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Social enterprises, promoted by policymakers as effective and efficient public services producers and deliverers, are increasingly gaining academic focus. This paper explores the state of studies on social enterprise within Public Administration (PA) field, highlighting through a bibliometric analysis a community of 274 scholars contributing to 138 articles, grouped in six research clusters. We discuss three scenarios for SE-PA relationships: separation, cooperation, and integration into public administration & management (PAM) field alongside suggesting a future research agenda for SE in the PAM domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social innovation is an umbrella concept that allows space for a diverse range of perspectives to co-exist. In this paper, we explore how practitioners negotiate this complexity. Conducting 19 interviews with stakeholders involved in social enterprise and social care in Scotland, we show that almost anything can be conceived of as a social innovation as defined by the European Union. The EU definition can be a useful tool for organizations to demonstrate to funders how and why they are socially innovative. However, in failing to interrogate the power dimension of social innovation, the EU definition neglects any transformative potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing academic and policy interest in social enterprises, existing debates fail to answer how these organizations innovate without compromising their social mission. In particular, the mechanisms that assist social enterprises to innovate in line with their mission have been overlooked in the social enterprise literature. Through an empirical study of four social enterprises in Scotland, UK, we focus on Design Thinking and show that, through stimulating the engagement of diverse stakeholders, generating organizational knowledge and challenging traditional power dynamics, Design Thinking assists social enterprises in inducing missionaligned innovation. Through the lens of Intellectual Capital theory, our article shows the applicability of Design Thinking in the field of social entrepreneurship, and draws implications for policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a social enterprise in Slovenia that offered an innovative social activation program based on collaborative approaches. The characteristics of social activation in Slovenia with the legal context of social entrepreneurship are presented, and the innovative approach to social activation is discussed. The results are based on small qualitative research with two focus groups (with professionals and users of the project) and suggest the great importance of collaborative social work concepts: the individual working project of help and working relationship of co-creation as a potential for better results for users. Both the barriers and supportive factors to the use of collaborative approaches are discussed. Suggestions are made on how to put collaborative social work concepts into practice and how to increase competence for their consistent application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gloucestershire Gateway Trust (GGT) is a social enterprise initiative in Southwest England focused on Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD). This article describes a six-year action research collaboration that has sought to support the GGT and its local non-profit organizational partners using a variety of action research methods, including community surveys, Group Level Assessment, Future Creating Workshops, and arts-based methods. The development of a community resident research team (CCRT) model has been a core aspect of this partnership that honours local knowledge and experience while providing training and employment opportunities to local residents. This initiative and the action research partnership described here offer an innovative approach for using AR to support effective community development that could be replicated in a variety of other contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social enterprises are organisations comprised of two conflicting logics: social and commercial. However, simultaneous commitment to both logics often leads to tensions, making social enterprises fragile organisations at the risk of mission drift. The extant literature on hybridity highlights two important overall strategies – integration and differentiation - for managing tensions. However, integration or differentiation alone can create additional problems, which is especially true in the case of differentiation, creating a situation comparable to black and white, with a salient faultline and heated conflicts. In this inductive qualitative case study, responding to the recent call in the literature on how to mitigate such challenges, we will show that social enterprises could employ two strategies called people circulation and weaving warp and weft to achieve a reintegrated, embedded situation referred as yin and yang with a mitigated faultline and lessened tensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although social entrepreneurship has gained popularity and our understanding of social entrepreneurship has evolved, insufficient attention has been given to understand the behaviours of consumers, a key stakeholder of social entrepreneurship. Because consumers directly impact the performance of social enterprises, it is imperative to address this research gap. Relying on the theory of planned behaviour, we examine the relationship between consumers' intentions and behaviours when purchasing social enterprise products and services. Moreover, this study explores how consumers' sociodemographic characteristics, such as political ideology, trust towards social entrepreneurship, and household income, influence the relationship between consumers' intentions and behaviours. Based on a sample of randomly selected 972 Korean consumers, this study finds a consumer's intention is positively associated with behaviour, and the positive relationship between intention and action is strengthened when a consumer has a progressive political ideology and higher income level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social enterprises (SE) have played a prominent role in overcoming social problems in society and supporting sustainable development. In line with global trends, there is a growing