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Paper mill effluent has been characterized as recalcitrant because of containing lignin and its derivatives. Since biofilm system exhibits a notable potential for the removal of recalcitrant contaminants, a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) was employed to treat coagulated recycled paper mill effluent in this study. The results indicated that the SBBR removed 91.3 % of chemical oxygen demand (COD), whilst total suspended solid (TSS) and color removal reached 83.1 % and 71.0 %, respectively. The microbial analysis suggested that three typical heterotrophic phyla, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria are dominant bacteria and reflected the removal of recalcitrant contaminants. The COD removal rate of SBBR is evidently superior to conventional activated sludge process due to high sludge concentration as well as long sludge retention time (SRT). Whilst the problem of sludge bulking can be successfully avoided, the blockage of reactor caused by TSS accumulation and microbial growth deserve further investigation.

The environmental conditions of paper mills are suitable for the growth of slime-forming microorganisms due to the supply of nutrients, favorable temperature, and moisture. The slime formation causes the spoilage of raw materials & additives, breaks in the paper during papermaking, loss of production, reduces the hygienic quality of the end products, produces off-spec and rejected products, creates microbiological corrosion, and produces harmful gases. The main microorganisms are Bacteria (mainly Bacillus spp., Achromobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., Clostridium, etc.), Fungi (Aspergillus, Penicillium, Saccharomyces, etc.), and Algae. Besides the use of conventional toxic chemical biocides or slimicides, slime formation can also be controlled in an eco-friendly way using enzymes, bacteriophages, biodispersants, and biocontrol agents alone or along with biocides to remove the slime. Enzymes have shown their effectiveness over conventional chemicals due to nontoxic and biodegradable nature to provide clean and sustainable technology. Globally enzymes are being used at some of the paper mills and many enzymatic products are presently being prepared and under the trail at laboratory scale. The specificity of enzymes to degrade a specific substrate is the main drawback of controlling the mixed population of microorganisms present in slime. The enzyme has the potential to provide the chemical biocide-free solution as a useful alternative in the future with the development of new technologies. Microorganisms control in the paper mill may appear as a costly offer but the cost of uncontrolled microbial growth can be much higher leading to slime production and large economic drain.

The pulp and paper industry is a highly energy-intensive and water-consuming industry. This industry is known for the utilization of a wide range of raw materials, containing cellulose fibers (generally wood, recycled paper, and agricultural residues), for the production of various grades of paper. There are several processes involved in the conversion of raw materials to the paper product such as raw material preparation, pulping, pulp washing and screening, bleaching, stock preparation, papermaking and chemical recovery. All the processes are facing issues regarding process efficiency, product quality, energy & water consumption, and cost and environment. There is a need for further improvement and upgrading the technologies but the scale of operations, technological obsolesce and cost of implementing new technologies are some of the major issues. The main thrust areas of pulp and paper processing require major interventions in the adoption of green and clean technologies.

At present, the tissue paper manufacturing is mostly based on the dry crepe technology. During the last decade, the manufacturers have introduced new tissue machines concepts that increase the softness, bulk, and absorption capacity. Such machines produce a strong regular three-dimensional (3D) structure to the sheet before the Yankee cylinder. At present, the quality of the 3D structure is not evaluated, or it is evaluated only subjectively at the mill. This is mostly because of the difficulties to separate reliably the regular 3D pattern from other variations. This paper introduces a frequency analysis based method which separates the surface profile variances in tissue paper to the creping, to the regular 3D pattern and to the residual variation. The 3D surface profiles and their variances were determined online with the photometric stereo method. We show that the introduced analysis method evaluates the variance portions reliably and the results are consistent with the visual perception of the 3D surfaces. In one particular product, the regular 3D pattern explains 74 % of total surface variance; the creping explains 10 % and residual variations 16 %. Furthermore, the creping and residual variances are quite stable over time whereas the variance of the regular 3D pattern fluctuates significantly.

Internal Circulation reactor (IC reactor) is an anaerobic digestive system with the capability to treat high-load Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of industrial wastewater (e.g. brewery, potato starch, pulp and paper). IC reactor advantages include of the following: only small areas required, shock load resistance, produces more biogas and uses less energy compared to the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor. BIOPAQ@ICX is an upgrade to BIOPAQ@IC that has higher efficiency, lower volume, able to build from the current anaerobic reactor, and its trial has produced positive results in many different countries and with various types of wastewater. A case study of the wastewater treatment plant at Saigon Paper’s mills shows that the IC reactor COD removal rate is over 80% when the COD is not over 2300 mg/L; Volumetric Load Rate (VLR) is 6–14 kgCOD/m3.day and the removal rate is higher with a higher load and could reach 80% at 14 kgCOD/m3.day; granular sludges settle very well, and the three-phase separator is efficient of preventing sludge from washing out; pH, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), alkalinity, Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), N-NH4+, P-PO4 3-, Ca, SO4 2- were also analysed and indicated that the IC reactor is operating well.

