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This paper provides an evidence-based study that evaluates the attitudes of Panjabi speakers in the Panjab region towards the Panjabi language, exploring the underlying reasons shaping those attitudes. Panjabi language activists have expressed concerns about the challenges confronting the language and its vitality. However, due to a noticeable absence of any empirical data these concerns often become entangled in a discourse, questioning the authenticity and reliability of these concerns. This paper, therefore, aims to measure the realistic standing and situation of the language, by undertaking the first, empirical study across nine districts in Panjab, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionsThe origins of modern Australia are settler colonialist, the logic of which initiated theft of land and attempted erasure of First Nations peoples. This study explores the role of non-Aboriginal Health Care Workers (HCWs) in the ongoing settler colonial project and the formation of mental models that lead to dualistic discourse embodying structural and interpersonal racism.Using van Dijk’s sociocognitive model of Critical Discourse Analysis, colonial ideology, HCW mental models and discourse about Aboriginal people were explored.The dualistic categorisation of Us and Them underlies racist discourse around responsibility, dependence, health, illness and the role of culture in health. HCWs had poorly conceived ideas about cultural safety and demonstrated hierarchical thinking, exclusion and collusion in racism.Remote HCWs will continue to propagate the ideology of settler colonialism unless cultural safety, critical reflexivity and anti-racism training are prioritised in cultural training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Campylobacter jejuni remains a leading cause of food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide, with contaminated poultry meat being a major transmission vector to humans. Effective control of C. jejuni colonisation in poultry is crucial for reducing public health risks. Among various intervention strategies, vaccination has emerged as a promising avenue. However, the journey towards a universally effective vaccine has not been met due variability in vaccine performance, and more research is still onging across the different species. Our comprehensive review critically examines the progress and problems in developing vaccines against C. jejuni. We concluded that regardless of the approaches used to develop vaccines, previously developed vaccines have effectively induced immunity but there were inconsistency among the results for the reduction in colonisation. Overall, partial success has been achieved in developing C. jejuni vaccine against poultry. This discrepancy highlights the complexity of vaccine development, which must deal with C. jejuni's antigenic diversity and the multifaceted nature of host–pathogen interactions. Additionally, the limited knowledge of immune system of chicken has hindered a full understanding of vaccine effectiveness against diverse C. jejuni. Our review highlights the need for further research on the genetic and phenotypic diversity of C. jejuni and the explorate the novel vaccine technology for development of successful C. jejuni vaccine. Additionally, the advances in understanding of C. jejuni pathogenesis and immune responses offer optimism for future vaccine development, ultimately aiming to reduce Campylobacter-related illness and enhance food safety in poultry products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the inadequate recognition and integration of the strengths of Indigenous1 people in direct practice, policy development, and research. To address this concern, I present an Indigenous strengths-based theoretical framework designed to recognise and illuminate the diverse strengths inherent in Indigenous people and communities. The ongoing structure of colonisation often presents challenges for practitioners, policymakers, researchers, and others collaborating with Indigenous people to adopt a strengths-based approach. Unfortunately, well-intentioned collaborators, especially non-Indigenous allies, often succumb to deficit-based thinking and simplistic binary comparative analysis. This article draws inspiration from Dennis Saleebey's (2023) six-step, strengths-based approach, integrating it with a micro, meso, and macro framework and Indigenous Standpoint Theory. The result is an Indigenous strengths-based theoretical framework that embraces a strengths-based approach within the context of Indigenous cultures and world views. This framework fosters the identification and development of Indigenous strengths in a respectful and culturally safe manner.IMPLICATIONSA strengths-based approach must supersede the deficit discourse that continues to be a defining feature of how social workers, allied health professionals, researchers, and policymakers interact with Indigenous Australians.This article draws inspiration from Saleebey’s (2023. The strengths perspective in social work practice: Extensions and cautions. In Social work (pp. 230–235). Routledge) six-step approach to a strengths perspective, combined with a systems theory framework and an Indigenous standpoint, and can assist in (re)defining Indigenous strength-based practice.A strengths-based approach must supersede the deficit discourse that continues to be a defining feature of how social workers, allied health professionals, researchers, and policymakers interact with Indigenous Australians.This article draws inspiration from Saleebey’s (2023. The strengths perspective in social work practice: Extensions and cautions. In Social work (pp. 230–235). Routledge) six-step approach to a strengths perspective, combined with a systems theory framework and an Indigenous standpoint, and can assist in (re)defining Indigenous strength-based practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary reflects upon the constitutional and legal foundations of management of natural resources in Australia. It is a revised version of the 2022 Annual Lecture of the Centre for Resources, Energy and Environmental Law delivered at Melbourne Law School on 3 November 2022. Natural resources have shaped Australia’s history, economy, society and environment for almost 200 years, and continue to do so. The exploitation of these resources involves governments as both proprietors and regulators, together with private enterprise as explorers and developers. The complex relationship between governments and private enterprise provides the central theme of this paper. Australia’s federal system of government adds complexity to that relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phylogeography of Scorpidium revolvens (Sw. ex Anonymo) Rubers in northwestern Europe, primarily Scandinavia, was explored. Possibly because of human activity and atmospheric pollution, the species is sparser in the south than in the north, therefore its genetic diversity may be lowest in the south. Relationships within Scorpidium revolvens were evaluated in a network context, based on nuclear ITS and