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How is it that we can visually experience complete three-dimensional objects despite being limited, in any given perceptual moment, to perceiving the sides facing us from a specific spatial perspective? To make sense of this, such visual experiences must refer to occluded or presently unseen back-sides which are not sense-perceptually given, and which cannot be sense-perceptually given while the subject is occupying the spatial perspective on the object that they currently are—I call this the horizonality of visual experience. Existing accounts of these horizonal references are unsatisfactory. In providing a satisfactory account, this paper argues that the content and structure of the visual experience of complete three-dimensional objects is as follows: the object is presented as being perceptible from yet-to-be-determined alternative points of view. As part of the content of visual experience, this motivates non-propositional attitudes of anticipation. Explicating this proposal is the central positive aim of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a Nietzschean theory of emotion as expressed by following thesis: paradigmatic emotional experiences exhibit a distinctive kind of affective intentionality, specified in terms of felt valenced attitudes towards the (apparent) evaluative properties of their objects. Emotional experiences, on this Nietzschean view, are therefore fundamentally feelings towards value. This interpretation explains how Nietzschean affects can have evaluative intentional content without being constituted by cognitive states, as these feelings towards value are neither reducible to, nor to be thought along the lines of, judgements, perceptions, or other mental states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I focus on a subset of experiences in which action-properties are presented—namely, those in which objects in our perceptual surroundings or environment 'demand' that certain actions be carried out, as experienced mandates (EMs). The critical part of the paper argues that a complex contents view, which builds all of the distinctiveness of such experiences into their perceptual content, is unsatisfactory. As an alternative, I argue that EMs involve bodily potentiation, which is best understood in terms of felt action readiness. I then outline a hybrid account, which combines content-based features of EMs with action-readiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strong or Pure Intentionalism is the view that the phenomenal character of a conscious experience is exhaustively determined by its intentional content. Contrastingly, impure intentionalism holds that there are also non content-based aspects or features which contribute to phenomenal character. Conscious attention is one such feature: arguably its contribution to the phenomenal character of a given conscious experience are not exhaustively captured in terms of what that experience represents, that is in terms of properties of its intentional object. This paper attempts to get clearer on the phenomenal contribution of conscious attention. In doing so it considers and sets aside two prominent impure intentionalist accounts, namely the Phenomenal Structure view of Sebastien Watzl, and the Demonstrative Awareness view of Wayne Wu. As an alternative I outline a Modification view, which draws on ideas in Husserlian phenomenology. On this view, we should think of the phenomenal contribution of conscious attention in terms of attentive modifications of what I call a ‘pre-attentive phenomenal field’. I develop this view and highlight its benefits over alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep is critical for optimal childhood metabolic health and neurodevelopment. However, there is limited knowledge regarding childhood sex differences in sleep, including children with neurodevelopmental disorders, and the impact of such differences on metabolic health. To evaluate if sex differences in childhood sleep exist and if sleep associates with metabolic health outcomes equally by sex. Using autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as a case study, we also examine sleep sex differences in children with a neurodevelopmental disorder. A narrative review explored the literature focussing on sex differences in childhood sleep. Sex differences in sleep were not detected among pre-adolescents. However, female adolescents were more likely to report impaired sleep than males. Childhood obesity is more common in males. Shorter sleep duration may be associated with obesity in male pre-adolescents/adolescents; although findings are mixed. ASD is male-predominant; yet, there was an indication that pre-adolescent female children with ASD had more impaired sleep. Sex differences in sleep appear to emerge in adolescence with more impaired sleep in females. This trend was also observed among pre-adolescent female children with ASD. Further research is needed on sex differences in childhood sleep and metabolic health and the underlying mechanisms driving these differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As data is limited on the outcomes of calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), we evaluated the efficacy and safety of CNI in AIH patients who failed prior treatment(s). A retrospective study was performed of AIH patients who received cyclosporine A (CsA) and/or tacrolimus (TAC) after prior treatment(s) failure. Records were reviewed for baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes. The primary outcome was biochemical remission. Results: Thirty-three AIH patients received CNI across seven liver centers:17 received CsA, 21 TAC and 5 TAC after CsA failure/intolerance. 