Objective The aims of this study were to understand the status quo of authors, collaborations between institutions, research hotspots, and research frontiers of fund-sponsored clinical nursing papers and to provide a reference for Chinese scholars to conduct clinical nursing studies in the future. Methods The visualization software CiteSpace was used to analyze fund-sponsored clinical nursing papers published between 2012 and 2016 in 12 core journals of nursing. Results In the clinical nursing field, there are many cooperative author groups; however, the collaborations between institutions are not close and exist mainly within the same province or city. High-frequency keywords have revealed the four clinical nursing research hotspots of population, diseases, nursing intervention, and others. Chinese medicine nursing, prevention, treatment and nursing, and new technology-aided nursing of ventilator-associated pneumonia are the study frontiers of clinical nursing. Conclusions Clinical nursing studies are rich in content and cover a wide range of areas, and their hotspots and frontiers are closely related to the requirements of clinical nursing. Collaborations across regions, provinces, and cities are not adequate; there is an urgent need to strengthen the cross-regional exchanges and collaborations to promote the further development of clinical nursing.

The pulp and paper industry is highly dependent on water for most of its processes, producing a significant amount of wastewater that should be treated to comply with environmental standards before its discharge into surface-water reservoirs. The wastewater generated primarily consists of substantial amounts of organic, inorganic, toxic and pathogenic compounds in addition to nutrients, which are treated in an effluent treatment plant that often combines primary, secondary, tertiary and advanced treatments. However, the treatment methods vary from industry to industry according to the process utilized. The effective performance of effluent treatment plants is crucial from both environmental and economic points of view. Radiotracer techniques can be effectively used to optimize performance and detect anomalies like dead zones, bypassing, channelling, etc. in wastewater treatment plants. Experiments on the distribution of residence time were performed on the aeration tank and secondary clarifier of a full-scale pulp and paper mill to study the flow behaviour as well as locate system anomalies and hence evaluate the performance of the treatment plants using the radiotracer I-131. The convolution method was applied to model the system with an imperfect impulse radiotracer input. The aeration tank was working efficiently in the absence of any dead zones or bypassing. Various hydrodynamic models available in the literature were applied on the aeration tank and secondary clarifier to obtain the hydraulic representation of the systems.

The present work illustrates the effective treatment of raw pulp and paper mill effluent using a model hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (HUASBR). The physico-chemical and biological characteristics of wastewater were observed to be critical from the pollution potential aspect. The design features of model HUASBR had a respective total and effective working capacity of 7.5 and 6.5l, together with 25 cm depth of packing by polypropylene hexagonal inert material at the top of the reactor. Start-up of the reactor was carried out using an inoculum mixture containing rumen liquid of goat and cow dung slurry at an appropriate ratio of 3 : 1(v/v). Also, the reactor was effectively started up at the end of 36 days. Based on the performance of model HUASBR, under the respective variations of organic loading rates (OLRs) of 1, 2 and 4 kg COD m−3 d−1, the stepwise COD removals were found to be about 41, 69 and 87%. However, a hydraulic loading rate (HRT) of 20 h was appropriately maintained throughout the studies.

Summary The growing number of doctoral graduates in nursing management, together with more focus on qualitative studies, has contributed to the development of qualitative studies. This study aimed to provide a critical appraisal of qualitative research papers in the field of nursing management by Iranian authors, published in national and international journals. In a cross-sectional study, international and Persian electronic databases were used for a systematic search of the relevant literature using the keywords: qualitative studies, nursing management, and Iran. Criteria provided by the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) for the qualitative studies checklist was used for quality appraisal of the included studies. Of the 22 qualitative studies appraised, 48% had used grounded theory and 22% had adopted the research method of content analysis. The mean score for ethical consideration was 1.66 out of 4. The mean scores for rigor and research credibility were 5.123 out of 9 and 1.66 out of 4, respectively. In terms of research purpose and methodology, mean scores were 3.33 out of 4 and 2.22 out of 3, respectively. Quality of research design obtained the mean score of 2.66 out of 6 and the score for method of data collection was 4.44 out of 7. Results showed that quality of the published qualitative studies in the field of nursing management by Iranian authors seemed not appropriate and the most significant weakness was related to the partial compliance with ethical principles.

Purpose The number of citations has been widely used to measure the significance of a paper. However, there is a need in introducing another index to determine superiority or inferiority of papers with the same number of citations. We determine superiority or inferiority of papers by using the ranking based on the number of citations and PageRank. Design/methodology/approach We show the positive linear correlation between Citation Rank (the ranking of the number of citation) and PageRank. On this basis, we identify high-quality, prestige, emerging, and popular papers. Findings We found that the high-quality papers belong to the subjects of biochemistry and molecular biology, chemistry, and multidisciplinary sciences. The prestige papers correspond to the subjects of computer science, engineering, and information science. The emerging papers are related to biochemistry and molecular biology, as well as those published in the journal “Cell.” The popular papers belong to the subject of multidisciplinary sciences. Research limitations We analyze the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) from 1981 to 2015 to calculate Citation Rank and PageRank within a citation network consisting of 34,666,719 papers and 591,321,826 citations. Practical implications Our method is applicable to forecast emerging fields of research subjects in science and helps policymakers to consider science policy. Originality/value We calculated PageRank for a giant citation network which is extremely larger than the citation networks investigated by previous researchers.

