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This study investigates partnership changes and childbearing among immigrants and their descendants in the UK, France, and Germany. Our analysis of longitudinal data shows, first, significant diversity in family trajectories among immigrants and their descendants in Europe. Immigrants from other European countries and their descendants tend to cohabit prior to marriage, and their fertility in unions is often similar to that of the native population. In contrast, South Asians and Turkish populations exhibit marriage-centred family behaviour with elevated third-birth rates. Individuals of sub-Saharan African or Caribbean origin display higher rates of non-marital family transitions. Second, we observe some changes in partnership and childbearing patterns across migrant generations; these are stronger for fertility than for partnership patterns. Third, migration background is particularly associated with partnership patterns, whereas the destination country context influences childbearing patterns. We expect some patterns to persist across future migrant generations (e.g. preference for marriage vs cohabitation), whereas others are likely to vanish (e.g. large families). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitively impaired adults without a partner are highly disadvantaged, as partners constitute an important source of caregiving and emotional support. With the application of innovative multistate models to the Health and Retirement Study, this paper is the first to estimate joint expectancies of cognitive and partnership status at age 50 by sex, race/ethnicity, and education in the United States. We find that women live a decade longer unpartnered than men. Women are also disadvantaged as they experience three more years as both cognitively impaired and unpartnered than men. Black women live over twice as long as cognitively impaired and unpartnered compared with White women. Lower-educated men and women live around three and five years longer, respectively, as cognitively impaired and unpartnered than more highly educated men and women. This study addresses a novel facet of partnership and cognitive status dynamics and examines their variations by key socio-demographic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the interrelationships between partnership and fertility trajectories of immigrant women and female descendants of immigrants using the UK Household Longitudinal Study. We propose a novel multistate event history approach to analyse the outcomes of unpartnered, cohabiting, and married women. We find that the partnership and fertility behaviours of immigrants and descendants from European and Western countries are similar to those of native women: many cohabit first and then have children and/or marry. Those from countries with conservative family behaviours (e.g. South Asian countries) marry first and then have children. Women from the Caribbean show the weakest link between partnership changes and fertility: some have births outside unions; some form a union and have children thereafter. Family patterns have remained relatively stable across migrant generations and birth cohorts, although marriage is being postponed in all groups. Our findings on immigrants support the socialization hypothesis, whereas those on descendants are in line with the minority subculture hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there is a large literature investigating migrant marriage or fertility, little research has examined how childbearing and partnerships are interrelated. In this paper, we investigate how childbearing and partnership trajectories evolve and interact over the life course for immigrants and their descendants and how the relationship varies by migrant origin. We apply multichannel sequence analysis to rich longitudinal survey data from France and find significant differences in family-related behaviour between immigrants, their descendants, and the native French. Immigrants' family behaviour is characterized by stronger association between marriage and childbearing than in the native population. However, there are significant differences across migrant groups. Turkish immigrants exhibit the most conservative family pathways. By contrast, the family behaviour of European immigrants is similar to that of the native population. The study also demonstrates that the family behaviour of some descendant groups has gradually become indistinguishable from that of the native French, whereas for other groups significant differences in family behaviour persist. Supplementary material for this article is available at: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the formation of endogamous and exogamous marriages among immigrants and their descendants in the United Kingdom. We apply event history analysis to data from the Understanding Society study and use multiple imputation to determine the type of marriage for individuals with missing information on the origin of their spouse. The analysis shows, first, significant differences among immigrants and their descendants in the likelihood of marrying within and outside their ethnic groups. While immigrants from European countries have relatively high exogamous marriage rates, South Asians exhibit a high likelihood of marrying a partner from their own ethnic group; Caribbean people hold an intermediate position. Second, the descendants of immigrants have lower endogamous and higher exogamous marriage rates than their parents; however, for some ethnic groups, particularly South Asians, the differences across generations are small, suggesting that changes in marriage patterns have been slower than expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate spatial mobility over time. Research on ‘new mobilities’ suggests increasing movement of individuals, technology, and information. By contrast, studies of internal migration report declining spatial mobility in recent decades. Using longitudinal register data from Sweden, we calculate annual order-specific migration rates to investigate the spatial mobility of young adults over the last three decades. We standardize mobility rates for educational enrolment, educational level, family status, and place of residence to determine how much changes in individuals’ life domains explain changes in mobility. Young adults’ migration rates increased significantly in the 1990s; although all order-specific migration rates increased, first migration rates increased the most. Changes in population composition, particularly increased enrolment in higher education, accounted for much of the elevated spatial mobility in the 1990s. The analysis supports neither ever increasing mobility nor a long-term rise in rootedness among young adults in Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effects of marital and non-marital separation on individuals' housing tenure in England and Wales. We apply competing risks event history models to data from the British Household Panel Survey and the UK Household Longitudinal Study to analyse the risk of a residential move to different tenure types, for single, married, cohabiting, and separated men and women. Separated individuals are more likely to move and experience a tenure change than those who are single or in a relationship. Among separated people, private renting is the most common outcome of a move; however, women are also likely to move to social renting, whereas men tend to move to homeownership. This pattern persists when we account for time since separation and order of move, indicating a potential longterm effect of separation on housing tenure. This long-term effect is especially pertinent to separated women who cannot afford homeownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