plastid rpl16 data. The regional diversity and haplotype composition of Sc. revolvens, Sc. cossonii (Schimp.) Hedenäs and Sarmentypnum exannulatum (Schimp.) Hedenäs were compared. When the sister species Scorpidium cossonii was used as an outgroup to determine polarity, the basalmost Sc. revolvens haplotype was found to be arctic, and the closest haplotypes to this were found in northern or montane specimens. From a basal grade, three lineages evolved, with differential north and south distribution. The haplotype diversity of Sc. revolvens was lowest in the south, and the haplotype composition of Sc. revolvens, Sc. cossonii and Sarmentypnum exannulatum in the south differed from that in other regions. A northern origin for Scorpidium revolvens in Scandinavia is suggested, in common with Sc. cossonii. Wider geographical sampling might confirm a northern origin for Scorpidium. Geographical distributions of the three Sc. revolvens lineages suggest partly separate colonisation routes. Compared with the north, Sc. revolvens in the sparsely populated south has lower haplotype diversity and different haplotype composition. The two other species investigated also had different haplotype composition, and further investigations might determine whether this represents a general pattern in Scandinavia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay uses storytelling as a mode of inquiry to explore how students with languages other than English and with diasporic experiences and identities negotiate a pathway for themselves in a relentlessly Anglophone environment. I share a story that provides a small window into the everyday work of an English teacher in a large, linguistically diverse school with a large Muslim community on the outskirts of Melbourne. I explore the contexts in which they work and the challenges of representing the affective and ethical dimension of English teachers' work. I reflect on my own situatedness as a researcher and how the methodological and theoretical choices I make are influenced by who I am and how I see the world. This reflexivity helps me understand why I see what I see as a researcher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological growth on building surfaces can be responsible for degradation of their aesthetical and functional properties. This is damaging for solar reflective materials (SRM), which are characterised by the ability to reflect solar radiation in the whole wave-length spectrum. SRM represent one of the most efficient countermeasures to the urban heat Island effect. The present study compares different experimental setups to expose SRM samples to laboratory bio-ageing and define which setup is the most repeatable in terms of biodegradation on surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2001 and 2021, the eight iwi of Taranaki entered into Deeds of Settlement with the Crown. These settlements, which saw the Crown acknowledge and apologise for its historical breaches of Te Tiriti o Waitangi, also served to extinguish the rights of Taranaki Māori to seek further redress from the Crown. The Treaty Settlement process over, Taranaki Māori and the many non-Māori that have settled in the rohe (tribal territory) are left to themselves to deal with any lingering tensions, ongoing enmity and forms of structural injustice stemming from the settler-colonial process. This paper is not about the formal processes of colonisation or Crown-initiated attempts to atone for the past through the Treaty Settlement process. Rather, this paper concerns the painstaking work of change undertaken on the ground by local people, Māori and non-Māori alike. It concerns the 'small stories' of colonisation, the myriad endeavours of local people working for change in local contexts. In particular, the article concerns the fight for Māori wards on Councils in New Plymouth and South Taranaki, and the extraordinary work done by ordinary people in attempting to forge some kind of future of togetherness in a region riven by the violence of colonisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cape Khoe-San experienced a significant change in weapons technology when Europeans began colonising the Cape in the seventeenth century. Khoe-San first adapted their military tactics to counter the firearms used by Dutch settlers in conflicts over land possession. With colonisation, many Khoe-San found themselves being incorporated into the colony as hunting and military, both formal and informal, assistants. Deemed sufficiently colonised by the Europeans, there was now an effort to arm Khoe-San with guns. The eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries saw great developments in firearm technology. In tracking these developments alongside historical accounts of Khoe-San with firearms, it is noticed that by the first half of the nineteenth century, Khoe-San fighting for the colony were being supplied with the most ideal firearms for colonial warfare in the Cape. This was a marked contrast to the policies of the seventeenth century which sought to keep firearms out of indigenous hands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the representation of climate migration and climate colonialism in contemporary Italian eco-dystopias. After a theoretical introduction, I address the representation of migrants, and of Italians as climate migrants, in Paolo Zardi's XXI secolo (2015) and Bruno Arpaia's Qualcosa, là fuori (2016). Climate migration is a growing phenomenon that is intimately connected with Anthropocenic violence, and that will produce changes in society and demographics, challenging existing notions of nationality and culture. In the second part, I discuss two novels (Tommaso Pincio's Cinacittà, 2008, and Antonio Scurati's La seconda mezzanotte, 2011) that deal with what I call, following Stephen D. Arata, the anxiety of reverse colonisation. These two novels portray (and express) a fear of a takeover of Italy by the Chinese that is rooted in both long-standing anti-immigration prejudices and the new shapes of contemporary economic colonialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ice coverage not only affects the climate and landscape of geographical regions but has impacted species composition, the fragmentation and isolation of populations, and the colonisation routes of species post-glaciation. Major advancements in generating genetic data and applying sophisticated analyses to accurately model the demographic and colonisation history of animal and plant species has allowed evolutionary biologists novel insights. Meanwhile, physical geographers have made major advancements in reconstructing glacial history. However, the information flow between the geographic and evolutionary fields on this topic remains limited; consequently, evolutionary studies on contemporary biodiversity and species colonisation tend to be vague about the role of glacial history, while evolutionary and biodiversity information is rarely leveraged when discussing historical glaciation. In this review, we bring together current knowledge on the changing patterns of ice coverage in the British Isles from the maximum extent