Purpose In recent years, one can witness a trend in research evaluation to measure the impact on society or attention to research by society (beyond science). We address the following question: can Twitter be meaningfully used for the mapping of public and scientific discourses? Design/methodology/approach Recently, Haunschild et al. (2019) introduced a new network-oriented approach for using Twitter data in research evaluation. Such a procedure can be used to measure the public discussion around a specific field or topic. In this study, we used all papers published in the Web of Science (WoS, Clarivate Analytics) subject category Information Science & Library Science to explore the publicly discussed topics from the area of library and information science (LIS) in comparison to the topics used by scholars in their publications in this area. Findings The results show that LIS papers are represented rather well on Twitter. Similar topics appear in the networks of author keywords of all LIS papers, not tweeted LIS papers, and tweeted LIS papers. The networks of the author keywords of all LIS papers and not tweeted LIS papers are most similar to each other. Research limitations Only papers published since 2011 with DOI were analyzed. Practical implications Although Twitter data do not seem to be useful for quantitative research evaluation, it seems that Twitter data can be used in a more qualitative way for mapping of public and scientific discourses. Originality/value This study explores a rather new methodology for comparing public and scientific discourses.

Because of the cost and complexity of implementing an optical paper sorting system, the demand for an intelligent system for waste paper sorting has increased. This research focused on the development of a smart intelligent system (SIS) for recyclable waste paper sorting. The basis for selecting the regions of interests (ROIs) is the margin area of a paper object image because almost all printed documents keep the margin area intact. The paper grade is identified using a proximity search. The SIS with the HSI colour space offered maximum success rates of 99 %, 82 % and 89 %, while with the RGB model, the classification success rates were 94 %, 93 % and 98 % for white paper, old newsprint paper and old corrugated cardboard, respectively. The SIS is clearly superior to other prevailing techniques because of the faster decision making and lower cost of implementation.

A two-level factorial design was set up where five factors in a kraft paper process were varied, from wood chip origin to paper machine roll pressure. Nine paper properties were selected for a more ...

Functionalized paper solutions have attracted the attention of many research groups in the 21st century, given the low cost, availability, flexibility and biodegradability of paper. Despite this material has been manufactured for more than two thousand years, its traditional uses hardly go beyond writing, printing, cleaning and packaging. This overview covers fascinating advances in the functionalization of paper that have taken place this century. This century, test strips for glucose and pH have evolved towards microfluidic paper analytical devices that allow for accurate quantitative determinations. In another context, paper electronics started with the first paper-based transistors and followed with more sophisticated electronic devices. Also, cheap paper-based membranes and adsorbents have been proposed for water treatment, and researchers have found innovative ways to confer antimicrobial and anti-counterfeiting properties to paper. Furthermore, numberless ways to functionalize paper are reported here. Fibers can be modified by chemical reactions, nanofibrillation or supramolecular interactions with certain reagents. The surface can be coated by diverse methods, including size press coating, sputtering, e-beam evaporation and the sol-gel process. Special inks can be printed onto paper to make hydrophobic, conductive or luminescent patterns. Brief opinions about future outlooks are given at the end.

Paper has a crucial impact on the qualitative properties of printed product as properties of the paper’s surface directly impact the ink transfer, consequently, basic optical properties of the print. Although same ISO paper type, papers possess variable surface properties leading to different influence on the ink transfer. The aim of this research was to analyse influence of the surface properties of the paper, including surface free energy, smoothness and gloss of some standard papers used in lithography on the ink transfer while matching the colorimetric values defined by ISO 12647-2:2013. Determination of amount of the ink transfer, optical density, mottling and colour difference of prints were performed to evaluate paper-ink interactions. Results have shown that produced prints differ in the investigated properties. Furthermore, there are significant correlations between the surface free energy of the paper and paper smoothness and the ink transfer. In addition, amount of ink used to produce a standardized print varies for different paper types (even in the same ISO paper classification), meaning difference in ink costs. This research proved the high influence of paper’s certain parameters on the ink transfer by strong correlation coefficients. This enables better process control and optimization of the printing.

