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Although peer support is documented as a predictor of adolescents' prosocial behavior, the influencing mechanism of peer support on prosocial behavior among adolescents from low-income families has not been fully researched. The current research conducted two studies to examine the influencing mechanism of peer support on prosocial behavior among adolescents from low-income families. Study 1 (N = 579) investigated the influencing mechanism of peer support on prosocial behavior with a longitudinal dataset. Study 2 (N = 228) investigated the effect of peer support priming on money donation with an experimental approach. The results of Study 1 and Study 2 consistently demonstrated that communal social goals mediated the association between peer support and prosocial behavior among adolescents from low-income families, and cumulative family risk moderated this indirect link. The positive effect of peer support on prosocial behavior through communal social goals might be weakened if adolescents experience more risk factors in the family context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews four books that explore the history and experiences of Black, Latino, and Asian suburbanization in the United States. The books highlight the struggles and agency of these communities in gaining access to middle-class suburbia, as well as the challenges they face in maintaining stability and navigating the suburban ideal. The authors also discuss the complexities of suburban integration, emphasizing that it is not solely about Black-White integration but also involves integration within racial and ethnic groups. Overall, these books provide a nuanced understanding of suburban diversity and exclusionary suburbanization in the United States. [Extracted from the article]

Extant studies have deployed variable-centered methods to examine predictors of children's nutritional status, and few focus on the double burden of malnutrition among young Chinese children. This paper adopts a person-centered approach and leverages data from large samples of Chinese families (the China Health and Nutrition Survey, CHNS 2004–2015, and China Family Panel Studies, CFPS 2010–2018) to examine trends in the prevalence of stunting, overweight, and stuntingoverweight in early childhood. We developed a hierarchical structure of socioeconomic indicators, including region (Eastern-Central-Western), urbanicity (urban-rural), and family socioeconomic status gradient (four quartiles). We assessed relative risks for malnutrition for 24 subgroups of children from varying socioeconomic strata. Results indicate that the prevalence of stunting decreased consistently while the prevalence of being overweight increased first, followed by a decreasing trend. Moreover, a small group of stuntedoverweight children (4.7%) was identified. Data from the CHNS indicated that children from affluent families in the Central region were prone to being overweight. Data from the CFPS indicate that underprivileged groups (children from poor rural families living in Western China) were at higher risk for both undernutrition and overnutrition than their more advantaged peers. The findings suggest that children in poor, rural areas in Western China should be targeted for malnutrition alleviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water Cool(ing) Island (WCI) literature has paid little attention to smaller waterscapes in developed areas that are most vulnerable to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. To fill this gap, this study investigated participants' changes in body temperature and stress level associated with the visual, auditory, and thermal properties of small waterscapes. The results of this study demonstrated that smaller waterscapes can provide effective cooling for predominantly hardscaped urban settings prone to the effects of UHI. This approach offers low-income residents without air-conditioning outdoor alternatives to indoor cooling centres in a post-pandemic era with more frequent and severe heat waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an array of studies documenting community preparedness to flooding in towns and cities, particularly those in countries of the developing global south. However, fewer studies have investigated how cultural and social factors influence flood preparedness. In this article, we discuss the role of cultural and social attributes and how these can influence a community's preparedness to extreme flood events, with a focus on selected urban communities in Nigeria. Study revealed that despite, the effects of floods on the urban poor residents, they are actively involved and engaged in finding ways to build their adaptive capacity and resilience against flood events by deploying different strategies inspired through cultural and social attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research, as well as mainstream culture, may be too quick to label parenting young people of color (which we define as being under or near the age of 20 when having a child) as delinquent and "at risk". Using qualitative data, we offer anti-deficit framing surrounding students of color with children, highlighting the unique achievements of a set of "parent-strivers" despite the natural challenges of unexpectant parenthood. Our findings suggest that the parenting and academic identities of low-income people of color can be mutually beneficial and reinforced through positive schooling influences; we challenge the idea that education becomes a secondary priority after one becomes a parent. This paper answers the call for a better "articulation of agency" within exclusionary institutions. It contributes a rare acknowledgment of positive family outcomes to offset the concept of risk monopolizing the field and leaving us without support-oriented thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial inclusion is defined as the availability of space and mobility for underprivileged people, as well as the physical closeness of different social groups. This study seeks to uncover the key components of spatial inclusion that increase social inclusion by investigating the links between spatial and social inclusion characteristics in South Korean cities and regions. A micro-dataset on personal health and social life, as well as other publicly available data, such as Census data are examined. The results suggest that increased spatial inclusion improves social inclusion of socially underprivileged people. However, the effects of each component of spatial inclusion are distinct. While