of the British-Irish ice sheet (BIIS) ca. 27 ka through to the end of large-scale ice coverage at the start of the Holocene period ca. 11.5 ka. We do so to then highlight how glaciation affected species composition during this time period and the subsequent colonisation of temperate flora and fauna and the patterns of genetic variation seen in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Indigenous Peoples the disparities in health status are largely associated with the direct social determinants of invasion and colonisation, marginalisation, intergenerational traumas, and lack of conscious government policy to address these ongoing effects. There is currently limited evidence in the literature on what Cultural Safety practices mean in acute care settings. We aimed to understand the extent and type of evidence in relation to current knowledge and evidence regarding Cultural Safety practices for Indigenous Peoples in acute care settings. This is a scoping review. We searched six databases in consultation with a librarian experienced in health research. A total of 16 papers were included in the scoping review. Four main barriers to Cultural Safety in practice were identified; Among the included studies, only one quality improvement study reported an intervention, which improved culturally safe care. The four barriers identified each have a variable impact on Indigenous Peoples' health outcomes and are dependent upon the circumstances and experiences of both Indigenous Peoples and healthcare professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to understand the marginalisation of Indigiqueer and Two Spirit people and how they write to resist heteropatriarchy and settler colonialism in the Canadian context through two texts. Two Spirit people who were respected in most Indigenous cultures before colonisation, have been marginalised by the hegemony of White society's heteropatriarchy. In A History of my Brief Body by Billy-Ray Belcourt, who belongs to the Driftpile Cree Nation in northern Alberta, and Making Love with the Land by Joshua Whitehead, who is an Oji-Cree member of the Peguis First Nation in Manitoba, the two authors challenge the limits imposed by Western understandings of what literature is supposed to be by foregrounding the importance of the body, their communities, the places they belong to, and subverting conventional notions of genre and aesthetics. Furthermore, their writing ruptures the power structures that oppress them by foregrounding an ethics of care and solidarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue of Social Dynamics assembles several new articles, essays, and book reviews voicing critical perspectives on intellectual decolonisation. Theoretical approaches to intellectual decolonisation articulate different positions on what it takes for inculcation of ideas to count as colonisation. For some, it is because these ideas' acceptance enables a harmful political or economic regime that their inculcation amounts to colonisation. For others, it is the ideas' foreignness by itself alone which makes their promotion colonial. Yet others do not count any peaceful proselytisation as colonisation. Some approaches to intellectual decolonisation embrace relativism; others are objectivist and universalist. Since the various approaches to this topic contradict each other about what intellectual decolonisation is, and how it is to be achieved, it is impossible to be in favour of all versions of intellectual decolonisation. The contributions to this issue argue that certain theoretical approaches to intellectual decolonisation have important drawbacks. Several point out theoretical incoherences and deeply troubling political implications in the "Decoloniality" theory of Grupo Modernidad/Colonialidad. Though the contributions to the special issue highlight flaws in specific approaches to this topic, they do so in order the better to motivate for more defensible approaches to intellectual decolonisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on the latest literature on transimperial mobilities, this article analyses the career of the Finland-Swedish Hjalmar Björling, a merchant and colonial careerist who moved out to the Dutch East Indies around 1870, later also working in assorted roles on the coast of China and in Sumatra's then-developing plantation economy. He was also an active writer, relaying colonial news and market intelligence as well as accounts of his personal experiences in various Finnish newspapers. This article examines the global, cross-border structures that facilitated Björling's migration to Southeast Asia and his integration there, arguing that his colonial career sketched out the contours of a pre-existing transnational and specifically Nordic subcircuit of Western imperialism that straddled the boundaries of the Dutch and British empires. Moreover, through his correspondences and ventures, Björling sought to establish himself as an active node in that network connecting northern Europe and maritime Asia. The article argues that a careful consideration of 'outsider' experiences like Björling's challenges conventional, nation-centric understandings of nineteenth-century European empires and helps to uncover the multi-layered systems of mobilities that underpinned their expansion around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent racial attacks that took the lives of several African-Americans in the USA have unleashed a whole social movement in defence of the rights of minorities who face discrimination. What began as a plea in favour of the black population has become a convulsive current throughout America, seeking to cleanse its history by disassociating it from its founding sins, which include slavery, but above all, colonization as a whole. This amalgam of revisionist and vindictive currents has awakened a new culture. The Woke movement has initiated the battle for the narrative: they cancel any tendency contrary to their principles, silence freedom of expression and tear down any statue that represents any symbol of oppression or authority, Christopher Columbus at the head. These are the premises of post-modern society: wounded by the culture of victimisation, it promotes ideological tribalism that destroys the truth. We are witnessing a phenomenon that seeks to deconstruct history, resignify the present and depersonalise the future. The black legend resurfaces with new force and America runs the risk of blurring its identity traits. Listening to the voices of experts is essential in order to interpret the shadows of a legacy in the light of truth, which shows us the deep richness of a common culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We calculate, for the first time, farm-level wheat productivity for Cape Colony settler farmers in 1825. We can do so because we now have access to a fully transcribed tax census for that year. Although there is some variation in wheat productivity across the Colony, probably a result of the varying environmental factors, we find much larger variation within districts. We perform various tests to explain this large variation. We