Roma populations' low health status and limited access to health services, including primary care, has been documented in many European countries, and warrants specific health policies and practices. A variety of experiences shows how primary care can adjust its practices to reduce the barriers to primary care for Roma populations. At local level, establishing collaboration with Roma organisations helps primary care to improve mutual relations and quality of care. Mediation has proved to be an effective tool. Skills training of primary care practitioners may enhance their individual competences. Research and international sharing of experiences are further tools to improve primary care for the Roma people.Slabo zdravstveno stanje romskega prebivalstva ter omejen dostop do zdravstvenih storitev, kar vključuje tudi osnovno zdravstveno stanje, je zabeleženo v več evropskih državah in potrjuje določena zdravstvena načela in dejavnosti.Različne izkušnje prikazujejo načine, kako se lahko osnovno zdravstveno varstvo prilagodi dejavnostim za zmanjšanje ovir med osnovnim zdravstvenim varstvom in romskim prebiovalstvom. Vzpostavljanje sodelovanja z romskimi organizacijami na lokalni ravni lahko pripromore k skupnim povezavam in kakovostni oskrbi na področju osnovnega zdravstvenega varstva. Posredovanje se je izkazalo za učinkovito orodje.Usposabljanje izvajalcev osnovnega zdravstvenega varstva lahko izboljša zmožnosti posameznika. Orodja za izboljšanje osnovnega zdravstvenega varstva za romsko prebivalstvo so nadaljnje raziskave in primerjanje izkušenj na mednarodni ravni.

Thermography is a non-destructive technique which uses infrared radiation to obtain the temperature distribution of an object. The technique is increasingly used in the pulp and paper industry. To convert the detected infrared radiation to a temperature, the emittance of the material must be known. For several influencing parameters the emittance of paper and board has not previously been studied in detail. This is partly due to the lack of emittance measurement methods that allow for studying the influence of these parameters.An angle-resolved goniometric method for measuring the infrared emittance of a material was developed in this thesis. The method is based on the reference emitter methodology, and uses commercial infrared cameras to determine the emittance. The method was applied to study the dependence on wavelength range, temperature, observation angle, moisture ratio, sample composition, and sample structure of the emittance of paper and board samples. It was found that the emittance varied significantly with wavelength range, observation angle and moisture ratio. The emittance was significantly higher in the LWIR (Long-Wavelength Infrared) range than in the MWIR (Mid-Wavelength Infrared) range. The emittance was approximately constant up to an observation angle of 60° in the MWIR range and 70° in the LWIR range, respectively. After that it started to decrease. The emittance of moist samples was significantly higher than that of dry samples. The influence of moisture ratio on the emittance could be estimated based on the moisture ratio of the sample, and the emittance of pure water and dry material, respectively.The applicability of measured emittance values was demonstrated in an investigation of the mechanical properties of sack paper samples. An infrared camera was applied to monitor the generation of heat during a tensile test of a paper sample. It was found that the observed increase in thermal energy at the time of rupture corresponded well to the value of the elastic energy stored in the sample just prior to rupture. The measured emittance value provided an increased accuracy in the thermal energy calculation based on the infrared images.

By investigating how properties of a finished paper product are related to different process variables as well as pulp characteristics throughout the fiber line, the understanding of the process will increase. In this paper we investigate the correlation between some key paper quality parameters and five tunable process variables, along the entire fiber production line. A full two-level factorial experiment has been conducted, where five factors were varied. The factor settings were based on a laboratory replica of a specific kraft mill’s paper product. The mill replicate was then used as a center point in the factorial design and appropriate levels of the factors were set based on these center points. Several experimental runs could be simulated via a Monte Carlo approach making it possible to get a reliable estimate of the significance of each factor effect. Analysis of the results shows that there are interaction effects present between variables, and that these interaction effects can be utilized to achieve similar paper properties using different variable settings.

Purpose To uncover the evaluation information on the academic contribution of research papers cited by peers based on the content cited by citing papers, and to provide an evidence-based tool for evaluating the academic value of cited papers. Design/methodology/approach CiteOpinion uses a deep learning model to automatically extract citing sentences from representative citing papers; it starts with an analysis on the citing sentences, then it identifies major academic contribution points of the cited paper, positive/negative evaluations from citing authors and the changes in the subjects of subsequent citing authors by means of Recognizing Categories of Moves (problems, methods, conclusions, etc.), and sentiment analysis and topic clustering. Findings Citing sentences in a citing paper contain substantial evidences useful for academic evaluation. They can also be used to objectively and authentically reveal the nature and degree of contribution of the cited paper reflected by citation, beyond simple citation statistics. Practical implications The evidence-based evaluation tool CiteOpinion can provide an objective and in-depth academic value evaluation basis for the representative papers of scientific researchers, research teams, and institutions. Originality/value No other similar practical tool is found in papers retrieved. Research limitations There are difficulties in acquiring full text of citing papers. There is a need to refine the calculation based on the sentiment scores of citing sentences. Currently, the tool is only used for academic contribution evaluation, while its value in policy studies, technical application, and promotion of science is not yet tested.

Paper conservators today face a growing preservation mandate that demands a comprehensive education. These remarks refer to the education of North American paper conservators. The path required to attain the necessary knowledge and skills to preserve works on paper has changed drastically over the past two generations starting with the establishment of graduate degree-granting programs and their dynamic and responsive curricula.

