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The climb of Gasherbrum IV's (7,925 m) 'Shining Wall' in 1985 by Voytek Kurtyka and Robert Schauer is considered one of the greatest mountaineering achievements in the twentieth century, even though the two climbers did not reach the summit. The article explores three ways of understanding mountaineering without the objective of reaching the summit. I start with a game-playing approach and then a view on mountaineering that takes its inspiration from deep ecology and argue that while both have the potential for explaining important aspects of mountaineering, neither will fully account for the value of climbing mountains without summiting. Finally, I argue that we can supplement either of these two views with a radically different way of understanding mountaineering, which involves creating and appreciating a work of art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaelic League member, journalist, and fiction writer Mary E.L. Butler has been reclaimed from obscurity by recent scholarship situating her as an important Irish woman activist at the turn of the twentieth century. Best known for her Gaelic League pamphlet Irishwomen and the Home Language, she advocated women’s power to encourage the speaking of Irish and cultivate nationalistic sentiment within the home. While Butler’s writings for the advanced nationalist press have been well documented, her writing for the mass-market women’s press remains underrepresented in contemporary scholarship. Placing Butler’s work for the Irish women’s magazine the Lady of the House in its periodical context, this article will explore the methods Butler uses to advocate her cultural nationalist values to a largely Anglo-Irish female readership. Because Butler’s work for the Lady of the House endorses women’s suffrage, it will also enhance critical understanding of Butler’s views on women’s public-sphere activism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early 20th century witnessed the emergence of an orthodox Marxist-Leninist doctrine against terrorism. However, the 1970s, began to witness a wave of terrorism launched in the name of Marxist-Leninism. How can we explain this paradox? This article traces the intellectual roots of Marxist-Leninist terrorism to three incidents: the 1959 Cuban Revolution, the foco theory formulated with reference to the success of this Revolution, and finally, the relocation of the foco in urban centres. The initial doctrine against terrorism was based on tactical considerations and was consequently undermined by the successful deployment of small-scale asymmetric tactics and the ensuing socialist revolution in Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European geographical maps and nautical charts have distinct geneses and underwent separate evolutions. When scientific cartography was reborn in the beginning of the fifteenth century, following the translation and dissemination of Ptolemy's Geography, the portolan chart had already been established as an effective navigational tool for over one hundred years. And while new geographical maps started to be constructed by the erudite, using the coordinates and prescriptions given by Ptolemy some thirteen centuries before, charts continued to be made by artisans, on the basis of navigational data collected by pilots. Despite being a unique achievement in the history of cartography, if not in the history of civilization, the creation of the medieval portolan chart was still poorly understood at the turn of the twentieth century. With the introduction of new research tools and a deeper study of the extant sources, we have now reached a situation where the initial state of perplexity concerning the very emergence of the portolan charts has given way to a broad consensus about some central questions. The purpose of this article is to appraise the present state of knowledge regarding the so-called 'origins problem'. Les cartes géographiques et les portulans européens ont une genèse et des évolutions distinctes. Lorsque la cartographie scientifique renait au début du XVe siècle, après la traduction et la diffusion de la Géographie de Ptolémée, les portulans étaient déjà un outil de navigation efficace depuis plus de cent ans. Alors que des nouvelles cartes géographiques commençaient à être construites par les érudits, en utilisant les coordonnées et conseils donnés par Ptolémée quelques treize siècles plus tôt, les cartes marines continuaient à être faites par des artisans, à partir de données de navigation collectées par les pilotes. Bien qu'il s'agisse d'une réalisation unique dans l'histoire de la cartographie, si ce n'est dans l'histoire de la civilisation, la création de la carte portulan médiévale était encore mal comprise au début du XXe siècle. Avec l'introduction des nouveaux outils de recherche et une étude plus approfondie des sources existantes, nous avons maintenant atteint une situation où l'état initial de perplexité concernant l'émergence même des cartes portulans a laissé place à un large consensus sur certaines questions centrales. L'objectif de ce papier est d'évaluer l'état actuel des connaissances sur ce que l'on appelle, 'le problème des origines'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses popular novels and films in early-mid twentieth-century Britain. It argues that strangled women were increasingly depicted in violent narratives of adventure and domination by a male lover. The mass female audience for these erotic fictions demonstrates the psychic realm of escapism embedded within Alison Light's paradigmatic framework of 'conservative modernity'. During the interwar period, an erotic imaginary of sexual violence emerged that glamourised non-fatal manual strangulation as a transgressive form of courtship. This built on a late-Victorian cultural script of the 'monstrous stranger' that persisted into the twentieth century. Strangled women were commodified and normalised as mass entertainment by the 1940s, becoming the acceptable face of sexual violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As of today, archaeological theory is represented by numerous simultaneously developing approaches. Some of them feature the ways archaeological theory conceptualizes the past. Others are self-reflexive and explore the political and social dimensions of contemporary archaeological practice. However, these different ways to discuss today’s archaeology rarely approach it in a holistic way, while recent advances in the studies of arts and culture, namely metamodern studies, suggest another perspective and foster looking at archaeology as a whole, drawing connections between the philosophical aspects of archaeological knowledge and the social and cultural features of archaeology as practiced by 21st-century