housing affordability has mixed effects on different dimensions of social inclusion, an open settlement environment generally has a positive effect on social inclusion. The findings provide important implications for promoting social inclusion in cities and regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health conditions were seen to rise during the COVID-19 pandemic as individuals lost loved ones due to the pandemic, lost jobs, and in many cases had to care for elderly and other loved ones. For students, the pandemic also brought the additional challenge of having to transition to online learning. In this study, we investigated the depression and anxiety levels of students in a Hispanic-serving institution and the coping strategies they used to deal with the stress during the pandemic, and the relationship of students' depression and anxiety levels to their preference of learning and their other demographic characteristics. A survey was administered online via Qualtrics to the students. The depression and anxiety faced by the students in this study could have been attributed to them being majority Latino and economically disadvantaged, which studies have shown to be more disproportionately affected by the pandemic. Students who have taken online courses before were associated with lower depression levels, which may indicate that those who have not taken online courses may have been experiencing more stress with this transition. Students employed approach-based coping strategies instead of avoidance strategies which are known as more positive forms of coping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the relationships between multidimensional and monetary poverty indices in international and national poverty profiles, and empirically explore the consequences of identifying poor people relying on a combination of both approaches. Taking first a cross-country perspective, focusing on 90 countries in the developing world, we corroborate that the incidence of poverty by money metrics and the global Multidimensional Poverty Index, a non-monetary measure of poverty, are correlated. Digging deeper, we use microdata from six countries—Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Ghana, and Uganda—to study the joint densities of monetary and multidimensional welfare and the poverty identification mismatches for a comprehensive array of poverty line pairs. Mismatches are important, particularly in the poorer countries. Although mismatches could be avoided by combining both approaches in a dual cutoff-based poverty measure, the choice of the monetary poverty line remains a considerable issue as it changes the nonmonetary composition of poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) is the most common genetic disease worldwide caused by a single mutation in the gene HBB. The disease severity is very variable and depends on many factors. We evaluated the clinical and biological profile of sickle cell anemia children in rural Central Africa. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Hôpital Saint Luc de Kisantu, located 120 km away from Kinshasa-DR Congo in an area of 35 km around Kisantu with a population of roughly 80 000 individuals. We included SCA patients aged 6 months to 18 years. We collected clinical and hematological data. The SCA scoring system proposed by Adegoke et al. in 2013 was applied to determine the disease severity. We searched for factors associated to the disease severity. This study included 136 patients, 66 males and 70 females (sex-ratio M/F 0.94). The mean severity score was 8.21 ± 5.30 (ranges 0–23). Fifty-nine (43.4%) children had mild disease, 62 (45.6%) moderate and 15 (11%) severe disease. Girls had higher levels of HbF than boys (p = 0.003). An inverse correlation was observed between fetal hemoglobin and the disease severity (p = 0.005, r −0.239, IC95% −6.139; −1.469). Some factors such age influence the occurrence of certain chronic complications such as avascular bone necrosis. In conclusion, the disease severity of SCA depends on multiple factors. In this study, fetal hemoglobin was the main modulator of the disease severity. These data may also serve as a baseline to initiate HU treatment in this setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper foregrounds the use of "Living Labs" as instruments for the delivery of just low carbon transformations. Living Labs are commonly understood as stakeholder-centred, iterative and open-innovation ecosystems that involve multiple forms of co-creation and engagement among different actors in a given territory. Over a period of three years, thanks to a unique pan-European action research study, three such Labs were set up in different locations in Europe -- a large North-western European city (Manchester, England), a mid-sized mountainous town in South-eastern Europe (Metsovo, Greece) and a series of rural settlements in Central Europe (Nyírbátor, Hungary). Working closely with local residents and relevant organisational stakeholders, the research teams that led the Labs undertook multiple low-carbon interventions in the homes of low-income residents, while continuously monitoring the broader impacts of intermediation practices on energy equity and sustainability across three consecutive cycles of activity. We present and discuss the results of these activities, so as to uncover the impacts of Living Labs on energy poverty both before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to evaluate public transport access distribution based on a framework of vertical equity principles. In this method, traffic analysis zones (TAZs) are analyzed by comparing the estimated transit demand with the existing geographical distribution of the network's benefits (e.g., accessibility and mobility). The framework deploys the concept of connectivity power to measure the distribution of a transit system's supply. On the other hand, demand is measured by an exhaustive index, the weighted average of four social indicators, namely the number of low-income people, the population, the households without vehicles, and the disabled in the TAZs. These weights can differ from city to city depending on culture, politics, social behavior, and costs of effective parameters such as fuel, parking, and tickets in that particular city. The framework was applied to the comprehensive transit network of Tehran, Iran. Finally, diagonal and radical lines linking the city's southwest to its northeast are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reiterate that collecting demographics will not answer the question in the JEP:HPP statement about knowing "to whom to generalize findings" unless the demographics are included in the main data analysis as potential moderators. Thus, the JEP:HPP policy inadvertently increases the advantage that richer researchers have over poorer ones, or the advantage that researchers with grant money have over researchers without grant money. There is much concern, exemplified by the currently active APA Task Force on Race and Ethnicity Guidelines in Psychology (approved 2019), for the inclusion of racially and ethnically diverse participants in research studies. [Extracted from the article]