find, surprisingly, that slave labour has no explanatory power. Khoe labour, however, helps to differentiate farmers according to their productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The writings of TH Marshall, Esping Anderson and other welfare state scholars have been concerned with class-based inequalities bought about through capitalism. Yet the focus on exploitation of labour overlooks racialised and gendered inequalities bought about through historic and contemporary processes of expropriation also inherent in capitalism. In this paper, I argue that addressing processes of expropriation are fundamental to the political economy of the welfare state and propose a reparative way of thinking to transform the welfare state. Drawing on insights from the transformative reparation literature, I outline three modes of transformation – unsettling accumulation by dispossession, disrupting dehumanising subjectivities and supporting pluriversal possibilities as processes to transform the structures that uphold expropriation and the welfare state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mandume ya Ndemufayo, the last king of the Oukwanyama, resisted the subjugation of his people by colonial powers. To the Portuguese, Germans, and South Africans (and other missionaries), he was a recalcitrant, bloodthirsty, and murderous despot. But to the people of Namibia and Angola, he is a hero of the African people, with permanent remembrance at the Namibian National Heroes' Acre, a university named after him in the City of Lubango, with street names, monuments, and memorials commemorating his acts of resistance against colonial rule. His demise at the hands of the Ovamboland Expeditionary Force on 6 February 1917 is the archetypal story of the colonial period in Africa – and elsewhere – that opposition to colonial rule was not tolerated and subdued, forcefully if necessary. European interests, along with superior firepower, facilitated the subjugation of many indigenous populations. It was no different in Ovamboland, yet in a period where kingdoms were tumbling, the Oukwanyama resisted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colonial institutions are notorious for using scientific research to claim ownership over Indigenous peoples and justify acts of colonisation (Smith, 2021). In response, Māori academics continue to advocate for culturally ethical practice; supported by a seemingly inexhaustible list of anecdotal evidence pertaining to the colonial violence experienced by Māori communities subjected to western research. Whilst recognising the historical and contemporary role of scientific research is vital to the safety and well-being of Māori communities, this generates a narrative that dissuades researchers from engaging with them. We question ‘who is the audience’ for this narrative and ‘does this generalised message unintentionally inhibit our rangatahi in these spaces?’ Messages of aroha and whānaungatanga are sorely missing from this research narrative leading to insinuations that can alienate rangatahi in the research space from working with their communities, whānau, hapū and iwi. Here we look to share our experiences as three rangatahi working alongside our people to diversify the narrative of researching with Māori communities. Through our narratives we hope to encourage other rangatahi to engage with their own people and foster the next generation of Indigenous scientists to actualise the aspiration of their communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three naming systems have been applied to the flora of Aotearoa New Zealand, but differences in their use are poorly understood. Analyses of 45 sets of Māori and settlers' vernacular plant names and botanical names in Papers Past between 1839 and 1948 shows that Māori plant names were well-used in referring to the flora. Māori plant names (2,242,201; 82.6%) are mentioned more than settlers' names (465,155; 17.1%) or botanical nomenclature (8,193; 0.3%). Māori name usage was dominant from 1839 to 1858, declined during 1859–1868 when settlers' names were featured, and increased from 53.15% in 1869 to 90.89% in 1948. In Papers Past, 32 (71.0%) of the 45 Māori plant name(s) are mentioned most often, followed by 11 (24.5%) settlers' and two (4.5%) botanical names. Analysis of the 45 sets of names in four New Zealand science journals (1863–2020) shows the number of name mentions to be: botanical nomenclature 10,827 (54.4%), Māori 6,731 (33.8%) and settlers' 2,341 (11.8%). Botanical nomenclature (35 names) and Māori names (10 names) were the most mentioned of the 45 sets of names in the science journals. Analysis of the 45 sets of names in a Google Search undertaken in 2021 confirmed the prevalence of Māori names (92.5%) over botanical nomenclature (7.5%). The most mentioned Māori names refer to plants of economic importance such as rimu, mānuka and mataī. The overall dominance of Māori plant name mentions does not support recent contentions that botanical nomenclature has 'set aside' and 'replaced' these. Further, the low number of total mentions of botanical nomenclature in Papers Past and the science journals suggests little is to be gained from promoting the use of Māori epithets in botanical nomenclature for newly named taxa, and a strategy for the promotion of Māori plant names in the context of indigenous ecological knowledge is perhaps desirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a cross-comparative examination of how tropical forested islands were populated by humans. It first describes the unique ecological conditions of these environments, how they fluctuated during glacial cycles, and the challenges and affordances they provided people. The paper then explores the global archaeological record, classifying modes of colonisation that led insular tropical forests to be populated. These modes include terrestrial colonisation followed by insularisation (Mode A), maritime colonisation followed by major landmass reconfiguration (Mode B), maritime colonisation of uninhabited islands that always remained insular (Mode C), and maritime colonisation of already inhabited islands (Mode D). Finally, the paper discusses how, amongst Homo sapiens, ongoing dynamism between human adaptive behaviours and environmental flux stimulated processes of diversification, specialisation, and connectivity in these crucial ecologies; by contrast, archaic hominins like Homo erectus, Homo floresiensis, and Homo luzonensis may have found changes associated with forest expansion and insularity extremely challenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the representation of indigenous bodies, namely those of women and young men, in observations made by the Russian imperial elite in Central Asia during the late nineteenth century. Civilising agenda, a central framework used by these observers, relied on interweaving empire-building efforts with colonised bodies. While indigenous women were fundamental in these narratives, they remained largely invisible to the male colonial enterprise, which, in turn, sought to make them visible through medicine and commercial sex. The latter combined the elite's anxieties over native sexualities with the desire to control and gain a glimpse of women's bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article outlines the role of rivers and oceans in colonial land 'settlement' in Sydney. The analysis exposes a form of thalassic colonisation, whereby territoriality was a defining feature of settler-colonialism in the first decades of the colonial invasion, but wherein claiming and/or controlling vast bodies of water was necessary to that territoriality. Britain was a maritime empire and Sydney a maritime town in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, and there was a maritime pathway to early land theft in Australia. This archival analysis follows the colonial ships and Aboriginal nawi (bark canoes) to undertake a history from the water. Three nautico-imperial logics of settler-colonialism are presented. 