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AbstractThis study aimed to assess the bioaccumulation of selenite – Se(IV) – and selenate – Se(VI) – in Escherichia coli ATCC 11775 biomass. Escherichia coli cultures were exposed to low selenium concentrations (0.3–30.0 µM), and subsequent effects on growth and viability were evaluated. Selenium content in biomass was quantified using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), with Se recovery assessed through mass balance analysis. The average percentage of bioaccumulated Se exhibited variability depending on the Se species at different concentrations. At a concentration of 30.0 μM, elemental selenium formation emerged within the Se(IV) assay, leading to a significantly higher mean percentage of bioaccumulated selenium for Se(IV) (41.1%) compared to Se(VI) (15.8%). While the mean percentage of bioaccumulated selenium showed no significant variance across the Se(VI) concentrations, a significant difference was observed across the Se(IV) concentrations (ranging from 6.1% to 41.1%). Considering the percentage of Se recovered in the solid and liquid phases, the mass balance ranged from 82.1% to 94.5%. These findings underscore the ability of Escherichia coli ATCC 11775 to accumulate notable quantities of selenium, with the amount of bioaccumulated Se influenced by Se(IV) concentration but not by Se(VI). Furthermore, bacterial viability remained unaffected by selenium species and concentrations. This study contributes valuable insights into the bioaccumulation dynamics of Se(IV) and Se(VI) in non-genetically modified Escherichia coli, shedding light on factors governing selenium accumulation in bacterial biomass, particularly regarding natural biological representation, standardization, comparability, and applicability to environmental studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total selenium content of selenium-enriched agricultural products was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after microwave digestion. The total selenium content in the tested samples ranged from 27.9 μg/kg to 13.6 mg/kg. High performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was employed to determine selenite and selenate in selenium-enriched rice, tea, and garlic. The separation of inorganic and organic selenium was realized within 15 min by using 40 mmol/L diammonium phosphate (pH 5.0) and 60 mmol/L diammonium phosphate (pH 6.0) as the mobile phase with gradient elution. Selenite and selenate were isolated by ultrasonic assisted extraction at 78 °C for 30 min with 0.1 mol/L potassium hydroxide as the extraction solution. The detection limits were 2.5 and 5 μg/kg for selenite and selenate, respectively. The relative standard deviation was less than 5.5%. Recoveries of inorganic selenium were between 88.2% and 113.0%. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of inorganic selenium as well as total selenium in selenium-enriched rice, tea, and garlic. The results showed that inorganic selenium in natural selenium-enriched agricultural products is primarily present in selenite composing no more than 20% of total selenium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effect of dietary organic and inorganic selenium supplementation on chemical, mineral and fatty acid composition of ostrich meat. Forty ostriches were raised in two groups (OSe and IOSe, diets supplemented with an organic form and an inorganic form of selenium, respectively). The form of selenium had no influence on chemical composition of ostrich muscle. Although, there were no significant differences in total content of SFA, MUFA and PUFA, the content of LA and EPA was higher in the muscles of ostriches which were put on a diet supplemented with an organic form of selenium, what resulted in lower n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio in OSe group (9.99) in comparison to IOSe group (11.70). The results of the study indicate that dietary organic selenium supplementation improves the quality of the ostrich meat as related to the health promoting properties (LA, EPA and selenium content) of meat. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Selenium has been recognized as an important element from the perspective of human health and environmental geochemistry because it is either essential or toxic depending on its concentration and chemical form. The present work proposes a method for the determination of the total selenium and inorganic selenium species in wine samples using high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry detection (HPLC-ICP-MS). Wine samples were collected from shops in Beijing. Selenium was found in all these samples, with the concentration of total selenium ranging from 7.0 to 94.0ng mL-1. Inorganic selenium species in some wine samples were detected, ranging from 1.7 to 8.5ng mL-1 for Se (IV) and 1.8 to 14.7ng mL-1 for Se (VI). The concentration of Se (VI) compound in two samples was more than 10ng mL-1, and represents a potential danger for the health of people who consume these alcoholic beverages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of supplementation with inorganic forms of selenium (Na2SeO4and Na2SeO3) in concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.5 mM of three medicinal mushroom species:Agrocybe aegerita,Hericium erinaceusandGanoderma lucidum. Tested mushroom species grew in Se additions of 0–0.6 mM (A. aegeritaandH. erinaceus), while growth ofG. lucidumbodies was observed for 0–0.8 mM. For the latter mushroom species, the total Se content was the highest. Content of Seorgwas diverse; for control bodies it was the highest forG. lucidum(only organic forms were present), lower forA. aegerita(84% organic forms) and the lowest forH. erinaceus(56% organic forms). Accumulation of Se(IV) was generally significantly higher than Se(VI) for all tested mushroom species. There was no significant decrease ofA. aegeritaorG. lucidumbiomass with the exception ofG. lucidumbodies growing under 0.8 mM of Se species addition (15.51 ± 6.53 g). Biomass ofH. erinaceusbodies was the highest under 0.2 (197.04 ± 8.73 g), control (191.80 ± 6.06 g) and 0.1 mM (185.04 ± 8.73 g) of both inorganic salts. The addition to the medium of Se salts brought about macroscopic changes in the fruiting bodies of the examined mushrooms. Concentrations exceeding 0.4 mM caused diminution of carpophores or even their total absence. In addition, colour changes of fruiting bodies were also recorded. At Se concentrations of 0.4 and 0.6 mM,A. aegeritafruiting bodies were distinctly lighter and those ofH. erinaceuschanged colour from purely white to white-pink. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Tube-well water samples in several parts of the Northeastern region of Indian Punjab, where extensive cases of selenosis were reported earlier, have been analyzed for Se(lV) and Se(Vl). The total selenium in tube well water samples range from 12 to 93μg L-1. No speciation information has been reported so far in these water samples. Bloavailability of selenium from water is affected by its various chemical forms. As selenate and selenite are the dominant forms of Se in water, an ion-chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IC-ICPMS) method was developed for the on-line separation of selenite [Se(IV)] and selenate [Se(Vl)] and their determination in the tube well water samples. The selenium species were separated using an anion exchange column. A good baseline separation of both the species was obtained within 11 minutes. The detection limits for the Se species are Se(lV)=0.3μgL-1 and Se(Vl)=0.8μg L-1. An eluent suppressor was used after the analytical column to reduce the salt content of the eluent: NaOH and the water sample. The dominant selenium species identified in these tube well water samples was found to be Se(Vl). The concentration of total inorganic selenium in many of the water samples analyzed in this