scholars. This paper tests metamodernism as a theory capable of structuring and coherently describing contemporary archaeological practice. After outlining the most prominent structures of feeling of the 20th century – modernism and postmodernism, – it introduces metamodernism as a theoretical framework that describes the culture and society of 21st century. While this framework does not present any novel paradigm or suggest any new way of conducting archaeology, it aims to structure the existing practices more clearly. This paper explores the capacity of metamodern concepts to bridge posthumanism, actor-network theory, and epistemic scaffolding and reveals their logical connection to the structure of today’s archaeological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to provide a comprehensive political and intellectual history of a topic that has fallen out of favour in recent decades: Marx’s notion of value. While political economy extensively discussed this topic in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it has been largely overlooked since the late 1990s, when discussions on Marx’s eurocentrism took precedence. This article proposes a novel approach to examining how the actors themselves, including Marx, conceptualised and addressed the challenges of translation and transferability of his notion of value. Firstly, it analyses the transfer between German, French, English, and Russian during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Secondly, it examines the adaptation to several vernacular Indian languages during the twentieth century. This particular approach aims to broaden the scope of debates beyond philological concerns, emphasizing their crucial relevance and implications for global political and social dynamics. The article will demonstrate that the translation of ‘wert’ as ‘cost of production’ led to a significant modification of Marx’s theory and its political implications, contributing to the tensions surrounding Marxism and socialist policies during the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractHousing cooperativism in Chile shows a discontinuous trajectory through different arrangements between the State, the market, and civil society. Since the mid twentieth century, cooperatives and self-organised housing developed alongside each other. While cooperatives for waged workers were supported by the government, a self-managed housing movement grew amongst the popular classes. The Military Dictatorship and its neoliberal reforms from 1973–1989 meant the demobilization of both groups and the fracture of the existing knowledge of self-organisation and cooperativism in housing. Despite this rupture, since the 2000s, cooperatives are re-emerging thanks to renewed links with Latin-American cooperativism and government’s support to self-management. From a historical perspective, we examine the main challenges faced by the re-emerging cooperatives amidst a persistent neoliberal policy environment. Our theoretical lens combines cooperative value-orientations with examples of agency in the new cooperatives. We conclude that the future of housing cooperativism in Chile depends on its positioning between ‘pragmatic’ and ‘reformist’ values to align with their environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Television writers’ work is considered women’s work in the context of the South Korean broadcasting industry in that almost nine out of ten of the more experienced writers in this industry are women. Using a feminist political economy approach, this article investigates how women became the overwhelming majority of television writers in South Korea during the 1980s and 1990s, and how this gendering process is connected with the precarization of labour in the South Korean broadcasting industry. The article describes how, by the end of the 20th century, the South Korean broadcasting companies reorganized and expanded a writing workforce that formerly wrote scripts for fiction programs into a gendered, precarious workforce that performed diverse duties across genres. This research further develops the concept of feminization of labour for understanding the precariousness workers have experienced and contributes to our understanding of the intersection of gender and labour issues in cultural industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how nostalgia for the late twentieth century has marked Greece since the 2010s. The analysis merges invisible observation and semiotic analysis to scrutinize nostalgic social groups on Facebook and brings the findings into dialog with interviews with creators of nostalgic places. Nostalgia is approached as an emotion that revolves around idealized utopias founded upon simplicity and togetherness in Greek society. Finally, the article argues that nostalgia represents a multi-sensory experience able to connect digital environments with ‘real-life’ experiences linking heterogeneous audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although a great deal of research has delved into the perception of rhythm and metre, relatively few studies have focused on how listeners perceive and aesthetically evaluate complex musical rhythms. Here, we ask what it means to perceive something as rhythmically complex, and whether there are affective, cognitive, and motoric correlates of rhythmic complexity in the context of twentieth-century music from Europe and North America. This paper examines how listeners respond to complex polyrhythms in terms of how they convey ‘mood’, ‘energy’, and ‘movement’, as well as three descriptors borrowed from Bartel’s (1992) Cognitive-Affective Response Test (‘exciting’, ‘structured’, and ‘complex’). Listeners’ ratings are compared with features derived from a corpus of short polyrhythmic examples analysed using a number of possible metrics for structural ‘complexity’. The findings point to significant effects of selected rhythmic variables, such as composite event density (notes per seconds in human performance), nested ratio (proportion of coinciding events across parts), as well as the ratio of event density and the differential in note-to-note variability between component rhythmic layers. Composite event density and nested ratio were positively correlated with most rated qualities, while event density ratio and note-to-note variability had variegated effects. Effects of several pitch-related features such as pitch height and sonority dissonance, as well as more basic aspects (duration and number of staves) were also observed. This paper argues that elements of rhythmic complexity play a significant role on perceived affective, cognitive, and motoric qualities of music, and proposes methods and measurements for further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing accounts of the relationship