1) 'Aboriginal resistance and labour' highlights the role of Aboriginal action against and incorporation into the colonial maritime economy and industries, and British Royal Navy exploration more broadly. 2) 'Atomised colonial landscapes' shows how Aboriginal Country was used as a colonial resource in the early maritime industries, with land claimed for ship building yards and whaling and sealing infrastructure, and trees felled for ship building. 3) Theorising the rivers and oceans as a 'nautico-imperial infrastructure' shows that water preceded land as a pivotal colonial infrastructure for the British maritime empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite taking on several forms throughout history such as colonial medicine, tropical medicine, and international health, the field of global health continues to uphold colonialist structures. History demonstrates that acts of colonialism inevitably lead to negative health outcomes. Colonial powers promoted medical advancements when diseases affected their own people, and only did so for locals when in the colonies' best interests. Numerous medical advancements in the United States also relied on the exploitation of vulnerable populations. This history is critical in evaluating the actions of the United States as a proclaimed leader in global health. A significant barrier to progress in the field of global health is that most leaders and leading institutions are located in high-income countries, thereby defining the global standard. This standard fails to meet the needs of most of the world. In times of crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, colonial mentalities may be more evident. In fact, global health partnerships themselves are often ingrained in colonialism and may be counterproductive. Strategies for change have been called into question by the recent Black Lives Matter movement, particularly in evaluating the role that less privileged communities should have in their own fate. Globally, we can commit to evaluating our own biases and learning from one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, evidence provided by written records generated after the conquest of Tortosa in 1148 and the results of archaeological survey have led to the identification of several farmland areas and their associated Andalusi settlements on both banks of the River Ebro, in the hinterland of Madīna Ṭurṭūsha. These field systems were formed by compact and discontinuous cultivation areas on the riverbanks. Drainage channels and wells with water-lifting wheels comprised the main hydraulic techniques used. One of the most relevant changes as a consequence of feudal conquest was the introduction of new hydraulic systems consisting of water catchment in the hills above the river and long channels, whose main purpose was to drive watermills. These channels were rather complex in terms of technology and distinct from those of the Muslim peasant tradition and we can recognise the political power behind them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scotland's Enlightenment and Britain's Empire were inseparably entwined, such that the former's conceptualisation of humanity bore the indelible impression of the latter. We argue here that, by tracing the career and writings of one among a much wider range of travellers educated in Edinburgh in the last years of the eighteenth century, the connections between Scotland's Enlightenment and colonisation can be usefully explored. Alexander Berry (1781–1873) was educated in medicine at the University of Edinburgh between 1798 and 1800 and then travelled to China, Australia, Fiji, and Aotearoa/New Zealand, before eventually becoming a prosperous landowner at Shoalhaven on the South Coast of New South Wales. Throughout it all, Berry speculated on the humanity of diverse peoples he interacted with as physician, merchant, landowner, and as a natural historian. His career exemplifies the entangled commercial, colonial, and scientific interests that characterised the global circulation of Enlightenment knowledge in the context of Britain's expanding Empire. From the intimacy of his encounters with non-European and Indigenous peoples, and the trans-imperial networks of trade and expertise in which he was engaged, his speculations on humanity bore the marks of both Enlightenment and Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses a self-reflective autoethnography to critique colonisation and whiteness as systems of marginalisation and racialisation. I examine concepts grounded in post-colonial and anti-racist theories, and I interweave these with my experiences in white spaces in Colombia, the USA and Canada as an educator and researcher. I provide personal examples as data to explain how colonisation and whiteness have paved the road to my professional 'success', and I also illuminate how these have taken me away from understanding my cultural and linguistic roots. Contrary to conventional wisdom that formal education is empowering for racialised peoples, this article asserts that critical education has been fundamental to challenge inequality and power asymmetries. Finally, in reflecting on the depths to which whiteness has been entrenched in all aspects of my life and other racialised peoples, I seek determination and liberation by calling into question the normative historical raciolinguistic ideologies of whiteness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the relationship between domesticity and colonisation on the Victorian goldfields. Emigrants to mid-nineteenth-century gold rush Victoria often sought to recreate the comforts of home within an unfamiliar landscape, with the intention of adopting the land as their own. By drawing on memories of home to make the unknown familiar, gold rush settlers attempted to produce stability and comfort in the shifting gold rush landscape. This process often started, however, with mostly male emigrants co-opting local Indigenous techniques for making home. This article argues that many gold rush settlers arrived on the goldfields seeking home as well as gold, and, as a consequence, enacted domesticity and domestication in ways that solidified dispossession and colonisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of