In this study we will outline the history of paper conservation at the Wien Museum, emphasizing particularly on bleaching methods which were carried out during the period of 1978–1987. Our research is primarily based on conservation protocols kept at the museum during the period studied. Furthermore, theme-centred expert interviews were conducted with conservators who had worked for the collection. A literature review of common bleaching methods in paper conservation helped putting our observations into the larger context of scientific discourse at the time. During the period under study the main bleaching agents were hydrogen peroxide combined with diethyl ether and chloramine T. There were uncertainties regarding pre- and post-treatment options such as washing, deacidification and “anti-chlorine baths”. In general, treatment protocols and interviews reflect the state of published research of that time.

High performance daylight LED lamps are compared with HID lamps for light bleaching of paper. The LED can be placed in closer proximity to the object than the HID lamps, causing a significantly increased, uniform light exposure. Two commercial LED systems with 4000 K and 6500 K colour temperature were installed in a convertible test device with a polypropylene tray in default exposure distance of 10 cm and 20 cm. A HID lamp in 60 cm and 120 cm distance served as a reference. Samples of two naturally aged rag papers were bleached with both LED systems and with the HID while immersed in water. All three light sources increased brightness (CIELAB L*), though the LEDs with 4000 K colour temperature were most effective. They had no negative effect on the molar mass and the cellulose carbonyl group content while LEDs with 6500 K colour temperature caused molar mass decrease and carbonyl group increase. LEDs of a 4000 K or similar colour temperature are a promising option for improved light bleaching of paper, reducing the treatment and aqueous exposure time and eliminating UV radiation.

Increased energy efficiency is a major concern for all companies today. Not only does the cost efficiency follow energy efficiency but also environmental and sustainability aspects motivate more en ...

Copyright: 2014 Arbor Publishing Ab. This is an ABSTRACT ONLY. The definitive version is published in Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, vol. 29(3), pp 521-532

Hybrid printed electronics, in which printed structures and silicon-based components co-exist will likely be among the first commercial solutions. In this case the paper substrate acts much in the same way as circuit boards, containing conductive tracks and acting as a carrier for the electrical components. It is important to consider the contacting of the components to be able to produce low resistance electrical contacts to the conductive tracks. Supercapacitors are able to deliver a large amount of current in a short time and are a good option for short term energy storage and if the printed product is to be used only one, or a few times, it can be the only power source needed. When manufacturing printed electronics, the overall resistance of the printed tracks as well as the contact resistance of the mounted components will add up to the total resistance of the system. A high resistance will cause a voltage drop from the power source to the component. This will waste power that goes to Joule heating and also the voltage and current available to components may be too low to drive them. If the intention is to use a power supply such as batteries or solar cells this becomes a limitation. In this article have been tested several conductive adhesives used to contact paper based supercapacitors to ink jet printed silver tracks on paper. The best adhesive gives about 0.3 Ω per contact, a factor 17 better compared to the worst which gave 5 Ω. The peak power that is possible to take out from a printed system with a flexible battery and super capacitors is about 10 times higher than compared with the same system with only the battery.

The importance of accurate identification of the edge spread function for the paper-ink system is closely related with the possibility of separating mechanical and optical dot gain. Our approach is based on the precise fit of the edge spread function, ESF. Namely, all of the research so far incorporates symmetric ESF, in contrast to the research reported so far, in which only the symmetric ESF has been considered¸ which is not realistic, due to the presence of dot gain. This approach, based on image analysis, allows us to identify uniquely the domain of impact of each contribution. Six different paper-ink systems are analyzed and discussed, and all of them show a satisfactory correlation with the proposed model.

Circular action treatment (CAT) was developed for improving the strength of paper made from old corrugated containers (OCCs). The effects of the revolution speed of the circular blade, number of passes, and consistency of the stock were studied for application to paper recycling. The slowness, water retention value (WRV), and strength of the paper increased with increasing revolution speed of the circular blades and the passing time without changing the fiber characteristics (length, width, and kink angle) due to the improvement in flexibility and hydration degree of hornified fibers. However, the effect of CAT declined when the stock was passed more than 20 times. The thickening of the stock up to 25 % consistency enhanced WRV and strength of the resulting paper. Below 20 % consistency, the stock adhered to the wall of the CAT apparatus, whereas at higher consistency, the stock could not be treated effectively due to uneven impact. Consequently, when the OCC stock was thickened to 25 % and allowed to free fall from 20 times at the maximum revolution speed (875 rpm) of the circular blades, the strength of OCC paper could be effectively enhanced by CAT.

Fragments of converting adhesive films (namely stickies) are the cause of severe runability problems in paper recycling processes. These tacky particles are picked-up by the paper machine clothes, inducing their clogging, which is often at the origin of the break of the running paper web. To investigate stickies related problems, these particles are usually characterized by their concentration in the pulp. Industrial experience has shown that it is often difficult to relate the frequency of paper web breaks to the concentration of stickies in the pulp. In this work, we propose that paper machine runability issues are related to the amount of stickies that is effectively exposed at the surface of the sheet to the machine clothes, so that their concentration is not sufficient to describe the problem. A definition of the stickies exposure concept is proposed, through statistical geometry methods. The effect of stickies morphological parameters on their exposure is studied theoretically. Their orientation and distribution within the sheet thickness is found to be of importance as well. Hopefully, this new concept will help to better understand runability problems on paper machines using recycled raw material. Admittedly, stickies exposure only represents the geometrical aspect of stickies deposition problems. Hence, this approach is only the first step towards a more general description of the stickies related problems, which would take into account other parameters, such as adhesion and paper strength.