interest of business firms, policymakers, and scholars in and engagement with SEs in emerging economies, such as India, as a promising and viable mechanism to address varied, complex, and widespread social development problems. In the wake of the increasing engagement of scholars and businesses, it is crucial to collate, review and synthesise scholarly research to develop a holistic understanding of SE operation in a developing economy set up. This article presents a systematic literature review of scholarly research on Indian SEs. The study analysed 101 peer-reviewed articles published over the last three decades, elaborates the evolution of research, presents a business model canvas of Indian SEs, extends the understanding of the interplay of value systems of society, growth of social entrepreneurship culture, and emerging market economies. The scholarly research is classified into six core research themes, major findings are reported and research gaps are identified to provide directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis research aims to find out why visitors tend to revisit social enterprises employing people with disabilities. The research used an exploratory sequential mixed methods design to achieve this goal. The social enterprise examined in this study is a restaurant where people with mental disabilities are employed. First, qualitative research was conducted through face-to-face interviews with visitors (n = 20). Qualitative findings have revealed four themes explaining the relationships between revisit intention and its antecedents. Secondly, quantitative research was conducted to test the hypotheses developed based on the qualitative findings and the relevant literature. Quantitative data were collected from the visitors of the social enterprise employing employees with disabilities (n = 361). According to the findings, empathic concern and pro-disability attitude positively and significantly affected consumers’ intention to revisit the social enterprise. Both dimensions of empathy, empathic concern and perspective-taking, positively and significantly affected the pro-disabled attitude. Considering that a perspective explaining consumer behavior in social enterprises has not been developed in the literature, this research contributes to explaining consumer behavior in social enterprises by creating the tripartite model with qualitative and quantitative data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the extent to which social enterprise practitioners' outlook on the capacity of social enterprises to transform inequitable socio-economic systems conforms to compensatory or transformative social enterprise theories of change. Data for the study was drawn from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with social enterprise managers and business developers in Manitoba, Canada. Study findings suggest that social enterprise practitioners can and often do hold both compensatory and transformative perspectives at the same time. In other words, while they may operate within a flawed, inequitable socio-economic system, they can also work towards the ultimate transformation of the system into a more equitable one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper brings together the fields of social entrepreneurship and social networks by using the social network analysis approach to map the evolution of the network of a social enterprise in India. The paper adopts a case-study approach. The paper asserts that local resources who are more proximate to the final beneficiaries, are central to a social enterprise's network along with the social entrepreneur using the centrality measures of actors in the network, which had not been attempted in previous studies of social networks of social enterprises. The study can thus provide lessons to social enterprises in identifying local resources and positioning them in the enterprise's network so as to optimise their utilisation. Additionally, the paper aims to throw light on high resource dynamism, a challenge that arises while leveraging these local human resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an investigation of how Early Years leadership is conceptualised by frontline staff in the context of a social enterprise nursery group in London, England. Moving beyond academic splits in the conceptualisation of Early Years leadership, it considers how those in practice make sense of leadership in the complex and fragmented Early Years sector in England. A diverse sample of 18 staff members across four nurseries developed conceptualisations of Early Years leadership through reflective dialogue. Thematic analysis suggested the following four facets in their conceptualisations of leadership: 1) being hands-on, warm and non-hierarchical, 2) renewing passion through a culture of sharing, 3) committing to a strong sense of social purpose and 4) acting with optimism in difficult contexts. We argue that these themes respond directly to the difficult balance of pedagogical, business and social needs encountered in the Early Years sector. Our main contribution though is the emphasis on leadership as a dialogical construct made and re-made in context and the implications of this for practice-based leadership development in the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has shown that social enterprises must constantly balance conflicting demands between their social and economic goals. However, little is known about the factors that shape managers' strategic choices in response to the tensions associated with social enterprises' hybrid nature. To address this issue, we conducted a case study analysis of six work integration social enterprises that draws on insights from previous literature on organizational hybrids and managerial frames. This study identifies two distinct cognitive frames that managers adopt to interpret the hybrid condition of their organization, balancing and integrative, each of which is associated with different types of strategies for managing hybridity, defensive and exploratory, respectively. Additionally, we unveil the mechanisms through which these frames shape hybrid strategies, namely, through the representation of the environment, representation of agency, and capability to integrate conflicting prescriptions. These results underscore the individual agency of managers and their idiosyncratic cognitive processes as important explanatory