collecting in Western Australia demonstrates some unique as well as exemplary features that we suggest can illuminate aspects of collecting more broadly. This article seeks to contribute to scholarship on the history of collecting by arguing for the importance of understanding the ways in which the value of collections--to collectors, institutions and knowledge producers--has been produced. We call this focus on value an extractive valueadding approach to collection studies. Deploying this approach reveals not only the close relationship between collecting practices and colonialism, but also the ways in which types of values are made, not given, and the processes involved in their production. By revealing the social context of these processes, our hope is that new understandings of these collections can be produced--that address the colonial legacies embedded in the making of these collections and the purposes to which they were put at the time of their making. This focus is uniquely relevant to Australian studies because the integration of collection studies across natural and ethnographic domains, economics, history and cultural theory is able to clearly interrogate the relationship between collecting practices and colonisation in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Just as people require territory to live and to develop traditions, spirit beings require human minds that can represent them as real in order to exist and develop distinctive characteristics. Both human beings and spirit beings tend to gather in mutual support groups, bound by cultural compatibilities to secure their needs. Like human societies, culturally different spirit groups can come into conflict over the same resources. In central New Guinea in the 1970s, Telefolmin Baptist missionaries introduced the Christian triune god, angels, and devil to the neighbouring Asabano people. As converts accepted this exogenous group of spirit beings as real, the native sprites, object spirits, witches, dual souls, and culture heroes of the pre-Christian tradition were displaced, distorted, or destroyed. In this case, the competition between established and incoming spirit beings for the same minds produced outcomes for spirit beings that are reminiscent of what happens to human beings in colonialism, when indigenous peoples face powerful settlers who challenge their sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lineage through time plots (LTTs) are often used to explore past patterns of lineage diversification and community assembly. However, as they are based solely on extant species their ability to accurately depict past events can be questioned. Here, simulation models based on neutral processes are used to explore immigration and extinction scenarios to assist with interpretation of LTT plots generated from molecular clock age estimates for a nearly complete set of extant New Zealand vascular plant genera. With significant genus turnover, model simulations yield smooth exponential and linear semi-log LTT plots. Abrupt changes in extinction and immigration rates imposed in the scenarios caused only slight alterations of the curves. The vast majority of New Zealand vascular plant genera derive from trans-oceanic dispersal, and LTT plots generated from divergence dates and fossil data indicate consistently high turnover. Even major geological and climatic events leave minor signatures on LTT plots. Most notably, the maximum Oligocene Marine Transgression (27–22 Ma), when at least 85% of the current landmass was inundated, isn't clearly registered. By themselves, LTT plots shed little light on the biotic effects of climatic or geomorphic change in the remote past and need to be interpreted in the light of fossil and geological data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous boys and men in Canada face adverse social and structural circumstances that affect their ability to achieve and maintain sexual health. Research about Indigenous sexual health, however, is largely limited to matters relating to women and statistics on sexually transmitted infections. A rapid review of research was conducted to determine what is currently known about Indigenous boys' and men's sexual health in Canada. Given the prevalence of research documenting quantitative disparities, the current review included qualitative research only. Thirteen included studies explored a wide range of topics relating to sexual health and an overarching intersection between social conditions and individual health outcomes was observed. The results of this review reveal significant gaps in the literature relating to the holistic sexual health of Indigenous boys and men and highlight important domains of sexual health to consider in future research. Findings suggest that sexual health programmes that promote traditional Indigenous knowledge and intergenerational relationships may be effective for promoting sexual health among Indigenous boys and men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improvised speech of Patrice Emery Lumumba on June 30, 1960, the day the Democratic Republic of Congo gained its independence from Belgium, was criticised by Western media as being unwise and ungrateful towards the so-called civilising mission of Belgium in the Congo. Yet it was acclaimed by many Pan-Africanists and black power movements. In this article, the author systematically observes, reflects on, and analyses the speech. The author finds that it is a life-giving and hope-filled speech that called for a restoration of dignity and respect to black Congolese who suffered decades of oppression and exploitation at the hands of the colonial power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are all contextualised within our personal and political histories. In this text, I seek to reflect on 'internalised colonisation' by means of an autoethnography, using post-colonial and psychodynamic theory to deconstruct and make sense of my lived experience. I explore how the complex colonial dynamics of India and Britain play themselves out within my being and lived experiences as an Indian student in the UK. I use this text as a plea to legitimise the exploration of racism and other forms of discrimination within the therapy room as they can be experienced as deeply personal, violent and intimately traumatic. When we develop the capacity to delve into not just our personal but political pasts, we begin to acknowledge the depth of colonial trauma and its relevance even today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the recent global youth climate change movement in relation to theoretical considerations of Indigeneity, post-Anthropocentricism and decolonial practices. It then highlights the perspectives of several young climate activists, before considering a range of factors ('elephants in the room') that lurk behind the incapacity of our current practices to create spaces that provide opportunities for full expression of young people, particularly Indigenous young people, to articulate their political analyses and collectively advocate for ways of being in the world that will honour their values and