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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with rhamnolipids (RLs) on the growth performance, slaughter performance, apparent digestibility and fat metabolism of broilers. Broiler chicks were randomly divided into 3 groups: control (C) group, 100 mg/kg (L) and 1,000 mg/kg (H) RL supplementation groups. The results, after dietary supplementation with RLs for 42 days, revealed a RL dose-dependent promoting effect on feed intake, and an increase of the evisceration index of 42-day-old broilers, but a decrease in the rate of abdominal fat gain. The dietary supplementation with RLs significantly increased the digestibility of protein and fat in broilers. The serum total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of the H group were significantly higher than those of the C group (p < 0.01), whereas total triglyceride was lower. The liver triglyceride and total cholesterol levels of the H group were significantly higher than those of the L and C groups (p < 0.05). In summary, dietary supplementation with RLs can improve growth performance and carcase quality of broilers by strengthening the emulsification effect of lipid nutrients in the diet of poultry. HIGHLIGHTS: Rhamnolipids have a strong oil-water emulsifying capacity and an excellent human safety profile Dietary supplementation with rhamnolipids can improve growth performance and carcase quality of broilers Dietary supplementation with rhamnolipids strengthening the emulsification effect of lipid nutrients in the diet of livestock and poultry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soybean lecithin in broiler diets formulated with either fried or non-fried soybean oils (as an energy source), on growth performance, digestibility, and some serum parameters. A total of 600 broilers (50% male) were assigned to 4 experimental groups (with 10 replicates of 15 birds each): (i) group (S) fed with soybean oil only, (ii) group (SL) fed with soybean oil + lecithin (0.035% in feed), (iii) group (F) fed with fried soybean oil only, and iv) group (FL) fed with fried soybean oil + lecithin (0.035% in feed). Broilers that received lecithin with fried soybean oil (group FL) exhibited significantly higher body weights (1.228 vs. 1.210 kg, p < 0.05 and 1.935 vs. 1.917 kg, p < 0.05) than group F in the last two experimental periods (22–28 and 29–35 days), respectively. On the contrary, the addition of soybean lecithin to diets formulated with either fried or non-fried soybean oil resulted in a significant increase in weight of some carcase cuts (thigh, breast) and a significant decrease in some visceral organs (intestine, liver, viscera), without affecting the digestibility parameters here assessed. Our findings revealed that the addition of soybean lecithin to standard soybean oil (group SL) significantly decreased serum triglycerides (77.16 vs. 83.46 mg/dL, p < 0.05) compared to group S. In conclusion, it was possible to use recovered frying soybean oil in broiler diets without a negative impact on growth performance and serum triglyceride level, while these parameters were improved by the addition of soybean lecithin. By-products obtained from oil/food processing represent an affordable and sustainable alternative to traditional fat sources for broiler feeding. Fried soybean oil used in broiler feed had the same effects on growth performance and nutrient digestibility as the non-fried oil. The use of soybean lecithin in broiler feed led to improved growth performance, cuts up yield and serum triglyceride level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding rice gluten meal (RGM) as an alternative protein source along with protease enzyme supplementation on growth performance, expression of nutrient transporter genes, nutrient digestibility, immune response and gut histomorphometry of broiler chicken. Proximate analysis of RGM revealed 923 g dry matter (DM), 500 g crude protein (CP), 69.2 g ether extract, 94.7 g crude fiber, 215.4 g nitrogen-free extract, 43.7 g ash, 6.20 g calcium, 7.80 g total phosphorus, 18.99 MJ gross energy and 12.68 MJ metabolizable energy per kg diet. Significant upregulation of nutrient transporter genes (PepT1, EAAT3 and mucin) and better growth performance was observed in the birds fed control diet which was statistically similar to the birds fed 150 g RGM compared to birds fed higher RGM levels. Histomorphometry of jejunum, nutrient digestibility, and immune response of birds did not reveal any significant effect of RGM or protease enzyme supplementation. However, the inclusion of RGM up to 150 g/kg diet resulted in significant decline of feed cost/kg live weight gain, dressed meat yield and eviscerated meat yield by 13.13%, 12.99% and 13.36%, respectively compared to control. Thus, it was concluded that the inclusion of 150 g RGM/kg diet in broiler chicken ration has no adverse effects on the growth pattern of birds and can be used for least-cost feed formulation for chicken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (SSL) supplementation to energy reduced diets on broilers' growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, excreta bacterial counts, and blood lipid profile. A total of 700 one-day-old male (feather sexed) Ross 308 broiler chickens having an average body weight of 43 ± 1.2 g were randomly allotted to five (5) dietary treatments (7 pens/treatment). The treatments consisted of: (1) positive control (PC) (basal diet with metabolisable energy, ME = 3000 kcal/kg starter; 3100 kcal/kg grower; 3200 kcal/kg finisher), (2) negative control (NC) (PC − 50 kcal/kg), (3) SSL1, NC + 0.03% SSL, (4) SSL2, NC + 0.04% SSL, (5) SSL3, NC + 0.05% SSL. The PC group showed higher BWG (body weight gain) and lower FCR (feed conversion