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Outbreaks of human Nipah virus (NiV) cases have recently been reported in several countries. With a mortality rate of around 80% and no known therapy, there is an urgent need to test existing antivirals repurposed for it. Due to its central role in virus replication, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of NiV-L protein is a potential target for such antiviral therapies. In this study, Favipiravir, Remdesivir, Ribavirin, and their metabolites, including monophosphate (MP), diphosphate (DP), and triphosphate (TP), were virtually screened against RdRp. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, lead hits from the docking study were examined for conformational changes. Additional analyses, including MM-PBSA, residual decomposition energy, and principal component analysis, were performed on the MD trajectory. Remdesivir-TP, Favipiravir-TP, and Ribavirin-TP exhibited the lowest binding energies of –7.8, −7.4, and −6.9 kcal/mol, respectively, and displayed an affinity for pocket 1, forming interactions with active site residues Asp726 and Asn727. During the 100 ns MD simulation, Remdesivir-TP demonstrated a more stable binding mode compared to Favipiravir-TP and Ribavirin-TP. The relative binding energies were −94.709 kJ/mol, −68.882 kJ/mol, and −46.98 kJ/mol for Remdesivir-TP, Favipiravir-TP, and Ribavirin-TP, respectively. This research anticipates Remdesivir-TP to be a potential candidate for an antiviral drug against NiV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanoparticle size was successfully prepared using the sol-gel method, while, the conducting polymer (PANI-PTSA) the chemical oxidative method was used. The nanocomposite {NiFe2O4/PANI-PTSA} is an excellent shielding material that reduces the cross-sectional area by absorbing radar waves at X-band, then offers protection from risky microwave radiation. The specimens NF, PNF1, PNF2 and PNF3 were characterised using some techniques, for instance, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) and vector network analyser (VNA). Results showed that the specimen PNF3, which mixed by ratio (3:1) and 2.1 mm thickness, got better reflection loss (R.L); { – 19.5, – 25.19, – 59.08} dB, at frequency band {8.3, 9.5, 10.7} GHz, respectively, while the power absorption was (99 %), (>99.68%), (99.99 %) in that order. Here the nanocomposite {NiFe2O4/PANI-PTSA} adds new outcomes to the electromagnetic interference (EMI) for shielding and microwave absorption in various advanced military applications at frequency band (8–12 GHz). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the development of unpollinated and pollinated flowers of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). cv. Deglet Noor in three successive seasons (2015–2017), focusing on the physico-chemical characterization and functional properties of fruits at Kimri stage. Results showed for the first time that dropped fruits at Kimri stage have a clear beneficial action on human health compared even with Tamar stage, given its higher total polyphenols and antioxidant activity, 3 and 34 times superior to Tamar stage, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reverse phase HPLC method is developed for the simultaneous analysis of Trifluoperazine (TFP) and prochlorperazine (PCP) in pharmaceutical preparations. HPLC was carried out on a C18 column using acetonitrile as a mobile phase at 1 mL min-1 flow rate and the effluent was monitored at 250 nm. Chlorperazine hydrochloride (CPZ) was used as an internal standard. The retention time of the drugs was 10.879 and 13.708 min, respectively. This method produced a linear response in the concentration range between 5-200 μg ml-1 of trifluoperazine and 10-500 μg ml-1 of prochlorperazine. In this study, a HPLC method was successfully applied for the quantitative assay of trifluoperazine and prochlorperazine in tablets and ampule of commercial preparations which is simple, rapid and does not require any separation step for each drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of thermal and velocity slips on mixed convection magnetohydrodynamic flow of ceramic nanofluids past a thin needle with variable physical properties has been investigated in the present study. Numeric computation of nonlinear differential expressions has been executed by Runge–Kutta Fehlberg-quadrature method for varying physical parameters. The study is more important in contributing to medicine and engineering. Fluid velocity and temperature exhibit opposite behavior in relation to amplifying Hartmann number. The rise in slip parameters causes the shrinkage of thermal boundary layer which in turn yields significantly greater heat transfer rate. Flow velocity is an increasing function of Richardson number. Higher surface viscous drag is attained for $ CuO $ CuO suspension while least of that is obtained for $ Ti{O_2} $ Ti O 2 suspension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seismic assessment of concrete gravity dams is a problem of prediction of cracking and the corresponding consequences. With the widespread use of general-purpose finite element programs, the work in the field has shifted towards quantifying the behaviour in a framework for assessment. The nonlinear analysis and coupling with foundation–reservoir interaction, conversely, is still a challenging task. The modelling approach has significant effects on the analysis results and the assessment framework. The field remains an active area for research with many outstanding issues regarding damage quantification and assessment compared to any other major infrastructure component. A comprehensive overview of the seismic assessment of gravity dams is presented in this work with the goal to outline the issues in the field. Different models and modelling choices are compared in the context of damaged state assessment of gravity dams. The links between practical difficulties and theoretical issues are critically discussed. The aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties in the field, and their sources, are presented. Areas of future work are identified for improvement in seismic assessment as well as reducing and quantifying the uncertainties in the prediction of damaged states for concrete gravity dams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added to the crumb rubber concrete (CRC) to enhance its physical, mechanical, and fire-resistance properties. A comprehensive investigation into thirteen distinct concrete mixes incorporating rubber aggregate (RA) at levels of 5, 10, and 15%, combined with varying percentages (0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3%) of MWCNTs particles, evaluated workability, density, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of MWCNT-mixed CRC at ambient and elevated temperatures (200, 400, and 600 °C). The study demonstrated that MWCNTs, used as a partial substitute for cement in CRC, significantly improved concrete properties, enhancing density, flexural strength, split tensile strength, and compressive strength. Notably, adding 0.2% MWCNTs to CRC resulted in remarkable increases: 0.96% in density, 21.91% in 28-day compressive strength, 10.19% in split tensile strength, and 15% in flexural strength. The workability of CRC decreased with the inclusion of MWCNTs. Furthermore, results