Real time paper surface-web measurement is one of the challenging research fields. The traditional laboratory method has many limitations and is unable to measure the entire tambour during the manufacturing process. It has been necessary to develop an online technique that could measure the surface topography in real time. An optical technique was developed, based on laser triangulation, and is applied to develop a new prototype device, which characterizes high speed paper-web surfaces over a wide scale of spatial wavelengths spectrum and computes the surface roughness in real time. The used multi channel pulsed laser diode, source of illumination onto the paper-web, is of benefit due to its low coherence length and is capable to deliver a powerful burst of light beam over a 1 µs duration, which delivers energy of 100 µJ per pulse. The short exposure time avoids blurriness in the acquired images which could possible due to the high speed and vibrations on the paper-web.The laser beam is shaped into a narrow line-of-light using cylindrical lenses and is projected onto a paper-web surface, which covers a physical length of about 210 mm. The created line-of-light cross section full width at half maximum, FWHM Gaussian distribution, is 2-3 pixels on the image. The line-of-light is projected onto the paper-web perpendicular to the plane of the surface. The low angled, low specular, reduced coherence length, scattered reflected laser line is captured by the 3 CCD sensors, which are synchronized with the laser source. The low specular light ensures to avoid saturation of the imaging sensors if the surface is very smooth, and obliquely captures the z-directional fine feature of the surface.The scattered phenomenon of the reflected light is responsible for the surface irregularity measurements. The basic image processing algorithm is applied in order to remove noise and cropped the images widthwise so that only pixels above a preset threshold gray level can be processed, which enables efficient real time measurement. The image is transformed into a 1D array using the center of gravity, COG. The accuracy and precision of the COG depends on the line-of-light FWHM, which, in turn, is responsible for the accuracy, noise and the resolution of the developed technique. The image subpixel resolution achieved is 0.01 times a pixel and uuncertainty in the raw data is 0.43 µm while it is 0.05 µm in the rms roughness.The signal processing steps combining the B-Spline filter and the filter in the spatial frequency domain were employed in order to separate roughness, waviness, and form and position error in the raw profile. The prototype is designed to measure online surface roughness and to characterize surface in a spatial wavelength spectrum from 0.09 to 30 mm, which is extendable to any required spatial range in order to cover a wide scale surface feature such as micro roughness, macro roughness and waviness. It is proven that exploitation of a simple laser triangulation technique could lead to an improvement in the overall quality and efficiency in the paper and paperboard industries and it can also be of potential interest for the other surface characterization problems.

This special issue presents a set of four selected papers from 8th International Forum on Industrial Bioprocessing (IBA-IFIBiop) 2019. The forum itself was held in Miri Sarawak, Malaysia from 1st to 5th May 2019. This symposium was co-organised by Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) Malaysia, Curtin University Malaysia and International Association of Bioprocessing-An International Forum on Industrial Bioprocessing (IBA-IFIBiop). Since the theme of 8th IBA-IFIBiop 2019 is “Bridging Sustainability and Industrial Revolution through Green Bioprocessing”, its papers are related to the latest advances and global development in the areas of bioenergy/biofuels, food technology and engineering, industrial biotechnology, environmental biotechnology, and upstream & downstream bioprocesses. This special issue collects four best papers presented at 8th IBA-IFIBiop 2019 focusing on food technology and engineering. Each paper in this special issue had undergone peer reviews to ensure its quality. We believe that this issue will serve as an essential literature leading to scientific and engineering progress in food engineering. We express our gratitude to the authors, reviewers and editors of this journal who make the publications of these papers possible.

This study focusses on non-aqueous facing methods in paper conservation. The aim was to develop facing systems which have sufficient adhesive strength to stabilize a paper-based object during a conservation treatment while at the same time being easily reversible after treatment without leaving any residues on the original. A variety of carrier materials, non-aqueous adhesives as well as different methods of adhesive application and activation were combined. Nylon, Rayon and Japanese tissue were coated with Klucel®, BEVA®, Aquazol®, Degalan®, Lascaux® and Plextol®. Adhesives were applied by brushing, spraying, stenciling and stamping. Subsequently, coated tissues were reactivated with different methods such as application of solvent vapors, application of solvents with a sponge or direct application of solvents. In addition, the reactivation was carried out by pressure and/or heat. The adhesive strength was classified using a simple peel test; by dyeing the adhesives, their penetration into the sample papers was made visible, and adhesive residues which may remain on the sample papers could be observed visually.