82% received CNI for an insufficient response to treatment(s). Overall, 48% of CNI treated patients achieved biochemical remission including 41% in prior non-responders and 83% in treatment intolerant patients. Remission rates with CNI as second-line and third-line therapy were 63% and 29% respectively. There were no baseline predictors of response to CNI on multivariate analysis. Eighteen (55%) patients developed significant side effects and 8 (24%) discontinued due to intolerance. Three patients required liver transplantation for decompensated cirrhosis and 6 patients died including one from malignancy possibly related to CNI. CNI salvage therapy is well tolerated and moderately effective achieving remission in around 50% of AIH who failed standard therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses whether Evaluativism, as a view about the nature of unpleasant pains, can meet a specific normative condition. The normative condition says whatever candidate state is offered as an analysis of unpleasant pain should be intrinsically phenomenally bad for its subject to be in. I first articulate a method reflecting this condition, called the normative contrast method, and then frame Evaluativism in detail. The view is then tested through this method. I show that Evaluativism can explain why cases of evaluative thought, with the same contents as unpleasant pains, are not intrinsically phenomenally bad for their subjects to be in by appeal to intentional modes. However, I argue the appeal to perceptuality, which is central to this response is problematic, and therefore it remains unclear whether Evaluativism, as standardly articulated, can meet the normative condition on unpleasant pains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeitgebers such as light, eating and physical activity provide input to the circadian clock. Chronic circadian misalignment is associated with significant adverse health effects. An improved understanding of the impact of the timing of zeitgebers on the stability of 24-hour rest-activity rhythm in free-living settings may identify behavioural and environmental intervention targets. A total of 133 healthy adults, aged 21-60 years, wore a wrist actigraph for 7 consecutive days. We applied a non-parametric analysis to activity counts to derive rest-activity patterns. We administered a questionnaire through a smartphone app to collect self-reported timing of light exposure, eating episodes and physical activity. To assess the relationship between timing exposures (first and last exposure to outdoor light, first exposure to indoor light, last eating episode, first eating episode, morning physical activity proportion, evening physical activity proportion) and rest-activity or sleep outcomes (bedtimes, total sleep time, inter-daily stability, intra-daily variability, L5 and M10 midpoint), we first calculated Spearman correlations, using the false discovery rate method to control for multiple comparisons. From those significant associations, we then fit regression models adjusting for age, sex, race, household income, education level, study site, body mass index, as well as physical activity. Finally, we tested for interaction between chronotype and each timing-related exposure and stratified the analysis by morning type. All zeitgebers, except for evening physical activity proportion, were correlated with at least four of the seven sleep and rest-activity outcomes. In adjusted analysis, later timing of first (after 6:30 to 7:45 AM versus earlier) and last exposure to indoor light (after 11:00 PM versus earlier) and first (after 7:45-9:45 AM versus earlier) and last eating episode (after 8:00-09:00 PM versus earlier) were associated with a shift of 0.60-1.39 hours to later bedtimes, M10 and L5 midpoints (i.e. timing of peak activities or inactivities). Later timing of first exposure to outdoor light (after 09:30 AM versus earlier) was also associated with 0.51 (95% CI: 0.19 to 0.83) hours longer total sleep time. Higher morning physical activity proportion (> 33%) was associated with 0.95 (95% CI: −1.38 to −0.53) hours earlier in-bed time and 0.69 (95% CI: −1.14 to −0.24) hours earlier out-of-bed time, 0.92 (95% CI: −1.41 to −0.42) hours earlier M10 and 0.96 (95% CI: −1.42 to −0.49) min earlier L5 midpoint. The results did not change substantially with further adjustment for total activity. There was a significant interaction between morning chronotype and first eating episode with rest-activity patterns (p < 0.05), with first eating episode associating with timing of activities only in non-morning type adults. Timing of zeitgebers was associated with sleep and rest-activity patterns, including bedtimes, L5 and M10 midpoint. Future research should evaluate the impact of manipulating zeitgebers on both circadian rhythms