Given the growing threat of housing instability in the United States, this study explores the variability in housing instability experiences in terms of severity and persistence by tracking low-income households in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics data from 2003 to 2017. First, this study examines the associations between one housing instability incident at a particular time and subsequent mobility trajectories. Second, by incorporating sequence analysis, this study explores the conditions under which low-income households are likely to suffer from more chronic forms of housing instability. The results reveal that the more severe one housing instability incident is, the more prolonged the entire housing instability experience is likely to be over time. The ability to maintain homeownership, repeated transitions in partnerships, job insecurity, and repetitively moving across distressed neighborhoods are the conditions for housing instability that occurs more frequently. Moreover, younger households and households with a member with health problems are likely to suffer from more chronic forms of housing instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the economic sectors most affected by the global COVID-19 pandemic has been the cultural and creative industries, turning cultural workers into a financially vulnerable group. The purpose of this study was to identify some early forms of the resilience of cultural activity during the emergency period of the COVID-19 crisis. The engagement index of the users' communities was evaluated through some metric indicators in social media, the transfer of cultural-creative activities in the online environment, and the content and impact of digital stories. A sample of 126 independent cultural spaces in Romania was assessed. To validate the content of the social media stories promoted by various independent cultural entities, interviews with the managers of several creative spaces were performed. During the emergency period, we noticed the intensification of the digital activity, with creative spaces switching their activities from on-site to online. The content of Facebook posts highlighted stories about their own activity, about the activity of other spaces, or those encouraging social campaigns. The resilience associated with the independent cultural and creative sector is more an individual adaptation than an organizational or collective adaptation. For instance, the online cultural performances were some of the emergent reactions to the COVID-19 crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine if vision impairment (VI) is associated with food insecurity among the United States (US) adults. This is a cross-sectional study of US adults ≥18 years below a threshold of 150% poverty from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), years 2011–2018. Outcome measures included food insecurity status, based on response to the NHIS adult (10-item) food insecurity tool, either as a binary (food secure or insecure) or ordinal (high, marginal, low, and very low) variable. VI was defined as self-reported trouble seeing, even when wearing glasses or contact lenses. Multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusted for potential confounders examined associations between VI and food insecurity. Participants (N = 62075) were majority female (57%), White (62%), and non-Hispanic (74%). Of them, 16% reported VI and 28% were food insecure. In fully adjusted logistic regression models, adults with VI had 216% higher odds (95% CI = 2.01–2.31) of being food insecure than adults without VI. Further, there was a dose–response relationship between VI and food insecurity noted in a multinomial model: VI predicted 159% higher risk of marginal food security (95% CI = 1.44–1.75), 197% higher risk of low food security (95% CI = 1.80–2.16), and 295% higher risk of very low food security (95% CI = 2.69–3.22), as compared to high food security. VI is associated with food insecurity, increasingly so among adults with highest levels of food insecurity in this national sample of low-income US adults. This data highlights the need for targeted interventions to address and reduce the burden of food insecurity among US adults with VI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain atrophy compared to people living in low-pollution regions, measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is already present in the third decade of life. Dark skies, no stars, difficulty breathing, the elderly and youngest getting sick, the young forgetting things, and no warning, no way to know what exactly you are breathing and no way to stop breathing the polluted air omnipresent in the outdoors, the subway, in public buses, inside schools and homes. No, we are regularly breathing complex mixtures of air pollutants, both in the outdoor and indoor environments and in occupational settings, so we must be familiar with what we are exposed to, and avoid obvious sources of emissions, namely, heavy traffic air pollution, fireplaces, pellet stoves, occupational settings with no protection, smoking, and certain cooking habits. [Extracted from the article]