indicated that MWCNTs bolstered the residual compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of rubberized concrete at elevated temperatures, with substantial improvements particularly evident at 200 °C. The present work was focused on the analysis of feasibility of MWCNT mixed CRC toward sustainable construction practices by comparing its physical, mechanical, and fire resistance properties with conventional concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many applications are driven by Machine Learning (ML) today. While complex ML models lead to an accurate prediction, their inner decision-making is obfuscated. However, especially for high-stakes decisions, interpretability and explainability of the model are necessary. Therefore, we develop a holistic interpretability and explainability framework (HIEF) to objectively describe and evaluate an intelligent system's explainable AI (XAI) capacities. This guides data scientists to create more transparent models. To evaluate our framework, we analyse 50 real estate appraisal papers to ensure the robustness of HIEF. Additionally, we identify six typical types of intelligent systems, so-called archetypes, which range from explanatory to predictive, and demonstrate how researchers can use the framework to identify blind-spot topics in their domain. Finally, regarding comprehensiveness, we used a random sample of six intelligent systems and conducted an applicability check to provide external validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of a tension leg platform (TLP) under different damaged mooring conditions is studied. ANSYS/AQWA is used to develop a nonlinear hull-tendon model, which can consider the coupling effects between the platform motion and mooring line dynamics at each time step. Noteworthily, an effective method for simulating tendon breakage is proposed. The transient effects of tendon breakage, the transient responses of the platform for simultaneous and progressive tendon breakage, and the performance changes of the platform after tendon breakage are investigated. The results show that the tendon breakage has a significant influence on the dynamic responses and performance of the platform. Therefore, the effects of tendon breakage on the platform should be examined in advance to prevent the safety of the platform from being threatened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work is to discuss the 2D bioconvective micropolar nanoliquid transport with thermal radiation and non-uniform heat sink/source through the Riga plate. Novel features of activation energy are considered. In addition, the Buongiorno nanoliquid transport model is incorporated, which includes Brownian and thermophoresis diffusions aspects. By using effective transformations, nonlinear expressions in the present flow model are transformed into higher-order ODEs. The obtained ODEs are then computed by utilizing an innovative bvp4c solver (shooting scheme) in MATLAB tool. The outcomes of velocity, temperature, concentration, and microorganisms are discussed. Velocity is reduced for growing magnitudes of magnetic and bioconvective Rayleigh numbers. Velocity field boosts up for improvement in Marangoni ratio parameter. The micro rotation profile diminishes for magnetic parameter, and it enhances for micro rotation parameter. The presented findings show that upgraded thermal conductivity of nanoliquid is very useful in medication delivery, medication, food manufacturing, safer cooling surgery, cooling reactors, oil and gas, nanotechnology, biological engineering, heat storage systems, magnetic cell isolation, biosensors, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and military fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial self-healing concrete (MSHC) is an eco-friendly material that supports low-carbon development. However, the formation mechanism of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in MSHC remains unclear. This study investigated the formation process of CaCO3 clusters in MSHC using molecular simulation. The hydroxide ion and carbonate ion (CO32−) would compete for association with calcium ion in MSHC. The formation process of CaCO3 clusters could be summarised as follows: free ions first associated to form ion pairs, then ion pairs aggregated into small clusters through ion-dipole interactions, and finally, small clusters overcame the surface charge effect by high-frequency aggregation-separation behaviour to transform into large clusters and further densify themselves. The reaction rate of CaCO3 cluster formation decreased significantly with the decrease of CO32− concentration, and the association between calcium ion and hydroxide ion would dominate when the CO32− concentration was low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow of ferronanofluid due to a rotating disk finds its significant place in biomedical sciences, pharmaceuticals, electronics, aerodynamics etc. Entropy generation appears in the systems/processes where its minimization is needed because it prohibits the decay of available energy which in turn boosts the efficiency of the associated thermal systems where it matters the most. In view of these added advantages, the flow and heat transfer behavior of ferronanofluid subject to slip, suction, electromagnetic field, Darcy–Forchheimer effect, and viscous dissipation, Ohmic heating and thermal radiation has been explored within this research. In addition, the role of entropy minimization associated with the flow concern has been analyzed. The apposite governing equations are numerically treated via shooting method. The important outcome of the study include infusion of more porous matrix develops controlled rotating flow due to both deformed disks. Rise in slip parameter augments flow velocity for stretched RD while that shows the adverse effect for shrunk RD. Controlled rate of heat transportation due to enhanced convective heating is significant for shrunk RD than that of stretched RD. Further, low Prandtl fluids, low molecular heat conduction and liquid friction yield entropy minimization thereby leading to uplift efficiency of thermal systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has shown that individuals suffering from COVID-19 are accommodating an elevated level of blood viscosity due to the morphological changes in blood cells. As viscosity is a major flow parameter influencing the flow across a stenosis or an aneurysm, the examination of the significance of hyperviscosity in COVID patients is imperative in arterial pathologies. In this research, we have considered a patient-specific case in which the aneurysm is located along the abdominal aortal walls. Recent research on the side effects of COVID-19 voiced out the various effects on the circulatory system of humans. Also, as abdominal aneurysms exist very often among individuals, causing the death of 150–200 million every year, the hyper-viscous effects of blood on the flow across the diseased aorta are explored by considering the elevated viscosity levels. In vitro explorations contribute considerably to the clinical methods and treatments to be regarded. The objective of the present inquest is to research the flow field in aneurysmatic-COVID-affected patients considering the elastic nature of vessel walls, using