study exceeded the WHO limit (10 μg L-1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction method using magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified with 5-mercapto-3-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thione potassium salt (bismuthiol II) (MMWCNTs@Bis) as the sorbent was developed for the separation and preconcentration of inorganic selenium (IV) prior to its determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The prepared MMWCNTs@Bis sorbent was characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer and X-ray diffraction. Total selenium was determined after reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV) by addition of hydrochloric acid and heating the mixture in a boiling water bath. Se(VI) concentration was determined from the difference between the amounts of total selenium and Se(IV). Under the optimised experimental conditions, an enhancement factor of 196 and a detection limit (based on 3Sb/m) of 0.003 µg L−1 was obtained for aqueous samples. The relative standard deviation at 0.1 µg L−1 concentration level of Se(IV) (n = 6) was found to be 5.2 and 7.7% for intra- and inter-day analysis, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of inorganic selenium species in water and total selenium in food samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium is an essential micronutrient and has been shown to have an antioxidant effect. This can prevent different diseases such as coronary illness or cancer. Its deficiency generates neuromuscular disorders, which is why a recommended daily intake for humans of 55 μg/day has been proposed but it is not always covered. Selenium is integrated as selenoaminoacids to glutathione peroxidases, which are enzymes involved in redox reactions. Some yeast are capable of introducing inorganic selenium into the polypeptide chains of ribosome to later transform it into selenoaminoacids. In some cases, selenized yeasts are used as starter cultures in fermented foods processing. These yeasts are considered bioavailable selenium supplements and currently food science has developed strategies to include them within innovation processes of enriched products. Due to the importance of selenium in human health, the objective of this review is to present a state of the art of selenized foods, going through the importance of selenium in human health and the biochemical mechanism of biotransformation of inorganic selenium to organic species by yeasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium is a trace nutrient that has both nutritional and nutraceutical functions, whereas narrow nutritional range of selenium intake limits its use. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are less toxic and more bioavailable than traditional forms of selenium, suggesting that SeNPs have the potential to replace traditional selenium in food industries and/or biomedical fields. From the perspective of how SeNPs can be applied in health area, this review comprehensively discusses SeNPs in terms of its preparation, nutritional aspect, detoxification effect of heavy metals, nutraceutical functions and anti-pathogenic microorganism effects. By physical, chemical, or biological methods, inorganic selenium can be transformed into SeNPs which have increased stability and bioavailability as well as low toxicity. SeNPs are more effective than traditional selenium form in synthesizing selenoproteins like glutathione peroxidases. SeNPs can reshape the digestive system to facilitate digestion and absorption of nutrients. SeNPs have shown excellent potential to adjunctively treat cancer patients, enhance immune system, control diabetes, and prevent rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, SeNPs have good microbial anti-pathogenic effects and can be used with other antimicrobial agents to fight against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Development of novel SeNPs with enhanced functions can greatly benefit the food-, nutraceutical-, and biomedical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Selenium (Se) is an essential part of numerous selenoproteins, most of which are involved in the antioxidant system of the body. It is also required by poultry for the maintenance of optimal health and meat quality. This paper reports data from a study examining the effect of dietary source and concentration of selenium on broiler performance and meat quality. 2. Increased dietary selenium content markedly reduced feed conversion ratio (FCR) as a result of significantly lower feed intakes of birds while maintaining the same weight gains. 3. Selenium supplementation increased feathering, with organic selenium (selenised yeast) being superior to inorganic selenium (sodium selenite). 4. Birds receiving organic selenium in their diets had improved eviscerated weight, breast yield and reduced drip loss. 5. There were significant concentration × source interactions on yields of breasts and marylands (thigh plus drumstick), with elevated levels of organic selenium increasing the yields, whereas the opposite was true for the inorganic selenium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in selenium has been increasing over the past few decades with growing knowledge of its importance to overall health. The ability of several plants to accumulate and transform inorganic selenium forms into its bioactive organic compounds has important implications for human nutrition and health. In this review, we present the studies carried out during the last decade to characterize selenium species produced by different plant foods. Attention is also paid to the effect of selenium treatment on chemical composition and antioxidant properties of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chromogenic reagent 4,4′-dichloro(3-mercapto-1,5-diphenylformazan), Cl 2 H 2 D Z , forms a yellow–red-coloured complex with selenium(IV). The produced complex species was extracted quantitatively into n -hexane, and its absorbance was measured at 416  nm. The chemical composition of the extracted selenium(IV)-Cl 2 H 2 D Z chelate and the molar absorptivity at 416  nm were found to be [SeO (Cl 2 HD Z ) 2 ] and 9  ×  10 4   L  mol -1   cm -1 , respectively. The values of the extraction constants ( K D , K ex , β ) enable a convenient application of the proposed system for the liquid–liquid extraction procedure and sequential spectrophotometric determination of traces of inorganic selenium(IV) and/or selenium(VI) after reduction of the later to selenium(IV) with HCl (6  M). Beer's law and Ringbom's plots were obeyed in the concentration range 0.01–20 and 0.5–19  µg  mL -1 of selenium(IV), respectively, with a relative standard deviation of 2.2%. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of selenium(IV) or (VI) and total inorganic selenium(IV) and (VI) in tap and freshwater samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: This systematic review scrutinises the literature on white striping and wooden breast phenomena in broiler chickens, with a specific emphasis on identifying nutritional strategies designed to alleviate these myopathies. Additionally, the review sought to ascertain whether avian welfare was compromised when nutritional interventions were employed to address pectoral myopathies. Employing the ProKnow-C methodology, a total of twenty-two research articles were meticulously selected based on pre-established inclusion and exclusion criteria, following the Knowledge Development Process – Constructivist approach. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies featuring the application of nutritional strategies, specifically evaluating their impacts on the incidence of myopathies and their broader ramifications on animal welfare. Collated data facilitated to identify various nutritional strategies, evaluating their influence on the occurrence of pectoral myopathies, with researchers predominantly focusing on either white striping or wooden breast, or concurrently investigating both conditions. Upon a comprehensive analysis of the scientific content, the selected articles were categorised according to the applied nutritional strategies, namely: levels of crude protein, amino acids, and/or energy; antioxidants and various mineral sources; quantitative dietary restriction; and food additives. Our findings revealed a multitude of strategies deployed by the industry to mitigate the incidence of pectoral myopathies. Predominantly, these strategies fell into two broad categories: those associated with growth rate alterations, involving manipulation or retardation of the birds' growth curve throughout the production phase; and those utilising dietary antioxidants, whether natural or synthetic. Approaches related to the growth curve aimed at mitigating myopathy severity by controlling or slowing down avian growth. It is noteworthy that the scarcity of studies examining the impact of pectoral myopathies on animal welfare raises concerns that necessitate urgent attention from the scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contamination of water resources has always been a threat to the human health as well as the environment. Selenium as a contaminant can enter water bodies through various anthropogenic causes such as mining and agricultural activities, fossil fuels combustion, as well as due to its application in industries such as glass, food, medical and etc. In this review paper, analytical techniques for measurement and identification of selenium in water have been reviewed. Also, different remediation methods for selenium removal from water have been investigated. Principally remediation methods are categorized in three groups: Physical, Biological and Chemical. Recent research advances in each group including Phytoremediation, Bioremediation, Electrocoagulation, Adsorption and etc. is discussed and their advantages and disadvantages are presented. Employing Nano materials in selenium removal from water is gaining a momentum due to higher removal efficiency, however, there is still research gap regarding synthetizing of long-lasting absorbents and improving removal efficiency of selenium species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two Se sources on the early lactation of native goats, on nutrient digestibility, as well as nitrogen and energy status of Iranian native goats. Twenty-one native goats aged, approximately 41 ± 9 months and having body weights of 46 ± 8 kg were selected for the experiment. The goats were randomly divided into three groups with an equal number of goats. One group was supplemented with Selemax 2000® as the organic selenium (OS), the second group received diluted sodium selenite as the inorganic selenium, while the third group received no supplementation and served as the control group (C). The results of this research showed that the selenium supplement did not have a significant effect on nutrient digestibility (apart from crude fat) (P > .05) but, the dry matter, organic matter and crude protein intake significantly increased. However, faecal N, urinary N, total N production and energy status were affected by the treatments (P < .05). It can be concluded that OS seems to be a better choice, considering the nitrogen and energy available for metabolism and its partition between milk production and deposit/mobilization within the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic selenium (Se) is absorbed and enriched by plants and converted into a stable and nutritionally important organic form, which subsequently when consumed by humans or animals results in increased Se tissue levels. Brassica is one of the most potent Se-enriched plants. The aim of this study was to compare differences in Se enrichment between two predominant Brassica plants namely Brassica rapa Linn L. and Brassica tumida Tsenet Lee L. on Se metabolic parameters. Plants exposed to soil Se levels (0, 0.5, 1, 2.5 or 5 mg/kg) were examined on the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), Se levels and expression of Se metabolism related genes using soil pots. Data showed that activities of GSH-Px in leaf and root of the two Brassica species were significantly increased in the presence of Se at 2.5 mg/kg. Se concentrations of leaf, stem and root in B. tumida Tsenet Lee L. and B. rapa Linn L. rose from 0.31 to 21.84-fold (leaf), 1.15 to 15.16-fold (stem) and 2.11 to 15.26-fold (root) in the presence of metal in a concentration-dependent manner. The highest expression levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), ATP sulfurylase (APS), selenocysteine methyltransferase (SMT), serine acetyltransferase (SAT), cysteine desulfurase (CysD) and S-adenosyl-L-Met:L-Met S-methyltransferase (MMT) in leaf of B. rapa Linn L. were found at 1 mg/kg Se. The highest expression levels of ATP, APS, SMT, SAT, CysD and MMT in leaf of B. tumida Tsenet Lee L. were observed at 2.5 mg/kg Se. The Se concentrations in leaf, stem and root of B. rapa Linn L. were higher than in B. tumida Tsenet Lee L. under the same soil Se level conditions. At the same Se level, differences in the expression of Se-related genes were observed between these two Brassica species. Our observations may be used to optimize the utilization of Brassica as a nutritional source of Se by growing this plant under certain soil conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analytical atomic spectrometry is a well-established and widely-used analytical technique for the sensitive detection of inorganic elements in diverse samples. Sample pretreatment methods are still a critical part of elemental analysis, which are usually used to remove interfering matrix components and preconcentrate the targets of interest before analysis. Significant advances in the development of sample separation and preconcentration techniques for elemental analysis have been made in recent years. This review focuses on the applications of sample separation and preconcentration techniques for analytical atomic spectrometry, including liquid phase (micro)extraction, cloud point extraction, solid phase (micro)extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, chemical vapor generation as well as hyphenated techniques. This review presents several applications of the above sample pretreatment methods in recent years, whose advantages and drawbacks were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation examined the impact of nutritional vitamin E (VE) and Eruca sativa seeds powder (ESSP) on broilers' performance, physiological, and meat quality. A total of 350 two-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were used in this study. Chicks were allocated into five dietary treatments as follows: control (fed a basic diet), VE treatment (fed a basic diet supplemented with 150 mg/kg diet), the third, fourth, and fifth treatments were fed a basic diet supplied by different levels of ESSP (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg diet). Outcomes showed that chicks of VE treatment or ESSP (0.2 g/kg) significantly improved vital body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Additionally, relevant dressing and hind parts of the carcass for birds of VE treatment or ESSP at different levels were significantly increased. The results showed a significant improvement in meat quality traits. Moreover, ESSP (0.1 and 0.2 g/kg) groups represented a significant decrease in the total bacterial count and E. coli compared with other groups. In conclusion, ESSP positively affected broiler performance, hematological, and immunological indices, carcass characteristics, intestinal bacterial count, meat quality, and cooking properties of the resulting meat, especially at the level of (0.2 g/kg). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important stress factors that disrupt homoeostasis, i.e. stable internal balance, in poultry are environmental, nutritional, microbiological, and managing, negatively affecting poultry health and production. Over the past few years, the prevalence of heat stress conditions in poultry production areas worldwide has increased due to climate change. Among the environmental stressors, high ambient temperatures pose a significant challenge to poultry production, resulting in substantial economic losses and molecular and cellular changes that compromise animal health and productivity. High ambient temperature lead to an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative stress and damaging the antioxidant capacity of the poultry. Oxidative stress has the potential to harm cell proteins, lipids, and DNA, leading to cellular dysfunction. The amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that increase with the effect of heat stress is regulated by the antioxidant defence system together with transcription factors and vitagenes. Activation of vitagenes through transcription factors leads to synthesising various protective molecules that try to prevent ROS overproduction. Nutrients such as vitamins E, and C, selenium, and curcumin play a crucial role in antioxidant processes. When these nutrients are included in the poultry diet, they enhance the antioxidant defence system, thereby combating the detrimental effects of stress factors and improving the immune system's defence. This perspective on improving antioxidant defence for poultry under stress conditions concerns the activation of essential transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor-erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2). Therefore, the development of nutritional supplements that regulate vitagenes has become a priority for enterprises involved in poultry production. This review focuses on examining the impact of several nutrients on the antioxidant defence system and transcription factors in mitigating heat stress in poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium is a non-essential element with beneficial and toxic effects on plants, whose exact role in plant physiology leaves many unanswered questions. Various species of hydroponically grown plants produce defined selenium nano particles (SeNP) with a narrow size distribution and about 2 million selenium atoms by biosynthesis when being exposed to selenite, proving that green synthesis of SeNP is not only possible in plants extracts, but also in living organisms. The detection was performed with single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. These results require a new view of the selenium biochemistry in plants and its impact on nutrition, food sciences and medicine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis of elemental nanoparticles in general and selenium nanoparticles in particular by living plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new wave of dual Topo I/II inhibitors was designed and synthesised via the hybridisation of spirooxindoles and pyrimidines. In situ selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) for some derivatives were synthesised. The targets and the SeNP derivatives were examined for their cytotoxicity towards five cancer cell lines. The inhibitory potencies of the best members against Topo I and Topo II were also assayed besides their DNA intercalation abilities. Compound 7d NPs exhibited the best inhibition against Topo I and Topo II enzymes with IC50 of 0.042 and 1.172 μM, respectively. The ability of compound 7d NPs to arrest the cell cycle and induce apoptosis was investigated. It arrested the cell cycle in the A549 cell at the S phase and prompted apoptosis by 41.02% vs. 23.81% in the control. In silico studies were then performed to study the possible binding interactions between the designed members and the target proteins. A new wave of dual Topo I/II inhibitors was designed and synthesised via the hybridisation of spirooxindoles and pyrimidines. In situ selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) for some derivatives were synthesised. Cytotoxicity, Topo I and Topo II inhibitory assays, and DNA intercalation abilities were evaluated. Compound 7d NPs showed the best Topo I and Topo II inhibition. Cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, and molecular docking studies were performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology-based strategies can overcome the limitations of conventional cancer therapies. Hence, novel series of pyrimidine Schiff bases (4–9) were employed in the synthesis of selenium nanoparticle forms (4NPs–9NPs). All selenium nano-sized forms exerted greater inhibitions than normal-sized compounds, far exceeding 5-fluorouracil activity. Compound 4 showed effective anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7(IC50 3.14 ± 0.04 µM), HepG-2(IC50 1.07 ± 0.03 µM), and A549(IC50 1.53 ± 0.01 µM) cell lines, while its selenium nanoform 4NPs showed excellent inhibitory effects, with efficacy increased by 96.52%, 96.45%, and 93.86%, respectively. Additionally, 4NPs outperformed 4 in selectivity against the Vero cell line by 4.5-fold. Furthermore, 4NPs exhibited strong inhibition of CDK1(IC50 0.47 ± 0.3 µM) and tubulin polymerase(IC50 0.61 ± 0.04 µM), outperforming 4 and being comparable to roscovitine (IC50 0.27 ± 0.03 µM) and combretastatin-A4(IC50 0.25 ± 0.01 µM), respectively. Moreover, both 4 and 4NPs arrested the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and significantly forced the cells towards apoptosis. Molecular docking demonstrated that 4 and 4NPs were able to inhibit CDK1 and tubulin polymerase binding sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined sodium selenite, an inorganic selenium supplement, for its ulcer healing properties and antimicrobial activity against gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using disk diffusion and flow cytometry. The studies were performed over a concentration range of 1 μg/ml to 500 μg/ml sodium selenite. Mild activity was seen at 10 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml, a moderate response at 100 μg/ml and strong response at 500 μg/ml with a MIC value of 10 μg/ml. The compound was found to be active at low pH without any resistance after 10 passages. Flow cytometry data showed a characteristic shift of the viability peak in comparison with the control, thereby confirming the bactericidal effects of sodium selenite. Sodium selenite administered in Wistar rats, pre-ulcerated with naproxen and infected with H. pylori, showed ulcer healing and anti-H. pylori activity at a concentration range of 10–50 μg/rat; however concentrations of 100 μg/rat and 500 μg/rat were found to be toxic in the in vivo studies. In conclusion, sodium selenite shows both ulcer healing and anti-H. pylori activity at a low concentration (10 μg/rat) without toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our previous studies showed that Ganoderma lucidum bio-transformed 20-30% of inorganic selenium from substrate to organic forms by preferentially incorporating selenium into proteins. In the present study, four kinds of protein extracts from selenium-enriched G. lucidum were prepared with different extracting solvents, which contain water-soluble, alkaline-soluble, salt-soluble and alcohol-soluble protein extracts, and the effects on antioxidant activity of characterizations of protein extracts were studied. Results showed that water-soluble extract showed strongest antioxidant properties among all extracts as suggested by spin trapping experiment due to its characterizations, followed by the alkaline-soluble > the salt-soluble >the alcohol-soluble protein extracts, a result demonstrating that selenium content and amino acids composition of the protein extracts play important and direct roles in enhancing their antioxidant activities, and the protein distribution and sugar content have an indirect effect by influencing the characters and structures. The