and health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rest-activity patterns provide an indication of circadian rhythmicity in the free-living setting. We aimed to describe the distributions of rest-activity patterns in a sample of adults and children across demographic variables. A sample of adults (N = 590) and children (N = 58) wore an actigraph on their nondominant wrist for 7 days and nights. We generated rest-activity patterns from cosinor analysis (MESOR, acrophase and magnitude) and nonparametric circadian rhythm analysis (IS: interdaily stability; IV: intradaily variability; L5: least active 5-hour period; M10: most active 10-hour period; and RA: relative amplitude). Demographic variables included age, sex, race, education, marital status, and income. Linear mixed-effects models were used to test for demographic differences in rest-activity patterns. Adolescents, compared to younger children, had (1) later M10 midpoints (β = 1.12 hours [95% CI: 0.43, 1.18] and lower M10 activity levels; (2) later L5 midpoints (β = 1.6 hours [95% CI: 0.9, 2.3]) and lower L5 activity levels; (3) less regular rest-activity patterns (lower IS and higher IV); and 4) lower magnitudes (β = −0.95 [95% CI: −1.28, −0.63]) and relative amplitudes (β = −0.1 [95% CI: −0.14, −0.06]). Mid-to-older adults, compared to younger adults (aged 18–29 years), had (1) earlier M10 midpoints (β = −1.0 hours [95% CI: −1.6, −0.4]; (2) earlier L5 midpoints (β = −0.7 hours [95% CI: −1.2, −0.2]); and (3) more regular rest-activity patterns (higher IS and lower IV). The magnitudes and relative amplitudes were similar across the adult age categories. Sex, race and education level rest-activity differences were also observed. Rest-activity patterns vary across the lifespan, and differ by race, sex and education. Understanding population variation in these patterns provides a foundation for further elucidating the health implications of rest-activity patterns across the lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The central aim of this article is to argue that Nietzsche takes his own taste, and those in the relevant sense similar to it, to enjoy a kind of epistemic privilege over their rivals. Section 2 will examine the textual evidence for an anti-realist reading of Nietzsche on taste. Section 3 will then provide an account of taste as an ‘affective evaluative sensibility’ (AES), asking whether taste so understood supports an anti-realist reading. I will argue that it does not and that we should resist construing the affects (Affeke), which constitute taste for Nietzsche, as no more than Humean subjective preferences. Section 4 will then consider passages in which Nietzsche makes a connection between taste and epistemic considerations, suggesting that he appears to situate the epistemic privilege of his taste in a more fundamental method of evaluative disclosure, namely pre-reflective affective responses. Finally, Section 5 will argue that we can make sense of how such affective responses could provide us with evaluative knowledge by narrowing the scope of the objects of Nietzsche’s taste to other affective-evaluative states, such that the affective responses are meta-affective evaluations. On the basis of this idea, I construct a theory of meta-affective responses providing their subjects with access to the intrinsic phenomenal value of other affective-evaluative states, and then go on to show how Nietzsche can be read as applying this theory in a number of passages. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The need for sound, progressive policy is important, but the robust evidence upon which to base realistic policy, and the institutional capacity and political appetite to deliver it, are often lacking. This article reviews the link between evidence and policy, and highlights recent methodological advances in value chain analysis which allow researchers to efficiently collect relatively robust policy-relevant evidence in data-poor contexts. The article summarises the evidence generated from a World Bank study of tourism in Ethiopia that questioned important tenets of tourism policy and strategy, to assess the extent to which this evidence has been taken up into policy and to account for the apparent failure of evidence up-take. We conclude that the failure of evidence-based policy may have had as much to do with weaknesses in the research process as with the indigenous policy-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of mainstream tourist hotels on destination economies is clearly an important question for public policy-makers wishing to develop robust tourism policy. We adapt the methodology of value chain analysis to measure the local economic impact of a large, single tourism enterprise, to show how to generate commercially realistic data using the example of an analysis of a 1000 room all-inclusive resort in southern Turkey in partnership with TUI UK and Ireland. The data break down package revenues according to their beneficiaries and identifies areas for improvement. We further report and reflect on a 6-month evaluation of a tour operator-hotel partnership to deliver on a set of positive recommendations arising from the date to improve future impact. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines two issues: the emergence of pro-poor tourism as an idea and how the impacts of tourism on local communities around developing world tourist destinations can be measured. Pro-poor tourism was initially conceived in the period 1999–2000 at the conceptual and policy level. More recently, the critical knowledge gap has been found to be that of having reliable evidence to support policy development and action. This paper describes and justifies an action research approach to value chain analysis which allows researchers to “trace the tourism dollar” in developing country tourist destinations. The approach also supports the identification of opportunities to enhance positive tourism impacts on the poor and explains how to develop a shortlist of feasible high impact interventions. Poverty is defined, and a conceptual framework for understanding the linkages between the tourist sector and the local economy is outlined. Value chain analysis is also defined and seven key reasons are given for its use. Field experience with this approach in 12 different developing country destinations is shown to be an empirical basis for suggesting that the methodology is conceptually robust and a practical way of alleviating poverty, allowing researchers and the industry to work together effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Little is known about how prisoners perceive mental health problems or prospective sources of help. Applying a personal construct psychology approach, interviews were conducted with 12 adult male prisoners. Information from these interviews was used to construct a dependency grid, with problem situations on one axis, and possible help-sources on the other. A questionnaire containing this grid was completed by 177 prisoners. Recorded intentions to seek help from different sources varied considerably depending on the problem. Reasons given for help-source choice included the expected response, trust issues and perceived source skill level. Older participants recorded intentions to use a significantly narrower range of help-sources (χ2 (4, n = 168) = 9.57, p = 0.048) and greater intentions to use more formal help sources (χ2 (4, n = 162) = 12.73, p = 0.013). The study highlighted the importance of both formal and informal sources of help for mental health problems in prison, and suggested ways in which support might be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the tourism value chain in order to understand and encourage pro-poor growth of the tourist sector in The Gambia. The central finding is that about 14 per cent of the Gambian part of the chain flows directly into the hands of poor people - a much larger pro-poor outcome than the authors expected. This is due to well-developed local linkages in the destination country that allow poor people to access tourist discretionary expenditure - supported by concerted action from civil society and donor organisations. Pathways from tourism to the poor are, in descending order of importance, craft markets, the food supply chain, non-managerial staff in hotels, excursion guides, and taxis. To increase the benefits from tourism to the poor, the paper recommends increasing both the size of the slice that accrues to them and the size of the tourist cake itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of the Reasoning and Rehabilitation (R and R) program with juvenile offenders in an English prison was evaluated using reconviction and reimprisonment at eighteen months post-release as outcomes. A group of offenders who completed the program (n = 31) were compared with a group of offenders who did not receive the program (n = 31). The comparison group was created by retrospectively matching offenders by offence type, sentence length, age, and number of previous convictions. A small reduction in reconviction during the first eighteen months after release was found for the treatment group, although the difference was not significant. A slightly larger reduction in reimprisonment for the treatment group was found, but again the difference was not statistically significant. No significant differences were observed between the survival curves for the two groups. These findings contrast with more positive outcomes reported by large-scale studies of the R and R program with adult males in the UK and Canada. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Maputo Development Corridor (MDC) was officially launched in May 1996 in Maputo by the presidents of South Africa and Mozambique. Within two years it has become known as the 'most advanced international development corridor in Africa' (Department of Transport, 1997). As the flagship of the Spatial Development Initiative (SDI) process, the methodology utilised in the MDC is now being applied to the other eight SDIs in South Africa and increasingly is being considered by other African countries. The objective of this article is to examine the lessons learned in implementing the MDC in the Mpumalanga province, South Africa. Having provided a brief orientation and having outlined the short history of the MDC and its institutional context, the article will focus on the progress made by the project in attaining the key objectives set at its launch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]