the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach. The study supports the various clinical findings that voiced the detrimental effects associated with blood hyperviscosity. The simulation results obtained, by solving the fluid mechanics' equations coupled with the solid mechanics' equations, employing a FEM solver suggest that the elevated stress imparted by the hyper-viscous flows on the walls of the aneurysmal aorta can trigger the fastening of the aneurysmal sac enlargement or rupture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although gypsum plaster has been well studied, there are few related researches on the effects of primers on the pull-off strength of gypsum plaster in the plastering systems. Therefore, the effects of no primer, vinyl acetate ethylene (VAE)-type primers, styrene-acrylic (SA)-type primers, and acetate-acrylic (AA)-type primers on the pull-off strength of gypsum plaster, were comparatively discussed. The results indicated that these primers all can chemically bond with the gypsum plaster and aerated concrete substrate, thus the adhesion of gypsum plaster on the substrate was promoted, and the failure type in the pull-off strength test changed from adhesive failure to cohesive failure. With the better permeability of primers and the lower degree of the pore blocking, the negative impacts on the gypsum dihydrate crystals were smaller, the mechanical interlocking force generated between the substrate and the gypsum plaster was larger, and the damage surface of cohesive failure is further away from the bonding transition area (plaster/primer/substrate). Therefore, the application of VAE-type primers and AA-type primers could increase the pull-off strength of gypsum plaster by 1.74–2.44 times and 1.70–1.90 times, respectively, while the application of SA-type primers would reduce the pull-off strength of gypsum plaster by at least 30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology has gained significant traction as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and intelligent self-healing method for concrete cracks. The harsh service environment and high alkalinity of cement matrices have posed a significant challenge to the survival and growth of bacteria, which is crucial for the success of MICP technologies in concrete components. This article aims to present an up-to-date overview of the current research status of self-healing concrete cracks utilizing MICP technology. Specifically, it comprehensively reviews the selection of mineralization repair systems, encompassing repair mechanisms, effects, processes, nutrient addition sequences, and carrier selection. Furthermore, various characterization methods for evaluating the self-healing ability of concrete are explored, accompanied by an in-depth analysis of practical applications of self-healing concrete. Finally, this paper highlights the pressing issues facing this technology while outlining promising directions for future advancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of steel fibres in reinforcing concrete has proven to enhance certain mechanical and durability properties of concrete; however, as a material that presents enhanced properties, its environmental performance should also be analysed. This study aims to quantify the carbon emissions of steel fibre-reinforced concrete beams using a functional unit that considers the mechanical and durability performance of concrete through a whole life cycle assessment methodology that includes the benefits/load after the end-of-life. A cradle-to-grave approach, which considers the end-of-life stage and the benefits/loads beyond the system boundary, was performed to compare the embodied carbon of conventionally reinforced concrete and steel fibre-reinforced concrete beams. The results show that the addition of steel fibres as reinforcing material to concrete can reduce the area of steel required in the tension zone of a conventionally reinforced concrete beam and the embodied carbon of concrete by an average of 33% and 37%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defects of tight junction (TJ) are involved in many diseases related to epithelial cell functions, including kidney stone disease (KSD), which is a common disease affecting humans for over a thousand years. This review provides brief overviews of KSD and TJ, and summarizes the knowledge on crystal-induced defects of TJ in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) in KSD. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals, particularly COM, disrupt TJ via p38 MAPK and ROS/Akt/p38 MAPK signaling pathways, filamentous actin (F-actin) reorganization and α-tubulin relocalization. Stabilizing p38 MAPK signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, F-actin and α-tubulin by using SB239063, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), phalloidin and docetaxel, respectively, successfully prevent the COM-induced TJ disruption and malfunction. Additionally, genetic disorders of renal TJ, including mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CLDN2, CLDN10b, CLDN14, CLDN16 and CLDN19, also affect KSD. Finally, the role of TJ as a potential target for KSD therapeutics and prevention is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reusing recycled aggregate (RA) and recycled powder (RP) for fully recycled mortar can effectively reduce the amount of construction and demolition waste. This work studied the chloride transport and resistance improvement of fully recycled mortar incorporating both RA and RP. The results showed that RP had certain nucleation and filler effects.. The addition of RA or RP had an increase in chloride diffusion of mortar. Including RA improved the chloride binding capacity, but mixing RP reduced the chloride binding capacity. At equal waste powder content, recycled paste powder blended mortar owned superior chloride binding capacity to recycled mortar/concrete powder blended mortar. The chloride diffusion of fully recycled mortar with both RA and RP were much higher than that of plain mortar. Mixing various RPs could reduce chloride diffusion of fully recycled mortar, and a significant decrease in chloride diffusion occurred as silica fume or metakaolin was incorporated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent days, research on graphene-based cement has gained prominence owing to its distinct characteristics, such as ultimate ductile behavior, enhanced specific surface area, and activation effect. Previous research suggests that Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP) have the potential to enhance the micro- and macro-properties of cement-based composites. This study analyzes the performance of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) with industrial by-products, such as copper slag (CS) and quarry dust (QD) admixed as partial replacement fine aggregates in mortar mixes. The mix proportions were optimized by improving the packing intensity through particle packing theory (Andersen and Modified Andreasen model) to reduce the number of trial mixes. According to the particle packing theory, the experimental analysis revealed that copper slag and quarry dust exhibited maximum strength at 40% replacement. A maximum compressive strength of 63.23 MPa was achieved in the mortar mixed with 0.25% GNP and 40% copper slag (25G2CS). In addition to