Search

This contribution presents and discusses selected methods and techniques applied in the area of tourist event assessment with a main focus on their economic effects evaluation. Besides the traditional evaluation models, such as the Input-output analysis or the CGE model, one newer and less common methodology – the local multiplier LM3 is introduced. This evaluation method has not been applied yet (in its full version) on any particular event, but it seems to have a potential to become more widespread, especially for evaluating events of local character and impact. This paper also observes the current research stages in terms of event tourism in the Czech Republic, where event industry increased its importance in the last decades. It offers an exhaustive listing of all the studies observing primarily event economic impacts in the Czech regions. The results of this study present a classification of the Czech events´ economic impact studies according to the applied methodology and also some recommendations for selection particular methodology according to a specific type of an event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformation of intangible cultural heritage into a tourist event has become commonplace throughout the world, and few governments can afford to turn down the economic windfall brought about by mass tourism. The Quebec government is no exception. Since the incorporation of the notion of intangible cultural heritage in its Cultural Heritage Act, it has made the cultural and tourism industries not only an essential vector for its dissemination, but also a means of ensuring its continued existence. However, the rapid pace of consumption of cultural products, imposed by both the cultural and mass tourism industries, leads us to question the durability of certain forms of intangible cultural heritage, which can only be transmitted over time. Therefore, it seems appropriate to reflect on the integration of intangible cultural heritage in a combined perspective of events and mass tourism, important parts of the local economic development of Quebec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The image of an America teeming with wealth was popular in Europe during the twentieth-century and fascination with American millionaires helped define relations between the continents. Spain was not immune, and for 50 years tourism administrators committed themselves to the task of attracting American visitors, convinced that they would be fundamental to the development of national tourism. Officially, the starting point of this development project was the personal relationship between the Hispanophile millionaire Archer Huntington and the Spanish tourism commissionaire Benigno de la Vega-Inclán in the 1910s, but the Ibero-American exposition of 1929 was the most strategic, as well as the greatest, tourist event of the period. During the 1950s, Spanish policy continued to view American tourists and their currency as essential. This changed at the end of that decade when Spanish officials realised that interest in Spain as a tourist-destination not only came from other sources, but was also linked to Northern European countries and to the new middle classes of the post-war era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine residents' perceived social costs and benefits toward an international tourist event, and their willingness to financially support the development of a permanent event facility. A telephone survey using a random sample (n = 600) of Albuquerque residents was conducted two weeks after the 1993 Kodak Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta (AIBF). The 23rd Annual AIBF was the largest hot-air balloon event in the world, with over 900 pilots competing in various races and contests. The nine-day event attracted over 1.6 million spectators to a 70-acre site leased to organizers by city government. Few social costs were experienced by residents, while a majority of residents experienced multiple social benefits from the event. Although residents' attitudes toward the event were mostly positive, few residents were likely to finance a stadium development proposal through property tax increases. Before taxpayer approval for permanent event facility construction is sought, tourist event officials should assess residents' social benefits and costs, and their willingness to pay. Failure to do so may increase risk of bond referendum failure or bond default. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Although the literature on experience as such, as well as various concepts pertaining to specific experiences (such as for example landscape experiences or tourist experiences is quite large, this article maintains that some of these conceptions are too ambiguous. Therefore this paper presents a threefold idea of the phenomenon of the tourist experience. Based on a review of tourism literature and general psychological literature it is argued that experiences are influenced by expectancies and events and that they remain or are constructed in the individuals' memory, forming the basis for new preferences and expectancies. Such a cognitive approach to the concept of experience highlights the distinction between the tourist event and its precursors and effects. At the same time this approach highlights the importance of the experiencing subject in constructing a meaningful concept of tourist experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the Spanish seaside resort of Sitges and its historical identity as a destination for gay tourism. The article focuses on the contribution of the carnival to the construction of Sitges as a world-class 'gay village'. From the carnival it is possible to observe the processes of integration of the local gay community of Sitges in the gay globality associated with identity consumption and international gay tourism. Carnival celebrations are the pivot around which we can order and better understand these processes through three chronologically successive identity periods: pre-gay, gay, and post-gay. Throughout these identity periods, carnival has provided a backdrop for negotiation and conflict between competing demands and interests: residents who view Sitges as a luxury residential neighbourhood, the demands of the gay communities, and the interests of the gay and lesbian tourism industry. We will also show that the way in which Sitges treats its gay citizens has been and still is complicated and somewhat contradictory. Carnival is an ideal setting to bring some of these contradictions into sharper focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we use practice theory to examine kiteboarding as a routinised type of behaviour; a social practice. By 'zooming in' we show how kiteboarding involves the active and performative integration of particular meanings – especially an exhilarating 'sensation of freedom' – materials and competences, which have to be learned in order to become a practitioner. New materials, technological innovations and changed behaviours of practitioners have made the sport more safe, popular and accessible. Furthermore, a constant interplay between producers and consumers contributed to a variation in kiteboarding styles: freeriding, hydro-foiling, waving, freestyle and big air. 