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) has been continuously biomonitoring Americans' exposure to two families of harmful environmental chemicals: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). However, biomonitoring these chemicals is expensive. To save cost, in 2005, NHANES resorted to pooled biomonitoring; that is, amalgamating individual specimens to form a pool and measuring chemical levels from pools. Despite being publicly available, these pooled data gain limited applications in health studies. Among the few studies using these data, racial/age disparities were detected, but there is no control for confounding effects. These disadvantages are due to the complexity of pooled measurements and a dearth of statistical tools. Herein, we developed a regression-based method to unzip pooled measurements, which facilitated a comprehensive assessment of disparities in exposure to these chemicals. We found increasing dependence of PCBs on age and income, whereas PBDEs were the highest among adolescents and seniors and were elevated among the low-income population. In addition, Hispanics had the lowest PCBs and PBDEs among all demographic groups after controlling for potential confounders. These findings can guide the development of population-specific interventions to promote environmental justice. Moreover, both chemical levels declined throughout the period, indicating the effectiveness of existing regulatory policies. for this article are available online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The families referred to the Anni Bergman Parent Infant Program (ABPIP) Home-Visiting Project often face multiple, overwhelming stressors embedded within the market-oriented system of poverty and exploitation. These stressors compromise the quality of parental care, which in turn negatively impacts the infant's well-being. These financially vulnerable families are usually in an urgent crisis that needs immediate attention. The author describes the innovative model of this outreach program based on psychoanalytic infant observation that encourages interventions on multiple levels simultaneously. Another unique aspect of the program is its reshaping of the analytic frame. Considering the ever-changing nature of the physical settings, the analyst's internal setting becomes a vital, anchoring, and facilitating factor of therapeutic change. Through two detailed case examples, the author shows how these outreach analysts place themselves in between external and internal realities, recognizing the interdependent nature of both, while also maintaining a psychoanalytic attitude and frame that is primarily situated within the analyst. The author also reflects on her own precarious status as an international, temporary visa holder in the US and the ways this external reality entered into the playground of therapy that allowed the author to understand and help a child in a deeper, more personal way based on the dyad's shared preoccupation with the notion of home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bieler particularly identifies the environmental movement and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) - presumably socio-political NGOs - as equally involved in the struggle, especially given 'capitalism's capacity to accumulate in the midst of the most blatant ecological destruction, [...]' (p. 20). As indicated by the nearly 30-page biography, Andreas Bieler's book is not the first to challenge privatization of water in Europe. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the 'quiet encroachment' movement that has been taking place in Iran for decades. Led by low-income people, this movement aims to reclaim the right to housing as a basic requirement for living. With a lack of social housing services and other relevant facilities, the urban poor in Iran have taken it upon themselves to informally occupy or purchase public lands, in order to improve their socio-economic situation by avoiding the cost of renting or buying housing in the formal market. One of the neighbourhoods that has undergone this transformation is ZoorAbad, situated on a hill near Tehran. The hill was designated as national public land in 1969, but due to industrial growth, poor people who migrated from villages to Tehran and its proximities were unable to afford formal housing prices so moved to ZoorAbad to build their own homes. In the 1990s, in line with the government's speculative approach towards land, the Iranian government developed an 'Improving Plan of ZoorAbad', aimed at demolishing this informal settlement. It led to the demolition of more than 4000 housing units and the forced displacement of settlers. The two main groups of residents in ZoorAbad—landowners and tenants—have had different capacities to reject the municipality's offer of purchase or to negotiate with the government. This piece illustrates how the government's market-oriented approach to address the housing issue in informal neighbourhoods such as ZoorAbad can lead to financial loss and reduced opportunities for local residents. It sheds light on the contemporary grassroot strategies used by the urban poor to address their housing needs in ZoorAbad and the dynamics, strategies and shifting dynamics among various groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of climate disasters has spurred increased interest in public policies that help expand the number of households with disaster insurance, particularly for financially vulnerable populations. In recent years, local governments, concerned with their community's resilience to climate disasters, have started to consider insurance programs as part of their adaptation strategies. However, we do not yet have a robust body of research that shows if, and how, expanded insurance take-up among households affects community-wide recovery after a climate disaster. Filling this disaster insurance research gap will better equip public sector leaders to assess if investments in insurance programs can further community resilience goals and when disaster insurance is an appropriate climate adaptation tool. In this article, we assess the state of empirical evidence through existing frameworks of community recovery and put forward an agenda for future research that is attuned to local policy needs. Key policy insights: There is increasing interest by policymakers in expanding the number of households with disaster insurance to provide financial protection in the face of increasing climate risks, but little evidence exists on how household-level insurance affects community-level resilience outcomes. Expanded research on this topic could support local decision-makers in designing effective and efficient policies to support community recovery from climate extremes. Future research should focus on testing more holistic disaster recovery measures and downscaling global and national research to the local scale. Emerging pilot insurance programs and experimental policies offer novel opportunities to study impacts at the local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines controversies related to a neglected aspect of early modern English grain marketing: toll corn. Such disputes and the litigation that they occasioned provided opportunities for individuals of various positions – including those who sold grain on the market – to reassert normative ideals about the considerations that should take precedence in the market: specifically, the belief that the needs of the poor should outweigh the interests of private individuals (or, less often, corporate entities), and that those in authority had a paternalistic duty to ensure that the poor's needs were met. That these points were articulated in toll corn-related suits throughout the period indicates their continued hold in some quarters, even after they had ceased to be reflected in 'official' policies regarding grain provision. However, controversies about toll corn also demonstrated the extent to which such thinking could ring hollow in practice. Individual authorities' willingness to fulfil the material component of their duty to their inferiors was not accompanied by a mandate that they do so kindly. The politics of toll corn – like contemporary ideologies and practices of paternalism – both enabled and circumscribed the labouring population's ability to shape the terms of their subordination in early modern England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although it is estimated that, in 1900, about ten per cent of the population were "attached" (2) to temperance, and most communities had anti-drink campaigns, the literature which aimed to recruit and maintain adherents and promote change has received less critical attention than writings associated with another major Victorian working-class movement, Chartism. The evidence for Scotland and slavery is everywhere, from street names of Glasgow to the plantation ledgers and bookkeeping papers of Scottish accountancy found throughout libraries and archives of Britain and the English-speaking Americas. It positions the book between the two transformations of the end of the Middle Ages and the threshold of modernity, with the growth of capitalism and spread of global empires, 1450-1800; and suggests a new definition of poverty: a poverty of rights, a poverty of wants, or a poverty of opportunities. Anxious to avoid international attention, Britain delayed granting Mauritius independence until 1968 and did not discuss US negotiations with Mauritian leaders until the eleventh hour - then putting pressure on them to accept (agree is too strong a term) the separation from Mauritius of the Chagos archipelago which would become a new colony - the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). [Extracted from the article]

Buy now, pay later (BNPL) is a new, increasingly popular form of short-term credit used for everyday items. While critics are concerned that these typically unregulated products pose risks for financially vulnerable people, many BNPL companies argue their app-based products are more responsible than other forms of credit. In this study, I use Davis' (2020) mechanisms and conditions framework of affordances and Light et al.'s (2018) walkthrough method to analyse how three popular BNPL products (Afterpay, Klarna and Zip) define responsible lending and spending. I argue these BNPL companies claim they are more responsible than credit cards because they are more inclusive and have fairer loan terms, and that these claims are made possible by the platformed nature of BNPL products. At the same time, these BNPL companies define responsible consumers as those who make their repayments on time. This redefinition of responsible consumption encourages increased spending and normalises the use of BNPL credit for that consumption. These products, which challenge traditional regulatory responses to consumer credit, are disproportionately used by lower-income families, who are increasingly reliant on credit for everyday purchases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Feb. 2022 Sungho Kimlee passed away. In his memory, we present this revised and abridged version of a portion of his dissertation, Factions and Orders: from Machiavelli to Madison. Sungho summarized the work as follows: "Since antiquity, thinkers have held that every society consists of two hostile orders – the few and the many. But they have disagreed on the proper method for defusing this civic divide, and their various proposed remedies can be classified into three approaches. The first approach aims to eliminate the division between the rich and the poor by abolishing private property. Plato's Republic inaugurated this method, which was later embraced with ambivalence by Thomas More and vigorously defended by Karl Marx. The second approach merely aims to contain the harmful effects of the binary civic divide. Plato proposed two methods for accomplishing this in the Laws: Plutarch championed the first method, and Aristotle the second. My dissertation traces the genealogy of the third approach – the method of supplanting the binary civic divide with more numerous divisions. This oft-neglected method was pioneered by Rousseau, who prescribed the creation of artificial divisions by the state as a remedy for majority factions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Class-based parenting logic transcends national culture. This is what we found when applying Laureau's (2011. Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life with an update a decade later (2nd ed.). University of California Press) schema of concerted cultivation for middle/higher class families and accomplishment of natural growth for working-class families to young parents in Singapore. Through in-depth interviews with 10 low-SES parents and eight high-SES parents between the ages of 27 and 37, we found Laureau's distinctions evident even in this young Asian country where the middle class has only recently emerged. Interviewing young adults at a stage in life when they were forming their parenting ideals, the intergenerational transmission of logics was apparent. So were constraints of work and earnings in shaping the intergenerational logics. The findings suggest that improving outcomes of low-SES children requires going beyond parenting programmes to tackling structures in society that harden class lines, e.g. education and work systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Enlightened Immunity: Mexico's Experiments with Disease Prevention in the Age of Reason" by Paul Ramirez is a comprehensive study of public health in colonial Mexico during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The book explores the efforts made by Mexican society to prevent and combat diseases, particularly smallpox epidemics. It highlights the role of religious processions, folk healers, and the dissemination of medical knowledge through periodicals and self-help manuals. The second part of the book focuses on the acceptance and promotion of inoculation and vaccination by the colonial Mexican government, as well as the challenges faced in implementing these practices. The study sheds light on the assimilation of the Native American population, the influence of parish priests, and the incorporation of traditional healing methods into medical literature. Overall, "Enlightened Immunity" provides valuable insights into the history of public health in colonial Mexico. [Extracted from the article]