KuluH. Why do fertility levels vary between urban and rural areas?,Regional Studies. This study examines the causes of fertility variation across settlements. It uses rich longitudinal data from Finland and applies event history analysis. Analysis shows that fertility levels are the highest in small towns and rural areas and the lowest in the capital city, as expected. The socio-economic characteristics of women and selective migrations account for only a small portion of fertility variation across settlements. Housing conditions explain a significant portion of urban–rural fertility variation for the first birth, but little variation for the second and the third births. The analysis suggests that there are also significant contextual effects. KuluH. 为什么生育水平存在城乡差异？区域研究。 本研究考察了导致不同地域生育差异的原因。研究采纳了芬兰历年数据并将其运用于历史分析。分析与预期一致：小城镇以及乡村地区生育水平最高，首都最低。妇女的社会经济特征以及选择性移民对于不同地域生育差异产生部分影响。家庭状况构成了城乡首胎生育差异的主要因素，但是对二胎三胎差异影响不大。分析表明，也存在较为明显的语境效应。 生育 城市 农村 事件历史分析 北欧 芬兰 KuluH. Expliquer la variation urbano-rurale de la fécondité,Regional Studies. Cette présente étude cherche à expliquer les facteurs qui expliquent la variation de la fécondité à travers les territoires. On emploie de riches données longitudinales auprès de la Finlande et applique une analyse biographique. L'analyse montre que les taux de fécondité s'avèrent les plus élevés dans les petites villes et dans les zones rurales et les moins élevés dans la capitale, comme prévu. Les caractéristiques socioéconomiques des femmes et la migration basée sur la sélection n'expliquent qu'une faible proportion de la variation de la fécondité à travers les territoires. Les conditions de logement expliquent une proportion non-négligeable de la variation de la fécondité urbano-rurale pour ce qui est du premier-né, mais peu de variation pour ce qui concerne le deuxième-né et le troisième-né. L'analyse laisse supposer qu'il y a aussi d'importants effets contextuels. Fécondité Urbain Rural Analyse biographique Europe du Nord Finlande KuluH. Warum fällt die Fruchtbarkeitsrate in der Stadt anders aus als auf dem Land?,Regional Studies. In dieser Studie werden die Ursachen für die Schwankungen in der Fruchtbarkeitsrate in verschiedenen Siedlungen untersucht. Zum Einsatz kommen erweiterte longitudinale Daten aus Finnland unter Anwendung einer Ereignisverlaufsanalyse. Aus der Analyse geht hervor, dass die Fruchtbarkeitsrate erwartungsgemäß in Kleinstädten und ländlichen Gebieten am höchsten und in der Hauptstadt am niedrigsten ausfällt. Die sozioökonomischen Merkmale von Frauen und selektive Migrationen eignen sich nur zur Erklärung eines kleinen Anteils der Schwankungen der Fruchtbarkeitsrate in verschiedenen Siedlungen. Für die erste Geburt lässt sich ein signifikanter Anteil der unterschiedlichen Fruchtbarkeitsraten in der Stadt und auf dem Land auf die Wohnungsbedingungen zurückführen; bei der zweiten und dritten Geburt fällt die Schwankung jedoch nur geringfügig aus. Die Analyse legt den Schluss nahe, dass auch signifikante Kontexteffekte vorhanden sind. Fruchtbarkeit Stadt Land Ereignisverlaufsanalyse Nordeuropa Finnland KuluH. ¿Por qué varía el nivel de fertilidad entre las zonas urbanas y rurales?,Regional Studies. En este estudio analizamos cuáles son los motivos de que varíen los niveles de la fertilidad entre diferentes áreas. Utilizamos datos longitudinales precisos de Finlandia para analizar acontecimientos de la historia. Como cabría esperar, el análisis muestra que el nivel de fertilidad es más alto en las ciudades pequeñas y zonas rurales y más bajo en la capital. Las características socioeconómicas de las mujeres y las migraciones selectivas explican solamente una pequeña parte de las variaciones de la fertilidad en diferentes áreas. Para el primer nacimiento, las condiciones del alojamiento explican una parte significativa de la variación de la fertilidad entre zonas urbanas y rurales, sin embargo, para el segundo y tercer nacimiento esta variación es mínima. El análisis indica que existen también efectos contextuales relevantes. Fertilidad Urbano Rural Análisis de acontecimientos de la historia Europa del norte Finlandia [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