'Zooming out' allowed us to examine the relations between kiteboarding and other practices, such as swimming, lifesaving procedures and nature conservation. Whereas lifesaving procedures to a large extent have been integrated in the practice of kiteboarding, the relation with nature conservation still is rather tense. For this reason, we suggest nature conservationists and kiteboarders learn from each other in order to give each other 'some space'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding residents' preferences for mega-sports events is a hot topic in tourism and event research. Thus far, most studies have assumed homogeneous preferences, and linear utility additivity of all event attributes when measuring residents' support. This study uses an adaptive choice-based conjoint analysis combined with hierarchical Bayesian estimation. In contrast to previous research, the method considers the entire spectrum of residents' preferences at the individual level and identifies non-substitutable dominant preferences (must-haves and unacceptables). A survey with 687 residents was conducted in Tyrol, an Austrian state with a remarkable Olympic tradition. The findings of this study extend the current literature by showing that the usually applied assumptions (homogeneous and linear additive substitutable preferences) are violated with substantial consequences. A simulation allows transforming the survey results into hypothetical referendum support rates for different feasible concepts of the Olympic Games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing discourse on the post-gay environment era where sexuality is not seen as a dividing factor, causing gay spaces and events such as Pride to lose relevance. This study consequently explored how lesbian, gay, and bisexual (queer) people perceive the role of Pride events in Sydney, Australia, and Johannesburg, South Africa. Using in-depth interviews, the findings indicate queer people still experienced unique struggles; however, prejudice was now disproportionately experienced by queer people of colour, those with disabilities, and trans people. Pride events serve a personal role in helping to affirm queer identities and provide a sense of normality and connection. It helped LGBTQIA+ people more broadly to come out by giving them a sense of community while drawing queer people's attention to minorities within the LGBTQIA+ communities. Finally, it helped provide the broader community with exposure to queer people while pushing the boundaries of acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For years, sustainable tourism has commanded the attention of academics and practitioners given its achievement through participatory planning. However, much research in the area has neglected to consider all voices of those (i.e., children) affected by tourism. This study, employing a post-test only experimental design, addresses this gap by including the voices of 498 children from six diverse European destinations concerning perceptions of tourism. Results show that children are willing to express their opinions given the opportunity. Moreover, their attitude towards tourists is negative, while they perceive locals to hold a subordinate position to tourists. In general, this study offers insight into children's attitudes to tourism from the host perspective, demonstrating that there is a unique insider's perspective that needs further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Min-Zhe bridge in Fu-Jian and Zhe-Jiang Provinces of China is a unique type of woven wooden arch bridge with important cultural heritage values in both tangible and intangible fields. Reconstruction (including in-situ rebuilding and relocation) is a traditional approach to extend the bridge's lifespan, which has been passed on and lasts till now. Today's reconstruction practice and its legitimation on intervening in the Min-Zhe bridge as both tangible and intangible heritage is discussed in this paper under the modern conservation context. Firstly, the reconstruction activities since its 'discovery' in 1980 are investigated through general information and case study. Then, the legitimation issues are discussed according to the criteria of the authenticity text for World Heritage bridges and the criteria of continuity for living heritage. Finally, suggestions on protecting the continuity of the building tradition and ensuring the reliability of the continuous production in the future are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to understand the role of 'senses in action' and how they become forms of organizing gourmetization and gastronomy in a texture of practices based on the 'Festa Junina' in Campina Grande, Paraíba State (Brazil). The 'Festa Junina' is the largest Saint John's Festival in the world. Drawing on the perspective of practice theories, we present how the gourmet culture influences gastronomy practice in the festival, focusing on aesthetic judgments and sensible knowledge. We performed sensory ethnography during two years of the festival (2017 and 2018). Our results show that gourmetization and gastronomy practices involve sensing: (a) the artisanal, (b) the enactment of quality in dish preparation, (c) materiality, and (d) taste-making. We conclude that gourmetization is an emerging phenomenon in gastronomy practice, highlighting the role of the senses in contemporary forms of