the experimental analysis, the functional groups and changes in the elemental characteristics of the different cement composites were studied using microstructure analysis. The significance of this research is to optimize the materials used in the construction industry as well as to enhance the strength and durability of cement composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study enlightens the magnetohydrodynamic Jeffery-Hamel flow under an inclined Lorentz force through a non-uniform conduit having slip at walls, which is frequently applied in geothermal applications, electronic cooling devices, and modern energy systems, etc. Therefore, the performance of a two-dimensional purely radial flow inside a converging-diverging channel is explored from the perspective of second law of thermodynamics for Carreau nanofluids. The intersecting walls of conduit are inclined with horizontal plane to construct a converging flow for negative angle (α < 0) and a diverging flow for positive angle (α > 0). Additionally, second law thermodynamic evaluation offers an effective method for improving thermal performance by reducing entropy production. To accomplish the main objective, rigorous physical theories and assumptions are implemented based on the passive control approach of Buongiorno's model. By applying distinctive modifications, the governing equations are renovated into a system of ordinary differential equations, which are solved numerically by a collocated technique based on finite difference code. Simple shear near the wall influences the flow configurations allow compression in a local flow topology in regions of divergent channel. The temperature profiles increase with sophisticated heat source and Brinkman number. Entropy is minimum and uniform with optimum channel angle and velocity slip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is part of project conducted to build energy-efficient houses. It is suggested to replace normal weight reinforced concrete slabs and the thermal insulation layer with structural foamed concrete slabs. As strength requirements were previously investigated, the long-term deflections of six foamed concrete slabs with various reinforcement schemes are studied in this paper. First, deflection under own weight was measured for 36 days. Then, a load of 3 kN/m2 was applied and the deflection was measured continuously over one year. Afterwards, part of the applied load was removed, and specimens were under own weight and 1.7 kN/m2 for another year and then tested for flexural capacity. It is concluded that foamed concrete slabs should not be reinforced with glass fiber grid due to their insufficient flexural strength although these slabs had the least deflections. Reinforcing foamed concrete slabs with steel is suitable for structural use. A modification on effective moment of inertia equation available in literature is proposed to predict deflection that can represent the experimental outcomes. It is also found that the deflection results of foamed concrete slabs satisfy the codes limitations. Moreover, it is concluded that more specimens should be tested under various geometric and reinforcement details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change threatens hard won progress in the education and life outcomes of adolescent girls in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) by compounding the harmful effects of gender inequality and poverty. In recent years, there has been a rise in global advocacy for gender transformative education for climate justice that addresses the underlying gender inequalities driving climate vulnerability for adolescent girls in LMICs. But, has the international development and education community responded to this call? This paper seeks to establish a baseline for answering this question through a landscape analysis of actors working on issues of gender and climate change with youth, especially girls, as well as a landscape analysis of publicly available curricular materials on climate justice and gender equality. We find that although there are many nongovernmental efforts focused on different entry points into the nexus of gender, education, leadership, and climate change, there is much more room for aligning gender equality and climate justice programming for girls. This paper highlights the gaps and opportunities for doing so and offers a taxonomy of programming approaches to guide actors and their collaborators toward more intersectional educational programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates a quantitative risk analysis (QRA) approach of fire-induced damage to the reinforced concrete linings in roadway tunnels. Large fire events associated with buses and heavy goods vehicles are the focus of this study because their impact on the tunnel linings is structurally significant versus fires from smaller vehicles. The proposed approach accounts for stochastic variations of fire severity and frequency (based on traffic volume and the percentage breakdown by vehicle type) as well as the consequences (structural and economic) of thermal exposure to tunnel linings. The probabilistic distribution of fire size is developed using available weight-in-motion data, and combustible vehicle mass is correlated with the peak heat release rate using published test data and forensic reports. The heat transfer from the vehicle fire to the tunnel linings was modelled by a fast-running computational tool that was previously developed by the authors. Fire-induced damage to the tunnel linings is categorized into three levels of progressive strength reduction and cracking potential. Economic impacts are calculated in terms of estimated repair costs. The proposed approach enables informed decision making for the design or renovation of tunnel fire protection by quantifying the loss potential for severe fire hazards in a given tunnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the progress of wire-mesh-reinforced composite (WMRC) is significant with the development of automobile and aircraft products. The research in the field of WM-reinforced polymer matrix composite (PMC) has been expanded based on the application. This review article summarizes the recent developments of WM-incorporated PMC and their applications. Moreover, the fabrication technique with various types of WM was also introduced, on natural and synthetic fibers. Furthermore, current fabrication techniques and opportunities for the growth of WMRC were proposed as the progressing trend to avoid lightning strike damage of composite in aircraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silvetr and gold nanoparticles-based colorimetric sensors (Ag/Au-NPs-CSns) allow potential prospects for the development of efficient sensors owing to their unique shape- and size-dependent optical properties. In this review, recent (2020) advances in morphology-controllable synthesis, shape/size-dependent performance, sensing mechanism, challenges and prospects of Ag/Au-NPs-CSns for the detection of heavy metals are discussed. The size/shape-controlled synthesis of innovative Ag/Au-NPs-CSns is reviewed critically and the possible role of different parameters like temperature, time, pH, stabilizing/capping agents, reducing agents and concentration/nature of precursors are discussed. Then, we highlighted