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This article presents the expression of colonial loyalty in nineteenth century Cuba as a tool mobilised by otherwise disenfranchised enslaving elites seeking to shape the island's governance. Combined with the judicious expression of fear, this paper suggests that "fearful loyalty" was deployed to influence the Spanish colonial government on the subject of slavery. Contemporary periodicals from the USA, examined here, presented Cuban loyalty as effeminate and baffling. Employing the methodology of History of Emotions to analyse private correspondence between Cuban enslavers, Captain Generals in Cuba, and the metropolitan government in Spain, this study rebuts that outsider impression. Adding depth to our understanding of Atlantic History, this article argues that fearful loyalty was a creolised emotional protocol utilised by enslavers and pro-slave trade individuals when attempting to manipulate the Crown to follow the course of action they considered most advantageous to their interests regarding slavery, censorship, and abolition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a training phase, a group of second- (24 M and 24 F) and third-graders (24 M and 24 F) were assigned the task of finding objects hidden in pictures and given either no, low, or high verbal reward following the completion of each of two pictures. Thereafter, in a free time phase, the Ss were observed in terms of the length of time they devoted to additional instances of the hidden pictures task. Under the high verbal reward condition, the male Ss devoted more free time to the task than the female Ss (p < .03). Similar results were reported by other investigators in college students. The results were interpreted to suggest that high verbal reward enhances intrinsic motivation in male second- and third-graders and inhibits intrinsic motivation in female second- and third-graders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archive has played a crucial role in art historical scholarship in helping to flesh out the identities of colonial artists, scribes, and writers. But the vagaries of history, colonialist violences, and postcolonial regimes mean that the archives undergirding such study are particularly unstable. This essay treats the role of archives (their lacunae as well as their surpluses) in shaping the historical methods and scholarly desires around these actors. Case studies are organized around objects made of ink and paper, the same materials as colonial documentation. These cases span a wide temporal range, a broad geographic frame, and a diverse set of period actors. Set out in reverse chronological order, they capture the longing and lament that colonial archives produce. The essay then turns to archival gaps that have been or might be filled, focalizing a range or methods—from historically sanctioned modes of recovery to patently fraudulent fictions—to explore generative methods of probing archival limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how gifts, and stories about gifts, to and from the popes were treated and discussed in twelfth- and thirteenth-century England. The first part explores the intellectual context in which these stories were written, namely scriptural and classical ideas about the gift that circulated in the period, and the practical challenges faced by the papacy. The second part explores how English clerks and aristocrats utilised these gifts and stories about them. The exchange of gifts, the article argues, presented the papacy and its partners with mutually incompatible practical and ideological pressures. Despite the efforts of skilled actors such as Pope Innocent III, these challenges could only be navigated, never resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The qualifications that early childhood (EC) teachers attain vary across the 50 states. This variance is likely associated with the differences in state-level childcare licensing policies governing the qualification attainment of EC teachers. This research explores the relationship between childcare licensing policy and the qualifications that EC teachers attain. We examine secondary data from the National Survey of Early Care and Education merged with secondary policy data on childcare licensing policies for all 50 states. We use a series of linear and logistic regression models to understand how the policy stringency of childcare licensing predicts the attainment of educational degrees, EC certification, and professional development. We find more stringent policies predict teacher attainment of bachelor's degrees in EC, certification, and professional development. Policy does not predict associate degree attainment in EC. Our finding that policy stringency aligns with qualification attainment demonstrates that policymakers can better target childcare licensing policies to promote qualification attainment among the EC workforce. This research can be used by 1) teacher education programs to illustrate how policies and regulatory standards influence the qualifications of the workforce that they prepare for careers in EC, and 2) policymakers to better craft and target childcare licensing policies that influence qualification attainment among their EC workforces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article has two aims. The first is to reflect on the suitability of walking in ethnography, as a form of embodied and social knowing, where both the sensory and emotional perceptions evoked during the walk and the experiential, analytical and relational