organizing and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before the First World War, Pécs, one of the most dynamically developing Hungarian cities, was the largest in the region of Transdanubia. The losses of the world war and the subsequent three-year Serbian occupation caused considerable damage to the city's economic and social fabric. Besides presenting the economic background of Pécs, the current study also discusses the local boom in tourism, which was developing at a rapid clip in the 1930s. Recognizing the economic role of tourism, local leaders started to develop the sector, establishing the Tourism Committee and Tourism Office in 1933. An enticing promotion campaign was launched, accompanied by conscious product development, focusing primarily on cultural and ecotourism. The tourism product featured local heritage and the natural beauties of the Mecsek mountain range. A high standard characterised the design of venues, including accommodation and restaurants. New transit hubs were established: direct airline connections were inaugurated to Budapest and Kaposvár and a rail connection to Vienna opened. In making urban development decisions, factors taken into account included the needs of tourism, embracing such still fashionable activities as the integration of local products into the tourism supply. The developments of the 1930s have an impact even on the contemporary tourism of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism Geographies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Stock Camp is a regular attraction at the National Folk Festival (NFF), a premier annual tourist event in Canberra, Australia. It relies heavily on the "authenticity" of its Australian food, bush entertainment, and "authentically Australian" volunteers for ongoing popularity. Using an auto-ethnographic approach (Saukko, 2002), this paper explores the extent to which new Stock Camp volunteers ore prepared to accept the social positioning (Harré & van Langenhove, 1991, 1999 imposed on them by established Stock Camp volunteers. Findings from this study suggest that the social positioning of new Stock Camp volunteers imposes a strictly prescribed "authentic" Australian collective social identity, a gendered division of roles, and hierarchical power structures that make it difficult for new volunteers to accept the social positions imposed by established volunteers. Inflexible positioning may be a barrier to further volunteering commitment. Auto-ethnography is shown to be o valuable research methodology, especially in socio-cultural leisure research, as it enables the researcher to identify the processes through which better sense can be made of familiar and unfamiliar experiences within specific socio-cultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being a controversial spectacle, bullfighting is a cultural event with relevant touristic and economic impacts. Consequently, local support for bullfighting may be influenced by perceptions of the economic returns generated as a result of hosting this spectacle. This paper characterizes bullfight tourism, computes the economic effect of a bullfighting fair, and examines the extent to which perceived economic impacts affect its local support. As a case study, we investigate the bullfighting fair in Olivenza (Spain). After conducting a survey to nearly 700 attendees of the fair, we estimate this event's economic impact through an input-output model. An ordered probit regression and a logit model are next estimated to evaluate whether residents' support for the fair is connected with the perceived economic effect. Findings reveal that local support, especially from those attending the fair, is influenced by perceptions of positive impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines 1985's Isle of Man Year of Sport, an attempt by political leadership in the British crown dependency to host and create a series of sporting events which would serve as a platform to help reverse the dramatic decline of UK and Irish holidaymakers. To Manx parliamentarians and policymakers, sport provided a logical starting point for attracting tourists due to the island's association with the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy (TT) motorcycle road races, even though holding a Commonwealth Games in the island – a desired option – was considered unfeasible. The Isle of Man Government was additionally pursuing a strategy of themed 'years' to provide events to stimulate tourism. The Year of Sport's events included the Commonwealth Table Tennis Championships, the Isle of Man Special Olympics, and academic conferences. Its longest lasting contribution to sport, however, has been the first Island Games (known here as the Inter-Island Games), held every two years since (with the exception of 2021) in small-island polities/'nations' on the Atlantic Rim. The Year of Sport was reflective of both small-island politics and of an emerging (if debatable) consensus in tourism and sport management circles about the tourism legacies, inclusive of soft power, of sporting events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This conceptual paper aims at characterising event sustainability from a long-term multi-stakeholder perspective, moving beyond the concept of Triple Bottom Line and event greening. Starting from the premise that sustainability should be understood critically in the wider context of society rather than from a conventional event management lens, the paper focuses on how stakeholders create sustainable value for themselves and for society beyond a specific event. Events should be considered as platforms for value creating systems and, as such, they are enabling actors (individuals and organisations) to share and integrate resources in their own social systems. The adoption of a systemic perspective grounded in Service Dominant Logic allows the authors to conceptualise sustainability as Sustainable Value Creation. Constructs derived from Business Models literature are utilised to analyse the key components of Sustainable Value Creation because they offer insights on the complex process of the creation and sharing of sustainable value focusing specifically on the stakeholders' activities, relationships and resource exchanges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports on two students of