between brevity and the literary have been historically permeated with ambiguity. In contemporary culture, fiction and scholarship, brevity and the semantically interrelated notions around it, such as simplicity, attention, or immediacy, have become a growingly contentious object of discussion. This article aims to contribute to existing accounts on brevity by focusing on how late twentieth century and early twenty-first century literature have problematized narrative’s relationship with length. To do so, it first reviews three existing papers on the matter of brevity in narrative: Norman Friedman’s “What Makes a Short Story Short?” (1958), Paul Zumthor’s “Brevity as Form” (1983), and William Nelles’ “Microfiction: What Makes a Very Short Story Very Short?” (2012). Departing from the analysis of these three texts and the demarcation of the tense visions of brevity and its characteristics that they reveal, this article argues that the simultaneous use of brevity-related (intensity, epiphanic closures, condensation, openness) and length-related (density, ergodicity, complexity, diachronicity) features can be attested to in contemporary prose fiction across genres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selimiye, an Ottoman dynastic mosque, became a contested site of memory in the 20th century. As the Ottoman Empire disintegrated, Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey all had ambitions and even temporary control over Edirne during the first decades of the 20th century. Its unique location at the crossroads of nation-states provides fertile ground for investigating the role of architectural heritage in the formation of a nation’s collective memory, with a consideration of transnational influences. This article investigates the development and reception of commemorations involving the monument through close readings of newspaper reports from Greece, Turkey, and Bulgaria, as well as international media. It reveals the transnational dimension in forming a national frame of remembrance for the liberation of Edirne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout London’s history, marketplaces have not only been integral to its economy but also to how the city was imagined. Drawing on a diverse range of archives and sources—from tabloid journalism and film, through to oral history and photography—this article examines the ‘narration of London’ at one of the city’s most famous market sites, Smithfield. It focuses upon three moments when London’s meat market came to be seen as emblematic of the city’s story: as an ‘anvil’ for modernisation in the mid-nineteenth century; as an ‘insider’s’ account of the commercial empire in the early twentieth century; and as the last remnant of a ‘London lost’ on the eve of a new millennium. This article argues that the narrative power of the marketplace lies in its capacity for temporal rupture and connection—an ideal stage for dramatising the relationship between urban past and present. It shows how starkly and stereotypically gendered representations of Smithfield’s male workforce became one important means of understanding and articulating urban change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the twentieth century, many historians and sociologists tried to explain “Why the West?” At the end of the century, two major historians offered profoundly opposing explanations for the decisive differences: culture vs. environmental factors. Post-colonialists welcomed the latter (which won the Pulitzer Prize) and condemned the former as “Eurocentric.” Over the course of the opening decades of the new millennium, that attitude hardened into a dogma that so dominated the field, that to even espouse a cultural perspective got denounced as loathsome racism. This article examines how a form of politically correct “therapeutic” history has weaponized knowledge, damaged the ability to do historical analysis, and thoroughly disoriented Westerners at a particularly dangerous time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thundering Dawn, an English-language journal, was first published in Tokyo (Japan) and later in Lahore (colonial Punjab) in the early twentieth century. Known for its acute oriental wisdom, it is a significant archival source for understanding Puran Singh’s early philosophical perspectives. His profound appreciation for that period’s culturally rich milieu prompted the journal's inception for articulating his spiritual exploration. The journal's trajectory paralleled its founder’s, reflecting an extraordinary evolution. This study aims to delve into this relatively obscure journal and its transnational journey, providing a comprehensive content analysis of the presently accessible editions to reveal its true essence and character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tradition of compiling jiapu (Chinese lineage genealogies) was revived in the 1980s, and around 2% of the new generation of jiapu began to document male and female occupations comprehensively. These transformed new jiapu allow for quantitative estimation of the occupational structure of twentieth-century China, for which arguably reliable census data are only available from 1982 onwards. This study created, from scratch, the Yangtze Jiapu Dataset comprising 210,383 occupational observations. This paper outlines the methodologies for estimating occupational structure with the jiapu data. The jiapu data shed new light on existing estimates for the late nineteenth century and 1933, as well as the occupational statistics in the 1980s and 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the role of Italian publishers and intellectuals in Buenos Aires during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It examines how their activities relied on the concept of Latinity to strengthen collaboration between Italy and Argentina. By examining key publishing initiatives, it highlights the close ties between the two countries, forged through Italian immigration and a shared commitment to national development. The paper begins by analyzing the birth of an Italo-Argentine book market and the vital role of Italian associations in fostering bilateral cultural exchanges. It then discusses the influence of Italian publishers and intellectuals like Basilio Cittadini, Giovan Battista Cuneo, and Piero Barbera, whose works sought to promote Italy and Argentine's transnational identity as sister nations and advocated for international solidarity. The paper concludes by reflecting on the publishing efforts during the Centenary of Argentina's Independence, which contributed to shaping a transnational and transcultural Italo-Argentine community. This community laid the foundation for enduring cultural connections and dialogue, despite the challenges posed by rising nationalism and