knowledge of the spaces traversed allow access to a detailed understanding of ethnohistorical settings. The second is to take an ethnographic view of the practices that produced the city of Donostia-San Sebastián (Basque Country, Spain), illuminating them through three ethnohistorical walking tours. These tours illustrate the gradual destruction of the city's water landscape, which occurred in parallel with uneven urban development, as well as recent acts of resistance. In this regard, involving both processes in the walking ethnography presented here highlights the potential of walking in reclaiming the right to the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juan Ruiz de Alarcón's Las paredes oyen is not an ordinary comedia. Its verses portray the embodied and social experience of disability in seventeenth-century Spain from the insider perspective of a disabled person. The play had a successful eighteen-year run in the Habsburg Court of Philip IV, but, paradoxically, it was never performed as Ruiz de Alarcón originally envisioned. Archival evidence shows that the play's main character, a man with an undisclosed bodily deformity, was consistently portrayed as bodily normative. The present study delves into the logic behind such an intentional omission, ascribing these attitudes toward the staging of deviant corporealities in leading parts to both the principles of dramatic decorum and theater's financial reliance on the audiences' preferences. In addition to inviting playgoers to experience life as a person with a disability vicariously, Ruiz de Alarcón's ultimate intention in Las paredes oyen is to challenge the way in which non-normative bodies were traditionally represented in Golden Age theater. To convey his message, Ruiz de Alarcón bent the rules of decorum in the characterization of the leading man, a departure from the playwriting conventions of the Arte nuevo that led to a bitter dispute with Lope de Vega. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper situates Morocco's invasion of the West African Songhai Empire in 1591 within the global histories of race, slavery, and capitalism. Morocco's invasion, which took place during the height of the Sàdi dynasty (1554–1659), provided Morocco with an influx of capital through Black West African slave labour on Morocco's sugar plantations and its newfound control over the lucrative gold and salt mines of West Africa. Such wealth and power bolstered Morocco's regional and global position in the vital node where Africa, Europe, the Mediterranean, and Atlantic all converge. This paper will address the following questions: how did Morocco's shift from enslaving non-Muslims to enslaving Muslim West Africans from the Songhai based on their race lay down the foundations for centuries of anti-Black violence in North Africa? (2) how did Black slave labour from the Songhai allow Morocco to become England's primary source of sugar imports prior to the rise of sugar plantations in the Americas and the Caribbean? (3) how can we move beyond normative taxonomies that view North and West Africa as separate spaces instead of as regions whose conditions were shaped by one another? Ultimately, my paper will demonstrate how the Sàdi dynasty was an active player in the rise of racialized forms of slavery that eventually dominated the Atlantic for centuries and whose afterlives continue to endure on both sides of the Atlantic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, the secondary literature on nineteenth-century British ethnology – the predecessor to anthropology – has placed far too much emphasis on the armchair cogitations of researchers in Britain and not enough weight on the voyagers who collected their data in the field. This article reconsiders the history of British anthropology by expanding the discipline's scope beyond the armchair and examining the role of voyagers in the production of early nineteenth-century ethnological knowledge. At the core of this analysis is an investigation that seeks to understand how ethnographic observations were formed in the field. Using the voyage of theAdventureandBeagleto the Strait of Magellan between 1826 and 1830 as a case study, this paper focuses on the travel account of the commanding officer Phillip Parker King. During the voyage through South America, King recorded detailed descriptions of the cultural and physical attributes of “Patagonians” – to use his nineteenth-century descriptor. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the Greek state engaged in a campaign that opted to present southern Macedonia as a genuinely Hellenic space. The goal was to inhibit rival national discourses that emphasized the primordial presence of non-Greek ethnic groups in the province which legitimized expansionist claims by other states. To achieve this, many Greek governments at the time employed agents and institutions who used three devices to spatialize the Hellenic past of the province: Travelogues, monuments, and excavations. This paper explores and assesses their impact on defining southern Macedonia as a Greek land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What did early modern European audiences make of the iridescent surfaces of colonial Mexican featherwork? While much previous scholarship relates their appeal to brightness, they also exhibit chromatic instability activated by alterations in the angle of illumination or view. This plurality of viewing experiences mirrored those provided by a range of other popular forms of contingent media such as anamorphic and ambiguous images. In