activity of water-soluble crude protein was verified by CuSO4-Phen-Vc-H2O2-DNA chemiluminescent analysis, and it should be selected as the subject to be studied and purified further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. This study compared the effect of dietary supplementation with organic or inorganic selenium (Se) sources plus control amounts or large amounts of vitamin E (α-tocopherol acetate) in broilers raised at control (20 to 24°C) or low (14·5 to 16·8°C) temperatures after 2 weeks of age. 2. The following dietary treatments were used from one day old. Diet 1, the control diet, comprised a commercial diet containing 0·15 mg/kg inorganic Se and 50 mg vitamin E/kg feed. Diet 2 was the same as diet 1, supplemented with 0·15 mg/kg inorganic Se. Diet 3 was the same as diet 2 but was supplemented with 200 mg/kg vitamin E. Diet 4 was the same as diet 1, but inorganic Se was replaced with 0·30 mg/kg organic Se. Diet 5 was the same as diet 4, supplemented with 200 mg/kg vitamin E. 3. Low temperature reduced the growth rate of broilers; however, at 6 weeks, there were no differences in the body weights of birds fed on organic Se supplemented diets housed at low or control temperature. The feed conversion ratio was significantly affected by low temperature but not by diet. The heterophil/lymphocyte ratio was higher in chicks after one week in the cold, indicating mild stress. Blood triiodothyronine levels were significantly higher in birds after 1 and 4 weeks in the cold but thyroxin was not affected. 4. Organic Se supplementation increased relative lung weight at the control temperature, which might lead to greater respiratory capacity. Relative spleen weight significantly decreased in broilers fed diets supplemented with inorganic Se under cold conditions, a possible indication of chronic oxidative stress. 5. At the low temperature, supplementation with organic Se alone, or with inorganic Se and vitamin E increased glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity and glutathione (GSH) concentration in the liver of broilers, which may indicate increased activity of birds' antioxidant defence against suboptimal environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydride generation (HG) coupled with AAS, ICP-AES, and AFS techniques for the speciation analysis of As, Sb, Se, and Te in environmental water samples is reviewed. Careful control of experimental conditions, offline/online sample pretreatment methods employing batch, continuous and flow-injection techniques, and cryogenic trapping of hydrides enable the determination of various species of hydride-forming elements without the use of chromatographic separation. Other non-chromatographic approaches include solvent extraction, ion exchange, and selective retention by microorganisms. Sample pretreatment, pH dependency of HG, and control of NaBH4/HCl concentration facilitate the determination of As(III), As(V), monomethylarsonate (MMA), and dimethylarsinate (DMA) species. Inorganic species of arsenic are dominant in terrestrial waters, whereas inorganic and methylated species are reported in seawater. Selenium and tellurium speciation analysis is based on the hydrides generation only from the tetravalent state. Se(IV) and Se(VI) are the inorganic selenium species mostly reported in environmental samples, whereas speciation of tellurium is rarely reported. Antimony speciation analysis is based on the slow kinetics of hydride formation from the pentavalent state and is mainly reported in seawater samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three sample preparation methods - proteolysis to determine the initial species distribution, and an in vitro gastric and gastrointestinal digestion to assess the bioavailability of selenium - were applied to extract the selenium from selenized green onion and chive samples. Ion exchange chromatography was coupled to a high-performance liquid chromatography-ICP-MS system to analyze the selenium species of Allium samples. The difference in the selenium accumulation capability of green onions and chives was significant. Chive accumulated a one order of magnitude higher amount of selenium than did green onion. After proteolysis of both types of Allium plants, high amounts of organic selenium species such as MeSeCys, SeCys2 and SeMet became accessible. In the case of Se(VI)-enrichment, selenate was the main species in the proteolytic extract. After simulating the human digestion, the organic species were just slightly bioavailable compared with the results from proteolysis. The inorganic selenium content of the selenized samples increased significantly and SeOMet could be detected from the extracts. As an effect of the significant pH change between the gastric and the intestinal tracts, two oxidation processes took place: selenite oxidized to selenate, while SeMet oxidized to SeOMet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) has a special place among the feed-derived natural antioxidants, being an integral part of selenoproteins participating in the regulation of various physiological processes in the body. As a part of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) Se belongs to the first and second major levels of antioxidant defence in the cell. There are two major sources of Se for poultry organic selenium, mainly in the form of selenomethionine (SeMet), which can be found in any feed ingredient in varying concentrations and inorganic selenium, mainly selenite or selenate, which are widely used for dietary supplementation. There is a principal difference in metabolism and efficiency of these two forms of selenium, with SeMet being more effective. In fact SeMet possesses antioxidant properties, however, in some conditions selenite can be a pro-oxidant. Se deficiency and excess in modern poultry production are very rare. In general, adequate Se supplementation is considered to be a crucial factor in maintaining the high productive and reproductive characteristics of commercial poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Selenium is an essential nutrient when consumed within safe limits. The toxicity risks are associated with inorganic forms of selenium such as selenite and selenate. This has led to a shift in its convention usage form from inorganic selenite and selenate to selenium nanoparticles or SeNPs. SeNPs are being extensively explored for their positive impacts in fields including agriculture and human health. The new agronomic era has led to the development of various nano-formulations to enhance plant vigor, yield, product quality, shelf life and nutritional status. SeNPs vitally act as immune-booster, antioxidant, antimicrobial, metabolome controllers, bio-assimilators and bio-stimulants for plant health. The recent studies establish the role of SeNPs in the eradication of pre-harvest challenges like high temperature and salinity stress, heavy metal toxicity, pest and microbial attack and metabolic dysfunction. SeNPs also have the ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), making them indispensable part of post-harvest management technologies. The functionalization and fabrication of SeNPs into packaging films has been exclusively studied to enhance shelf life, preserve nutritional composition and freshness of processed food products. The review focuses on recent methodologies for SeNP synthesis and their applications in agricultural practices along with detailed explanations of application methods, uptake and transport mechanisms within the plant system, dosage toxicity and crop health management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis is considered a degenerative joint disease that is characterised by inflammation, chronic pain, and functional limitation. The increasing development of nanotechnology in drug delivery systems has provided new ideas and methods for osteoarthritis therapy. This review aimed to evaluate patents that have