political changes in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italian economic thought between the 1960s and 1990s provided important scientific contributions and one of its most authoritative representatives was certainly Augusto Graziani (1933–2014). On the international plane, Graziani is mainly known for his monetary theory of production while his theory of development and his analysis of the Italian economic have drawn relatively little debate. The purpose of this work is to illustrate his analysis of development in the light of two main considerations: (i) Graziani was very interested in long-term development issues for a long time. The 1969 collective book Lo sviluppo di un'economia aperta (The development of an open economy), the various editions of his L'economia italiana (The Italian economy) (1972, 1979 and 1989) and his contributions on the economy of Southern Italy (Mezzogiorno) are part of an organic, continuous, detailed and impressive explanatory work of the economic events that affected Italy from the 1950s onward and on which Graziani devoted more than thirty years of his scientific activity. (ii) His analysis of development offers interesting tools for interpreting the effects of some Italian policy choices critically debated by a part of the contemporary literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study scrutinizes the common wisdom concerning Turkey's crucial geopolitical significance and central physical location against the backdrop of four global transformations that are taking place in the twenty-first century. These tectonic shifts include China's rise and the ongoing Sino-US rivalry, trade routes and supply chains favoring the Asia-Pacific, technological changes brought by the fourth Industrial Revolution and finally, the decarbonization process. Based on an examination of these new dynamics, the article concludes that Turkey's geographical location and its traditional 'bridge' status between Asia and Europe no longer provides it the strategic leverage it had enjoyed in the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing a summary history of the reception of Gadamer's work in English across a range of disciplines from literature to philosophy, this essay also explores elements of both influence and convergence connecting Gadamer's thinking with that of several key figures in twentieth century analytic philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that the object of the campaign medal can deepen our understanding of British Second World War veterans’ sense of veteran identity and indicate how far they, as individuals, have related to their wartime experiences over time. Unlike First World War veterans, this generation were required to claim their medals themselves, making them a useful marker to understand veterans’ connections to the conflict. Using interviews with Second World War veterans, newspaper reports and archival evidence, the experiences of individual veterans are traced over time. Situating this study within the fields of veteran identity and embodiment, veterans’ narratives with a focus on medals, uncovers how decisions whether to claim, use and wear their awards can be viewed as symbolic of veterans’ changing identity. These shifts were fuelled by the post-war climate, recollection and comradeship and the changing status of the veteran at the end of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People have power over nonhuman animals. This recognition is central to this paper, which focuses on the history of human and nonhuman animal entanglements in New Zealand between 1900 and 1932. Archival research is used to explore news photographs from this period. In doing so, the paper views how the human leisure activity of hunting was a cultural phenomenon in this place and time. Through this activity, people killed many wild nonhuman animals. The news photographs illuminate the injustices that nonhuman animals faced in early twentieth-century New Zealand due to a lack of recognition of their sentience. This was represented in the news discourse with speciesist principles that reflected the social conscience of the time and place. The paper reflects on this and considers how such a past can inform humanity about its relations with the nonhuman animal Other. It calls for a more animalcentric society in which people have better awareness, respect, and treatment for the sentient natures of nonhuman animals. Such an approach can allow humans to fulfil their obligations, as those in a position of power, to ensure dignity and justice for nonhuman animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early twentieth-century Hong Kong, the development of print media gave rise to the wide-ranging practice of translation and circulation of Western literary stories. Examining the strategy in reframing Western literary narratives of women in Chinese as published in a series of newspapers and periodicals in Hong Kong, sheds light on the uniformity of fictional women’s remolded narratives with women’s historical realities in the sociocultural locus of Hong Kong. This study investigates how literary translations converged with prevalent stereotypes associated with women, and serves as an informative case on the inquiries into the reconstruction of foreign women in early twentieth-century Chinese-language newspapers and periodicals in Hong Kong. It shows that a strategy of rewriting, conditioned by patriarchy and moral norms in the Hong Kong social scenario, was adopted in the literary translation in the Hong Kong newspaper The Chinese Mail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article finds novel evidence on the uncovered equity parity (UEP) condition by employing copula methodology with historical datasets spanning back to 1870. First, across 17 advanced countries over the twentieth century, a higher equity return currency tends to depreciate in real terms at an annual frequency. Moreover, we also find a statistically significant positive tail dependence between the real equity returns differential and the real exchange rate differential. That is, when real currency returns and real equity returns take extreme values, they tend to co-move in the same direction, implying a time-varying UEP condition that is also confirmed by our time-varying Student-t copula estimation. Our novel findings call for richer theoretical explanations on the UEP relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erythritol is a four-carbon sugar alcohol naturally produced by microorganisms as an osmoprotectant. As a new sugar substitute, erythritol has recently been popular on the ingredient market because of its unique nutritional characteristics. Even though the history of erythritol biosynthesis dates from the turn of the twentieth century, scientific