how the shape, size, optimum composition, functionalization, stabilizing/capping agents, surface structure and synergism influence the optical properties and sensing efficiency of Ag/Au-NPs-CSns. This review attempted to accentuate the efficiency of novel multimetallic Ag/AuNPs-CSns as compare to their monometallic counterparts and explained how the incorporation of multi-metals affects their performance. Besides, the sensing mechanisms of Ag/Au-NPs-CSns with special reference to recently published studies are discussed. Finally, challenges and prospects in the controllable-synthesis and practical applications of these sensors are studied. This mechanistic approach and timely review can be promisingly considered as a valuable reference and will help fuel new ideas for the development of novel colorimetric sensors. A review of recent advances in Ag/Au-NPs-CSns for heavy metal ions detection Morphology of Ag/Au-NPs-CSns regulate their optical properties/sensing efficiency Promising Ag/Au-NPs-CSns can be synthesized by adjusting experimental parameters Hybrid and functionalized Ag/Au-NPs-CSns have superior sensing performance Size/shape transformation, aggregation/anti- and oxidation are sensing mechanisms [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effects of varying Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP) concentrations on epoxy-based polymer composites' mechanical and tribological characteristics. Al2O3 (1 to 5wt.%) and GNP (0 to 1wt.%) reinforced epoxy matrix composites were produced with sonication and stirring magnetic route. Mechanical, microstructural and tribological properties of composites were investigated via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Archimedes' Method, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, hardness, impact, tensile, compressive and wear tests. The highest ultimate tensile strength and compressive strength were found at 62.83 and 137MPa for 3wt.% reinforced Al2O3 epoxy matrix composites, and it was observed that there was a 38% and 17% increase compared to neat epoxy, respectively. The highest impact strength was found for 3 wt.% Al2O3 and 1wt.% GNP-rein- forced composites and increased by 19% compared to neat epoxy. The best hardness was found for 3wt.% reinforced Al2O3 and 0.25wt.% GNP-reinforced composite, and there was a 22% increase in hardness compared to neat epoxy. Also, the highest wear resistance (1.686x10-6 mm³/Nm) and lowest Coefficient of Friction (COF, 0.13755) were determined for the same specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Girls' education has been widely promoted as the answer to a wide range of problems. This article maps four key ideas that have framed this formulation. These are firstly, a techno-rationalist approach linked to narrowly defined interventions, termed here 'what works'. Secondly, a more normative engagement is outlined, termed 'what matters' which explores how girls' education is part of processes to extend and defend rights, support feminism or decoloniality. Thirdly, an approach termed 'what disorganises' looks at the ways in which girls' education has been used deceitfully and hypocritically to mask the perpetuation of unjust power. Lastly, an approach termed 'what connects' maps processes associated with building connections and epistemologies of co-ordination The implications of these four framings are considered for the development of discussions on girls' education and gender equality and methods in comparative education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of thermal radiation and Joule heating on the entropy inception by triple diffusion over the permeable plate is examined, as well as its influence on other physical aspects of the problem. The radiative and Joules heating effects are being investigated using a mathematical model. The irreversibility caused variations in entropy inception due to fluid, heat fluxes, and solute concentration of salts utilized. The non-dimensioned modeled equations were interpreted numerically by shooting approach using Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg scheme. Numerical outcomes were plotted in the form of graphs for flow and thermal distributions, entropy inception rate, and Nusselt number because of suction/injection through the plate, and the results of concentration based parametric analysis were plotted out for local entropy inception rate, local Bejan number, local mass Bejan number and local irreversibility ratio based on assisting flow and opposing flow. Local mass Bejan number underwent some interesting aspects, such that it behaves opposite to local Bejan number to enhance for magnetic, radiation parameter in suction/injection situations. In the suction/injection flow conditions, the entropy inception rate gets enhanced for most of the flow and thermal parameters like magnetic, radiation, convective parameters, Eckert number, buoyancy parameters of solutes 1 and 2, and temperature ratio parameter. Because of influences of assisting and opposing flow, the entropy inception rate gets slowed down by the effects of Lewis numbers of solutes 1 and 2 and Darcy number. Reynolds number has the influence assisting the entropy rate to increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The graphene oxide (GO) was used to improve the mechanical performances of epoxy asphalt (EA) by preparing GO/EA composite. The influence of the GO dosage on the micro-structure, curing rheology, mechanical and thermal properties of GO/EA was investigated. According to the XRD and Fourier transform infrared spectra, the GO was exfoliated in the EA matrix and modified EA by non-covalent strategy. GO decreased the rotational viscosity of EA and increased the pot life. The GO/EA with 0.1 wt.% GO showed excellent toughness that the elongation at break was increased by 164%, and the tensile and pull-off adhesion strength were nearly equal to that of EA. The addition of GO improved the original thermal decomposition temperature (T5%), glass transition temperature (Tg), compatibility and stiffness of the EA. The improved mechanical and thermal properties of GO/EA may be attributed to (1) excellent performances of GO and (2) inhibiting effect of GO on the EA curing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tire-bead steel wires derived from the pyrolysis of waste-tires can be converted into the discrete reinforcement for fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC). This study for the first time presents the information about selecting the optimum dosage of recycled steel-fibers (RSF) in FRC application. Therefore, two most common types of RSF i.e., plain RSF (PRSF) and twisted RSF (TRSF) were incorporated in a high strength plain concrete (PC) at seven different volume fractions i.e., 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%. Both physical and mechanical properties of FRCs were studied including density, compressive strength-fCU, modulus of rupture-fR, splitting-tensile strength-fSP, ultra-sonic pulse velocity-UPV, and water absorption-WA. The results revealed that TRSF performed better than PRSF in overall mechanical performance. Maximum compressive strength-fCU, 9-12% higher than PC, was achieved with a 0.75% volume fraction of PRSF or TRSF. TRSF was extremely useful in upgrading the fSP and fR by more than 82% and 109%, respectively, at