developed innovations, therapeutic strategies, and alternatives using nanotechnology in osteoarthritis treatment. The results show patents deposited from 2015 to November 2021 in the online databases European Patent Office and World Intellectual Property Organisation. A total of 651 patents were identified for preliminary assessment and 16 were selected for full reading and discussion. The evaluated patents are focused on the intraarticular route, oral route, and topical route for osteoarthritis treatment. The intraarticular route presented a higher patent number, followed by the oral and topical routes, respectively. The development of new technologies allows us to envision a promising and positive future in osteoarthritis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study involved the functionalization of diatomite's bio-siliceous frustules with polymeric chains of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD/Di) to serve as advanced delivery structures for the anticancer drugs oxaliplatin (OXPL) and 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu). The β-CD/Di carrier demonstrated significant loading capabilities, particularly at saturation (324.8 mg/g (OXPL) and 425 mg/g (5-Fu). Both OXPL and 5-Fu were loaded onto the β-CD/Di according to the kinetic properties of the traditional pseudo-first order model (R2 > 0.90) and the isotherm assumptions of the classic Langmuir model (R2 = 0.99). The density of occupied active sites on the β-CD/Di was found to be 38.76 mg/g and 88.19 mg/g during the loading process of OXPL and 5-Fu, respectively. The loading energies, which were less than 40 KJ/mol, confirmed the primary and significant influences of the physical mechanisms. The observed release profiles of OXPL and 5-Fu exhibited significant sustained and prolonged characteristics for up to 100 h. The release kinetic modeling and diffusion exponent values (>0.45) verified the release of OXP and 5-Fu based on non-Fickian transport features and the erosion/diffusion process. The β-CD/Di carrier significantly augmented the cytotoxic effects of OXPL and 5-Fu on HCT-116 cancer cell lines (OXPL (9.72% cell viability), and 5-Fu (4.17% cell viability)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global threat of food security and food production for ever-increasing population are the key challenges nowadays. Enhanced agriculture production and a rise in the quality of crops are needed. Sustainable and eco-friendly agriculture approaches are required to improve crop yield and nutritional value which is decreased because of an increase in population rate, changing climate and inflation in a hidden hunger. Crop biofortification could overcome these challenges. Biofortification will indirectly target low-income households who cannot afford a more diverse diet by capitalizing on the consistent daily intake of food staples. Biofortified crops can be developed by conventional plant breeding, agronomic strategies and genetic engineering but these have not always been successful. In recent years, use of naturally occurring microorganisms in the soil, i.e. plant growth promoting microbes (PGPM) most especially bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi has been recommended as a promising approach for the biofortification of important crops. Micronutrient contents in different plant tissues such as roots, leaves and fruits can be enhanced by inoculation of soil and crops with rhizospheric and endophytic microbes. PGPM fortifies crops by a different mechanism such as siderophore production, zinc solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and phosphate solubilization. Microbial biofortification is a novel strategy because it not only the increases concentration of micronutrients in edible food crops but also improves yield on less fertile soil. In this review we are emphasizing the biofortification of crops by microbes as a sustainable and cost-effective alternation for improving Fe, Zn and Se content of crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foliar nutrient application could be used to improve plant nutrition status and be the fastest way to compensate for nutrient and soil fertility deficiency. Productivity and quality of red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. rubra) are affected by contents of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) which regulate enzymatic activity and enzymes mobilize carbon transformation into glucose. Use of red cabbage genotypes able to utilize nutrients efficiently is important in management of plant nutritional status. Five genotypes of red cabbage were chosen. The foliar spray rates, 0, 1, or 2 ml·L−1, of FoliartalⓇ were applied. The cv. Rio Grande treated with 2 ml∙L−1 FoliartalⓇ presented the most chlorophyll content (SPAD index = 68.73), highest leaf dry matter (17.82%), highest total soluble solids (9.55%), longest, widest and heaviest heads (35.83, 38.73 cm and 1.71 kg) respectively, most yield (71.45 t·ha−1) and highest head content of anthocyanin (611.52 mg/100 g). The cv. Mini plants given a 2 ml·L−1 FoliartalⓇ had the highest nitrate content in the head (57.12 mg·kg−1). The cv. Bordeaux treated with 2 mL∙L−1 FoliartalⓇ had the highest nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in heads (1.72, 0.59 and 4.56%), respectively. Foliar application of FoliartalⓇ, regardless of cultivar, improved vegetative growth, productivity and quality traits of red cabbage under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium-promoted oxidations enable a broad range of valuable oxidative functional group interconversions. Anilines are oxidized with hydrogen peroxide in water in the presence of selenium catalysts. The selenium catalyst determines the nature of the oxidation product; whereas nitroarenes are obtained employing diphenyl diselenide or benzeneseleninic acid, azoxyarenes are formed using selenium dioxide or sodium seleninate. The reaction mechanism relies on the reactivity of Se(IV) active oxidants, while Se(VI) species have been demonstrated not to be involved in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel two-step direct immersion single-drop microextraction (TS-DI-SDME) was reported for the sequential separation and enrichment of V(V) and V(IV) followed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry detection. Theonyltrifluoroacetone (HTTA) and chloroform were used as the chelating reagent and extraction solvent for TS-DI-SDME. In the first step, V(V)-HTTA complexes were separated and enriched in one organic solvent drop at pH 2.5, while V(IV) remained in the solution. Next, another organic solvent drop containing HTTA was immersed in the original solution after the extraction of V(V) for the enrichment of V(IV) at pH 4.5. This procedure avoids tedious and complicated pre-oxidation/pre-reduction operations, which may cause contamination and error. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection were equal to 3.1 and 2.6 ng L−1 for V(IV) and V(V) with relative standard deviation values of 4.9 and 5.8%, respectively. An enrichment factor of 300-fold was achieved for V(IV) and V(V). This method was successfully utilized for the determination of V(IV) and V(V) in beverages. To validate this approach, a water-certified reference material was analyzed with satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The egg provides the nutritional support for the development of the embryo; thus, the embryo's antioxidant system can be enhanced with antioxidant supplementation agents in the breeder's diet or antioxidant supplementation agents in in ovo feeding. The 19th day of broiler embryonic development can be cited as a moment of increased oxidative action on chick embryo tissues as on the 18th day of development, the chick starts the internal pipping of the air chamber and starts to have a greater oxygen supply, which can intensify the oxidative action and the generation of free radicals. The use of vitamin E in doses higher than 200 mg/kg in the breeders' feed influences the oxidative protection in the egg yolk, with a greater concentration of antioxidant enzymes (GSH-Px activity, SOD and catalase) in the serum, liver and musculature of breeders and in the serum of newly hatched chicks. Canthaxanthin (6 mg/kg) in the broiler breeders' diet is efficient in improving the results of egg fertility, hatchability and oxidative status of the newly hatched chick. Supplementing selenium in the breeder's feed is capable of increasing the availability of selenium for embryonic development and increasing the antioxidant capacity of the embryo's tissues, increasing the hatching. Vitamin E in ovo feeding was studied, but the doses administered need to be further investigated because there is a certain discrepancy between the results found. The only study that evaluated a commercial product containing canthaxanthin in ovo indicated an improvement in the antioxidant capacity of the embryo; however, it was recommended that the studies are carried out to elucidate the use of pure canthaxanthin. The present review found that oxidative protection of embryonic tissues during development and at hatching period is essential for an incubation with a high number of hatched chicks and a low incidence of embryonic mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High ambient temperature has emerged as a major constraint for the future development of the poultry industry, especially in the tropics and subtropics. The scarcity of resources coupled with harsh environmental conditions is the most crucial predicaments in the way to rationalize optimum production of broiler. Heat stress disturbs the physiological biochemistry of the broiler which ultimately reduces feed intake and feed efficiency which ultimately results in reduced performance and productivity. Under hot environmental conditions, feed utilization is disturbed by the deposition of fat and oxidative stress. In addition, changes in blood cells, acid-base balance, immune response, liver health, and antioxidant status are some of the major dynamics altered by heat stress. The broilers have a narrow range of temperatures to withstand heat stress. In this review, we have discussed the various physicochemical changes during heat stress, their possible mechanisms, and mitigation strategies to reduce heat stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to explore the immunological and antioxidant alterations associated with ovine postpartum disorders. Blood samples were collected from 90 adult Barki ewes and allocated into three equal-sized groups (30 ewes each): control group (CG), inflammatory postpartum disorders group (IPG) and non-inflammatory postpartum disorders group (NIPG). PCR-DNA sequencing approach was carried out for TLR4 (256-bp) and SOD (456-bp) genes, and nucleotide sequence variations were noticed to be associated with postpartum disorders resistance/susceptibility. Gene expression profile was also evaluated and levels of IL5, IL6, IL1-ß, TNF alpha, TLR4 and Tollip were significantly up-regulated in ewes affected with postpartum disorders than resistant ones, while SOD and CAT genes pattern elicited an opposite trend. Exploring serum profile also showed a significant increase of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MDA and NO in IPG compared to their correspond values in NIPG and CG. However, serum levels of IL-10, CAT, GSH and GPx were significantly decreased. This study highlights that SNPs in TLR4 and SOD genes could be genetic markers for postpartum disorders resistance/susceptibility in Barki ewes. Gene expression alongside serum profiles of antioxidant markers could also be used to follow-up the immune status of ewes to build up an effective management protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium in flue gas from coal combustion, released into the atmosphere, will affect the environment and human health greatly. The adsorption method can achieve good control of selenium emission, by using CaO as adsorbent, but CaO is easy to sinter at high temperature, resulting in the decrease of adsorption capacity. Therefore, thermostability ZSM-5 molecular sieve was added to prepare composite adsorbent to improve the adsorption performance for selenium at high temperature. CaO/ZSM-5 composite adsorbent was prepared by impregnation method, and its adsorption performance and mechanism were studied. The results show that the composite adsorbent shows stronger adsorption capacity at high temperatures. The mixing ratio has a great influence on the microstructure of the composite adsorbent influencing the adsorption capacity. When the ratio is 1:1, the adsorption efficiency of the composite adsorbent shows a good performance. At 900°C, the adsorption efficiency of Z1C1(ZSM-5/CaO = 1:1 wt%) can still maintain 67%, which is 32% higher than that of CaO. Si and Al in the composite adsorbent have different effects on the improvement of microstructure. The existence of Si is conducive to maintaining the stable skeleton of the composite adsorbent, improving anti-sintering, while the addition of Al tends to improve the porosity, furtherly ameliorating the structure of the composite adsorbent for high-temperature adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic and cadmium pose a potential health risk to human beings via rice grain consumption. In the current study, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Br (5 mM and 20 mM) and Se (1 mM) at rice tillering and filling stages on Cd and As accumulation in rice grain and their health risk indices. The results showed that Br or Se applications at different stages of rice improved the photosynthesis, reduce MDA content in flag leaves by 17.41%–38.65%, increased rice biomass and grain yield by 10.50%–29.94% and 10.50%–36.56%, and enhanced grain N and P uptake by 3.25%–34.90%, and 22.98%-72.05%, respectively. Applications of Br and Se effectively decreased Cd and As concentration in rice grain by 31.74%–86.97% and 16.42%–81.13% respectively. Compared to the individual treatment, combined 20 mM Br and 1 mM Se at the filling stage showed the lowest accumulation of As (0.149 mg·kg−1) and Cd (0.105 mg·kg−1) in grain, and its health risk index was below the acceptable limits (HRI < 1). This implies that application of Br and Se at the filling stage is a promising strategy for the safe production of rice in As and Cd co-contaminated regions. In this study, foliar applications of Br and Se at the grain filling and tillering stage demonstrate their effect on As and Cd accumulation. The findings showed that Br and Se resulted in the Se concentration in grains reaching the Se-enriched level, and the accumulation of As and Cd was the lowest. Furthermore, the application of Br and Se decreased lipid peroxidation, promoted N and P uptake, and increased the rate of photosynthesis in the rice plants, which resulted in increasing rice growth and grain yield. The HRI of heavy metals was below the acceptable limits after application of Br and Se. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic selenium has been widely studied for its ability to better fulfill the physiological functions of selenium. In this study, a novel organic selenium (wheat protein hydrolyzate chelated selenium, WPH-Se) was prepared by chelating the hydrolyzate of wheat protein hydrolyzed by alkaline protease (WPH) with selenium, its preparation process was optimized; and structural and functional properties were investigated. The results showed that the highest selenium content of 10.97 mg/g was obtained in the chelate under the optimal conditions (peptide/selenium mass ratio 2:1, temperature 80°C, pH 8, time 60 min). UV-Vis, FTIR, DSC and SEM provided more information for the characterization of WPH-Se. During the chelating process, selenium ions might be effectively bound to WPH through carboxyl, carbonyl and amino ligands, and the C=O bond and -NH, -OH groups might be the sites. At different pHs, the solubility of WPH-Se was generally lower than that of WPH, which reached a maximum of 32.69% at pH 6. The EAI of WPH-Se was higher than that of WPH, which reached a maximum of 0.84 m2/g, and the ESI reached a maximum of 47.3 min at pH 10. The free sulfhydryl content of WPH-Se was greater than that of WPH, which reached a maximum of 12.78 μmol/g at pH 8. WPH-Se was superior to WPH in terms of foaming ability and emulsification properties. WPH-Se contained a certain amount of aromatic amino acids (7.962%) and a relatively high amount of hydrophobic amino acids (38.490%), and had high nutritional value. Wheat protein peptide chelated selenium would be a useful functional additive, this study would provide data to support further research and application of selenium dietary supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The study was carried out to determine the effects of supplementing organic (OG) or inorganic (IOG) Se to record the performance, immune and anti-oxidant response in broiler chickens. 2. One-day-old Vencobb-400 (50.1 ± 0.84 g; n = 280) male broiler chicks were allocated randomly into seven treatments to give eight replicates containing five chicks each and housed in deep littered floor pens (76 cm × 91 cm) for a period of 42 d. 3. The control diet (CD) was formulated without any Se supplementation (diet I), CD plus 0.15, 0.30 or 0.45 mg/kg OG Se (diets II, III and IV, respectively) and CD plus 0.15, 0.30 or 0.45 mg/kg IOG Se (diets V, VI and VII, respectively). 4. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), immune variables and mRNA expression profile of hepatic selenoproteins (SepW, GSHPx1, TrxR and GSHPx3) genes were determined. The BWG, FI and feed conversion ratio did not differ among various dietary treatments. 5. The lipid peroxidation and activity of RBC catalase were lower (P < 0.05) in groups fed diets supplemented OG Se compared to those fed IOG Se and CD. The activity of GSH Px was higher among the groups fed diet supplemented OG Se compared to those groups fed OG Se and CD. However, supplementing diets with OG or IOG Se did not affect humoral or cell mediated immune responses. 6. The expression levels of SepW were higher (P < 0.01) among the groups supplemented with OG Se. Expression levels of GSH-Px1, TrxR and GSHPx3 were higher (P < 0.01) among the groups supplemented with OG Se compared to those groups fed IOG Se or CD. 7. Supplementing OG Se improved the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes and hepatic expression of selenoproteins genes in the present study. However, supplementing OG or IOG Se did not affect growth performance and immune variables in broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endemic selenium (Se) deficiency is a major worldwide nutritional challenge. Organic Se can be synthesized through physical and chemical methods that are conducive to human absorption, but its high production cost and low output cannot meet the actual demand for Se supplementation. Some microbes are known to convert inorganic Se into organic forms of high nutritional value and Se-enriched probiotics are the main representatives. The aim of the present review is to describe the characteristics of Se-enriched yeast, lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria and discuss their Se enrichment mechanisms. Se products metabolized by Se-enriched probiotics have been classified, such as Se nanoparticles (SeNPs) and selenoprotein, and their bioactivities have been assessed. The factors affecting the Se enrichment capacity of probiotics and their application in animal feed, food additives, and functional food production have been summarized. Moreover, a brief summary and the development of Se-enriched probiotics, particularly their potential applications in the field of biomedicine have been provided. In conclusion, Se-enriched probiotics not just have a wide range of applications in the food industry but also have great potential for application in the field of biomedicine in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, syringe membrane micro-solid phase extraction (SMMSPE) was described for the enrichment and separation of Te(IV) and Te(VI) prior to graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry detection. SMMSPE device is composed of a syringe and a disk filter, which was filled with flexible titanium(IV) oxide@silica nanofiber membrane as the sorbent. The adsorption behavior of Te(IV) and Te(VI) on the sorbent was studied in detail. The results showed that Te(IV) was quantitatively adsorbed on the sorbent in the pH range of 3.0-5.0, while Te(VI) remained in the aqueous phase. Te(VI) content was obtained by subtracting Te(IV) from total Te concentration. Total Te was detected after reducing Te(VI) into Te(IV). The key factors affecting the extraction efficiency and determination of target species were investigated. Under the selected conditions, the limit of detection was 1.8 ng L−1 for Te(IV). The precision expressed as relative standard deviation was 5.7% (n = 9). This method was utilized for the determination of Te(IV) and Te(VI) in environmental water samples with satisfactory results. To verify this method, a certified reference material of water sample was analyzed, and the obtained result was in good agreement with the certified value. Besides, the developed sorbent exhibited good efficiency, flexibility and recyclability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the fects of different levels of dietary silver nanoparticle (AgNP) powder on performance, intestinal microflora, carcass traits and blood parameters of broiler chickens. Three hundred seven-day-old Ross broiler chicks were randomly divided into five groups, each group replicated three times with 20 birds per replication. Chickens were fed the basal diet with 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg AgNPs per kg feed. Dietary inclusion of AgNPs improved the final body weight, cumulative weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The best broiler performance, carcass traits, and relative organ weights were observed in the group supplemented with 2.5 ppm AgNPs. Increasing the AgNP dose resulted in a significant decrease in the caecal lactose positive and enterococci bacteria populations, while lactobacilli counts were numerically increased. The silver residues in the breast and thigh muscle significantly increased (p <.05) in a dose-dependent manner. Dietary inclusion of AgNPs induced dose-dependent lesions in liver, kidney, spleen and duodenum tissues involving degeneration, necrosis, mononuclear infiltration and focal aggregation of inflammatory cells. In conclusion, despite its potential positive impacts on growth performance, carcass traits and caecal microbial population diversity at a dose of 2.5 ppm, dietary inclusion of AgNPs had the following negative effects on broilers: 1) silver residues in breast and thigh muscle, which may result in AgNPs transmission to consumers, and 2) cytotoxicity in intestinal, liver, spleen and kidney cells in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, we suggest the use of lower doses of AgNPs (< 2.5 ppm diet) in poultry production in the future studies. Dietary inclusion of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in broiler diets more than 2.5 mg/kg diets had many negative effects represented by accumulation of silver residue in broiler meat and the possibility of transmission of nanosilver to consumers. AgNPs had a cytotoxic effect on intestine, liver, spleen and kidney cells in a dose-dependent manner in broilers and might be harmful to chicken and human health. Therefore, we do not recommend using AgNPs as a dietary growth promotor or antibacterial agent in broiler diets and their use and marketing should be controlled and restricted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]