color studying abroad in China and examines the dialectic between their interpretation of American racism and their agency to study in China and speak Chinese. There have been steady increases in the number of ethnically minoritized students among the study abroad population, but students of color typically travel to places associated with their ethnolinguistic heritage. Existing research exploring study abroad students of color also tends to examine – either exclusively or partially – heritage learners with ethnolinguistic or ethnocultural affiliations to their destinations. This study switches the focus to black and brown American students learning Chinese in China. The results shed light on the relationship between structural racism they encounter in the U.S. and their agency to seek a place as an alternative to white dominance and enact a discourse against American racism. However, paradoxically, they also dismissed the racialization that they experienced in China as simple gestures of curiosity. These findings illustrate the potential of foreign language learning to engage students from disenfranchised groups in the critical discussion of race relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationships between creativity and tourism are commonly discussed. The article, rooted in the experience of post-soviet countries, presents an experiment carried out within the course "Creativity in tourism" at the University of Łódź, Poland. The objective was to perform two psychometric tests to verify the level of students' creativity: Test of Creative Imagination and "Creative versus Imitative Attitude Scale Test". The aim was to answer the research question: may the introduction of the element(s) of creative pedagogy impact creativity of students. The main objective of this paper is to prove the necessity of taking similar actions and including methods and tools from the creative pedagogy framework in teaching processes at the academic level. The students achieved a high increase of fluent thinking. The high rate of the course given by the students may encourage looking for new solutions within the scope of stimulating creativity. The experiment thus constitutes an example of the introduction of a subject satisfying the needs of a dynamic job market and tourism into the academic teaching program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review study examines evolving themes in the scholarly literature on religious tourism and identifies research gaps that provide a basis for future investigations. The researchers evaluate a total of 84 studies of religion-induced tourism using content and thematic analyses. The findings show a plurality of approaches, both disciplinary and interdisciplinary, that extend to diverse methods, themes, applications, geographical foci and manifestations of the phenomenon. Understandings of religious tourism have evolved beyond pilgrimage and now encompass the meaningfulness of a destination. Recent explorations have extended beyond visitor motivations to consider their identities, such as individual religious affiliations and religiosity. The current paper contributes to knowledge by embracing infrastructure and the activities which occur in and around religious places as a legitimate study domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism Geographies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the links between communal violence in Poso, Central Sulawesi, at the onset of democratisation in Indonesia and contemporary politico-security dynamics. Poso regained national attention in recent years when East Indonesia Mujahidin jihadis set up a base in the region and declared allegiance to ISIS and joint police-military operations ensued. The article argues that scale and "performance" of the security operations – to weed out a small group of poorly resourced armed men – connects local-national-global dynamics and keeps the threat of terrorism and insecurity at the forefront of public discussion in Indonesia. This has served the interests of those advocating for a greater role for the Indonesian military in domestic affairs through revisions to the Anti-Terrorism Law and for better resourcing for the military. Yet, the evidence suggests there has been little local support for the ideology of the East Indonesia Mujahidin and the risk of widespread engagement or violence is low, especially given that the local discontent which initially drove the conflict has dissipated. Such developments raise questions as to whether Indonesia risks a return to the illiberal past when the military dominated many aspects of civic and political life and in some cases acted with impunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aim to determine the antecedents of sport tourists' loyalty toward both the event and destination. Data were collected from both the 2017 Chinese Grand Prix (n = 361) and the 2017 U.S. Grand Prix (n = 351). Then, the data were analyzed by using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The results showed the image associated with the hosting destination and the event is positively related to the sport tourists' attachment and loyalty. The outcome may be utilized in planning a recurring sport event that achieves higher sport tourist destination loyalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here the conglomerate bed consists of subparallel lenticular paleostream channels that contain copper-bearing ore shoots called the Calumet (or Main) ore shoot and the Lateral ore shoot. However, the conglomerate that contains vugs of manganite microcrystals shows little copper mineralization. The third locality where manganite microcrystals were found was the South Hecla mine on the southern end of the Calumet ore shoot in Calumet, Houghton County. [Extracted from the article]