While the variation in childbearing patterns across countries and between socio-economic groups within a country has been studied in detail, less is known about the differences in fertility patterns across settlements within a country. Using aggregate and individual-level register data, we examine fertility variation across settlements in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. We observe a significant variation in fertility level by settlement size in all four of these Nordic countries - the larger the settlement, the lower the fertility. Second, the variation in fertility level has decreased over time, but significant differences in fertility between settlements of different size persist. Third, the timing of childbearing also varies across settlements - the larger the settlement, the later the peak of fertility. Fourth, our analysis of parity-specific fertility in Sweden shows that the major socio-economic characteristics of women account for only a small portion of fertility variation across settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In general, then, internal migration trends in the transition countries were considered to reflect the balance between moves generated by new opportunities and coping problems in major metropolitan areas. The purpose of this report is to, analyze the three specific trends of urbanization, suburbanization, and counterurbanization in post-Soviet Estonia, a country that experienced radical political and economic reforms during the l990s, and compare these findings with migration patterns in other FSU and ECE transition countries. The following section outlines the theoretical foundations of the study followed by an overview of migration in Estonia during the Soviet period. The data and methods employed are then discussed, followed by empirical analysis of internal migration trends.

Analyzes the non-Estonian minority during the Soviet period and the change in its numbers during the 1990s. Percent of non-Estonians in total population; Origin and ethnicity of immigrants; Location of ethnic minorities.

Presents information on a study which clarified the scope of return migration of Estonians in the 1990s. Overview of the formation and condition of the Estonian diaspora at the end of 1980; Methodology; Results and discussion; Conclusion.

Studies in low-fertility settings have consistently found positive relationships between parents’ and children’s fertility timing and family sizes, and these persist after accounting for socio-demographic factors. We explore intergenerational transmission of fertility in Great Britain, where socio-economic inequalities are larger and could play a greater role in explaining intergenerational continuities than in other settings. Using the 1970 British Cohort Study, a long-running longitudinal data set, we estimate parity-specific discrete-time event-history models to investigate the role of mother’s family size and age at first birth in birth transitions. We find stronger evidence for transmission of birth timing and family size in transitions to first and third births than second births. Family size transmission affects daughters more than sons. Accounting for socio-economic and demographic characteristics does not explain these associations. Except for first births, transmission of fertility is equally likely across the socio-economic hierarchy, highlighting the importance of socialization and cultural preferences for fertility transmission, even in the relatively unequal British context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multimorbidity is increasing globally as populations age. However, it is unclear how long individuals live with multimorbidity and how it varies by social and economic factors. We investigate this in South Africa, whose apartheid history further complicates race, socio-economic, and sex inequalities. We introduce the term ‘multimorbid life expectancy’ (MMLE) to describe the years lived with multimorbidity. Using data from the South African National Income Dynamics Study (2008–17) and incidence-based multistate Markov modelling, we find that females experience higher MMLE than males (17.3 vs 9.8 years), and this disparity is consistent across all race and education groups. MMLE is highest among Asian/Indian people and the post-secondary educated relative to other groups and lowest among African people. These findings suggest there are associations between structural inequalities and MMLE, highlighting the need for health-system and educational policies to be implemented in a way proportional to each group’s level of need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]