factors for the wide array of strategic responses observed in the management of social enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within Geography, as in other disciplines, the neoliberalisation of Higher Education has led to an increasing curriculum focus on graduate attributes with student employability as an outcome. The multiple and competing discourses of employability that shape pedagogies can at times ignore social enterprise and enterprising skills that are too often neglected within geography curricula. In this contribution we draw on our experience working with SIDshare, a co-curricula student run social enterprise operating as an NGO (non-governmental organisation), to show how enterprising skills nurtured through student communities of practice have enhanced employability. Drawing on a series of semi-structured interviews undertaken with graduates who previously participated in SIDshare we analyse how their engagement contributed to graduate employment outcomes. SIDshare had increased not only the development of enterprising skills and entrepreneurialism but also encouraged the development of transferable, so-called "softer skills". These included strong interpersonal skills, team skills and good working relationships as well as professionalism developed through participation in an extracurricular student community of practice alongside engagement with external partners. Effectual and causal reasoning skills were developed further encouraging entrepreneurialism. Graduate interviewees clearly demonstrated that their career success had been aided by their involvement in the co-curricular student led social enterprise, SIDshare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is derived from a study of the mission statements of a sample of 100 United Kingdom social enterprises. The purpose of the research was to reveal what insight such organisational artefacts provide in relation to the reconciliation of inherently dual social and financial objectives. It relies on multiple phases of qualitative analysis and draws out findings across two key themes: vocabulary clusters and the contextualisation of meaning; and, the presence of rhetoric in terms of communication and strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on interviews with key stakeholder groups of social enterprises in Hungary, democratic practices in decision making were seen as important features of social enterprises. However, there were several comments about participatory governance's negative effect on operational efficiency. One of the aims of the paper is to explore this controversial finding from the perspective of leaders of social enterprises. In the theoretical part we summarise the foundations of employee involvement and participation (EIP) in small businesses and social enterprises, and possible explanations of how (EIP) may impact job related flow experiences. Based on the qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with leaders of social enterprises, we propose as a hypothesis the measurement of the impact of participatory practices on flow experiences of employees and volunteers as an effective evaluation criterion for participatory governance. One interesting finding is that compared to other aspects of participation (e.g. strategic decision making and innovation) involvement in HRM practices (especially regarding the role of middle managers) in social enterprises seems to be with the most direct impact on the wellbeing and flow experiences of employees and volunteers that may be interesting for future research also calling for the examination of employees' perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-profit social enterprises address social problems with business models. This paper examines the founding years of an early non-profit social enterprise in the United States to highlight the role venture capital and venture philanthropy played in shaping performance measures. While venture philanthropies funded the creation of blended value models of performance measures, other practices from venture capital, such as taking board seats and engaging in managerial oversight, were quietly playing a profound role in the financialization of performance measurement in non-profit social enterprise. The early influence of venture capital valorised quantitative performance measures, the objectivity, calculability, and commensurability of which made them attractive to key stakeholders. More recent work in performance measurement have sought to incorporate a wider range of stakeholders. However, this paper explains the legacy of venture capital in financializing performance measures with which social enterprises continue to grapple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing the performance of social enterprises is gaining popularity in the academic world in recent years. However, different studies focused on different dimensions of performance evaluation. For instance, some studies measured social performance of the social enterprises while others paid attention to financial performance. Consequently, it creates a research gap lacking a complete picture of performance evaluation of social enterprises globally. Insufficient performance evaluation, limited assessment methods, and a lack of systematic thinking are the causes of this research gap. Therefore, this study aims to carry out a systematic literature review to provide a complete picture on performance of social enterprises. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses were used to generate a systematic literature review. The study reviewed systematically 35 scholarly articles that focused on social and financial performance of social enterprises. The findings indicate that social enterprises have strong financial and social support and can incorporate different types of resources and goals. It is also reported that performance, which is frequently linked with specific external and internal assistance are essential variables in enabling social enterprises to grow. The study findings might provide a new insight and understanding to fulfil the research gap in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This conceptual research aims to study the core components of India's first proposed Social Stock Exchange (SSE), its structure and regulations, including types of eligible social enterprises, investors and financial instruments, disclosures, and reporting