ways both similar and distinct, featherwork exposed conventions of pictorial representation and the limitations of the sense of sight itself, embodying an epistemological dilemma that was especially important to the intellectual culture of seventeenth-century Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of landscape has been studied mostly as the view of a space with particular interest in its aesthetics, originating at the turn of the sixteenth century. However, I argue that in fourteenth century northern Europe, the concept was focused on polity rather than aesthetics. This article examines this lesser-known tradition by analysing the painting of Metztitlan, a sixteenth century town in Mexico, and arguing, first, that unlike all the other representations in the Relaciones Geográficas to which it belongs, it is the only landscape, and second, that this painting is associated with an administrative procedure common in Spain to gain control over imperial lands. I review European practices regarding the representation of towns under the Spanish Crown. Then, I present the results of the fieldwork carried out to locate several heights which probably served as vantage points to paint the landscape. Based on this research, I analyse the intentions of the painter to argue that it should be considered within the same tradition as the paintings made in Spain by Flemish painter Anton van de Wyngaerde, as part of the Spanish Empire's Germanic tradition of describing places with the intention of exerting control over them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sacred mountains are well known from all over the world, especially as places for pilgrimage. Classical phenomenology of religion used to present them as places of a hierophany and/or as spaces for a numinous experience. Although both these concepts – 'hierophany' and 'numinous experience' – have been the target of severe criticism in Religious Studies, it may be rewarding to redefine them as purely descriptive categories and discuss the applicability to various kinds of mountain-experiences: from religious pilgrimage in Late Antiquity as, for instance, climbing Mount Sinai, to extreme-sports in modern times as, for instance, free-soloing in the Yosemite National Park. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is common to associate totalitarianism with modernity, but this article argues that there is nothing modern about the basic idea of indoctrinating people in an ideology to gain total control over people's thoughts; what is modern is simply the way totalitarianism is implemented. Just as representative democracy in 21th century Europe must function differently than direct democracy in ancient Greece, so must totalitarianism take on different forms throughout different historical epochs. This article focuses on Spain during the introduction of the Inquisition as an example of a pre-modern attempt at creating a totalitarian society and compares the Spanish Inquisition to the inquisition in France, to explain why the Spanish Inquisition became totalitarian, but not the one in France. It argues that in Spain the Inquisition was part of a state-building process, so it became part of a strategy to homogenize society around a Catholic ideology, while in France it was not part of a state-building process, and thus the Inquisition there only had the limited aim of fighting the Cathar sect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After half a century of Spanish colonial presence in San Luis Potosí, the local Guachichil population vanished from all historical documentation. It resurfaced in the early eighteenth century, when the barrio of Santiago del Río filed a land litigation against its neighbors, the famous Tlaxcalans. In this article, I study the first fifty years of that long and continuous litigation to analyze the relations between law, identity, and political power in eighteenth-century New Spain. I explore how a subordinate indigenous community learned about elements of law, and how it could use that knowledge to bring back a lost ethnic identity and thus raise its political status. I argue that the elite of Santiago first emulated the Tlaxcalans, but then surpassed them in influence and developed new legal strategies that enabled them to gain the favor of the Spanish authorities. In the process, the barrio changed its ethnic identity, passing from a generic indio to a strong Guachichil identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is it true that all formative influence is unethical, and that we ought to avoid influencing children (and indeed anyone at all)? There are more or less defensible versions of this doctrine, and we shall follow some of the strands of argument that lead to this conclusion. It seems that in maintaining that all influence is immoral, one commits oneself to the idea that children have innate teleologies, that these may be frustrated, and that to frustrate a child’s innate teleology would be to wrong them. First we consider a strong view of innate teleology exemplified in the writing of Plato. However, even those who favour such a view can approve of those formative influences which lead people to better realise their innate teleology. Next we consider a weaker version of the doctrine, one claiming that we ought to broaden the possibilities available to those that we influence, and never to narrow them. This seems too permissive a strategy, however. Finally Foss and Griffin’s worry about a desire for control and domination being embedded in persuasion is explored together with their