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In the ever-changing world of global energy, natural gas remains important, acting as a critical resource to fulfill rising demand. This review looks deeply into the cutting-edge technology developments that will shape the future of natural gas processing. It investigates particular approaches and technologies driving advancement, such as membrane separation and adsorption procedures, in order to improve purifying efficiency. Furthermore, it broadens the discussion to include extensive examples of innovative dehydration and sweetening processes, as well as unique ways for impurity removal, while carefully considering sustainability considerations. This article investigates the integration of artificial intelligence and data analytics into process optimization, highlighting the importance of operational efficiency and emission reduction. It also investigates the transformational influence of nanotechnology on gas separation, emphasizing its role in sustainable and efficient natural gas conversion processes. The assessment concludes with a forward-looking perspective on the changing environment of the natural gas processing business. It emphasizes the need for ongoing research and collaboration in order to fully realize the promise of this critical energy source. This gives a clear path for researchers, business specialists, and regulators navigating the complex technical breakthroughs in natural gas processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research proposed the work on the consumption of waste cooking oil (WCO) as a valuable resource for the production of biodiesel. This study focuses on maximizing output yield by employing composite heterogeneous catalysts, namely calcinated calcium oxide with aluminum oxide (CaO/Al2O3) and calcium oxide with titanium oxide (CaO/TiO2). The calcination process was adopted for the catalysts at 600°C for 5 h to improve catalytic activities and to increase surface area. XRD and TGA were implemented to analyze the crystal structure and thermal stability of these heterogeneous catalysts. Experimentation was planned by implementing the response surface methodology (RSM) approach in combination with the BoxBehnken design. The optimum yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) was experimentally observed at 96.56%, using CaO/Al2O3 at methanol to oil (m/o) molar ratio of 11.9:1, 3.19% catalyst loading, 53.79°C and 76.86 minutes (min). The maximum experimental yield with CaO/TiO2 was observed at 98.15% with the optimized operating conditions of independent process variables viz. m/o molar ratio 11:99, 2.53 wt.% catalyst loading and 68.14 min at 59.79°C. The research recommends the potential use of WCO and both the heterogeneous catalysts for optimal biodiesel yield; however, CaO/TiO2 exhibits superior performance over CaO/Al2O3, which is also confirmed by the XRD and TGA results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of variation in open area ratio (β) in a multi-V rib roughened Single-Pass Solar Air Heater (SPSAH) is analyzed in this work. Fixing values of other parameters, such as open area ratio (β) and relative roughness width (W/w), were studied with a certain range of Reynolds number (Re) ranging from 2000 to 18000. The improvement in Nusselt number ratio (Nu/Nus) and thermo-hydraulic performance (THPP) and the decline in duct friction ratio (f/fs) support the application of perforation. The empirical correlations of Nu and f are also generated with ±12% and ±7.5% accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed study on Solar Air Heaters (SAHs) with single-pass roughening with plastic net perforated multi-V and continuous multi-V ribs was investigated and compared for its effectiveness. Improvements in the Nusselt number ratio (Nu/Nus) and the friction factor ratio (f/fs) studied with the Reynolds number (Re) ranged from 2000–18000 for a relative roughness height (e/Dh) of 0.043, a relative roughness pitch (P/e) of 10, an aspect ratio (W/H) of 12, and an angle of attack (α) of 60°, maintaining a similar flow scenario. For a syntactically roughened channel with a perforated multi-V rib, the significant enhancement was recorded in thermo-hydraulic performance with a slight decrease in pumping power. The study was extended to analyze the effect of perforation in a double pass parallel flow SAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After analyzing the effect of perforation in a single pass solar air heater in part A, an experimental comparative study was performed on a Double Pass Parallel Flow Solar Air Heater (DPPFSAH) roughened with continuous and perforated multi-V rib roughness. In DPPFSAH, for perforated rib roughness, the gain in Nu/Nus, f/fs, and Thermo-hydraulic performance parameter (THPP) for W/w = 6 are 8.33, 9.09, and 2.97, respectively. While for continuous rib for W/w = 6 the values of Nu/Nus, f/fs, and THPP are 5.93, 10.83, and 1.82, respectively, as compared to the smooth plate. The results strongly support the application of perforation in artificial roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of variation in open area ratio (β) in multi-V rib roughened single pass solar air heater (SPSAH) is computed in this study. Different perforated plastic ribs are used to develop variations in perforation. Four values of the open area ratio (β) ranged from 0 to 0.31, six values of relative roughness width (W/w) ranged from 2 to 10, and nine values of the Reynolds number (Re) ranged from 2000 to 18,000. These values were under consideration, along with fixed values of other parameters. Optimum values of performance parameters achieved at an open area ratio β = 0.27 with W/w = 6. The optimum range of improvement in Nusselt number ratio (Nu/Nus) and thermo-hydraulic performance parameter (THPP) was 6.33–8.19 and 3.78–5.41, while duct friction ratio (f/fs) was recorded within the range of 3.68–4.78 when compared to the flat channel, respectively. A correlation for Nusselt number and friction factor with varying parameters was also established with ±12% and ±7.5% accuracy, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal performance of heat exchanger is considerably enhanced by the use of inserts. Twisted tape inserts are known for producing large heat transfer enhancements at the expense of fairly large friction penalty. With the objective to explore the effect of twisted tape with perforations and V cuts, the present study investigates the thermo-hydraulic performance of solid twisted tape, perforated twisted tape, and perforated twisted tape with double V cuts for the Reynolds number range of 2000–25000. During the experiments, the twist ratio of tapes is varied in the range of 2–6, while the depth ratio and width ratio of V cuts for perforated twisted tape with double V cuts are varied in the range of 0.2–0.27. The maximum enhancements in Nusselt number and friction factor were found to be 3.5 and 9.63, respectively, corresponding to the perforated twisted tape with double V cuts having V cut depth ratio and width ratio of 0.27 and twist ratio of 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study investigates the heat transfer and friction characteristics of heat exchanger tube fitted with perforated twisted tape (PTT) insert having V cuts. A copper tube of 1 m length and 0.032 m inner diameter is used as test section to collect the experimental data by varying the twist ratio of PTT from 2 to 6 for the Reynolds number range of 2,700–23,400. V cuts are introduced in the PTT and the V-cut relative pitch ratio is varied from 1 to 2. The maximum thermo-hydraulic performance parameter is found to be 1.58. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the experiments of the transesterification process were carried out on jatropha-algae oil blend and the prediction of the synthesized biodiesel was investigated. The study was divided into two parts. In the first part, a series of experiments were employed practically and in the second part, the prediction is made with the artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN with Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm was trained with topology 4-10-1. The estimated results were compared with the experimental results. An ANN model was developed based on a back-propagation learning algorithm. An R-square value of the model from ANN was 0.9976. The results confirmed that the use of an ANN technique is quite suitable. The artificial neural network gave acceptable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel production from different feedstocks is an effective method of resolving problems related to the fuel crisis and environmental issues. In this study, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and the response surface methodology based Box-Behnken experimental design were used to model the parameters of biodiesel production for a jatropha-algae oil blend, including the molar ratio, temperature, reaction time, and catalyst concentration. A significant regression model with an R2 value of 0.9867 was obtained under a molar ratio of 6-12, KOH of 0-2% w/w, time of 60-180 min, and temperature of 35-55°C using response surface methodology (RSM). The ANFIS model was used to individually correlate the output variable (biodiesel yield) with four input variables. An R2 value of 0.9998 was obtained in the training. The results demonstrated that the developed models adequately represented the processes they described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel production from different feedstocks is one of the effective ways to anticipate the problems related with fuel crisis and environmental issues. In this study, the response surface methodology (RSM)-based Box–Behnken experimental design (BBD) is used to optimize the parameters of biodiesel production for the blend of Jatropha–algae oil such as molar ratio, temperature, reaction time, and catalyst concentration. A significant quadratic regression model (p < 0.0001) with R2of 0.9867 was achieved under the condition of molar ratio 6–12%, KOH 0–2%, reaction time 60–180 min, and temperature 35–55°C. The artificial neural network (ANN) with the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm was also trained in this study with the topology 4-10-1 with a predicted correlation coefficient of 0.9976. From the results, it is also found that the predicted values of yield are in good agreement with the results of RSM correlations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The national biofuel policy of the Indian government support to put a great emphasis on the synthesis of biodiesel from the nonedible feedstock. A potential option in this regard is Neem oil which is found in abundance in India (~1,00,000 tonnes). The major hindrance to the commercialization of biodiesel is its shelf life due to poor oxidation and stability characteristics. The current work investigates the oxidation stability of Neem biodiesel as per EU standard (EN14214) using the Rancimat apparatus. The oxidation stability of 12.3 hours without doping any chemical antioxidant in the synthesized Neem biodiesel makes it highly suitable for commercial acceptance. The impact of pyrogallol (PY) antioxidant was also investigated on the shelf life of Neem biodiesel build on response surface methodology (RSM) in accordance with Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Moreover, the execution and excretion characteristic of the Neem biodiesel blends: B15, B25, B35, and B45 are investigated on direct injection automotive compression ignition engine. Based on this broad experimental investigation B15 blend can be used as a fuel to power the existing automotive compression ignition engine with no compromise in the execution and excretion characteristics of the engine. From the analysis of the data of life-cycle assessment of the Neem biodiesel, it was found that it possesses the global warming potential of 45.72gCO2-eq Functional Unit−1 which is six times lesser than mineral diesel. Moreover, the Neem plantation has a carbon dioxide isolation potential of around 10 t ha−1 year −1. All these factors make the Neem Biodiesel highly suitable for blending with mineral diesel to power the existing compression ignition engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]