advancement has lagged behind other polyols due to the relative complexity of making it. In recent years, biosynthetic methods for erythritol have been rapidly developed due to an increase in market demand, a better understanding of metabolic pathways, and the rapid development of genetic engineering tools. This paper reviews the history of industrial strain development and focuses on the underlying mechanism of high erythritol production by strains gained through screening or mutagenesis. Meanwhile, we highlight the metabolic pathway knowledge of erythritol biosynthesis in microorganisms and summarize the metabolic engineering and research progress on critical genes involved in different stages of the synthetic pathway. Lastly, we talk about the still-contentious issues and promising future research directions that will help break the erythritol production bottleneck and make erythritol production greener and more sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his critique of historicism and utopian social engineering, Karl Popper treats various writers – notably, Plato, Hegel, and Marx – as expounding these mistaken ideas, and as illustrating the threat they pose to ‘the open society’. Among contemporaries, one of those he singles out for criticism is the sociologist Karl Mannheim. While he spends relatively little time discussing Mannheim’s work compared to that of Plato and Marx, I argue that Ideology and Utopia and Man and Society in an Age of Reconstruction may have had particular significance for Popper. I examine his evaluation of Mannheim’s work, assessing its accuracy, and what it reveals about the similarities and fundamental differences in the orientations of these two writers, both of whom had a significant impact upon social science in the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to better understand how French refereeing and its elite-level referees accomplished the transition from amateur to semi-professional during the second half of the twentieth century. We will endeavour to evaluate this through the analysis of its structural evolution while also reflecting upon the careers of several elite referees active during this transitionary period. This research will also discern the manner in which FIFA progressively exerted its authority over the federations and in particular over the Fédération Française de Football with regard to the administration of their referees. From 1955 to 1970, French refereeing was characterized by its amateurism, both through its structures as well as through its principal agents. During the 1970s, beginning with the implementation of the 'Statut de l'arbitrage', the Federation adopted a more hands-on policy towards refereeing. Between 1980 and 1995, however, French refereeing would increasingly take on an semi-professional posture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to outline Dorothy Emmet's (1904–2000) account of perception in The Nature of Metaphysical Thinking (published in 1945). Emmet's account of perception is part of a wider attempt to rehabilitate metaphysics in the face of logical positivism and verificationism (of the kind espoused most famously by A. J. Ayer). It is thus part of an attempt to stem the tide of anti-metaphysical thought that had become widespread in British philosophy by the middle of the twentieth century. Emmet does not fit neatly into the traditional story of twentieth-century British philosophy. She draws on figures like A. N. Whitehead and Henri Bergson much more extensively than figures like Russell or Moore – and thus straddles the so-called 'analytic-continental divide.' My aim in this paper is to put Emmet on the map of twentieth-century British thought by outlining her philosophy of perception, highlighting her proposals for a way forward for metaphysics in a time of crisis, and identifying the ways she preempts movements in contemporary philosophy of perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay investigates and describes the political regime that dominated much of Irish political life in the twentieth century. It was marked by the rise, and eventual fall, of Fianna Fáil as the nation's government party. It charts the creation of the Fianna Fáil regime – the building of a government party to manage a state deliberately cast in its own terms – and then identifies and explores the long decade that saw the slow collapse of both. In the aftermath, the fragmentation of national political competition, and the challenges to the constitutional framework, have left a political regime bereft of the party and constitutional frames that long defined its core political moorings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dobe !Kung were a group of foragers living in northern Botswana in the Kalahari Desert. In the second half of the twentieth century, their butchery actions on animal prey were recorded (1968–1975) and their abandoned camps from 1944–1976 were excavated to retrieve faunal remains from butchered prey animals. Here we test the hypothesis that bone surface modifications on these excavated faunal remains accurately reflect these butchery observations. We find that despite a few exceptions, the observed bone surface modifications follow the expectations derived from observations of butchery of different sized animals. This supports the idea that past butchery actions, based on the location and presence of bone surface modifications on modern bones, can be confidently linked to past butchery behaviours. We also suggest that bone surface modifications can provide information about past hunter-gatherer processing behaviours, cooking styles, and use of hides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children's playgrounds became part of the urban planning and evolution of Western cities at the turn of 19th and early 20th centuries. The overall objective was to improve urban children's well-being and enhance safety by channelling play activities away from city streets towards designated play spaces. This article zooms in on the process of creating recommendations, norms and standards related to playgrounds. The subject under scrutiny is the standardization of childhood in Finland during the 1960s and 1970s, a period characterized by the most intense phases of urbanization, the establishment of welfare state institutions and the evolution of legislation pertaining to children's play spaces as well as vigorous discussions concerning children's environments. These planning discussions, norms and standards have had far-reaching consequences. They are not only prominently evident in today's Finnish cities but have also significantly influenced our contemporary perception of children's place within urban contexts. This study brings a social history approach to the academic discussion of the role of standardization in urban planning. Simultaneously, it examines the development of the increasingly standardized urban childhood in Finland in the 1960s and 1970s and asks what kind of childhood this standardization aimed to promote. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lobotomy was a widespread neurosurgical procedure in the first half of the 20th century. It was used as a treatment for various mental disorders. The development of psychosurgeries in Brazil, their indications, effects, consequences, advancements, as well as the social context of the population subjected to it are revised herein. Also, an illustrative case report of an elderly Brazilian bipolar disorder patient who underwent this procedure in the 1940's is described in this paper. The article promotes a critical debate around the ethical and social implications of this practice, contributing to the understanding and reflection on the history of psychiatry, neuroscience, and research ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yangtze River basin plays a crucial role in China's economy, and the impacts of drought and flood in the basin are becoming more uncertain due to climate change. Thus, a study was conducted to analyse the flood–drought rating sequence for the Yangtze River basin in 1470–2022. The frequency of flood and drought occurrences during the flood season followed a normal distribution. Extreme drought and flood accounted for 2–4% of occurrences. Partial and extreme floods increased notably in the 19th and 20th centuries, while droughts became more frequent after the 20th century. Furthermore, the Three Gorges Reservoir area's storage capacity did not significantly impact flood season precipitation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the reservoir area. This comprehensive study serves to uncover evolutionary patterns and trends of drought and flood, providing valuable insights for effectively managing water resources in the basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical scholarship on Britain's 1990s is in its infancy. Historians have not yet produced the volume of rich empirical work which has transformed recent understandings of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, an absence which this special issue begins to address. This introductory essay outlines existing frameworks for historicising the decade of the 1990s, from the influential 'Holiday from History' metanarrative to the idea of a neoliberal consensus, before setting out alternative stories and trajectories. In the political sphere, these include a heightened focus on questions of rights, citizenship and democracy, whilst in the arena of social and cultural change emphasis is placed on new forms of chosen community and the complex effects of digital technologies on selfhood and identity across the decade. The essay concludes with a discussion of the archive available to historians of the 1990s, encompassing the increasing prominence of the 'born-digital record'. Rather than constituting a coherent periodisation, 'the nineties', we suggest, offers a useful lens for thinking more broadly about change and continuity at the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The migration industry consists of actors and organisations (e.g. agents, brokers, agencies, corporations) through which migration is facilitated, organised, and accelerated. Although the migration industry gained prominence in the late 20th century within labour mobility, it has relatively rarely been the subject of historical analysis. This historiographical essay argues that employers' needs and demands for foreign workers, often ad-hoc, have triggered the emergence and development of the migration industry. Rooted in modern historical debates on labour migration, this essay aims to critically assess various forms of cooperation between employers and commercial actors worldwide and place those strategies within the migration industry. Inspired by dichotomous approach to capturing the relationships identified between employers and actors in the migration industry (i.e. agents and partners), this essay investigates the larger spectrum of types of relationships that have taken place historically. We argue that since the mid-19th century, we have witnessed an evolution of these relationships: from acting as a provider of labour (supplier or agent) to a greater professionalisation and consolidation of the relationship between employers and actors in the migration industry (partners and then allies). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airship R.38 was on its fourth trial flight before being fully handed over to the US Navy as ZR-2 when it crashed into the Humber just off the waterfront of Hull in August 1921. This project aimed to recognise and elaborate the significance of the R.38/ZR-2 in time for the centenary of the crash in August 2021. The significance of R.38/ZR-2 is framed by its build, use and loss: the crash embodies the history of airship development to that time, but also encapsulates the future of airships and aspects of aeroplane development also. The continued curation of stories and items showed that the profound impact of the crash still clearly resonates down the generations. The project also brought a fresh focus to the crash site of R.38/ZR-2 as a heritage asset: bathymetric data indicate that material from the airship could still be present within the bed of the Humber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical photographs are commonly available in landscape archaeology; however, they are rarely used systematically for the maximum benefit in terms of spatial and temporal information. In the framework of the al-ʿŪla Cultural Oasis Project (funded and steered by the French Agency for AlUla Development on behalf of the Royal Commission for AlUla), photographs taken at ground level by the Dominican Fathers Antonin Jaussen and Raphaël Savignac in the early 20th century a.d. were geolocated by identifying mountain peaks in the background and comparing distance ratios (on the photos) with angle ratios (on GIS). These locations were then visited in the field to re-take the photographs. This work demonstrates the value of recontextualized ground-level photographs to improve our knowledge of archaeological landscapes when cross-referenced with data from a systematic archaeological survey. We also propose a reproducible methodology for geolocating historical photographs in similar or other contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article revisits the work of the Argentine political scientist Guillermo O'Donnell (1936–2011), one of Latin America's leading intellectual figures of the twentieth century. While previous analyses have concentrated on his legacy in the social sciences, this study