requirements along with the global SSE to carry out an informed and nuanced comparison. The research relies primarily on secondary and descriptive in the study. The study results show that India, the world's most populous democracy, is about to launch a SSE in 2021 which will serve as a mediator between social enterprises that need funding and investors who are willing to invest their money and by designing and providing robust solutions which transform the habit of charity into a culture of social investment. Exchange focuses more on the development of the ecosystem, emphasizing policy and regulatory advocacy where Social ends and profit motives do not contradict each other. This implies profit generation for social purposes is a key sustainability feature. SSE should be a means for the markets to serve the society not for society to serve the markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to offer a synopsis of the progression in scholarly research in social business enterprises (SBE). The study entails bibliometric analysis, and bibliographic data visualisation using the Scopus database, generating alluvial diagrams using Rawgraphs platform and identification of thematic clusters in SBE research. The results of our bibliometric analysis show that there is significant growth in the number of publications in the research domain of SBE, with a thematic focus in particular areas. Our scientiometric research shall also act as a point of reference on the extant and embryonic topics, designs and methodological choices for future SBE studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on social entrepreneurship are unexplored at this time. However, recent literature argues that social entrepreneurship is a critical tool for addressing issues both created and exacerbated from this virus. As such, this article aims to answer the question: What considerations should be made when examining the impact of COVID-19 on the social enterprise sector? This paper argues that close attention must be paid to social enterprise: (1) financial performance, challenges, and opportunities, (2) geographic location and its influences on opportunities or obstacles, and (3) resilience strategies employed to address issues caused or exacerbated by COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation in addiction recovery in Scotland includes the transfer of effective models from other countries, such as San Patrignano, Italy and Basta, Sweden. Independence from Drugs and Alcohol Scotland (IFDAS) was founded to develop a new model for Scotland, based on social enterprise. Drawing on the San Patrignano programme theory, this prospective study investigates IFDAS stakeholders' perspectives on which mechanisms should be transferred, and which require adaptation of the delivery mode, for the Scottish context. Data collection included interviews with ten stakeholders with expertise including: drugs policy, social enterprise, alcohol and drug partnership practice and therapeutic community methods. Drawing on realist principles, data were analysed using inductive and deductive approaches and synthesised using frameworks. San Patrignano mechanisms identified for transfer include: the need for motivation, recovery peer mentors, visionary leadership and social enterprise. Adaptations from Basta include: extending abstinence to alcohol and creating a smaller, semi-permeable, residential community. Further adaptations to mechanism delivery include a 'step-wise' model of housing and work. Scottish contextual factors shaping adaptations include: the culture of alcohol misuse, social care standards, housing regulations and socio-cultural acceptability. This study contributes to the evidence on international transfer and adaptation of complex interventions and documents stakeholders' theory-informed decision making in the development of a new Scottish recovery model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I investigate how social enterprises identify the talents of groups of disabled people and match them to a market demand. Through the study of a blind massage enterprise in Nepal, I undo the workings of an ambivalent form of entrepreneurship that presents disabled people as gifted. I explore shifts that evolve from the selective inclusion of individuals based on stereotyped qualities associated with their bodily condition – in this case, blindness and an exceptional sense of touch. While the therapists cultivated tropes of overcoming, they also used their elevated social position to engage in new forms of imagining that transcended negative framings of blind people in Nepal. The case invites a nuanced critique of selective integration that considers how individuals redistribute their gained advantages at a collective level. My research produces knowledge on inclusive employment in the Global South, illustrating how entrepreneurial interventions impact on perceptions of disability. Across the world, entrepreneurs develop business models to integrate disabled people into work. This article presents insights into a disability integration enterprise in Nepal that trains and employs blind massage therapists. The article examines the effects of integration through markets, with a focus on how disabled workers themselves make sense of their integrated position. Therapists developed a perception of being distinct from other blind Nepalis, who they associated with passivity and inactivity, while also using their role as spokespersons to engage in new forms of collective imagining that dissolved distinctions between "blind" and "sighted". The research shows that social entrepreneurial approaches entail the risk of reducing disability to an asset and of reinforcing exclusive ideals, but also create spaces for alternative social positionings for disabled people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world where opportunities are increasingly limited, young people are encouraged to become resilient and entrepreneurial in their pursuit of the traditional markers of adulthood. Social enterprise and community organisations dedicated to supporting young people seek to recast these expectations by providing supportive work and training environments and cultures and encouraging young people to find passion and hope in economic conditions that have failed to deliver the security and wellbeing that was promised. These organisations identify and respond to complex issues like unemployment