proposed alternative strategy of ‘invitational rhetoric’. Ultimately, this paper argues that we often have good reason to encourage certain formative outcomes and discourage others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary criminology is witnessing something of a "visual turn" and as researchers develop their methods of enquiry it is clear that interdisciplinary scholarship will play a key role in shaping inventive approaches in it. In this article, I discuss some of the different ways art historians have "read" images and the multiple connections they have forged to understand an artwork, before turning to how these approaches have been mobilized in a single example: Titian's Flaying of Marsyas, which dates from the 1570s and is among the most disturbing images in the entire history of art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article brings together the figure of the European peasant and the indigenous Amerindian through the materials of painting, by following the trajectories of certain dye-plants uncovered through my practice-based research into the construction of a pigment garden in Almería, Spain. It follows the colonial routes of woad (Isatis tinctoria) and indigo (xiuquílitl, Indigofera suffruticosa) in order to elucidate the exploitative relationship towards plant and human life developed through bio-colonialism and the plantation system, which reduced non-Europeans to abstract labour, and plant life to standing resources. In contrast, I will attempt to retrieve the indigenous Mesoamerican pigment-making technology for making Mayan blue, that was 'lost' in the wake of colonialism, and show how it reveals alternative genres of the human and plant-human relationships. As I share my hybrid recipe for making Mayan blue from European woad, I will examine re-enactment (as a form of anthropofagia), and commoning, as decolonial strategies within my practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have examined Indigenous and mestizo communities that engage in social practices of transculturated, Amerindian and translingual literacies, often to resist efforts by powerful groups to oppress them. By drawing on data from studies conducted in Peru and the United States, we trace the trajectories of Amerindian and translingual literacies from the early modern/colonial period to the postmodern/postcolonial present. We trace the domination of alphabetic-text literacy driven by the ideology of its superiority and the coexistence of Amerindian and translingual literacies driven by the ideology of border gnoseology. We merge metaculture with colonial semiosis and literacy as translingual practice to account for continuities and discontinuities among semiotic systems in Amerindian literacies. Metaculture, colonial semiosis, and the existing data enable us to recognise previously overlooked texts and the social and literacy practices that produced them as products of border gnoseology and translingualism, and to apprehend Indigenous and mestizo material in autoethnographic texts studied primarily from the perspective of the subaltern appropriation of dominant paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The distinguishing characteristic of cultural policy in countries characterized by a legacy of coloniality is the importance of the identity formation and the politics that are involved in formulating its definition. At root, coloniality is an experience involving dominating influence by a stronger power over a subject state. However, this is not just a matter of external governance or economic dependency, but of a cultural dominance that creates an asymmetrical relationship between the ‘center’ and the ‘periphery,’ between the ruling ‘hegemon’ and the marginalized ‘other.’ In these circumstances, what constitutes an “authentic” culture, and how this informs national identity, is a central political and social concern. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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During the Spanish Golden Age, language was developing fast. An important debate on orthology and orthography was taking place at the time. Many authors posed different proposals for a reform of spelling. The arguments discussed in these works also included educational considerations in favour of their proposals, which makes them an invaluable source in the history of education in Spain. In this paper a number of books published between 1531 and 1631 are analysed in search of relevant ideas on literacy education, the teaching of reading and writing in primary schools, and the skills and training needed for primary teachers. Many of these ideas are surprisingly modern, and anticipate current views on literacy education that would not begin to be put into practice in Spain until the late nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this personal essay, which includes five poems, the author uses poetry as a vehicle to recover, connect with, and explore her Native American ancestry. Her mother, who was one-quarter Wampanoag, was raised from age seven by a couple who taught her that Native American ancestry was something to hide. The poems are interwoven with the account of the author's struggle to retrieve a family story that has been intentionally suppressed. In the first poem, the author's connection to her Native American roots is reflected purely through her interest in and reverence for the earth and its creatures, but throughout the article, the connection becomes a progressively more specific bond with a particular ancestor and his tribe. As the author draws closer to identifying her Wampanoag great-grandfather through genealogical research and reaching out to Wampanoag tribes in Massachusetts, she also draws closer to his spirit, and she writes the final poem, “Wampanoag Clambake,” in his voice. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This essay reverses conventional images of the colonial Atlantic world by showing how Native power and politics set the parameters within which Spanish colonial officials acted. It charts shifting alliances between the latter and Guajiroalaulayus(leaders) – who were related by blood or marriage – in the 1760s and 1770s, and betweenalaulayusand the captains of non-Spanish ships. It argues that conflict and competition amongalaulayusdetermined the contours and limits of such alliances. Conflict and competition amongalaulayus, in turn, was fueled by perceived violations of Guajiro law concerning property rights, principally cattle rustling, as well as by conflicts over access to key Atlantic ports. Thus Guajiro kinship, law, property relations, trade, and politics dictated the terms, extent, and success of Spanish engagement, missionary as well as martial. Spanish presence was contingent on the goodwill of one or more Guajiroalaulayus, whose power derived in part from the broader Atlantic trade networks in which they participated, and constrained Spanish imperialism. This view rejects conflict and competition among European imperial agents as the chief determinants of indigenous autonomy. Native peoples such as the Guajiros shaped the course of European empires as much as they were shaped by them. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Maroon communities and slave revolutions in the Black Atlantic world are well known and well documented. Surinam, Jamaica, Cuba, Guyana, Venezuela, Columbia, Haiti, and Brazil had large numbers of enslaved fugitives who fled the plantations, armed themselves, and defended their human right to be free against national and local military forces. Much less is known about the maroon tradition in the United States where there has been a concerted effort to suppress information on slave revolts and maroon activity. The publicized rebellion of Nat Turner and the planned rebellions of Gabriel Prosser and Denmark Vesey that never got off the ground are highlighted, it seems, in order to obfuscate the more successful maroon activities. Tagged as the largest slave rebellion in the United States, the Nat Turner rebellion did not even come close to achieving what some of the revolts waged during the colonial period achieved. There were three epicenters of maroon communities in the United States: the Dismal Swamp of southern Virginia and northern North Carolina, southern Louisiana, and north-central Florida and the Everglades, home of the Seminoles. This paper will examine the Black Seminoles, fugitive slaves who formed a maroon community and became part of the Seminole Confederation that fought three wars against the United States. The Seminole maroons’ century-long defense of their freedom far excelled the courageous revolt of Nat Turner and was by far the largest and longest standing military defense against the United States waged by an African or Indian group. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article reports on the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in the ban of burqa, a Islamic women wear case, of 'SAS v France' and mentions the events related to the ant-Islamic Charlie Hebdo magazine's cartoons. Topics discussed include protections from incitement to discrimination, hatred, violence against individuals in France; and lack of free speech protections; and the opinion of European Court of Human Rights on the issue.

In 1989, the German artist Thomas Struth began theMuseum Photographs, producing photographic images of the visitor experience in Old Master collections. One of the last images in the series,Museo del Prado 7, Madrid 2005, a photograph of visitors in front of the paintingLas Meninas, exemplifies the strategies at work within theMuseum Photographs. This paper considers the relationship between representation and experience and asks: What does it mean to reproduce the museum experience by way of a photograph? It proposes that the photographs are thinking objects; in other words, the viewer gains critical awareness of his or her status as a museum visitor by engaging with the image. It considers the employment of metapictoriality and intermediality; these factors outline the limitations of the image’s production and impact on the way that a viewer interacts with the image. The implications of the relationship between representation and experience are arrived at through a process of metacognition, or thinking about thinking. Engaging with theMuseum Photographsis therefore a transformative experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author poses a question about the connection between archeology and the ideology of nationalism. Defining nationalism as ideology and social practice that makes nation a subject of politics and give priority to the national interests over all others, he argues that the value of archeology for nationalism is determined by its ability to provide material evidence of long cultural continuity and real ties with the ancestors. This renders the issue of archeologists' responsibility and role in "forming identities" in a rather new way, since we are now dealing with "multiple pasts." It becomes especially complicated when contested territories or struggle for historical heritage come into play, as