a 1.5% volume fraction w.r.t PC. PRSF-FRC showed lower permeability than TRSF-FRC at the same volume fraction. Lower volume fractions i.e., 0.25-0.5% RSF reduced the permeability of FRC, while higher volume fractions were detrimental to WA and RCP resistance. Experimental values of mechanical (i.e., fSP and fR) and permeability properties (i.e., WA and RCP) were accurately related to predicting RSF-FRC as a function of strength class of PC and reinforcement index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrokinetic turbines can generate electricity in remote rural locations using the kinetic energy of nearby rivers or canals. The Savonius hydrokinetic turbine (SHKT) is the easiest to design and manufacture. Optimization of blade shape factor (p/q) and blade arc angle (Φ) can contribute significantly to enhancing the efficiency of a turbine. The present work proposes a time-saving and reliable method to design an optimized SHKT by using a blend of experimentally validated 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). To optimize the turbine blade, the turbine performance needs to be analyzed for a number of values of blade parameters selected at very small intervals. Performing so many CFD simulations is a costly task. Application of an ANN tool trained using a smaller number of CFD results should significantly curtail the costs while maintaining reliability as well. The power coefficient (Cp) of SHKT was obtained using CFD simulations for some selected sets of Φ and p/q. These results were used to train the ANN by creating a parametric map between the input parameters viz. Φ, p/q, and the output parameter Cp. The trained ANN tool was further used to predict the turbine's performance for sets of input parameters varying at very small intervals. The blade with p/q of 0.2 and Φ of 148° provides a maximum Cp of 0.209 at a TSR of 0.8. This optimal blade was 10.5% more efficient than the standard semicircular blade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, nanoengineering has evolved to utilize nanoparticles along with base liquids to enhance the thermal attributes of pure liquids. The industry today also highly relies upon thermal machine performances, and the use of nanomaterials is the key to serve this purpose. In this research, the applications of the slip phenomenon are addressed for bioconvection applications in a non-Newtonian "Eyring–Powell" nanofluid model confined by a stretching sheet. The activation energy and nonlinear thermal radiation are taken as novel impacts during the study. The flow has been saturated by Darcy–Forchheimer porous space. The fundamental laws are attributed to formulate the governing expressions. The numerical simulations are continued employing a shooting scheme to obtain the solutions. The executive and novel physical importance of parameters that governs the flow is addressed for nanofluid velocity, temperature, concentration, and microorganisms' profiles. The observations reveal that presence of slip parameter control the velocity but improve the heat and mass transportation phenomenon. The nanoparticles concentration increases with inertial forces and activation energy. Moreover, the bioconvection Lewis number declines the microorganism profile while increasing trend is noted for higher values of slip parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The reliability assessment helps to determine the existing power system reliability. Equipment failures may decrease reliability and the major contributory factors for power system unreliability. Therefore, the objective of this study was reliability assessment for distribution with distribution generation units and without distribution generation units, Dangila substation from 2020 to 2021. The base case reliability indices were 774.93, 1231.48, 1.589, 85.96%, and 14.04 for system average interruption frequency index, system average interruption duration index, customer average interruption duration index, average service availability index and average service unavailability index respectively. These indices are below the standards of Ethiopian Electric power set indices values of 20 system average in terruption frequency index and 25 system average interruption duration index. Therefore, the system needs improvement to achieve the minimum system reliability standard. Distribution generation was used to improve the system reliability in this paper. Distribution generation was placed at five suggested locations of feeder seven from substation, 66kilometer, 80kilometer, 100kilometer, 113.3kilometer, and 146kilometer distances. The results shows that as distribution gene ration was placed further from Supply point the reliability of the power system will be improved more. The assessment result of feeder seven shows that the feeder had more outages with the base cases of 636, 833, and 1.311 system average interruption frequency index, system average interruption duration index, customer average interruption duration index respectively. The size of distribution generation for feeder seven was 3.13 MW to supply 50% of feeder peak load. After distribution generation placed at feeder seven the system average interruption frequency index, system average interruption duration index, customer average interruption duration index, and average service unavailability index indices were 20.0868, 25.109, 1.25, and 99.71%. This shows that the system reliability is improved as compared to the base case and the reliability standards of the country were achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the use of artificial neural networks (ANN) in the offshore exploration and production industry to optimize decision-making and reduce costs and non-productive time have been increasing. Despite this trend, there have been only 11 reviews of ANN in offshore engineering published on the Scopus database. Therefore, this article aims to provide an update on the relevance of ANN in offshore engineering over the past 18 years (2005-2023) through a bibliometric analysis using Excel and VOS Viewer software. This analysis highlights the yearly increase in publications related to ANN implementations in offshore engineering and identifies the most cited publications, citation network analysis, authors, keywords, journals, institutions, and leading countries. The objective of this bibliometric analysis is to assist subsequent research and collaboration in this field by shedding light on ANN's potential and identifying areas for further application. The identified cluster area publications encompass a range of topics, including drilling systems and the assessment of pipes. Furthermore, the significant fourfold increase in publications since 2005 indicates a growing interest among researchers in adapting ANN for various applications within this field. This could lead to further advancements, innovations, and improved solutions to promote collaboration and knowledgesharing among researchers in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to biosynthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extracts of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius and investigate their biological activities. UV–Vis Spectroscopy, FT-IR, SEM and TEM were used for characterization. The antioxidant properties were determined using H2O2, NO, ABTS, FRAP