and disengagement, homelessness and housing precarity, and provide personal development, support, education, training and employment options. In this paper, we explore how youth-focused social enterprise and community organisation programmes shape dispositions of resilience and entrepreneurialism. Drawing on the work of Butler and Anthanasiou and Dey and Mason, we argue that social organisations re-imagine the 'social therapeutics' that young people may require in relation to their participation in neoliberal forms of governmentality. We hope to challenge conceptualisations of such interventions as purely bounded by neoliberal and pro-capitalist therapeutic logics, by identifying the complex and sometimes contradictory goals that community organisations and social enterprises work towards in supporting young people to navigate a precarious economic landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Public Money & Management is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Social enterprises (SEs) have often been regarded as a solution for improving the situations of vulnerable social groups such as women, the Roma and people with disabilities. However, how SEs in practice foster inclusion remains under-researched in Hungary and internationally as well. This paper examines the objectives, activities and operations of and barriers to SEs targeting vulnerable social groups. According to the findings, the initiatives aimed at achieving inclusion focus on providing missing services, building the community and work integration, targeting both the vulnerable groups themselves and the majority society. However, external barriers make the operations of many SEs minimal and unsustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small enterprises play a vital role in the drive toward sustainable tourism and in the sector more broadly, and their importance is accentuated in rural contexts. Beyond entrepreneurial spirit, what are the critical success factors that allow them to flourish? This study links tourism entrepreneurship, rural development and multi-stakeholder partnerships to situate community resourcefulness as a key plank in the sustainable tourism discourse. The focus of this study is six islands that play host to the Setouchi Triennale, a large art tourism initiative in rural Japan organized to revitalize declining regions. Highly divergent outcomes between communities emerged, directing attention toward community resourcefulness, where collective action leverages agency and capacity to effect change from within. Findings show the emergence of "art businesses", local social enterprises that function as both tourism and community assets and model sustainable development outcomes. Islands supporting such ventures reaped substantial community benefits, while islands without them struggled, their nascent tourism economies benefiting only tourists and commuter entrepreneurs. This study reveals the potential and the limitations of large-scale, multi-stakeholder tourism development initiatives that promote entrepreneurship in resource-constrained areas and highlights that community resourcefulness is the determining factor behind the success or failure in otherwise comparable communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many social enterprises aim to transition disadvantaged people into mainstream employment; they are engaged in commercial activity underpinned by a social mission. They provide training in life and work skills to develop capability, defined as ability to achieve. They are spaces apparently available not only to develop socially and economically useful capability, but also to promote social inclusion and well-being. This article develops understanding of how social enterprises perform their dual role by drawing on two theoretical frameworks. Situated learning theory is used to explore the work-based learning aspect of social enterprises, whereas spaces of well-being theory is used to explore the social aspect of their missions, where capability is one aspect of well-being. Qualitative data of participants' experiences in two Australian social enterprises are used to develop a model which depicts capability development through situated learning in multiple communities of practices within a space of well-being created by the social enterprise. Opportunities provided by communities of practice and features of spaces of well-being can facilitate participants' capability realisation and transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been calls in social entrepreneurship research to move beyond conceptual arguments and to ground definitions and conceptualizations of this field in empirical research, especially pertaining to the developing world. Owing to the socially embedded nature of social enterprises, the context in which social enterprises originate is a key determinant of their modus operandi. In South Africa, a context fraught with social ills, the lack of clarity on the nature and form of social enterprises constrains research and policy formulation. Using a survey methodology, we collected data from a sample of 453 social enterprises on domains of social entrepreneuring identified in previous studies and performed a cluster analysis to identify different types of social entrepreneuring models. The findings point to the existence of two main types of social entrepreneuring models in South Africa: beneficiary-centric entrepreneurial nonprofits and customer-centric social businesses. This paper contributes a more contextual understanding of social entrepreneuring models in South Africa. By showing that social enterprises in South Africa are partly unique to their context, this paper underscores the theoretical and empirical importance of the context in which social enterprises originate and operate when testing the universal validity of social entrepreneuring models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing social entrepreneurship (SE) literature in other disciplines, the research on tourism social entrepreneurship (TSE) is still in its infancy, and the knowledge has not been explicitly mapped. Moreover, the existing literature consists primarily of descriptive case studies of successful TSE initiatives, and few of them have reached a comprehensive conclusion on operational experiences, nor have they further reflected on the mechanisms of how these operational experiences lead to more successful