Generation left: by Keir Milburn, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2019, v +139 pp., £35.00 (hardback), ISBN 9781509532230, £ 9.99 (paperback), ISBN 9781509532247, £8.99 (ebook), ISBN 9781509532261 Surprisingly, Milburn ignores the 2010 anti-austerity and student movement in the UK as a catalyst for the birth of Generation Left in the country. Milburn relies on socio-economic and electoral data to investigate the contributing factors to the emergence of Generation Left, a youth-led electoral movement that appeared at the conjuncture of the 2008 economic crisis and the global wave of protests in 2011. [Extracted from the article]

To elaborate the developing tension in China's Internet environment and the dynamic formation of the involved digital cultures, Guo firstly presents a historical overview of China's network technologies in chapter 2. Under the contemporary background of globalisation and due to China's active engagement in the Internet environment from the late 1980s, the Chinese Internet experienced a rapid and innovative development in terms of network services, user practices, and genres of communication. After this, she diachronically organises the following five chapters around four dominant technological platforms in China: the bulletin board system (BBS), the blog, the microblog (Weibo) and WeChat. [Extracted from the article]

Concerns about increasingly precarious working and living conditions have highlighted the particularly vulnerable nature of low-income economic migrants, who often experience high levels of housing precarity, alongside precarious employment. Economic migrants to the UK often lack housing support, and access housing in the private rented sector (PRS), where they struggle to secure safe, decent and affordable accommodation. This article presents a qualitative exploration of low-income economic migrants' lived experiences of housing precarity, based on research in Manchester. Housing represents a critical element of migrants' experiences, which can have a determining effect on other outcomes. Yet despite the acknowledged higher levels of precarity in the PRS, there have been few in-depth studies of how tenants experience this, particularly at the lower end of the sector. The conceptual lens of precarity offers a deeper understanding of the affective dimension, multidimensionality and structure-agency dynamics of low-income migrants' housing experiences. In this way, the paper contributes to debates on insecurity, perception, and agency in housing studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holleran writes that YIMBYs "borrow much from anti-gentrification housing movements, but they view their constituents as middle-class market rate renters; and they advocate for all new development, not just affordable housing for low-income people, a concept they call "build more of everything" (p. 6). While only a few explicitly oppose non-profit housing, the aim of the YIMBY game is to increase housing supply by lubricating the development process for the private sector. For this Holleran credits YIMBYs with "promoting a new framing within the housing debate: concentrating on supply-side mechanisms, working with (not against) developers, and emphasizing the rights of middle-class newcomers to wealthy cities" (p. 161). [Extracted from the article]

This is the first survey of the NCW of Great Britain in the context of wider women's movements to which it was a major contributor. Founded in 1895 as an organization of middle-class, mainly but not exclusively Christian, women active in voluntary work helping the poor, it was also committed to improved education and work opportunities and conditions for women of all classes. It was affiliated to ICW in 1898. Its range of interests expanded as its membership and influence grew to include working with other organizations for women's suffrage, later the fight for the equal franchise and encouraging women to use their votes and be politically active, joining campaigns for legal reforms to improve social conditions and promote gender equality including at work, in the criminal justice system and in the family. Between the wars, with ICW, it was committed to peace and support for the League of Nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explored leisure among second-generation Mexican-American youth residing in low-income communities in Southern California with a particular focus on how neighborhood features influenced their leisure participation; the strategies parents adopted to keep their children safe during leisure, and the effects of parental negotiation strategies on youth's leisure. The study was framed by the Family Systems Theory and the socio-ecological model. Data were collected using individual semi-structured interviews with six families, including four fathers, six mothers, and six children of middle-school age. The findings revealed that two main neighborhood-level factors influenced youth's participation in leisure: safety and space limitations. These features led to parents' imposing restrictions on children's leisure and adopting coping and negotiation strategies, which led to youth engaging mostly in passive, home-based activities, clustering of friends, and spending time with the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has impacted the world immensely in terms of both global health and economy. It has exacerbated the gap between the economically advantaged and disadvantaged groups in terms of access to various resources and opportunities across the world. This situation has been described as 'collateral damage', which represents unexpected and unintended negative impacts that deprive the poor of certain opportunities and rights. Interestingly, the differences in capability to respond to the issues caused by COVID-19 are observed in developed and developing countries alike. This paper aims to discuss the potential risk factors that encourage students to drop out as collateral damage due to COVID-19, based on the literature on developing South East Asian countries. This commentary argues that collateral damage caused by COVID-19 has revealed a serious limitation in the nature of