aspirations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1860 and 1900 British authorities repeatedly accused the French government of fostering the Indian Ocean illegal slave trade as France allowed dhows to fly her flag. This article intends to question the idea, still dominant in today's historiography, that the French flag was the key element explaining the persistence of the Indian Ocean slave trade and the failure of the British navy in stopping it. Using both British and French archives, this article confronts these arguments with new historical data. It will make clear that if dhows under the French flag played a substantial role in the Indian Ocean slave trade, they were far from being the crucial actor of this nefarious traffic. It also brings a new light on the history of the Indian Ocean slave trade and its abolition in showing the importance of British and French imperial preoccupations as well as its important impact on international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special section on 'Gender and Indigeneity' highlights important new work by scholars from Australia, Aotearoa/New Zealand, Canada, Mexico and Hawaii. Together they challenge understandings of gender, sexuality, nature, land and bodies imposed under conditions of colonisation, and they do so by highlighting histories and ontologies not framed by the presence of colonising powers. At the same time, these authors also point to the inherent limitations in White Western feminist thinking around gender as an analytical category, thinking tied all too frequently to the same Enlightenment ontological and epistemological traditions and the same binary logics that sustained the control and exploitation of Indigenous peoples and their lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food miles is a concept developed in the 1990s as a critique of the negative social and environmental consequences of transporting foods over very long distances. While intended to draw attention to a contemporary problem, the movement of food has a long history to which the concept of food miles can be usefully applied. Drawing upon government correspondence, statistics and personal journals, this article investigates the significance of food miles in establishing the colony of New South Wales, Australia, between 1788 and 1800, with a particular emphasis on sugar. While the some of the issues noted at the end of the twentieth century were present, other factors, such as the high costs of transport, associated waste, and food security were of greater concern to those provisioning the colony and led them to seek to reduce food miles by purchasing supplies in the region. However, other priorities, including preferences for familiar foods and for restricting trade to within the British Empire, created a countervailing pressure which kept food miles very high throughout the period under consideration. This study shows that long before the terminology was coined, food miles played a role in decision making around food supplies and invites the application of the concept to other historical periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores connections between history, emotion and Aboriginal song in the south of Western Australia. Songs performed in the Noongar language in the 19th and early 20th centuries provide insight into the emotional worlds of Western Australia's past. Historical documentation reveals how Noongar sang to deal with rapid changes associated with colonisation, with song acting as a conduit for cultural resilience. Today, the Noongar language is endangered, and few people remember the old songs. Community aspirations to claim, consolidate and enhance cultural heritage have driven a collaborative process of translating, interpreting and revitalising some of this repertoire. Listening to and performing Noongar songs at community gatherings today stirs strong emotions, feelings of connection to the past and senses of both loss and hope. In this context, songs are also key to maintaining links to ancestors, language and a sense of community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study looks at ways cultural nationalism manifests in comic books featuring the character Black Panther between 1972 and 1978. As politics and agency became goals for the African-American collective, agency and strength were presented as an actualised reality in the character, Black Panther. This essay explores the ways creators of the Black Panther comic books interpreted and navigated the dynamics of the Black Power Movement. The primary method for this essay is textual analysis to examine narratives and visuals within the context of the genre. Overall, this study finds the medium is able to take several abstract feelings and notions and give them voice. However, in doing so they ended up reinforcing stereotypes associated with African-Americans and the Black Power Movement. The book's creators facilitate an interpretation of the black aesthetic and cultural nationalism to acknowledge their positive influence but rely on stereotypes to achieve those goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this exercise I engage with Africa's perennial and elusive quest for peace. In order to do so, I examine cases of conflict on the African continent, an exercise which may, hopefully, point towards possible solutions to lasting peace. Such an exercise, which is no mean feat, has been a preoccupation of great and competent African thinkers across the continent for the entire post-colonial period. In approaching this intricate issue, I move from two premises. The first is that African conflicts issue from interconnected dynamics spawned by the slave trade and the colonial, anti-colonial, and post-colonial periods. The second premise is connected to the first: In order to appreciate the present conflict situation in Africa, we need to look at African conflicts through the lens of Colin Bundy's observation that those who wish to construct a better future have to work with "materials stamped 'Made in the past'" (2019, 79). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the British landed on the island of Van Diemen's Land in 1803, they found lands seemingly prepared for them. Abundant open plains drew the newcomers further inland, attracted by the prospects of further pastoral and agricultural success. What they neither understood nor acknowledged was the thousands of years of cultivation prior to their arrival. As the custodians of the island, the Tasmanian Aboriginal people used fire to manage and maintain a landscape that nourished them. This article proposes that analysis of land-use continuities can reveal new understandings of pre-colonial landscapes. This article uses two case studies to demonstrate two complementary approaches for uncovering this story. The first study follows a traditional approach that relies on historic sources such as maps, artwork and journals. The second methodology incorporates modern resources to build a Geographic Information System (GIS) from environmental and historic spatial data. The GIS compensates for an absence of traditional sources, thus