offers an intellectual history of O'Donnell's ideas on democracy and inequality. It traces O'Donnell's shifting perspectives, from a structuralist view of global centre-periphery relationships to an emphasis on individual agency concerning inequalities. The article presents, first, an analysis of his early work, in particular his conceptualization of the "Bureaucratic-Authoritarian" State, which was connected to a specific view of inequality characteristic of the 1960s and 1970s. Second, the article focuses on his second major work, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, in relation to the most important political event in Latin America in the 1980s and 1990s, namely the various transitions from dictatorship to democracy. Thirdly, the article examines in detail O'Donnell's ideas on the quality of democracy, the state, and inequality in Latin America in the 1990s and 2000s. By exploring O'Donnell's intellectual journey chronologically, the article illuminates the shifts and continuities in his work, thereby highlighting the evolving perspectives on inequality of one of Latin America's foremost intellectuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of social interactions in contract enforcement within the postcolonial Arab world, with a specific focus on Morocco. Through extensive interviews with members of the industrial elite during the import-substituting industrialization (ISI) period, we uncover a significant risk of contractual breaches. Despite this risk, there was a reluctance to use social connections to penalize those who breached contracts. Legal recourse was also rarely pursued. Instead, business leaders leaned on their social networks to assess potential partners and resolve disputes through bilateral channels. This reliance on social ties was facilitated by the close-knit and compact nature of the business community. In the post-ISI era, characterized by a larger and more diverse industrial elite, there was a noticeable increase in contractual disputes, accompanied by a shift towards more aggressive resolution methods. We present a theoretical model that elucidates how these dynamics naturally emerge from an environment where economic and social interactions are intertwined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dutch-language author Hugo Claus is one of the most celebrated and most translated Flemish authors of the twentieth century. Especially the French translations of his work fulfil an important position in the (inter)national dissemination of his work. Starting in the 1950s, his oeuvre enters the field of World Literature through the French translations and Parisian publications of his work, because French was still very much a lingua franca in the 1950s and Paris the centre of the World Republic of Letters. Even if Paris fulfils a gateway function, Claus's intra-Belgian bilingual francophone-Dutch contacts and networks prove to have been crucial in the coming about of the French translations of his oeuvre and reveal interesting interlingual and intercultural dynamics within the bilingual (multilingual) cultural area of Belgium. In this article, we will explore the position and dissemination of Claus's (early) works within a Belgian and international context, against the background of the mutual interactions between national and international networks and taking into account mechanisms of intercultural exchange, circulation and promotion within the (inter)national literary field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For several decades now, audio-visual artworks have routinely been described as "research" or "research based". However, the relationship between image, research and theory is often unclear, particularly when the artwork in question is produced outside formal academic frameworks like practice-based PhD or MFA programs. This essay asks how we can understand and interpret artworks that use materials and methods that approximate those used by academic researchers but do so through audio-visual means. Four artworks are discussed: Kajsa Dahlberg's Reach, Grasp, Move, Position, Apply Force (2015); Kalle Brolin's I am Scania (2016) and I am the Sun (2018); and Hanni Kamaly's HeadHandEye (2017/2018). All four highlight how image practices establish, reinforce, and subvert specific attitudes, ideas, and practices relating to work or the human body. The author's key argument is that the selected artworks can be understood as examples of the media-theoretical method of analysis known as cultural techniques. Cultural techniques have been defined within media theory as the chains of operations that link humans, things, and media. The scholar who uses this perspective searches for the rules, procedures, and documented practices that preceded and directed the development and formats of specific media technologies. This essay proposes that the four selected artworks show how fragmentation operates as cultural technique in different contexts. Fragmentation is shown to be at work beneath efficiency studies of industrial workers in the early twentieth century and the early twenty-first (Dahlberg); in the relationship between the sugar industry and coal mines in the south of Sweden in the early twentieth century (Brolin); and in the de-subjectification practices among colonial rulers in the nineteenth century (Kamaly). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nietzschean Übermensch or 'superman' was frequently invoked in sports-writing of the early twentieth century. While the misappropriation of this figure by the Nazis and Fascists in their programmes of national or racial renewal is well known, the superman appeared in other, less familiar contexts too. This article explores the various roles that the 'superman' played in Anglophone as well as German-speaking discourse prior to 1933, as a way of expressing, and interrogating, the ideals that shaped modern athletic culture and of framing long-standing debates in the history of sport: on professionalism and amateurism, national identity, commercialisation and specialisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers reflections on the centenary of Legal Foundations of Capitalism (LFC), by John R. Commons. It begins with the objective that Commons had in mind when writing LFC. Then it discusses his account of stages of Anglo-American history, which begins in 1066 and continues to the ever-evolving "reasonable capitalism" of the twentieth century. Next, I reflect on that historical account, discussing not only how it underscores Commons's commitment to the interests of workers, but also the historical lessons that LFC offers when read in conjunction with some of his other works. The rest of the article continues to follow the worker-oriented thread by considering labor law since LFC, Commons's view