Peace through tourism focuses on the place of tourism in promoting peaceful relations in positive multidimensional terms. Sport events are associated to tourism in that such events provide tourists with the opportunity to engage in friendly competition and social proximity brings local sport people, teams and communities in contact with societies from around the world. The main study aim is to examine and analyze how, why, under what circumstances, and to what extent a cross border sport tourism event can contribute to the promotion of a message of peace between Israelis and Palestinians in the Holy Land. The case study examines the Bethlehem to Jerusalem Peace Run in which participants were Catholic Italian pilgrims, Israelis and Palestinians. The qualitative methodology includes several forms of mixed data collection: participant observation; content analysis of media documents, and in depth interviews based on a grounded theory approach. The in-depth interview questions to the organizers focused on understanding the challenges and implications of organizing the event, and the extent to which it was important and successful, in their estimation. Participants were asked about their feelings during the event and their estimation of its importance and success. In light of the study findings, a typological model was constructed of tourism-sport-peace relations against a background of conflicts and confrontations. The model illustrates that the elements are interrelated and encourage peace-promotion aspects in three dimensions: at the decision-making and governmental level in the organizational dimension; at the level of people's feelings in the field in the social dimension; and in the positive media image that emerges in the media dimension, promoting positive coverage and a positive image. These insights and the proposed model should be considered for implementation in other areas of the world suffering from closed and hostile borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media have become an indispensable tool for promoting events and tourist destinations, but some tourism organizations are still unable to exploit their full potential. The present research addresses this issue and proposes a methodological framework that could help managers increase users' online engagement with tourist events and destinations' social media sites. In two distinct studies, this research identifies content- and format-related characteristics that trigger users' engagement, here assessed in the form of message liking, commenting, and sharing. Study 1 examines the messages posted on the official Facebook page of a religious event celebrated in a Southern Italian region. Study 2 examines a sample of tweets posted on the official Twitter pages of the same region's main tourism promotion agency. The results identify features that may increase the effectiveness of social media managers' promotional efforts, and also highlight differences across the two platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourists’ hotel event experiences have received little attention in tourism research. By proposing an integrated model of expectation-confirmation theory (ECT) and the experience economy concept, this research explores the relationship between tourists’ event experience and their satisfaction regarding the hotel event setting. The hypothesized model was empirically validated using a sample of 663 tourists who experienced a holiday event at a resort hotel. Results confirmed that the integration of the experience economy and ECT provided a better understanding of tourists’ post-satisfaction in a pleasure-driven setting. This affective-cognitive approach advances the knowledge of tourists’ experiences and satisfaction at hotel events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the comparative advantages of prestige service labelling (VIP), online marketing, and image differentiation when applied as marketing strategies to build tourist loyalty as a component of citizenship behaviour. The participants were 220 African tourists attending the World Club Dome Korea 2017 festival event. Following data collection, we conducted a hierarchical regression analysis to determine how VIP, online marketing, and image differentiation influenced tourist social networking service (SNS) citizenship behaviour. The results suggest that VIP and image differentiation to positively predict SNS citizenship behaviour, whereas this was not the case for online marketing. VIP had a higher influence on tourist SNS citizenship behaviour than image differentiation. In summary, strategies to attract tourists with high purchasing power should include prestige service branding with clear image differentiation. This exclusivity could be applied to online ticketing services for their added value to tourism promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Special events may cause significant disruptions to the community and affect the daily lives of the local residents. This study examines how local residents perceive the traffic impact of a major tourism event, the Macau Grand Prix, which is an annual event that takes place on a circuit around the streets of the city, Macao. An exploratory factor analysis reveals five factors regarding the traffic impacts of the event, and the residents of different transportation modes have distinct views on the traffic measures. Bus transit and pedestrian traffic management is found to be the most effective. The result provides the event organizer implications and assessment for the traffic planning and management measures in gaining support from the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Routine Activities Theory suggests that when there is the presence of a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian, crime has the opportunity to occur. Large sporting events accompanied by massive tourists bring these ingredients of crime together. The purpose of this study is to find out whether the crime rates spike in the host cities during the high tourist month of the Super Bowl. Twenty-four months of crime rates on eight types of crimes were obtained for every American city that has hosted the Super Bowl. Panel Data Analysis is used to test the Hypotheses of this study. The findings do not show a spike in crime rates during the month of Super Bowl for any of the crimes examined in this study. It is in the economic interests of all stakeholders to provide a safe and secure venue free of crimes for sports tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social & Cultural Geography is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores the multifarious nature of food-related experiences on a destination. A questionnaire was designed to capture the importance of culinary experiences on destination choice and travel satisfaction as well as the dimensionality of