This article describes the implementation of results from a test series exploring non-aqueous facing methods in paper conservation (Bedenikovic 2018). The lessons learnt during the systematic study of different materials and methods were applied in a real-life conservation situation, and findings from the test series could be complemented with observations made in practice. The case study will discuss the conservation of a seventeenth century drawing damaged by ink corrosion. The severely degraded, brittle paper had to be secured with a facing before it could be removed from the mounting board. Adhesives introduced during earlier treatments posed additional challenges during the conservation process. A facing made of Rayon, coated with 2.5 % Klucel® G in water and reactivated with 96 % ethanol stabilized the drawing effectively during treatment and could be easily removed without damaging the object’s surface or leaving residues behind.

The key operation in tissue production is the creping at the Yankee cylinder. The tissue sheet is adhered to a Yankee cylinder and then detached from the surface with a blade. As a result a strong microstructure - crepe folds - is generated on the web. In this work the structure of creping pattern in CD and MD of tissue paper was studied. The samples available in this work consisted of bath tissue and towel grades. The significant difference between the samples was in the number of crepe folds. The tissue sheets were analyzed with an imaging system. The variation of crepe folds in images was studied in spatial frequency space through 2D Welch spectrum. It was noticed that the difference in creping pattern structure between the samples can be seen clearly in spectra. The creping pattern was simulated based on the creping pattern variation found from the Welch spectra of tissue paper images. The simulation was based on a set of sinusoidal terms representing several orientations and amplitudes. The amplitudes of sinusoidal terms located in regular grid in spectra were approximated with 2D normal distribution. Thus, the structure of creping pattern can be represented with three parameters originating from the deviations and location of 2D normal distribution. The creping pattern reconstructed with simulations contains the relevant features in the creping pattern of true tissue images.

COD reduction studies of paper mill effluent using a batch recirculation electrochemical method The conventional method of treating pulp and paper mill effluent involves the biological oxidation by bacterial action of aerobic and anaerobic conditions and aerobic lagooning method, which are less efficiency of removing COD. To overcome the drawbacks of the existing treatment process, in the present work an attempt has been made to study the electro oxidative destruction of the pulp and paper mill effluent using an electrochemical method and the effect of various parameters such as concentration of supporting electrolytes, current densities, flow rates of electrolyte and reservoir volumes of the effluent were conducted. From the experimental results it is observed that the rate of reduction of COD of the effluent increased with an increase in the supporting electrolyte (sodium chloride) concentration, current density where as it decreased with increase in the reservoir volume and the flow rate of electrolyte. The residence time distributions studies have also been conducted to study the behavior of the electrochemical reactor.

Time-dependent, stochastic failure is most common in practical situations where paper and board are used, such as web breaks and box failure. A theoretical treatment has been presented, starting from Coleman’s stochastic failure model to the models with structural hierarchy. Creep failure data of box and board published in the literature were analysed from the light of the proposed theoretical model. The results showed that the distribution of life time (not only mean life time) of corrugated boxes changes very sensitively with loading and environmental conditions. Generally the coefficient of variation varied from 6% to 90%. Another important parameter, the load sensitivity of damage growth also varied from 1.7 to 27. Such enormous variation of the key parameters is not a mere fluctuation of experimental condition, but represents the very nature of timedependent, stochastic failure. The stochastic failure model presented provides a framework for analyzing experimental data as well as for predicting life time distributions under general fluctuating loading conditions other than creep.

SUMMARY: Paper coatings are composite materials with their dielectric functions varying randomly with position. Their optical properties are determined by both refractive index fluctuations and topography. We demonstrate that near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) provides a unique capability of measuring simultaneously the information about both local topography and optical contrast at resolutions better than conventional far-field techniques. We present results of studying fine kaolin blends with broad and narrow particle size distribution ground calcium carbonates in top coat of double-coated paper from a high speed pilot coating. We found that the optical contrast in the proximity of the coating layer is a direct indication of samples diffusiveness. Also, our results demonstrate that the addition of fine platy kaolin increased the topographic correlation lengths resulting in a smoother varying surface. The NSOM measurements suggest that surface roughness and correlation length of the topography affect surface anisotropy and optical properties. The complex characterization approach introduced here may have potential applications in studies of optical loss, adhesion, and friction.

The objective of this position paper is to review the current medical evidence andguidelines regarding the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and to issue medicalrecommendations strengthening the timely use of insulin in patients with T2DMuncontrolled on noninsulin therapy. When noninsulin therapy fails to achieve or tomaintain HbA1c targets, insulin therapy is required. Timely insulin therapy couldprovide proper metabolic control that might prevent complications, lead toimprovement of life expectancy and quality of life.

At variance with vitamin K antagonists, the new oral anticoagulants (NOAs) can be prescribed at fixed dosage without adjustment by laboratory testing. However, this does not necessarily mean that the laboratory does not play a role for their management. This position paper represents the consensus document of three Italian scientific societies dealing with laboratory issues in thrombosis and hemostasis. It is aimed at reviewing: 1) which test(s) should be used to evaluate the anticoagulant effect of each of the NOAs presently available (i.e., dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban); 2) the patients to be investigated; and 3) the timing of investigation.