enabling researchers to investigate areas of colonial expansion that have previously been undervalued. Using GIS to understand this continuity of land use gives historians another tool for researching landscapes that have been obscured by subsequent occupiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of an interpretive case study of three lecturers teaching a physical science module. The purpose of the study was to explore the lecturers' reflections on their understanding of the Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment (Moodle) as a platform to decolonise the university curriculum. Purposive, with convenience, sampling identified the three most accessible lecturers. An emailed reflective activity, one-on-one semi-structured interviews, and Moodle observations were utilised for data production. Inductive and deductive processes were used to ensure guided analysis of the produced data. The article argues that the Moodle learning management platform (LMP) has the potential to decolonise the university curriculum. The study concluded that the lecturers reflected well in all curriculum signals based on their informal, formal and personal LMPs in order to address all the needs. Consequently, the study recommends that lecturers understand the curriculum signals of each Moodle platform, before teaching and learning take place, in order to to decolonise the university curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In South Africa, the socio-cultural context for this paper, the idea of decolonisation has taken centre stage in higher education concerns, creating the pressure for curriculum transformation. However, decolonising the curriculum manifests itself at all educational levels and not only in the higher education field. At school level, the curriculum in a postcolonial South African context has undergone many curriculum changes and continues to face a crisis stemming from the legacy of colonisation and apartheid. The dialogue around curriculum policy change has produced a wave of implications for the teacher education curriculum at University level and for the marginalised cohort of students entering the university space. This paper reports an interpretivist and qualitative study that explored the perspectives of 'black' women teachers on decolonisation and on the curriculum in a changing South African schooling context, in the KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa. The findings of the paper revealed that although the majority of teachers have some conceptualisation of decolonisation and its relation to the school curriculum, these are limited in number and tangential. However, they appeared to be cognisant of and responsive to the implications of 'decolonisation' on their roles and practices as teachers within their subject disciplines. This paper articulates the social and intellectual imperatives to rethink the school curriculum and the role of teachers in a transformative South African context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colonial collections played an important dual role: they were key sites from which ideas about cultural difference were theorised and they were also the foundations of public institutions that were central in shaping civic culture. This article explores these dynamics through the history of the Otago Museum and, in particular, the very different types of collecting engaged in by the colonial bookman T. M. Hocken, the anthropologist H. D. Skinner, and the historian J. H. Beattie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their reputation for stasis and fixity, museums are about change and transformation. What can we learn from the history of New Zealand museums about the study of museum history? This article considers the lessons we can glean from New Zealand museums in the colonial period. It surveys recent theories about history, social change and museums, including historical sociology, which throw much light on this topic and open up new future paths to explore. The aim is not the compiling of an institutional history but to propose a refined analytical framework for museum history which can deal with the constant change which characterises the history of museums. It argues that we need to move beyond both the conventional idea of a linear history, and also the reliance on commemoration, in order to do 'museum history', rather than just 'histories of museums'. This approach is explicitly interdisciplinary, explores historical and theoretical perspectives on museums, and considers their implications for current museum practice. By historicising museums, both their internal practices and their external social relations, we may move beyond the commemorative histories of museums to develop a critical museum history. This new museum history needs to interrogate the past, not describe, commemorate and celebrate it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fine wine – together with its producers and consumers – form a nexus that is frequently accorded divine provenance and sacred status along a continuum from the implicit to the explicit. This is evident at three moments of New Zealand history – in the explicit Christian ethos of nineteenth century European colonization; in the implicit sacredness and increasing dominance of romantic nationalism assigned to native flora and fauna (and to a lesser, more ambiguous, extent also to indigenous peoples) in the early twentieth century onward; and in the late twentieth century turn toward the cults of neo-liberalism and reflexive individualism. In all these instances the production, consumption and promotion of divine and/or fine wines are collusive modalities in the elite praxis – latent, overt and hegemonic – of prominent socio-political agents and institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colonisation has deeply harmed Maori communities, seriously and consistently undermining their vitality, aspirations and potentials, particularly since the 1860s, at inestimable cost to the entire nation. The British arrival in Aotearoa commenced a relationship between two very different peoples that has profoundly influenced their distinct and collective fortunes ever since. Despite manifest breaches of te Tiriti o Waitangi, this relationship has centred settler interests ensuring that Maori sovereignty has been displaced in favour of colonial hegemony, entrenching longstanding, preventable inequities in health and other important domains of social life. In this paper we trace some broad indicators of relational health and wellbeing in Aotearoa and consider how Maori thinking about whenua, health and wellbeing might lead healing opportunities for people and whenua. We outline ways in which a unified, dynamic, relational Maori concept based on whenua as the determinant of health could contribute. We believe this could expand, strengthen and revitalise prevention, protection and promotion approaches, to counter the injustices of colonisation, contribute toward health equity and move toward just, sustainable shared futures for the benefit of all New Zealanders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]