ration) than the NC group during days 1 to 7, and 7 to 21. SSL supplemented groups showed higher BWG and better FCR than the NC group, along with a linear increase in BWG and linear decrease in FCR during days 1 to 7 and 7 to 21. Furthermore, a linear increase in overall BWG was observed with SSL doses. Excreta microbial counts were not influenced by energy levels or SSL doses. In blood serum parameters, LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol was reduced with a linear tendency by increasing levels of SSL supplementation. In conclusion, sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate supplementation showed better growth and nutrient digestibility in broilers' at an early age. Emulsifiers can help broilers to utilise dietary energy more efficiently Sodium Stearoyl-2- Lactylate helped to increase energy and fat digestibility in broilers As a result, growth performance was improved through Sodium Stearoyl-2-Lactylate supplementation in broilers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notions of citizenship, everyday life and public space are fundamental to understand the different ways of being urban in diferent contexts. Each of these notions must be analyzed based on local dynamics, between global and local processes. Through a decolonial approach, we seek to go beyond what urban theories point out when researching how the city is produced in everyday life. Territorial coloniality persists through the dimensions of being, power and knowledge. Four neighborhoods of Maputo were analyzed through the progressive-regressive method. New research methodologies and urban theories are necessary to cover such diverse cosmovisions and spatial appropriations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial, the effects of three dietary supplemental including chromium methionine (Cr) (0 and 400 μg/kg diet), zinc oxide (Zn) (0 and 30 mg/kg diet), and vitamin C (VitC) (0 and 250 mg/kg diet) on egg production (EP) and mass (EM) and egg traits in heat-stressed (HS) Lohmann LSL-Lite laying hens from 30 to 45 weeks of age were evaluated. The house temperature was kept at 18°C (weeks 30-40 of age) and then increased to 32°C (weeks 41-45 of age). Dietary treatments had no significant effects on EP, egg weight, EM, and feed conversation ratio before and after exposure to heat stress (P > 0.05). Decreased feed intake intake was observed in group of VitC during exposing to HS (P < 0.05). Dietary supplemental Cr decreased serum glucose concentration before HS (P < 0.05). A combination of Cr and VitC increased serum glucose concentration before and during HS (P < 0.05). Decreased serum concentration of Zn was detected in hens fed the diets with VitC, Cr, or Zn (P < 0.05). Increased serum concentration of Cr was observed in hens fed the diets supplemented with Cr (P < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are unknown interactions between supplements of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) and the cell walls of feedstuff in ruminal conditions. The quantitative effects of using EFE in ruminant diets were evaluated using meta-analysis. Records (586) were extracted from 74 journal articles from a list of published papers (2000-2012). Statistical analyses were performed considering fixed [type of forage-based diet, forage-to-concentrate ratio (F:C ratio) and primarily enzyme activities in the EFE], and random effects [Experiment(Article)]. In dairy cows fed high-forage (F:C ≥50%), the supplementation of primarily mixtures of cellulases and xylanases (Cel:Xyl: 1:4-1:1) increased milk production and milk composition of legume-based diets, and primarily xylanases (Xyl) EFE improved those variables of grass-based diets. In F:C <50% grass-based diets, Cel:Xyl improved the average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion [FC:DM intake (DMI)/ADG] of beef cattle. DMI of dairy cows was not affected by EFE supplementation, but EFE improved the DMI of beef cattle. EFE effects were inconsistent in sheep productive performance variables. Cellulases (Cel) and Xyl enhanced in vivo dry matter (DM) digestibility (DMD) in low-forage (F:C <50%) grass-based diets. In F:C ≥50% legume-based diets, EFE enhanced the in situ DM disappearance (ISDMD), and mainly Cel:Xyl improved the in situ neutral detergent fibre (NDF) disappearance (ISNDFD), but there were no effects in those variables in F:C ≥50% grass-based diets. Regardless of the type of ruminal liquid (RL) or forage, in F:C ≥50% diets, in vitro DM degradability (IVDMD) was improved mainly by Cel, but fibre degradability only was improved by Cel:Xyl when sheep RL was used for in vitro evaluations. Overall, EFE could improve the productive performance of dairy cows and beef cattle, but the response depends upon the proper mixture of Cel and Xyl according to the diet composition. Abbreviations: ADF: acid detergent fiber; ADG: average daily gain; A:P: acetate:propionate ratio; BW: initial body weight; Cel:Xyl: cellulases:xylanases; DM: dry matter; DMD: in vivo dry matter digestibility; DMI: dry matter intake; EA: enzyme activities; EFE: exogenous fibrolytic enzymes; F: type of forage; FC: feed conversion; F:C: forage-to-concentrate ratio; ISDMD: in situ dry matter disappearance; ISNDFD: in situ neutral detergent fiber disappearance; IVADFD: in vitro acid detergent degradability; IVDMD: in vitro dry matter degradability; IVNDFD: in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability; NDF: neutral detergent fiber; VFA: in vitro volatile fat acids [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the dietary supplementation ofTrichoderma pseudokoningiienzyme powder (EP) and its effect on the growth performance, intestinal morphology and antioxidative status of broilers.In vitroexperiments showed that xylanase and