and DPPH scavenging assays. For anti-inflammatory activities, membrane stabilization, albumin denaturation and proteinase inhibitory activity were assayed. The antibacterial effect was tested using well diffusion method. Statistical analyses were done using ANOVA. Synthesized nanoparticles showed an intensity peak at 378 nm in UV–Vis Spectroscopy. FT-IR shows the presence of O-H stretching, C = C bending, O-H bending and C–N stretching functional groups of the stabilizing action of the plant extract on the surface of the nanoparticles. NPs were shown to be spherical by SEM analysis, and the sizes were 100 nm by TEM analysis. The antioxidant properties of ZnO NPs compared to ascorbic acid standard showed significant antioxidant potential in H2O2, NO, ABTS, FRAP and DPPH scavenging assays. ZnO NPs showed excellent anti-inflammatory activity with the synthesized ZnO NPs performing better in membrane stabilization. Clinical pathogens were inhibited by ZnO NPs when compared with Cefuroxime, a standard drug. These efficient biological activities could be utilized in several biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meloidogyne javanica, a destructive soil-borne parasite that may infect practically all cultivated plants worldwide. Utilizing efficient bio-safe management techniques, crop damage caused by nematodes that feed on plants is reduced. Therefore, the aim of this study is to biosynthesize extracellular silica nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) through bioleaching of sand by Fusarium oxysporum and characterizes SiO2-NPs and evaluates their nematicidal potential against M. javanica in vitro. During in vitro experiments, second stage juveniles (J2s) and egg masses of M. javanica were treated with various concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm of SiO2-NPs). All concentrations applied caused J2s mortality and inhibited egg hatching to a varying degree. The SiO2-NPs applied at same concentrations in addition predict preventing J2s from penetrating tomato roots. The characterizations of synthesized SiO2-NPs were done by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, TEM-SAED, and UV Visible NIR Spectrometer. XRD technique analyzed amorphous phase of SiO2-NPs exhibiting a broad peak. The FTIR spectrum identified a range of efficient functional groups, capping and stability agents. TEM images of SiO2-NPs showed porous texture and had an average size of 22.5 nm. To our knowledge, this is first account of synthetic SiO2-NPs acting as natural nematicides through bioleaching of sand by F. oxysporum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typical scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs obtained for cellulose nanofibrils (a), paper handsheets surface without CNF addition (b) and with 10% CNF (c) Cellulose nanofibrils used as reinforcement go through the fibrillation process in equipment that have discs with grooves on the surfaces against which the pulp is exposed to cyclical and sequential stresses. Preparation of paper handsheets (fiber/CNF) CNF were added directly to the cellulose pulp at 0, 2, 5, 8 and 10 wt% proportion before forming the paper handsheets. Box-plot for tensile index (a), tearing index (b), bursting index (c), stretch (d) and modulus of elasticity (e) in paper handsheets with the addition of different amounts of nanofibrils Figure 6 shows the variations of tensile (a), tearing (b), and bursting (c) indexes, and stretch (d) and modulus of elasticity (e) of cellulose paper handsheets due the addition of different CNF contents. Keywords: Composite fibers; kraft paper; mechanical properties; cellulose microfibrils (CMF); nanocellulose; papermaking; ; ; ; (CMF); ; EN Composite fibers kraft paper mechanical properties cellulose microfibrils (CMF) nanocellulose papermaking ZH (CMF) 7818 7833 16 11/21/22 20221220 NES 221220 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Graph Introduction Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) or cellulose microfibrils (CMF) are known to present unique properties such as high strength and stiffness and to enable numerous applications such as reinforcement material in composites and paper (Osong, Norgren, and Engstrand [21]). [Extracted from the article]

Context: Thai Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. pruriens (Fabaceae) (TMP) is known to enrich reproduction but preventive effects on stress related adverse reproductive parameters are not documented. Objective: This study investigates the protective property of TMP seed extract on reproductive damage under chronic stress (CS). Materials and methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. The control and CS groups received distilled water, whereas the pre-treated rats received the aqueous TMP seed extract at doses of 150 and 300mg/kg BW for 20 days before co-treatments with CS induction (immobilization and forced swimming) for 81 days. Serum was used to determine the cortisol and testosterone levels. Histology of testis and epididymis was observed with localization of androgen receptor (AR). Sperm parameters and the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR), cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily a member 1 (CYP11A1), AR, HSP70, caspases (3 and 9) and tyrosine phosphorylation (TyrPho) proteins were investigated. Results: TMP extract improved cortisol level (0.84 ± 0.02 mg/dL) and protected against the damage of reproductive tissues and sperm parameters (count [49.78 ± 3.74 million sperm/mL], viability [90.01 ± 1.17%] and precocious acrosome reaction [1.38 ± 0.48%]). Expression of testicular StAR, CYP11A1, AR and HSP70 proteins was improved. Caspase expression was decreased in treated rats. TMP increased AR expression in CS sperm. Moreover, TyrPho protein expression was corrected after TMP administration. Conclusions: TMP seed protected against adverse reproductive parameters in CS via improvements of functionally testicular markers and reductions of apoptotic proteins. It is possible to develop the TMP beans as an alternative medicine in treating of male subfertility caused by CS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oryza sativa L. (Family Poaceae) is cultivated in tropical regions as a staple food all over the world. The rice grain husk is considered as a tonic and administered orally to relieve dysentery. The air-dried seeds husks of O. sativa were exhaustively extracted with methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus. The concentrated methanol extract was adsorbed on silica gel and chromatographed on a silica gel column. The column was eluted with petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol successively to isolate four phytoconstituents characterised as 7-ketostigmasterol (1), 3β-benzyloxy-stigmast-7-one-22-en-19-oic acid 29-ethyleneglycol ether (2), sesquaurs-11-en- 2β, 3β,5α-triol (3) and 2′-(1′′β-hydroxypropyl)-7,4′-dimethoxyapigenin (4). These phytoconstituents were identified on the basis of spectral data analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the relationship between menopausal symptoms and perceived stress in middle-aged women during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this cross-sectional study, data were collected online from 239 middle-aged women using the Personal Information