A study using coagulation-flocculation and ultrafiltration (UF)methods for pulp and paper mills’ wastewater (WW)was carried out. The reduction efficiencies of turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD), the removal efficiency of total suspended solids (TSS) and absorbance at 254 nm were the main evaluating parameters. Using coagulation-flocculation, the efficiencies of alum and polyaluminum chloride (PACl)were studied, when used alone and when coupled with flocculant aids. During the coagulation-flocculation process, use of a single coagulant, the coagulant dosage, and the pH, play an important role in determining the coagulation efficiency. At the optimum PACl dosage of 840 mg L−1 and optimum pH of 9.0, turbidity reduction was found to be 94.5%. A combination of inorganic coagulant and flocculant, or polymer was applied, in which PACl was used coupled with the polyelectrolytes Organopol WPB20 and WPB40. PACl coupled with Organopol WPB20 by optimal pH 9 gave a 98.3% reduction of turbidity, 91.9% removal of TSS, and a 60.2% reduction in COD. Ultrafiltration trials were carried out on a pilot scale. A tubular module was used with ceramic membrane. This membrane is a multi-channel membrane with an active surface layer made of Al2O3 and ZrO2. Within the acidic range, the turbidity and TSS were removed at above 99%.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of two original compositions of polyphenols-containing dietary supplement on lipid profile and level of C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with angiographycally verified coronary artery disease (CAD). Design and methods: 167 patients were selected during their scheduled post-event elective bicycle stress-test examination. All patients received standard CAD therapy and permanent statin therapy and had elevated total cholesterol (TC > 5.0 mmol/L) and/or CRP (>3.5 mg/L) levels. The study consisted of 2 days of polyphenol depletion followed by a 12-week supplementation period in a randomized, blinded, placebo-uncontrolled parallel design. Two different compositions SILVA 1 (Quercetine, linseed oil and Resveratrol), and SILVA 2 (Quercetine, linseed oil and Pycnogenol) were tested. Results: All parameters changed compared baseline and 1 and 3 months in both groups. CRP decreased from 2.48 ± 1.62 mg/L at baseline to 1.97 ± 1.15 mg/L, high density cholesterol (HDL-C) increased from 1.18 ± 0.31 to 1.38 ± 0.34 mmol/L, also decrease of triglycerides (TG) from 1.5 to 1.29 mmol/L after 3 months treatment in SILVA I group was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Changes of parameters between baseline and 1 or 3 months in SILVA II group were not statistically significant. Hovewer, decrease of CRP (from 2.6 ± 1.28 to 2.41 ± 1.68), decrease of low density cholesterol (LDL-C from 2.95 ± 1.2 to 2.88 ± 1.21), increase of HDL-C (from 1.25 ± 0.22 to 1.34 ± 0.23), decrease of TC (from 5.2 ± 1.3 to 5.1 ± 1.28) and decrease of TG (from 1.4 ± 0.41 to 1.3 ± 0.38) can be counted as tendency of changes. Conclusion: This study reveals the superiority of treatment with statins in combination with composition containing Resveratrol for correction of lipid profile and inflamation marker CRP of patients with CAD

A new control strategy using feedback control has been developed for the multi-cylinder paper dryer configuration to reduce moisture transients in the drying section. The air system in the blow boxes was used to control the fast moisture transients in the paper machine. The new control system was combined with a previously developed physical model and was then compared with a conventional moisture control system. The comparison concerned the ability to restore the moisture ratio for two different dynamic changes, a moisture disturbance and a paper grade change. By combining the conventional steam control loop with an air loop, it was possible to significantly decrease the transient of the moisture disturbance.

This paper investigates howcantis used to represent the social margins in the Old Bailey Sessions Papers. Cant refers to the special vocabulary that is associated with and used by people living on the margins such as thieves and prostitutes. Little work has been conducted on the use of this language in courtroom texts. Using a historical pragmatic framework, evidence of the actual occurrence of cant as well as metalinguistic evidence was generated through lexical keyword searches in theOld Bailey Proceedings Online. Then the use of marginal vocabulary was examined more closely in extracts from the Sessions Papers using historical discourse analysis. This paper argues that cant is enregistered and that the courtroom recorder and the editor of the Session Papers reproduced the cant language to highlight and draw attention to the maliciousness and culpability of those who were accused in court. Linguistic techniques such as glossing and metalinguistic commentary were inserted to foreground the cant terms in the text. In addition, this historical discourse analysis sheds light on how the witnesses in the courtroom make strategic use of cant terms to portray the defendant in a negative light.

The theory linking the development of mental disorders with the processes of human evolution assumes that these disorders may be the result of a side effect of natural and sexual selection processes. Creativity is one of the adaptive features associated with the increased incidence of psychopathological symptoms (as compared to the general population). In this review paper, the definition of creativity has been characterized, and contemporary existing theories on its background, have been presented. Also, the paper describes the relationship between creativity and the presence of psychopathological symptoms. Special attention has been paid to the relationship between creativity and bipolar disorder. The research results prove the existence of a correlation between a high level of creativity and a higher prevalence of psychopathological symptoms, particularly concerning the symptoms of bipolar disorder spectrum.