in the case when neighboring groups compete for the ancient heritage, each trying to ascribe local archeological remnants to their own ancestors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the lens of an engraving of indigenous deer hunters in sixteenth-century Florida, this essay explores the formation of a resistant Protestant identity through the French Huguenot attempt to colonize Florida between 1562 and 1565. The French approached the Timucuan people indigenous to that region of Florida through a diplomatic strategy of friendship, hoping to win their allegiance against the Spanish and in favor of the reformed religion. Though their intention was to offer a more appealing alternative to Spanish coercion, the French also practiced dissimulation in these friendships as they pursued alliances with the richest and most powerful native leaders in the region. According to contemporary physiological theory and early reformist critiques of religious hypocrites, these real and feigned friendships put the French in danger of assimilation by the Timucua and at risk of drawing God's providential rage against them, especially when they ran out of food and became dependent on indigenous hospitality. In the minds of the more devout Calvinists at Fort Caroline, friendship with and dependence on the Timucua and relaxed leadership doomed the colony to failure. Artist Jacques Le Moyne interpreted the massacre by the Spanish as a providential punishment from God, and his account offered a cautionary tale that was meant to discipline future Protestant colonists and assure the elect of their immunity to the wilderness and of God's redemption among non-believers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In Latin America, collective remembering is shaped by stories of colonizers whose voracious ambitions left an indelible mark on the landscape and its people. This essay examines a set of narratives about a legendary colonizer, Lope de Aguirre, that continue to be invoked in the collective imagination on the island of Margarita, in Venezuela. Drawing on Bormann's Symbolic Convergence Theory and Bakhtin's work on cultural discourse, this analysis shows that on the one hand, the narratives converge to support official records of Aguirre as an archetype of colonial brutality. Yet on the other, alternate versions of the stories reveal a more discordant picture, one that complicates Aguirre's character and reevaluates his influence on the island and in the wider context of Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-invasive and non-contact analyses were performed on a group of 28 ink drawings ascribed to the sixteenth-century Italian painter Luca Cambiaso and his followers. Drawings analysed in this investigation were selected from the collections of Musei di Strada Nuova in Genoa and of Museo del Prado in Madrid. Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), carried out at the Centro de Micro-Aná.lisis de Materiales of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and at the Università di Firenze, provided elemental data on the inks and papers. The drawings in Genoa were studied at the Università di Genova using infrared relectography (IRA) and optical microscopy. Elemental composition of the inks was determined by comparison with a set of certified thin standards. Elemental analysis indicates that all of the drawings were executed with iron gall ink, except for one case where a mixed carbon black and iron gall ink was used. The PIXE data showed variations in the elemental concentrations of the materials used in the various inks, indicating the use of different recipes in their production. In some cases, these differences may help corroborate stylistic judgements to confirm or deny Cambiaso's authorship and separate autograph drawings from those of his pupils or imitators. PIXE analysis was also used to distinguish the presence of retouches and later additions. In some drawings, the combined use of IRA and optical microscopy revealed the presence of a dry carbon-based underdrawing, following a working method that seems more consistent with a workshop procedure than with the drawing technique of the master himself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a first-hand account of the experiences of an advance manager of the flame relay team of the Athens Olympic Games Organizing Committee (ATHOC). It covers the first and third segments of this relay within Greece and offers a focused description of the standard celebration events that punctuated the passage of the Olympic Flame. Organizational and managerial successes and failures shape the public experience of the Olympic Flame Relay (OFR), and the celebrations join the local and the global into performances of special demographic and symbolic power. In the model adopted for the 2004 OFR, these celebrations offered particular targets of attention for the various stakeholders (ATHOC departments, commercial sponsors, national government cultural officials, local authorities, and police). Power struggles among the various stakeholders are analysed, and the tactics deployed by sponsors to win these struggles are particularly revealed in a case study of the battle over the relay anthem. This article provides a rare published account of the experience of being a flame relay staff organizer under the emergent ‘world's best practices’ model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sor Juana's 1680 arch, designed and written in her role as professional writer for Church and state, consisted of commissioned words, art, and