Form, Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) and Perceived Stress Scale-14 (PSS-14). A positive correlation was found between the total MRS score and the total PSS-14 score. The COVID-19 pandemic usually restrict access to healthcare visit. The COVID‐19 pandemic has created an urgent need to implement specific menopausal programs to promote the psychological health of middle-aged women and reduce stress during this or similar crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing demand for simple, greener, and cost-effective synthesis of nanomaterials and nanostructures with well-defined and uniform architectures. Recently, various studies are focused on the application of plant viruses and bacteriophages to construct innovative nano-based systems and nanoformulations; these viruses can be employed as suitable scaffolds or biotemplates for nanoparticle synthesis in view of their structural symmetry, simplicity in functionalization/surface modification, small sizes, various distinct shapes, simple genetic manipulation, monodispersity, and capability of self-assembling. Additionally, plant viruses and bacteriophages with their unique structures and relative simplicity have shown attractive advantages such as ease of isolation or purification processes and nonpathogenicity to humans and animals. However, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the mechanisms and relative processes of nanoparticle formation using these viruses. Notably, host organisms are required for protein expression, and there are limited studies on optimization of nanoparticle synthesis and up-scalable and commercial production; therefore, more elaborative studies and comprehensive evaluations should be conducted to find and solve these challenging issues. In this review, important matters pertaining to viral fabrication of nanoparticles using plant viruses and bacteriophages are covered, with a focus on possible mechanisms and related important challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fumaria parviflora Lam. is a rare herbaceous annual plant, with a well-known richness of isoquinoline alkaloids. It is threaten due to expansion on construction in the Mediterranean coastal region. We established callus culture protocol aiming at in vitro conservation of this plant. Murashige and Skoog medium fortified with a combination of 0.5 mg/l 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) showed optimal callus initiation. UPLC-MS/MS profiling revealed that calli induced on the tested media were able to produce isoquinoline alkaloids. Eight alkaloids were isolated from aerial parts of the cultivated plant and their cytotoxicity against Human skin fibroblast (HF) and wound healing activity using in vitro scratch assay were determined. Structural similarity between the isolated alkaloids enabled structure activity relationship (SAR) study. Sanguinarine displayed the potent activity compared to the other alkaloids. Iminium ion and methylenedioxy potentiated the activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racisms are plural, taking different forms in different countries, subject to change in focus and intensity over time. Colonialism and slavery influence attitudes and policies in both countries through to modern times. In examining the British and American contexts, one needs to particularise by a) country, b) ethnicities, c) histories, d) contemporary economic forces which sustain racisms and e) anti-racist and decolonising practices in the school curriculum, instructional relationships and wider public education contexts. Racisms are about power and exploitation, generally exercised by a White population through the devaluing of minorities and denial of their rights, needs and pain. Despite Civil Rights laws and Affirmative Action, the USA has a brand of racism that is at times barbaric, extreme and recurrent, bolstered by discriminatory law and law enforcement. Britain's racisms, despite Race Relations Acts, discriminate across a range of sectors with interventions funded which have been too limited, seldom sustained and with variable impacts. Until attributes of 'Whiteness' are openly interrogated, the folk histories of the countries rebalanced, the school curriculum reconsidered and historical roots for contemporary 'erasure of Black suffering' are recognised, 'White premium' will persist. That is the challenge to public pedagogies in educational establishments and the wider society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) results from the mixture of several constituents, leading to a highly complex material in both, fresh and hardened state. The higher number of constituents, together with a higher number of possible combinations, relative proportioning and characteristics, makes the behavior of this type of concrete more difficult to predict. The objective of the research is to build four analytical models, based on artificial neural networks (ANN), to predict the 1-day, 7-day, and 28-day compressive strengths and slump flow. Recycled glass powder milled to different particle size, fluid catalytic cracking residue (FCC) and different particle size limestone powder was used as partial replacements for Portland cement and silica fume. The ANN models predicted the 1-day, 7-day, and 28-day compressive strengths and slump flow of the test set with prediction error values (RMSE) of 2.400 MPa, 2.638 MPa, 2.064 MPa and 7.245 mm respectively. The results indicated that the developed ANN models are an efficient tool for predicting the slump flow and compressive strengths of UHPC while incorporating silica fume, limestone powder, recycled glass powder and FCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the influence of graphene oxide (GO) dosage on the properties and microstructure of cement pastes against hydrochloric acid (HCl) attack. The mass loss (and sectional area loss) in 0 and 0.09 wt% GO-modified cement specimens after HCl attack were 6.1% and 4.2% (and 8% and 4.7%), respectively. These specimen losses decreased with an increasing GO dosage. The GO inclusion up to 0.09 wt% in cement paste significantly absorbs the free water and increased the viscosity to 13.7 folds, in comparison to control mix (i.e. without any GO). However, such GO inclusion densified the cement microstructure and further inhibited the decalcification-induced shrinkage cracks propagating because of the HCl attack. The cement zone in all samples altered by the HCl attack was found to be occupied with alumina-silica hydrogel. Overall, this study recommends the potential use of GO in the manufacturing of concrete storage structures operating in acidic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The congenital absence of tear production or alacrima is a distinctively unusual clinical sign that harbors a wide variety of etiologies. While alacrima can be only isolated to the lacrimal system, it is more often associated with progressive multisystem involvement from underlying genetic disorders. Recognizing the subtle ocular signs in these diseases will promote a timely diagnosis and management before potential life-threatening consequences occur. Hence, the current article will review the ophthalmological findings, systemic manifestations, genetic associations, and differential diagnosis of congenital alacrima. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]