TSE. Given these voids, by systematically reviewing the extant literature, this paper contributes to the literature by depicting a knowledge map, extracting 17 operational experiences, and proposing two roadmaps demonstrating the mechanisms through which these operational experiences lead to more successful TSE. Additionally, we suggest potential theories to help researchers understand the relationships in the proposed roadmaps. Lastly, this review also critically discusses the limitations and gaps of the existing literature. Particularly, this review shows that TSE researchers usually maintain a somewhat uncritical and idealistic stance on the impact of TSE because they tend to uncritically acclaim TSE as a panacea for various social problems. Based on the limitations and gaps, we also provide recommendations for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social entrepreneurship has been popularised as a market-based activity with an embedded social purpose aimed at positively transforming communities and society. As a strategy for developing sustainable tourism, social entrepreneurship is promoted as a catalyst for positive community change. This study develops and applies a conceptual model that can help understand the changes directly and indirectly induced by tourism social entrepreneurship (TSE) on host communities. The proposed model integrates three dimensions, namely pace of change, scale of change, and degree of social enterprise control, to logically examine community change brought about by TSE. To operationalise the model, a dual case study research was employed in communities involved in social enterprise-led tourism development in the Philippines. Multiple qualitative data collection methods (semi-structured interviews, community asset mapping workshops, and field observations) and constructivist grounded theory analysis techniques were performed to delineate TSE-induced outcomes. The findings showed four emergent changes, namely lifestyle change, personal development, structural change, and existential change, subsequently interpreted using the three-dimensional model. This study contributes an approach to better explain the outcomes of TSE on host communities, and evidence on the viability of social entrepreneurship as a community-centric tourism development strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Public Money & Management is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

How social entrepreneurship can become social innovation has been little studied, even less in the rural context. This document poses that social entrepreneurship generate different types of capital as they integrate into a social network, and it is that social capital that allows it to become a successful social innovation. Applying a social capital approach to two social enterprises (or social entrepreneurship) study cases, from Colombian rural communities victims of armed conflict, shows how social enterprises integrated into social networks achieve two significant outcomes. On one side, generate interactive and collective learning and institutional change, and on other, favour determinants of social innovation, thus incrementing and reconfiguring social entrepreneurs' capabilities leading to social innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss the design of a technology-based vaccine education intervention for Somali refugees in the US. Originally conceived of as a culturally and linguistically appropriate project to be co-designed by refugees, funder demands for a "social enterprise" led to future iterations being developed for a "generic" audience. We explore epistemological negotiations and shifting priorities that shaped intervention design, highlighting how nonprofits engage neoliberal ideologies such as "social enterprise" and "design thinking" while attempting to meet community needs. We argue that social enterprises and design thinking can suffuse neoliberal ideologies into nonprofits to the detriment of community-engaged solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Definitions of social enterprise and hybrid organizations are compatible and allow application to a variety of organizational forms. We analyse the not-for-profit enterprise formed specifically to deliver the regional element of a global mega-sporting event: The 1994 FIFA (soccer) World Cup. The organization planned a sporting spectacle with commercial objectives to provide long-term benefits for society and a short-term economic boost. This longitudinal case traces the evolution of the organization and its emergent institutional complexity as it aligned commercial and societal goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article adds to the literature on social enterprise by drawing on the strategy-as-practice tradition of strategy research. There, strategy is seen as something an organization does, not as something that it has. Little in the public and non-profit literature at present focuses on exactly what strategizing is, let alone how it relates to social enterprise. A framework for understanding strategizing is illustrated with case examples. Conclusions from this attempt at theory-building include: strategizing involves an interconnected ensemble of strategic thinking, acting, and learning activities; strategizing ultimately involves group effort; and changing an organizational ecosystem is very hard indeed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to make known the factors influencing the decision to conduct business with social impact, given that the concept of social entrepreneurship is quite a new one in Romania. The investigative method used was quantitative research, by applying questionnaires to 300 students at both bachelor and master level at the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, University of Craiova. The results indicate two categories of factors that influence the intention of social entrepreneurship in the investigated area, namely: those with negative influence (lack of necessary funds, fear of failure, lack of experience and involvement in social projects and activities) and those with positive influence (knowledge of the concept of social entrepreneurship and social problems in the studied region that can be solved through entrepreneurial initiatives). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social enterprises respond to local needs through an integrated economic and social model. It is known that social enterprises facilitate outcomes for their participants; less is known about how social enterprises contribute to outcomes for others in their locale. Activity within social enterprises was observed and interviews conducted with participants, staff, customers and leaders in Australian regional cities. Data were analysed using a conceptual framework informed by social capital and social enterprise literature that uncovered actions involving social enterprises that realise place-based outcomes, motivations for these actions, and social capital networks that facilitate them. Linking networks among high level actors in regional cities supported development of bridging networks between social enterprises and other organisations. These were activated by social enterprises or others to generate opportunities for social enterprise participants. Local organisation motivations for interacting with social enterprises complemented social enterprises' dual social and economic mission. Local production and 'consumption' of products realised benefits including wellbeing and social inclusion. Findings extend knowledge by showing that social enterprises' dual social and economic missions place them in multiple networks with overlapping membership. Network overlap generates a space for work on place-based social and economic problems and opportunities that benefit social enterprises and cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing a choice-based conjoint survey of donors from four nonprofit organizations, this study investigated individual donation intentions and their organizational and venture attribute preferences. A sample of 191 participants indicated that a nonprofit organization's administrative efficiency was the most important attribute when choosing between donation options. Attribute choices of 8% and 10% of the budget spent on administrative expenses seem to be strongly preferred over the attributes of 12% and 16%. The attributes concerning the venture itself (the profitability of the venture, the venture's location, the entrepreneurial competence of those starting the venture, and terms used to describe the venture) were all significantly more important to donors than the age of the nonprofit organization launching the venture. Interestingly, respondents appear to favor a venture described as "social enterprise" over a venture described as a for-profit social enterprise. This study may help determine which organizational and enterprise attributes are most effective in eliciting donor support. These findings extend previous research studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perspective of people with dementia, particularly late-stage dementia, is often excluded from research, even from methods like Participatory Action Research (PAR), which aim to democratise research. This research note outlines how a PAR project engaged with the perspective of people with late-stage dementia in a residential aged care facility. Firstly, we focus on our mistakes: methods which did not appropriately include or engage this group. Secondly, we explore how methods drawn from design thinking, creative and arts-based research were used to encourage staff and families to think about the perspective of people with dementia. Finally, we explain how only after this extensive creative consultation and through a partnership with a social enterprise was the PAR project able to engage people with late-stage dementia in meaningful ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The community interest company (CIC) is designed for private actors seeking to engage in pro-social entrepreneurship and investment for public benefit. Although there are a handful of studies that focus on the CIC, knowledge gaps remain in the legal literature. The aim of this article is to fill two of those gaps. First, it shines a spotlight on the political drivers that spurred the CIC. Second, it offers a comprehensive analytical model of the CIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important activity of entrepreneurs is to justify the value of an innovation to gain support from stakeholders. We examine how entrepreneurs can develop an accounting methodology to demonstrate the value of a proposed innovation, focusing on the case of a charitable foundation's promotion of social enterprise and its efforts to develop the accounting methodology of Social Return on Investment (SROI). We show how the process for designing new accounting methods that helps in demonstrating the value of innovations involves entrepreneurs (1) imagining the expectations of their stakeholders (2) putting in place the necessary infrastructure through which numbers can be generated and (3) iteratively reconfiguring the accounting methodology and the espoused value the innovation is expected to generate. Our study furthers understanding of the role of accounting numbers in the entrepreneurial process, particularly in situations where entrepreneurs seek to generate new accounting methodologies to develop persuasive stories about the benefits of their innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For social enterprise to matter to racialized people, it must be purposefully embedded in the community. This study examines three nonprofit organizations led by women engaged in community economic development work – Firgrove Learning and Innovation Community Centre, Warden Woods Community Centre, and Elspeth Heyworth Centre for Women – in Toronto, one of the largest cities in North America. This study explores the work of these anti-racist feminist leaders who lack the certainty of funding from federal sources, yet understand that the key to making ethical community economies is to advance politicized economic solidarity and not to legitimize the corporatization of the social economy. This research also draws on the ethical coordinates of J.K Gibson-Graham to provoke a radical shift in the accepted understanding of social innovation in the enterprising development sector. HIGHLIGHTS Mainstream definitions of social enterprise exclude businesses led by marginalized peoples. Three racialized women in Toronto lead social enterprises with ethics and politicized action. These enterprises benefit their communities and fight racism in the capitalist economy. The study makes visible racialized peoples' social-enterprise economy. Social enterprises must promote politicized