food experiences as perceived in destination restaurants. Fixed choice and open-ended questions were asked to explore the dynamics of travellers' food experiences. First, the findings validate the importance of understanding the relationship between food and tourism. Food may trigger destination choice and contribute to perceived satisfaction. Second, the findings illustrate that the structure of travellers' food-related experiences consists of three dimensions: what is served, the restaurant environment and food-related behaviour. Third, the findings suggest that food experiences include a dynamic aspect that prolongs lived experiences. In essence, the results imply that although not all travellers search for culinary-gastronomic experiences, each traveller is most likely exposed to the influence of food and food experiences. Moreover, travellers' food experiences are multi-dimensional and influential on many levels and they hold a dynamic characteristic that deserve scholars' and marketers' attention. Hence, various marketing activities that attempt to provide travellers with positive, memorable food experiences deserve to be managed on a strategic level as means of destination branding. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this study is to examine the validity of the instrument proposed by Delamere, T. A., Wankel, L. M., & Hinch, T. D. [(2001). Development of a scale to measure resident attitudes toward the social impacts of community festivals, Part I: Item generation and purification of the measure. Event Management, 7, 11–24] and to assess the local residents' perceptions of the Foça Rock Festival, which was held in Foça, Turkey. In order to achieve the validity of the instrument, confirmatory factor analysis with LISREL 8.8 was employed, the composite reliability, the estimated percentage of variance extracted by each construct, the discriminant and convergent validity were examined. Results indicated that the local residents' perceptions have two main dimensions with five sub-factors. Furthermore, the results also suggest that these two dimensions (social benefits and social costs) can be measured by 35 items instead of using all 47 items. The collective results indicate that when convergent and discriminant validities are achieved, construct validity is supported. The results also suggest that social benefits dimension is perceived positively by the local residents. On the other hand, other important findings of this study related to the social costs of the festival are the increases in traffic congestion, pedestrian traffic, ecological damage, litter and overcrowding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although commonly considered the core product offered by visitor attractions such as museums, zoos, and heritage sites, the visitor experience has proved a difficult construct to both define and measure. This article reviews the concept of visitor experience, drawing from literature in tourism and leisure research as well as museum and visitor studies, and identifies a number of issues on which the literature presents multiple perspectives. By clarifying these issues, this article takes a first step toward building a shared vocabulary to describe and measure visitor experiences. The article presents a conceptual scheme that describes relationships among key factors, and a multifaceted model of the visitor experience that offers a way of characterizing both its content and intensity. The article thus provides a basis for future research designed to capture this elusive phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Uses of game resources are under constant debate. One such debate focuses on hunting tourism and its contributions to rural economics. To prioritize future investment and inform policy decisions, it is necessary to identify the full economic consequences of the operation of hunting tourism companies in rural areas. However, the true economic significance of these typically small-scale companies is not apparent when examined on an industrial scale. These companies may nevertheless serve as a sustainable solution to local-scale rural challenges. In this article, the regional economic significance of hunting tourism is estimated for the East Lapland sub-region of northern Finland through the use of Computable General Equilibrium simulation models. Although these models are known to effectively evaluate short- and long-term regional economic effects of industries such as tourism, they have not previously been applied to evaluate hunting tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

For a long time in Scotland, diasporic – and popular – heritage with its imaginary emphasising kinship, stylised images and ritualised practices was either overlooked or discredited. The term ‘diaspora’ itself to define Scotland’s vast overseas population has been scrutinised for its usefulness. However, since devolution, it has gained currency in public discourse and policies and has led to the ‘re-diasporisation’ of Scotland. Yet, the ‘diaspora’ had long been identified as an important niche market in relation to heritage perceived as an economic resource. This article explores the changing perception and place of diasporic heritage in Scotland since the 1970s through two case studies. Focusing on processes of remembrance of nineteenth-century Highland emigration materialised through monuments and museums, it highlights the conflicting and shifting relationships that different communities – home and diasporic – have with their past, place and the meanings ascribed to them. The transnational memories increasingly promoted in Scotland act as a means of re-energising nationhood and initiating revisions and re-reading of popular and diasporic culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to better understand and effectively market to patrons who attend live entertainment performances, event venue managers need to have better information regarding these distinctive customers. This study explores the profiles and entertainment quality variables (e.g., performance quality, staff, and event facility) of 13,428 respondents at two venues in order to determine their overall satisfaction, revisit intentions and recommendations to attend an event at each of the respective venues. A principle component analysis revealed two entertainment