formal schooling in South East Asia. Although more socio-economically vulnerable groups can participate in formal schooling, there is still not a sufficiently communal climate in these schools that would prevent them from dropping out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People and places are entangled through material, social, discursive and emotional relations, which makes it complex to understand the daily living in a certain place. In this article, we explore such entanglements, with an outset in two underprivileged neighbourhoods in Denmark, by drawing on two sets of theoretical thinking: The framework of multiplicity, and the concept of place. We argue that the neighbourhoods cannot be defined as either good or bad places of living. Rather they exist in complex ways, where what makes some people feel at home, is what makes others feel insecure, and where such ambivalent feelings can co-exist inherently for individual residents. Furthermore, our analysis shows that manifold enactments of residents and places enable multiple trajectories of how to live and identify oneself in relation to the neighbourhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban transit systems have differential impacts across population groups, including the perceptions of impacts. Nevertheless, the evaluation of difference in perceived benefits of transport investment is under researched, and few attempts have been made to quantify the extent to which transport provision meets users' requirements. This paper explores how the impact of rail transit on development and regeneration differs across different income groups and migrants, assessing equity dimensions that arise through surveys on residents' perceptions, using evidence from Chongqing, China. The analysis utilises both MANOVA and discriminant analysis. The result shows that the lowest income group perceives they benefit least from the rail transit impacts, while the highest income group perceives they benefit most. There is a significant unequal perceived benefit distribution between migrants and local residents within the low-income groups. Reflections are made on policies and planning interventions which might be introduced to achieve greater social equity in impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revisiting teacher quality gaps: Geographic disparities in access to highly effective teachers across Tennessee (New York University Working Paper). But more strategic investment in educator compensation may have better long-term benefits for compensating or recruiting more effective teachers or addressing teacher shortages in certain schools or subject matters (Pham et al., [17]). It may be a missed opportunity that teacher investments were not as integrated into ESSER funding guidelines and as foundational as technological investments. [Extracted from the article]

Another leader expressed the value of student input and the importance of communicating with students: ...[T]he conversations are the ones that are the most valuable and the most revealing sometimes as far as if the student is participating, what the student is able to reflect and say or articulate versus the parent, versus - you know, things happen more in that conversation, although not everything gets captured in the ILP form Another district leader emphasized the importance of the ILP process and the power of involving students: [I]t's more about the process from what we've seen. We explore whether and how ILPs can focus educators, students, and families on students' assets and improve the educational opportunities and outcomes of multilingual students. B Abstract b Prior research has documented how current policies and practices reinforce deficit perspectives of multilingual students at the secondary level, particularly students who have been labeled as long-term English learners. Students did not regularly join ILP meetings in the Firebaugh district, but when the student was present, the teachers sought student input about the supports the students found most useful. For example, by providing opportunities for teachers across content areas to compare student writing samples and discuss the samples with students, the ILP process created opportunities for teachers to learn about effective ways to support particular students' learning. [Extracted from the article]

In resource poor environments, identifying those most in need of limited available resources is challenging. Kenya's older persons cash transfer programme (OPCT) targeted at the most poor used a 2-stage targeting process to identify beneficiaries, combining community-based selection with a proxy means-test. This paper investigates whether the process "correctly" identified targeted vulnerable older people in Nairobi's informal settlements and whether receipt of the OPCT resulted in an improvement in perceived financial wellbeing. Regression results show that individuals with greater need were covered under the OPCT. Using propensity score matching, the paper evidences that the OPCT improved subjective financial wellbeing among beneficiaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for face masks is increasing exponentially due to the coronavirus pandemic and the particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere. As a result, an enormous number of disposable mask filters have been produced and discarded, contributing to plastic waste. Underprivileged people who cannot afford to purchase commercial face masks have started making fabric masks with waste clothing; however, this material does not effectively filter viruses or PM. Therefore, in this study, a chitosan coating was applied to clothing fabrics to increase their effectiveness as face masks. The improvement in the PM removal efficiency owing to the chitosan polymer was observed for stocking, innerwear, and bamboo materials, but not for cotton. Furthermore, chitosan prepared in the form of a nanowhisker (CsW) achieved a PM 2.5 removal efficiency of 96% in a five-layer cotton fabric. In addition, a commercial biodegradable poly(lactic acid) filter was coated with CsW, which increased the PM 2.5 removal efficiency from 67% to 83%. Additionally, microbial growth was significantly suppressed in the chitosan-coated fabrics, and the degree to which it was suppressed depended on the coating concentration. The study will aid in the utilization of face mask filters that are more sustainable, efficient, and widely accessible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the publication trends from a top-tier journal covering diverse and interdisciplinary topics