economic solidarity and anti-racist feminism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, the development of social enterprises based on Western concepts marked the entrance of an institutional innovation with strong institutional forces working against its survival. This study examines how social enterprises in China persisted in the face of high isomorphic pressures that urged their conformity with existing institutions Drawing on 41 surveys of social enterprises in China, we find that they survived by resisting negative institutional pressures while simultaneously conforming with others for increased legitimation. Thus, we extend existing theorization by testing an institutional innovation in a setting of strong isomorphic pressures with important implications for social enterprise stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the burgeoning research on social entrepreneurship in recent years, there is limited research on youths as a context for theorizing. This article examines the influence of social entrepreneurship on youth development through the positive youth development perspective. It explores how youth participation in social entrepreneurial activities helps develop their sense of purpose in life. Using data from semi-structured interviews with 27 youths and participant observations, this article demonstrated that social entrepreneurship contributes to youth purpose development by facilitating social conscience, prosocial connectedness, capability and personal agency development and how these manifest in different stages of youth purpose commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper distinguishes two levels of system elements that accommodate social entrepreneurs' strategic role in driving systemic change while also recognizing their limitation of doing so. Relying on the dynamics of system elements to operationalize systemic change, I explore how social entrepreneurs can drive systemic change. This paper identifies 84 "systemic-change companies" out of 191 leading social enterprises in 12 Asian countries. The analysis specifies mechanisms through which three systemic change strategies organize four types of social enterprises' business models to make systemic change happen. The findings generate implications for practitioners and public policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the development of the Social Enterprise (SE) in Thailand. Emerging from the non-profit sector in the 1970s, Thailand is now experiencing the development of new state-private policy interventions to stimulate development of SE. We combine the work of Kerlin on the socio-economic environment with the theories of market creation from economic sociology. We pinpoint for the first time the key institutions, networks, cognitive framings and policy initiatives of SE emergence and development in Thailand. In addition, we identify a new country type Social Enterprise Semi Strategic Diverse model form, we term an Authoritarian State-Corporate model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates how social enterprises providing waste collection and recycling services overcame start-up challenges and sustain their operations. Based on analysis of five cases in Tanzania, it is evident that waste collection and recycling enterprises start as entrepreneurial entities driven by the opportunity to fill the service delivery gap left by the state. Although the enterprises studied have had a social impact, they have experienced several challenges, including limited access to resources, negative perception of their activities, competition, unsupportive policies, unreliable supply of raw materials, dishonesty of staff and/or waste pickers and poor working conditions. However, the enterprises sustained themselves through good management, engaging the right teams, supporting waste pickers, marketing and networking, developing their skills, using appropriate technology, reinvesting their earnings, diversifying and being members of cooperatives. The article contributes to knowledge by combining the traditional entrepreneurship and socio-environmental entrepreneurship perspectives to explore the sustainability of waste collection and recycling enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social Enterprises (SEs) have gained a considerable amount of attention during last decade in entrepreneurship sector. This paper aims to investigate the benefits and challenges associated with the use of online communities (OCs) by actors in SE sector for value co-creation. Nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with actors derived primarily from 4 Facebook OCs dedicated for SEs. Results demonstrate that the benefits of using OCs include increased accessibility, time and cost effectiveness, increased responsiveness, accessing to a network of connections, and resource exchange opportunities. However, the challenges include time-consuming, budget, lack of capacity, inadequate moderation, fragmentation of efforts, and inactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the circular economy (CE) paradigm has emerged as a mainstream policy discourse having the potential to disrupt linear economic development pathways by extracting and retaining the maximum value from existing resources through their recirculation. Highlighting the diverse circuits of value implicated in local CE development, this article considers how the ecological (material) and extraeconomic (social) premises of CE thinking can be harnessed through mission-driven social enterprises (SEs). Using a case study of a SE project in Graz, Austria, which is engaged in CE activities across the textile, interior design/wood, and food sectors, it proposes a novel heuristic framework for examining the role of circuits of value in constructing alternative circular narratives and local circular economic development trajectories. In doing so, this framework positions SE as an entity entangled in a complex web of interconnected material and social relations and practices that occur across coexisting mainstream and alternative economic spaces of production, exchange, and consumption. By aligning the CE concept with circuits of value, the article further shows the importance of mapping and conceptualizing value flows and feedback loops associated with the local development of the CE in a given spatial and temporal context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]