quality factors, and four distinct patron segments were identified using K-means cluster analysis. These segments significantly differed and the findings may help event venue managers better understand how these patrons differ for future strategic marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Leisure/Loisir: Journal of the Canadian Association for Leisure Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sporting events are an important kind of travel attraction and hedonic service offering. This study examines the effects of travel motives and purpose on event loyalty through the mediating roles of event involvement and experience as well as the moderating role of spectator type. Based on a sample of event tourists at a major sporting event, the findings show a full mediation of event involvement and a partial mediation of event experience. Yet, the mediating effect of event involvement is moderated by spectator type in that the travel motives effect is significant for on-site paid and off-site spectators, but not for on-site complimentary spectators. In addition, the relationship between travel purpose and event involvement is more salient for on-site paid and off-site spectators than for complimentary spectators. This article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for theory and practice, the study’s limitations, and future directions of research. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The authors discuss wine tourism activities in the context of general tourism development in Slovenia. The country’s winegrowing areas have developed traditionally important viticulture, a relatively intensive production of typical grape varieties and in some cases also a distinct entrepreneurial spirit, which consequently reflects in tourism and regional development, based on diverse cultural heritage and natural values. Three Slovene wine regions are divided into nine wine districts with their own identities and more or less distinct terroirs. Despite a several centuries’ long tradition and a rich wine culture, it is evident that in national tourism strategies and development plans, wine tourism still does not occupy the position that it probably deserves, although most of the documents stress its potential for local or regional development. On the other hand, the authors recognize a significant interest among winemakers and tourism professionals for strategic cooperation and systematic approach to develop wine tourism in the selected destinations. The authors therefore focus on some paradoxes and emphasize examples of good practice at the national, regional, and local levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to research on metropolitan gayborhood trajectories and homonormative urban entrepreneurialism by assessing a South Florida case study. We probe allegations of gay men being displaced from South Beach and the opposing narrative of a sexually diverse city with undiminished appeal. To that end, we present expert informant interviews, participant observation, media archives, and census data showing that the remade gayborhood coexists and competes with other, more affordable LGBT nodes. While socioeconomic, demographic and cultural characteristics differentiate these clusters, exploratory spatial data analysis indicates that the majority of metropolitan same-sex households reside elsewhere. We acknowledge Miami Beach's recent pro-equality efforts, yet argue that homonormative politics conditions them. Public-private actions adopt corporate formats, prioritizing tourist-oriented initiatives and spectacular events that promote nonthreatening, market-friendly forms of sexual dissidence. The conclusion discusses implications for queer community-building in metropolitan regions fragmented by socio-spatial inequality and competitive city-marketing catering to heterogeneous yet exclusive global audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential for resident attitude surveys to reduce the negative community impacts of tourism is constrained by their emphasis on closed-ended cognitive statements requiring simplistic numeric responses. This paper explores ways to obtain and analyze open-ended survey outputs from 791 residents in order to develop effective prescriptive recommendations for reducing the negative impacts, and increasing positive impacts from Australia's Gold Coast Schoolies Week (GCSW), a contentious event associated with widespread, high-risk antisocial behavior. Thematic content analysis revealed super-themes of unambivalent “opposition” to GCSW (22.0%) and “support” (7.3%), but also three super-themes that are conditional. “Mitigative prevention” (49.8%) includes supervision, alcohol/predator restrictions, spatial/temporal containment and dispersal themes, while “mitigative enhancement” (14.1%) includes constructive diversion, education and balanced media coverage themes. “Mitigative justice” (7.3%) is dominated by rule enforcement. The outcomes indicate support for social exchange theory in the expression of strategies through which those exchanges occur. The mitigative super-themes inform a research-based template for sustainably managing both GCSW and other contentious tourism-related events elsewhere. Using Tosun's three-stage citizen's participation hierarchy, support was indicated for the “induced participation” middle ground of consultation, with little support for top-down “coercive participation”, or for the citizen control of “spontaneous participation”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend the research on the individual and community-level impacts of rapid growth development (boomtowns) to include communities that have been affected by a short-term, yet large-scale “mega-event”—the Olympics. Testing the assumption of generic similarities of social impacts between these two types of communities, we examined longitudinal survey data from six survey years (between 1999 through 2003, and 2007), gathered in Utah's Heber Valley (the site of the February 2002 Soldier Hollow Salt Lake City, Utah Olympic cross-country skiing venue), to test for differences across established indicators of social disruption. We find that the Olympics had an important positive effect on residents’ community satisfaction during the year of the Olympics. While the literature on rapid growth communities provided a useful framework for the study of mega-event impacts on communities, our conclusions indicate a need to establish a more robust model for assessing how hosting an event can potently alter the relationship residents have with their community. Specifically, future research should focus on understanding the social-psychological effects of mega-event social disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Research question: This paper examines the legacy of the Beijing Olympics perceived by non-host city residents almost five years after the Games and how that perception would affect attitude towards the hosting of the Games. Research methods: An empirical survey study was conducted in which data were collected from 468 residents of Shanghai through structured questionnaires. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) identified seven factors underlying the perceived legacy of the Beijing Olympics: 'Psychic income and social capital', 'Infrastructure and skills development', 'Networks and cooperation', 'Environment', 'Tourism and economics', 'Sport and health' and 'Identity and culture'. Results and findings: The findings demonstrate that the level of perceived legacy was significantly above the mid-point on all of the dimensions. In contrast, existing literature in western context demonstrated that on many dimensions values were below the mid-point, suggesting that the economic and cultural backgrounds of residents would make a difference. The paper also confirmed that perceived legacy would positively affect residents' attitude towards the hosting of Olympic Games, further highlighting the importance of continuous legacy leverage of Olympics. Implications: Evidence from this study points to the danger of underestimating the effort required by event planners to harness legacy and shift perception of host city image. More needs to be done, post securing event rights, to communicate with national and international audiences particularly in the developing world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the overwhelming research evidence discrediting the validity of Facilitated Communication (FC), Lilienfeld, Marshall, Todd and Shane (2015) have demonstrated that the use of FC is still prevalent in disability service and educational settings. They have comprehensively examined the persistence of FC, provided reasons for its persistence, and formulated key recommendations to address the insidious spread of FC. We concur with Lilienfeld et al. as depressing as it may be, particularly regarding the continued use of FC by clinicians, educators and researchers. Drawing upon our experience as practitioners in the field of intellectual and developmental disability, we offer the view that it is important to argue against FC from a human rights perspective using the United NationsConvention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities(2006). Put simply, FC is an abuse of human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An understanding of visitors' motivations to attend a multicultural event is essential for the development of attracting event offerings. Whilst it is acknowledged that a multicultural festival provides many benefits for tourists and residents alike, there is little consensus on why visitors are motivated to attend these cultural events. Furthermore, it is not confirmed whether these motivations differ amongst visitors based on other personal characteristics such as their age and income levels. To address these research gaps, 322 questionnaires were collected at two Australian multicultural festivals and analysed using exploratory factor analysis. Four motivational segments labelled asculture,escape,peopleandenjoymentwere identified. Differences amongst these visitor motivations were evident based on their profiling characteristics. This study has provided several theoretical and practical contributions relating to segmenting visitors to multicultural festivals. Future research opportunities and limitations of this research are also outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Himalayas are among the world's youngest mountain ranges. In addition to the geologic processes of mountain building and erosion, they are also highly vulnerable to human influenced change, occurring at local, national, regional, and international scales. A photo-elicitation methodology is employed to show how residents perceive those changes from historical perspectives, as well as their current conditions and impacts on their daily lives. Nepal's Khumbu region has undergone major social and environmental transformations since the 1960s when international trekking first began to influence the area's economy. The current perceptions of Khumbu residents of these changes are assessed through photo-elicitation interviews. Their responses are placed in the historical context of: (1) institutional and political changes, most of which have been driven by national government policies; (2) social and economic changes, for which the tourism economy has been central; and (3) environmental changes, reflecting the impacts of resource management and climate change. The mostly positive perceptions of Khumbu residents toward how their region has changed reflects general improvements in the physical and cultural landscapes of the Khumbu over time, as well as its continuing geographic isolation, which has helped to slow the rate of globalization, while also keeping the region a dynamic and popular tourist destination. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Using a dramaturgical perspective and Agama Djawa Sunda (ADS) or Madraisism as a case study, this article attempts to uncover the strategy used by the followers of ‘unofficial religion’ in Indonesia to successfully manage their unrecognised legal status. As a pragmatic response when being repressed, either by religious orthodoxy or the state, ADS utilises a ‘back and forth’ conversion tactic. The ‘front stage’ is the pretense of converting to one of the formal authorised religions, whilst at the ‘back stage’ they remain true to their beliefs. An analysis of ADS and the defence mechanisms employed to escape persecution contributes further to the discussion on ADS in Indonesia, a topic that has received scant attention from scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]