related to critical food security research, challenges, and questions. We investigate the bibliometric characteristics of the intellectual structure of Global Food Security: Agriculture, Policy, Economics and Environment (GFS), a journal comprised of 311 scholarly documents published between 2012 and 2019. Various datasets are analyzed using standard bibliometric tools, including g-index, m-index, burst detection, and network analysis. The findings of the study indicate that GFS has exhibited promising growth. The number of publications published in GFS and their influence have seen a clearly rising trend year-by-year with contributors from across the globe. The analysis shows that GFS is well connected with other top-tier peer journals on the same subject. Our findings provide several useful insights into the research published in this premier journal about food security. We suggest that there is a need for special emphasis on studies dealing with ethical issues in social decisions on nutrition security as well as research addressing the implications of the globalization of trade in seafood for its access to low-income people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around the world each year, large sums of money are expended in helping students access higher education institutions (HEIs), but there is remarkably little evidence to show whether this investment is effective or not. Here we use data from a UK university to investigate the relationship between financial support and the continuation of students beyond their first year of study. As a result of changing scholarship policies over the course of three years, a natural experiment was created that allowed us to investigate the effect of financial support on the rates of withdrawal of students from households with different incomes. Controlling for multiple demographic and attainment factors (age, gender, ethnic grouping, disability, nationality, household income, prior educational attainment, and local Higher Education participation rates), the data suggest that scholarships improved student retention, but principally for those students from households with low and intermediate incomes. Interestingly, the value of the scholarships, which varied from £500 to £3,000, did not have a measurable effect on withdrawal. We also found that some students who appeared to be eligible for a scholarship and would likely have benefited from it did not receive one, and we discuss the reasons why this might be so. These results have important implications for scholarship policies in Higher Education internationally; to maximise impact, scholarships should be awarded to those most in financial need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some relevant evidence was provided by the Pew Foundation's ([7]) survey[2] of the American public, which asked Democrats and Republicans to respond to a host of issue questions - and also asked them to predict how the average Democrat and the average Republican would respond. "...I suppose what we all desire is to improve the condition of the people by whom we are employed, and to advance our country, or at any rate to save it from retrogression." When they alternate, to put it simplistically, Republicans are able to reduce taxes without reducing spending, and the Democrats are free to increase redistributionist spending without raising taxes, and so both parties end up increasing the national debt. They saw, possibly correctly, that Republicans have a more positive attitude than the Democrats toward the USA. [Extracted from the article]

Some of the essential issues with which Hesford wrestles in I Violent Exceptions i are these complications surrounding humanitarianism, in which resilience narratives mobilize the savior perspective of a distant observer. Hesford writes that failing to focus on "systemic structural inequities and human rights interdependencies, resilience humanitarianism" serves to turn public attention and resulting support toward the individual and away from obligations of the state. Hesford teaches the reader to think differently about putting out the flash fires humanitarianism battles and, rather, to focus a sustained effort actually supporting real people's human rights. [Extracted from the article]

In the United States, low-income individuals and some racial and ethnic minorities have higher rates of transit use and food insecurity. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), which provides low-income households with money for groceries at authorized retailers, creates a unique food procurement environment for participants. In this article, transit networks' effect on access to SNAP retailers is assessed by calculating transit travel times to all transitable SNAP stores of census block groups (CBGs) in thirty-three metropolitan areas in the U.S. Midwest. Low transit access CBGs are identified and compared to U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) low-income, low-access (LILA) census tracts. Store type transit access ratios are analyzed to further specify disproportionate access to healthy food retailers. Findings indicate low transit access is experienced in fringe-urban, majority white, car-dependent CBGs. Approximately 24,380 people receiving public assistance, 145,636 Black people, 135,731 non-Black Hispanic people, and 108,325 low-income people live within these CBGs, however. The USDA's LILA census tracts are more expansive than this study's low-income, low-transit-access (LILTA) tracts. Despite being classified as rural, LILTA-only tracts had sixty-eight households without a vehicle, on average. Future research and policy should engage populations in suburban and exurban regions to accommodate transportation needs of a nonnegligible portion of potentially food-insecure households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how farm-based ecotherapy using a transactional analysis approach addresses the links between structural oppression and the symptoms of poor mental health that arise from alienation and isolation. It uses a case study of the development of Growing Well, a cooperative that supports people with poor mental health, to examine the value of using transactional analysis theories in the development of an outdoor therapeutic space on a farm. It explores how a cultivated outdoor space can offer a secure attachment experience that helps people with mental health problems to regulate themselves. The article explores the connections between ecotherapy and eco-TA and examines the nature of homonomy and physis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]