performance to celebrate the arrival of the new viceroy. It is significant as the remaining trace of a seventeenth-century female exerting high-level political influence on the closed, patriarchal society of New Spain. Reading and writing about the arch presents multiple challenges, including lack of the full “text” for what was an ephemeral event as well as a problem in recent feminist criticism, which insists on seeing Sor Juana as only a rebellious iconoclast. I argue that the work, and Sor Juana herself, must be read as having both a conservative, hegemonic agenda and radical critique of dominant ideology. This “both/and” move, which I position as necessary for a robust feminist approach, helps us better understand the complexity of Creole identity and belonging in colonial Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archaeology of the contemporary past involves making the familiar unfamiliar, interrogating the overlooked or infra-ordinary. While this is often conceptualized in terms of a methodology of distancing or alienation, this paper argues that, on the contrary, estrangement from the everyday requires a close engagement, a transgression of boundaries (however, in the process we should avoid replacing one normalizing discourse with another); that, once the mysterious is found in the quotidian, it is necessary to cultivate it. There are reasons to hope that the materiality of things can help us achieve this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Marianas iron trade, the earliest sustained cultural interaction and material exchange between Pacific Islanders and Europeans, extended from Magellan's 1521 visit to the 1668 Spanish mission. In a paradigm of cross-cultural exchange and technology appropriation, the trade represents a continuum of interaction that produced a structure and process for reliable access to a valued exogenous resource, which high-status Islanders integrated into their industries and reciprocity regimes. As the exchange (and related repatriation initiatives for sojourning clerics and galleon castaways) became a recurring, rewarding activity over several generations, it created conceptual categories for people previously unknown to each other, a related suite of values and attitudes, and corresponding behavioural and social adaptations. This 'culture of culture contact' generated dynamic Islander-Spanish intercourse, positive trade relationships and political entanglements which provided a receptive milieu for missionaries dedicated to social transformation and political consolidation under Spain's Patranado Real system of imperial expansion and administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of performance extremities (peaks and troughs) on performance ratings was unexamined. Based on judgment and decision-making theories, we hypothesized that performance extremities would exert an incremental (beyond performance mean and trend) impact on ratings and that the impact of troughs would exceed that of peaks. We also hypothesized that extremities would exert a greater impact when performance trends were in the opposite direction and when performance information was presented in a graphical rather than tabular display format. We tested these hypotheses via a policy-capturing study in which participants rated employee performance profiles across which extremities, trends, and mean levels were manipulated. The results consistently indicated that performance troughs, but not performance peaks, influenced performance ratings in expected ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than a decade Greece and FYR Macedonia have been in dispute for the use of the name Macedonia. A dispute that, as this article indicates, it has historical, normative and politico-economic aspects. It is also an issue that threatens the European Union (EU) policy in the region of western Balkans. Furthermore, during the period of this dispute, both sides have tried to use the EU for their own means and the EU itself has managed to gain an important influence in both sides. However, this influence has failed to materialise into a final solution. Hence, this article tries to explore the possible reasons of this failure and to depict those aspects of EU policy-making that hinder the EU efficiency in such kind of problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After centuries as great powers, the Spanish and Ottoman Empires found themselves in decline by the early eighteenth century and suffered steady encroachment upon their territories from competing powers. Nevertheless, in the late eighteenth century, and again in the mid-nineteenth century, the two empires made vigorous efforts to assert themselves in North Africa. After initial successes, Istanbul and Madrid believed they could rebuild their former strengths. At the same time, they ended their centuries-long mutual hostility, and began to cooperate through treaties, trade, and diplomatic coordination. By the end of the nineteenth century, however, Spanish defeats in the Spanish American War and Ottoman losses in Egypt, Algeria, and elsewhere, ended this resurgence. Drawing on diplomatic records and other sources, this historical essay explores the parallel destinies of the Spanish and Ottomans up to the eve of World War I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses Quechua speakers' religious literacy practices in the native language in a rural community located in the department of Cuzco (Peru). I argue that in a situation where the school did not play the role of developing or maintaining the written