of the interplay between organized labor and democracy, and the future of American democracy. The article closes with a brief summary and conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores category traversing, the process through which migrants navigate state-imposed immigration categories. In the early twentieth century, Asian migrants were categorically excluded from entering the U.S. under the Asiatic Barred Zone, while exemptions were granted to merchants, diplomats and students. Drawing on immigrant case files from the U.S. National Archives, we highlight how Korean migrants navigate student status to circumvent race-based exclusion. At ports of entry, they curated a performance to present as a student in the eyes of immigration officials, with a proper display of scholarly knowledge and financial ability. Even after entry, failure to maintain student status invited scrutiny from officials. Responding to these demands, migrants agentially traversed the categories of student and worker to remain in a country that sought to exclude them. This paper contributes to this special issue by documenting (a) how migrants perform in accordance with state-imposed categories to navigate immigration regimes and (b) how they challenge those categories by traversing them as they see fit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between the 1870s and the beginning of the twentieth century, the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope underwent an accelerated elaboration and extension of its bureaucratic, legal, and spatial elements. This was part of a broader high-modern transformation that sought to make human geography ‘legible’ and open to state isntervention. Power over health and sickness formed an important component of this. Few groups of people experienced these changes as rapidly as isiXhosa-speakers in the area between the Kei and Mzimkhulu rivers that became the Transkeian Territories. Communities in the south-western areas closest to the Kei saw the most extensive engagements with colonialist measures regarding land, labour, education, and, of course, health. Their experiences provide useful case studies of this advance. Although historians of medicine and public health in South Africa have hitherto paid scant attention to the development of a colonial medical establishment in this area and its interventions before the twentieth century, a unusually well-documented case of smallpox mitigation shows how biomedical interventions before 1900 changed from accommodation to dictation in this colonial context and highlights some of the ways in which Africans sought to limit this intrusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hundreds of beads are collected every year on the shores of the island of Mozambique, dating between the 16th and the 20th-century. They are recovered in the sand and strung into neckless to sell for the best offer. More than archaeological artefacts and important historical, social, economic, and cultural items, they have a dominant role in the island’s local economy today. These archaeological materials are dispersed in time but also in space since they originate from Europe, Asia, and Africa. The privileged geographical position turned this African island into a logistical support platform for transoceanic routes, a mandatory crossing point for ships of the Portuguese crown, and for the other European monarchies that traded in the Indian Ocean. The beads are a palimpsest of cultures and trades, not only in the past but also in the present, and they still play an important role in their relationship with local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between Portugal and South Africa significantly shaped the regional politics of twentieth-century southern Africa. Notably, Exercise Alcora, the military alliance between Rhodesia, Portugal, and South Africa, is a well-documented aspect of Cold War history that has recently garnered increased scholarly attention. The availability of previously classified materials has revealed a more complex and nuanced account of the collaboration between Portugal and South Africa, whose early partnership laid the foundation for a broader supranational alliance in the region. This research delves into the genesis and evolution of South African–Portuguese ties, scrutinising the progressively strengthening connections from the 1950s to the early 1960s. It posits that, before the late 1940s, no substantial or well-defined relations existed between Portugal and South Africa. Establishing these ties was neither straightforward nor effortless; instead, it was a multifaceted and labour-intensive process influenced by critical factors. Both nations were united by shared ideological tenets rooted in nationalism. They concurrently experienced a waning of ties with democratic powers, notably Britain and the United States. Moreover, the apparent indifference of these Western states to the communist threat in Africa catalysed closer bonds between Lisbon and Pretoria, marking a significant shift in their geopolitical alignments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pungent odor of thiol compounds has never been an obstacle to researching effective high-yield methods of their synthesis. This is due to the vital roles they play in different areas of manufacturing, medicine, pharmaceuticals and others. This review presents some of the traditional preparation methods that have been developed at the end of the twentieth century together with the modern invented methods of synthesis. An analysis of the literature data on the most researched mercaptans and the most utilized source of sulfur has been made. The advantages and disadvantages of some of the methods have been presented. From the gathered literature data, it is clear that there is an increasing interest in developing efficient thiol synthesis methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geopolitical situation of a state located on a frontier between two (or more) cultures affects both its foreign policy and its warfare ideologies. Frontier ideologies are inextricably linked to this particular geopolitical situation, and one of the most prominent among these is that of the Bastion of Christianity. It should be noted, however, that this is not the only representative example. This article presents a typology of frontier ideologies, which can be divided into four categories: ideology of unidirectional mediation of culture; bastion ideology; the finger between the doorjamb and the door ideology; and ideology of bidirectional mediation of culture. This typology is supported by Hungarian ideas from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which represent the heyday of Hungarian frontier ideologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]