cellulase activities of EP were 487.96 ± 14.14 U/g and 18.55 ± 0.54 U/g, respectively. Total phenolic and ferulic acid content was 4.79 ± 0.35 mg GAE/g DW and 4.38 ± 0.32 μM/g DW, respectively. A total of 240 d-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were randomly subjected to one of four treatments, namely diets supplemented with dry EP at 0% (control), 0.1%, 0.2% or 0.4% for 35d. Results showed that in the starter phase (1–21 d), the EP supplemented groups had improved body weight, weight gain and FCR compared to the control group. The villus:crypt ratio of both jejunum and ileum in all EP-treated groups was significantly higher than that of the control group. When testing serum antioxidant activity, results showed that 0.2% and 0.4% EP supplementation significantly increased superoxide dismutase activity in both the finisher phase and the overall experimental period. In addition, catalase activity was elevated in all EP supplemented groups in both the finisher phase and throughout the experimental period. 0.1% EP seemed to have no effect during the starter period. Serum malondialdehyde concentration was not affected by EP supplementation. These results suggest that EP is potential feed additive in terms of improving broiler performance and enhancing antioxidative status, while also providing an optimal intestinal environment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A study to examine the impact of selenium forms on productive traits and egg selenium deposition in Aseel was conducted. A total of 96 selenium-treated 21-week-aged Aseel birds were used, 84 females (1726.25 ± 121.65 g) and 12 males (1973.17 ± 182.84 g) from Lakha, Mushki, Peshaweri and Mianwali varieties. Birds were distributed into four experimental groups (21 females and 3 males/variety), further subdivided into three treatment groups A, B and C with 8 birds each, 7 females and 1 male (4 varieties ×3 Se treatments ×8 birds/treatment). Group A and B were the experimental while, C was a control group. Ration for the birds of group A included 0.3 ppm Se-enriched yeast, group B with 0.3 ppm sodium selenite, while, group C received a basal ration containing no selenium. Experimental birds were maintained separately in battery cages from 22 to 42 weeks. The pullets received Se-enriched yeast (organic source of selenium) supplemented ration gained the sexual maturity earlier (168.61 ± 0.64 d) and represented increased (p ≤ .05) body weight (1973.56 ± 3.43 g); egg production (38.17 ± 1.27%); egg mass (112.52 ± 2.63 g); FCR/dozen eggs (3.26 ± 0.06); FCR/kg egg mass (6.77 ± 0.23) and the selenium contents in the whole egg (11.70 ± 0.01 μg), in egg yolk (8.31 ± 0.01 μg) and in egg albumen (3.33 ± 0.01 μg). It is concluded that Se-enriched yeast is more potent than sodium selenite and is a key supplement used to improve production performance and egg-selenium status of Aseel. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An experiment was carried out to evaluate productive performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass quality traits of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with an exogenous emulsifier based on lysophospholipids prepared by enzymatic conversion of soy lecithin. One thousand seven-hundred and fifty-five one-day-old male Ross 308 chicks were randomly divided into three experimental groups of nine replications each: control group (CON) fed a corn–soybean basal diet, and two groups fed CON diet supplemented with constant (1 kg/ton) or variable (1–1.5 kg/ton) level of emulsifier (CONST and VARI, respectively). At the end of the trial (42 d), birds receiving the emulsifier had a statistically significant (p < 0.05) lower feed conversion rate compared to the control. Body weight and daily weight gain were only slightly influenced by lysophospholipids supplementation, while mortality and feed intake resulted similar among the groups. No statistically significant effect of the emulsifier was observed on nutrient digestibility as well as slaughtering yields, skin pigmentation and incidence of foot pad dermatitis. The results obtained in this study suggest that the use of an emulsifier based on lysophospholipids improves feed efficiency while showed limited effect on carcass quality traits. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Stem volume equations (overbark) were developed, using established volume equation forms, and validated using a subset of the data collected forPinus kesiyain Benguet province, Philippines. A total of 481 trees fromPinus kesiyastands in Benguet were measured through non-destructive sampling. The data set was randomly split into two subsets for initial model development (80% of the data set) and validation (20% of the data set). The performance of the different models was evaluated using evaluation statistics: fit index (FI), root mean square error (RMSE), bias (Ē), absolute mean difference (AMD) and coefficient of variation (CV%). The best model forms were selected for final model development using the combined data set (100%). Overall, volume models with two independent variables (DBH and total height) performed better than models with only one (DBH). In the validation of the models, it was observed that AMD of the models converged in the DBH classes with higher sample size. Furthermore, one of the best models in this study, Model 2, also performed better when compared to the general single volume equation developed for the non-dipterocarp species in regions 1, 2, 3 and the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) of the Philippines. The models developed in this study may assist forest managers acquire improved stem volume predictions ofPinus kesiyain the forests of Benguet, Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]