vernacular, a group of community members found specific situations where they felt comfortable writing in their mother tongue. This study contributes to the discussion of native language literacy and Quechua language maintenance by examining adult and child Quechua literacy practices in the religious realm. Additionally, I present the case of Marcos, as an example of a self-generated literacy practice of authoring huaynos (songs in Quechua), as a result of the author's participation in a Protestant church. Findings show that literacy skills developed in the religious domain can be transferred across contexts. However, these literacy practices were endangered by macro forces of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on cinematic rendering of collective aggressor and ethnonational aggression through several films which invigorate mechanisms for processing events within an audience. As cited, "El Dorado," a film by Carlos Saura on Spanish conqueror impacted the psyche of conquerors of Spain. As cited, Pippa Scott's film "King Leopold's Ghost" provided a realistic look into exploitation of Africa as well as psychodynamic backdrop for destructive acting out in the travelling group itself.

This paper examines invention patents in the Crown of Aragon during the seventeenth century. Patents were granted by the Council of Aragon, the Royal Council responsible for political and legal issues arising in the Spanish territories belonging to the Crown of Aragon. The Council's functions in the area of patents arose out of the monarchy's interest in extending the validity of royal patents from Castile to Aragon in order to enhance its control over technical discoveries and developments, and to raise fresh revenues for the treasury. Both foreign and Castilian inventors applied for patents, which were immediately applicable, but the privileges they entailed were accepted only with difficulty by the Aragonese institutions. This reluctance severely curtailed the number of applications. Meanwhile, the Council's desire to cooperate with the monarchy led it eventually to define criteria for the grant of patents. However, the legal and institutional structure of the Crown of Aragon made it difficult for inventors to enforce and defend their rights. The lack of new patent applications to the Council in the later seventeenth century illustrates how the existence of a separate jurisdiction obstructed the consolidation of a patents system in the Crown of Aragon, hindering the spread of technical progress in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the controversy over the constitutional particularity or an anomaly of the law of marriage in Great Britain. The requirement under the Marriage Act 1949 does not apply to rites of the Church of England on the authority of ecclesiastical preliminaries. It is stated that the High Court nor the Court of Appeal does not give a proper legal explanation in their judges for the exemption of Anglican marriages in the statutory regime.

This study examined 15 secondary American history textbooks to evaluate their accuracy in depicting Native Americans as a follow-up to studies by Costo and Henry (1970) and Loewen (1995). The criteria embodied an authenticity guideline based upon the Five Great Values with a rating scale between 1 (lowest) and 5 (highest). The results indicate that only three of the textbooks rated above average. Though generally the textbooks have improved in quantity of cultural information, better treatments must be pursued that reflect more accurate and comprehensive accounts. The challenge lies in assisting educators' acquisition of knowledge and familiarity with Native cultures as they are depicted in textbooks, an endeavor that will further assist these teachers in adopting and utilizing proper textbooks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I offer, by way of a circuitous route, a journey examining 'how we know we know'. This examination is significant as it again rehearses the division between 'Analytical' and 'Continental' knowing. A division in valuing knowing that, when tested in the circumstances of a performance of John Cage's '4 minutes and 33 seconds' and an engagement with Diego Velázquez's painting Las Meninas, exposes the role of the audience in their engagement with any object or event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Destabilized and exhausted by the crusades, Mongol invasions, the Hundred Years war, and finally, as the climate cooled dramatically in the 15th century, the Black Death, which reduced populations by as much as fifty percent, European society was reborn as the remaining people increasingly were wage earners rather than serfs, and technology boomed, sparked by the lack of workers. The rediscovery of classical works led to a demand for new authoritative versions purged of errors made by copyists and translators over the centuries. Movable type printing permitted the diffusion of this knowledge to a vastly increased public. Physicians, particularly, based on the first century herbal of the Greco-Roman Dioscorides, realized that wild plants they used were much more numerous in type and different from his descriptions. As new multitudes of plants poured into Europe in the wake of voyages of exploration, herbal became increasingly realistic and complex and split between purely medical works and those of a more general botanical nature. This led to the development of precise and useful taxonomy finally leading to works of great evolutionary significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]