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The introduction of a biological control agent can have significant effects on natural enemies that use the same host. Interspecific competition between natural enemies can impact the efficacy of control and, consequently, is the subject of increasing research scrutiny. Three experimental approaches were used to evaluate competitive outcomes between Gonatocerus ashmeadi and G. triguttatus parasitizing Homalodisca coagulata egg masses in the laboratory. (1) When both species were introduced to high densities of host eggs 1, 3 and 5 days of age, mean percentage offspring was significantly higher for G. ashmeadi offspring (23.2% greater than G. triguttatus ). (2) When a female parasitoid of each species was offered a single egg mass, offspring production was statistically similar for the two species. Gonatocerus triguttatus showed aggressive behavior, although this only accounted for 0.8% of the female's total foraging time and did not lead to proportionately higher offspring production. (3) Regardless of order, more G. triguttatus offspring (up to 96%) emerged than G. ashmeadi offspring when one female was introduced sequentially to one egg mass. The relative success in offspring production was affected primarily by the sequence in which the parasitoids were introduced, and to a lesser extent by the interval between successive parasitoid introductions, and the age of the egg mass. These results illustrate the importance of experimental design in the assessment of competitive superiority between two species of parasitoids. Improper experimental design can lead to contradictory outcomes in laboratory-based competition studies due to the interplay of extrinsic and intrinsic competitive behavior. Biological control practitioners need to be aware of the complexity of competitive behavior when designing pre-introduction laboratory tests to determine a priori which natural enemy from several candidate species is likely to be the most effective agent at controlling the target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between body size (hind tibia length), <12 h egg load, wing wear and parasitoid age was used to estimate realised lifetime parasitism of recently deadGonatocerus ashmeadicollected in a citrus orchard. Under prevailing field conditions and methodology assumptions, it was estimated that femaleG. ashmeadilived on average for 183 ± 17 degree-days, parasitised a total of 87 ± 9Homalodisca vitripenniseggs, and died with 34 ± 5 eggs remaining in the ovaries. Only 17% of deadG. ashmeadidied with no mature eggs suggesting that 83% ofG. ashmeadiwere not egg limited at time of death. Estimates of realised lifetime parasitism for femaleG. ashmeadiunder prevailing field conditions in July and August in a southern California citrus orchard indicated that time of year had a significant effect on reproductive output. Additionally, liveG. ashmeadicaptured daily during June through August 2006 had body size, egg load and wing wear recorded to detect possible monthly changes in parasitoid age and egg load. ForagingG. ashmeadicaptured alive in June were older and oviposited more eggs in the field compared with August. Only 0.5% of liveG. ashmeadiwere captured with no mature eggs in their ovaries indicating that the vast majority of liveG. ashmeadiwere not egg limited. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A capstone to the biology introductory curriculum was developed with the specific goals of enhancing integration of course content, promoting development of oral presentation skills and critical reading and thinking skills, and introducing ecological principles omitted from the rest of the core. Classes of 12 to 16 students were team taught by biologists with different subdiscipline specialties in a seminar format, using a variety of problem-solving exercises and critical analysis of the primary literature. The effectiveness of this pedagogy in promoting course goals was determined by feedback from students on their end-of-course surveys and by comparison of scores on exams and oral presentations throughout the semester. More than 90% of students agreed that the capstone course helped them appreciate global issues and read and critically analyze primary literature. Although the capstone course is extremely valuable preparation for upper division biology courses, it is costly to staff and demands more time to prepare and teach it effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic farming has increased in popularity in recent years, primarily as a response to the perceived health and conservation benefits. While it is likely that conventional farming will be able to respond rapidly to variations in pest numbers and distribution resulting from climatic change, it is not clear if the same is true for organic farming. Few studies have looked at the responses of biological control organisms to climate change. Here, I review the direct and indirect eects of changes in temperature, atmospheric carbon dioxide and other climatic factors on the predators, parasitoids and pathogens of pest insects in temperate agriculture. Finally, I consider what research is needed to manage the anticipated change in pest insect dynamics and distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]