress ,Mixed diet ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-NoDerivs Licence.-- et al., Various secondary plant metabolites or phytochemicals, including polyphenols and carotenoids, have been associated with a variety of health benefits, such as reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and several types of cancer, most likely due to their involvement in ameliorating inflammation and oxidative stress. However, discrepancies exist between their putative effects when comparing observational and intervention studies, especially when using pure compounds. These discrepancies may in part be explained by differences in intake levels and their bioavailability. Prior to exerting their bioactivity, these compounds must be made bioavailable, and considerable differences may arise due to their matrix release, changes during digestion, uptake, metabolism, and biodistribution, even before considering dose- and host-related factors. Though many insights have been gained on factors affecting secondary plant metabolite bioavailability, many gaps still exist in our knowledge. In this position paper, we highlight several major gaps in our understanding of phytochemical bioavailability, including effects of food processing, changes during digestion, involvement of cellular transporters in influx/efflux through the gastrointestinal epithelium, changes during colonic fermentation, and their phase I and phase II metabolism following absorption., The EU-COST FA 1005 Infogest action is greatly acknowledged for providing funding for travel and meetings and allowing for open access.
- Published
- 2015
49. Socially selected ornaments and fitness: Signals of fighting ability in paper wasps are positively associated with survival, reproductive success, and rank
- Author
-
Andrew Madagame, Cassondra Vernier, Judy Jinn, Taylor J Forrest, and Elizabeth A. Tibbetts
- Subjects
Reproductive success ,Ecology ,Aggression ,fungi ,Genetic Fitness ,Ornaments ,Biology ,Body weight ,Polistes dominula ,biology.organism_classification ,Nest ,Sexual selection ,Genetics ,medicine ,medicine.symptom ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Demography - Abstract
Many animals have ornaments that mediate choice and competition in social and sexual contexts. Individuals with elaborate sexual ornaments typically have higher fitness than those with less elaborate ornaments, but less is known about whether socially selected ornaments are associated with fitness. Here, we test the relationship between fitness and facial patterns that are a socially selected signal of fighting ability in Polistes dominula wasps. We found wasps that signal higher fighting ability have larger nests, are more likely to survive harsh winters, and obtain higher dominance rank than wasps that signal lower fighting ability. In comparison, body weight was not associated with fitness. Larger wasps were dominant over smaller wasps, but showed no difference in nest size or survival. Overall, the positive relationship between wasp facial patterns and fitness indicates that receivers can obtain diverse information about a signaler's phenotypic quality by paying attention to socially selected ornaments. Therefore, there are surprisingly strong parallels between the information conveyed by socially and sexually selected signals. Similar fitness relationships in social and sexually selected signals may be one reason it can be difficult to distinguish the role of social versus sexual selection in ornament evolution.
- Published
- 2015
50. Drug hypersensitivity in clonal mast cell disorders: ENDA/EAACI position paper
- Author
-
Lene Heise Garvey, Mj Torres, M. Pagani, M. B. Bilò, H. N. G. Oude Elberink, Roberta Zanotti, Patrizia Bonadonna, Antonino Romano, Werner Aberer, Knut Brockow, Holger Mosbech, and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC)
- Subjects
SERUM TRYPTASE LEVELS ,Immunology ,Drug allergy ,Anti-Inflammatory Agents ,tryptase ,Contrast Media ,Tryptase ,Clonal Evolution ,Humans ,MASTOCYTOSIS REMA ,Immunology and Allergy ,Medicine ,Anesthesia ,Systemic mastocytosis ,CONSENSUS PROPOSAL ,IODINATED CONTRAST-MEDIA ,mastocytosis ,ANAPHYLAXIS ,biology ,business.industry ,Cutaneous Mastocytosis ,Settore MED/09 - MEDICINA INTERNA ,clonal mast cell disorders ,SYSTEMIC MASTOCYTOSIS ,medicine.disease ,Mast cell ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Analgesics, Opioid ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,ACTIVATION SYNDROMES ,HUMAN SKIN ,biology.protein ,Tryptases ,SPANISH NETWORK ,HYMENOPTERA VENOM ALLERGY ,Bone marrow ,Differential diagnosis ,business ,drug allergy ,drug hypersensitivity ,Anaphylaxis - Abstract
Mastocytosis is a clonal disorder characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of mast cells (MC) in different tissues, with a preferential localization in skin and bone marrow (BM). The excess of MC in mastocytosis as well as the increased releasability of MC may lead to a higher frequency and severity of immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Mastocytosis in adults is associated with a history of anaphylaxis in 22-49%. Fatal anaphylaxis has been described particularly following hymenoptera stings, but also occasionally after the intake of drugs such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids and drugs in the perioperative setting. However, data on the frequency of drug hypersensitivity in mastocytosis and vice versa are scarce and evidence for an association appears to be limited. Nevertheless, clonal MC disorders should be ruled out in cases of severe anaphylaxis: basal serum tryptase determination, physical examination for cutaneous mastocytosis lesions, and clinical characteristics of anaphylactic reaction might be useful for differential diagnosis. In this position paper, the ENDA group performed a literature search on immediate drug hypersensitivity reactions in clonal MC disorders using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library, reviewed and evaluated the literature in five languages using the GRADE system for quality of evidence and strength of recommendation.
- Published
- 2015
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