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Due to the biological importance of diclofenac derivatives which are included in the composition of the active substance in many medicines used in the treatment of infections. Herein, we present a facile procedure for the synthesis of a new series of diclofenac analogous, in excellent isolated yields starting from the carbohydrazide precursor 1. Acylation and condensation of NH2 group in the starting material with different reagents delivered compounds (2–5). Moreover, the Nucleophilic substitution of chloromethyl derivative 5 with primary and secondary amines gave compounds (6a, 6b, and 7). Furthermore, the hydrazine compound (7) reaction with benzaldehyde and chloroacetylchloride produced derivatives (8, 9). The chemical structures of all newly synthesized compounds have been proved based on elemental and spectral analysis techniques (FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and Mass spectroscopy). All synthesized compounds were investigated for their in-vitro antimicrobial activity against different strains of bacteria and fungi in moderate to high activity. A molecular docking approach was utilized to investigate the proposed molecular mechanism of the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the synthesized compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endoscopic biopsies can be taken using either single or double bite technique. In the single bite method, intubation time may be proportionately prolonged depending upon the number of biopsies taken. In contrast to this, double bite, though a greater number of biopsies may be taken per unit time, it may influence the quality of the biopsy specimen. The aim of the study was to compare these methods and to see if taking double bite has significant effect on the histological quality of the endoscopic biopsies. A prospective, randomised and partly blind study (n = 135, M: 54%, age 21–91 years) divided into two equal arms to compare 144 procedures was conducted. Specimen were compared for time taken to size, depth, crush artefacts, necrosis, fragmentation, distortion, and epithelial stripping. Time taken to collect specimens was also recorded in the upper GI procedures. No significant difference was observed in the histological quality of single and double bite specimens (p < 0.05). However, DB took significantly less time (M = 88.5, SD ± 28.5) as compared to SB (M = 180, SD ± 55.9) (p < 0.05). There is no difference between the histological quality of DB and SB and the former technique takes less time, hence reducing intubation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A correction to the article "The Effect of Alginates on Deoxycholic-Acid-Induced Changes in Oesophageal Mucosal Biology at pH 4," by Peter W. Dettmar, Vicki Strugala, and Chris Tselepsis that was published in the previous issue is presented.

Esophageal cancers have traditionally been diagnosed late and prognosis has been dire. For many years the only real treatment option was esophagectomy with substantial morbidity and mortality. This situation has now changed dramatically. Improvements have been achieved in surgical outcomes and there is an array of new effective treatment options now available, particularly for the increasing proportion diagnosed with early-stage disease. Minimally invasive endoscopic therapies can now prevent, cure or palliate esophageal cancers. This article aims to investigate the role and evidence base for these new therapeutic options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the state of gastroenterology research as of December 2010. It says that gastrointestinal (GI) cancer chemoprevention trials will probably offer a rich source of information on the reduction of mortality. According to the author, gastroenterology needs to refocus on disease prevention and the causes of GI mortality. The progress in the area of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer chemoprevention is also discussed.

A method of solving three-dimensional coupled quasi-static problems of linear thermoelasticity is presented. Any initial-boundary value problem contains a coupled initial state. The concept is based on extending a region occupied by the considered body over the whole space where the space value thermoelastic problem is formulated. Both the Helmholtz displacement potentials and temperature from the space value Helmholtz problem are convolutionally determined. All the outside component parts of the convolution products are here defined as fictitious ones. The solution of space value thermoelastic problem includes fictitious displacement-temperature components. Capacities of approximate fictitious components are calculated from the boundary condition contracted to the finite time interval. Approximate solution to the primary thermoelasticity problem is obtained by spatial contracting of the solution to the space value thermoelastic problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work includes a proposal of solving coupled quasi-static problems of linear thermoelasticity with coupled initial state by Helmholtz potentials. The proposal is based on an extension of the body region to the whole space where the space integral as a particular solution of the Helmholtz initial-boundary value problem is derived. Thermomechanical fictitious sources are separated from the space integral. Their capacities are determined on an approximate way from the boundary conditions in a bounded time interval. The approximated solution of the initial-boundary value problem of thermoelasticity was obtained by contraction of the space integral in space and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents several abstracts of articles. "The Global Prevalence of the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Symptoms Heartburn and Acid Regurgitation Within the General Population," by Vicki Struagala and Peter W. Dettmar; "Characterisation of the Novel Oesophageal Specific Heat Shock Protein SEP53," by Mairi Hunter, Peter Ross, Neil Kernohan, Tedd Hupp, Liz Pohler, and Ashley Craig; "Laryngeal Epithelial Defense Against Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease: Role of Stress Proteins," by Nikki Johnston, Peter W. Dettmar, and Jamie Koufman.

Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma, although increasingly common, have no known genetic cause. In this report we describe a family with a remarkable history of Barrett's oesophagus and adenocarcinoma. The index case is a 76-year-old man with adenocarcinoma arising within Barrett's oesophagus. Two of his three brothers, aged 68 and 78 years, also developed adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett's oesophagus and the remaining 67-year-old brother has severe dysplasia in biopsies from Barrett's oesophagus. The sons and daughters of the index case requested screening and all had histologically confirmed short-segment Barrett's oesophagus. This kindred appears to be genetically susceptible to Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Pooling of data from this and other Barrett's families may allow successful linkage analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a table of contents for the September 2006 issue of "Heat Transfer Engineering."